MTl AND PULSE DOPPLER RADAR 135

where k = constant. The angular frequency spectrum of this time waveform is found by taking its
Fourier transform, which is

k, exp (4.31)
- 2.776

where k, = constant Since this is a gaussian function, the exponent is of the form/ 2/2c7j where Of
= standard deviation. Therefore

i.m (4.32)
n(0

1 his applies to the voltage spectrum. Since the standard deviation of the power spectrum is
less than that of the voltage spectrum by Jl, the power spectrum due to antenna scanning can be
described by a standard deviation

1.178 1
(4.33)
/2nta
3.77f0

70

j
50

I, 30

10
r q --------- 1 --- 1—i i ii
i

Double cancellation

J ___ L. I L.1.J 1 11 I I I I I II
10 100 1000
(if hlti wtlhin 3 dB beomwidlh J ___ I __ I I I
I II

Figurr4.3l Limitation lo impciivrmrnl fiiilm ilur li> a scanning antenna. Antenna pattern assumed to be
of gaussian shape.

3
 INTRODUCTION TO RADAR SYSTEMS

chaff, however, as well as sea echo, can have a nonzero mean velocity 47 which must be
properly accounted for when designing MTI signal processors.
The frequency dependence of the clutter spectrum as given by Eqs. (4.25) and (4.26)
cannot be extended over too great a frequency range since account is not taken of any
variation in radar cross section of the individual scalterers as a function of frequency. The
leaves and branches of trees, for example, might have considerably different reflecting properties
at Ko band (X = 0.86 cm), where the dimensions are comparable with the wavelength, from those
at VHF (A = 1.35 m), where the wavelength is long compared with the dimensions.
The general expression for improvement factor for an iV-puIse canceler with Nt = N — \
delay lines is"

(427)
£(j
Antenna scanning modulation.46-4'52 As the antenna scans by a target, il observes I he target for a finite
lime equal to f0 = njfp = 9B/d,, where nB = number of hits received, fp = pulse repetition frequency, 8B =
antenna beamwidth and 0, = antenna scanning rale. The received ''..J pulse train of finite duration r 0
has a frequency spectrum (which can be found by taking the Fourier transform of the waveform) whose
width is proportional to l//0. Therefore, even if the clutter were perfectly stationary, there will still be a
finite width to the clutter spectrum because of the finite time on target. If the clutter spectrum is too wide
because the observation time is too short, it will affect the improvement factor. This limitation has
sometimes been called scanning fluctuations or scanning modulation.
The computation of the limitation to the improvement factor can be found in a manner
similar to that of the clutter fluctuations described previously. The clutter attentuation is first
found using Eq. (4.21), except that the power spectrum W,(/) describing the spectrum
produced by the finite time on target is used. The clutter attenuation is

CA
~i;w)\nU)\lv (428>
where H(f) is the frequency response function of the MTI signal processor. If the antenna
main-beam pattern is approximated by the gaussian shape, the spectrum will also be gaussian.

.
Therefore, the results previously derived for a gaussian clutter spectrum can be readily applied.
Equations 4.25 and 4.26 derived for the clutter fluctuation improvement factor apply for the
antenna scanning fluctuations by proper interpretation of <r (, the standard deviation, or the
rms spread of the frequency spectrum about the mean.
The voltage waveform of the received signa] is modulated by the square of the antenna
electric-field-strength-pattern, which is equal to the (one-way) antenna power pattern (1(0),
described by the gaussian function as
(^) (4,9)
Since the antenna is scanning at a rate of 0, deg/s the time waveform may be found from Eq.
(4.29) by dividing both the numerator and denominator of the exponent by 6,. Letting 8/6, =
t, the time variable, and noting that 0a/6, m t0, the time on target, the modulation of the
received signal due to the antenna pattern is

&F) (4.30)