MT1 AND PULSE DOPPLER RADAR

If the exponent in the denominator of Eq. (4.23) is small, the exponential term can be replaced by
the first two terms of a series expansion, or

d- ?,- r'T, 2n2/o

(4.24)

where ( r, the pulse repetition frequency, has been substituted for 1/T. The average gain
[Sti/.S|);lv<. of the single delay-linc-canccler can be shown to he equal to 2. Therefore, the
improvement factor is

11 r = j^'ol = l'Jai = J;2 (425)

Similarly, for a double cancelcr. whose average gain is 6, the improvement factor is

(4.26)

/\ plot of l;q. (4.26) for the double cancelcr is shown in Fig. 430. The parameter describing the
curves iafpA. Example prf's and frequencies are shown. Several "representative" examples of
clutter are indicated, based on published data for (?„, which for the most part dates back to
World War II. 4 6 4 9 Although each type of clutter is shown at a particular value of av, nature is more
variable than this. Actual measurements covet a range of values. The spectral spread in velocity
is with respect to the mean velocity, which for ground clutter is usually zero. Rain and

TT1 mrr r
bO
Wooded hills Seo echo
I 30 40 knols Chaff

n "o -
20

I i
to

0 00* I I I I I 1II J __ L_L

0I 10
crv m rms velocity spread, m/s

Figure 4.30 Plot of double-canceler clutter improvement factor [Eq. (4.26)] as a function of ac m rms
velocity spread of the clutter. Parameter is the product of the pulse repetition frequency (/,) and the
radar wavelength (A)
 INTRODUCTION TO RADAR SYSTEMS

I.U 1 1
1
0.5 \
\
\
\
0.2

0.0 \ \ \ -
5

2 \\
Figure 4.29 Power spectra of various clutter targets
0.02 ( \ ) Heavily wooded hills, 20 mi/h wind blowing
(a = 2.3 x 1017 ); (2) sparsely wooded hills, calm 'J
day ( a — 3.9 x I 0 ' 9 ) ; (3) sea echo, windy day (a
=1.41 x 10"); (4) rain clouds (a = 2.8 x 10"); (5)
25 chaff (a = 1 x 10") (From Barlow," 1 Proc. IRE.)

20
0.01 1 1 \ 1\
1

10 15
Frequency, Hz

TUe clutter spectrum can also be expressed in terms of an rms clutler frequency spread a, in
hertz or by the rms velocity spread av in m/s4' Thus Eq. (4.18) can be written

(4.19)

where Hi = \9o\ - e — 2a JX, ^ = wavelength = c/f0, and c = velocity of propagation. It can be

2 a

seen that a = cVSrrJ ■ The rms velocity spread av is usually the preferred method for
describing the duller fluctuation spectrum. The improvement factor can be written as

i-M -fe'
x CA (4.20)

where SJC, = output signal-to-clutter ratio, S^C, = input signal-to-clutter ratio, and
CA = clutler atlentuation. The average is taken over all target doppler frequencies of interesi For
a single-delay-line canceler, the clutter attentuation is

(4.21) CA
W{f)\H(f)\2df
where H(f) is the frequency response function of the canceler. Since the frequency response
function of a delay line of time delay T is exp (-j'2jt/T), //(/) for the single-delay-linc
canceler is
H(/)= 1 -exp(-;2ji/T) = 2; sin (n/T) exp (-jn/T) (4.22)
Substituting Eqs. (4.19) and (4.22) into Eq. (4.21) and assuming that a, < 1/T, the clutter
attentuation is
CA
]-W B exp(-J'f2o!) sin 1
0.5 _____ nfTdf
(4.23)
1 -exp (-2 K 2 TV)