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Ap,rouad by
International Union of Physiological Sciences, Professor Yngve Zotterman, President, and
International Commission of the IUPS for Thermal Physiology, Professor James D. Hardy, Chairman
descriptive term, e.g., EMISSIVITY, HEMISPHERICAL. Proposed Standard System of Symbols for Thermal
In use the order is reversed: HEMISPHERICAL EMIS- Physiology. J. Appl. Physiol. 27 : 439-446, 1969.
SIVITY, To avoid confusion such entries have a cross- Quantities, Units and Symbols. London : The Royal Society,
reference, e.g., HEMISPHERICAL EMISSIVITY: see 1971.
EMISSIVITY, HEMISPHERICAL.
Electrical Units and Standards. National Physical Labora-
tory. London : Her Majesty’s Stationery Office, 1970.
Use of Gupitals in Text
Revisionof the Glossary would seem to be desirable after
The use of capital letters in the definitions, explanatory about five years. For this to be effective, suggestions and
notes, and list of symbols (APPENDIX 2) indicates that the criticisms are required from both users and nonusers of the
term in capitals is defined elsewhere in the Glossary. Glossary. Communications concerning the Glossary may
be sent to the Chairman of the International Commission
Abbreviations for Thermal Physiology, c/o Executive Editor, American
Physiological Society, 9650 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, Md.
cf. compare OED Oxford English Dictionary 20014.
e.g. for example Ref Reference
Fr. French SD Standard Deviation ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Gk. Greek SOED Shorter OED
i.e. that is ( ) Symbols The editors have been greatly aided in their task by the con-
L. Latin [ ] Units tributions and constructive criticisms of an international
panel of consultants which included the members of the
IUPS Thermal Physiology Commission. The names of
Multi#Ee Dejnitions
those who have helped are listed in APPENDIX 3. To these
Where more than one definition of a term is given, they people and to any others whose contributions we have failed
are listed in order of preference. to acknowledge, we express our thanks. We are particularly
grateful to Professor J. L. Monteith of Nottingham Uni-
versity, England, and Professor A. Pharo Gagge of Yale
General References to Physical Terms, Units, and Symbols
University, USA, for their painstaking scrutinies of the
American National Standard Institute, Nomenclature and definitions of some of the physic al units.
Dejnitions for Illuminating Engineering, RP- 16, 1967, UDC 11 April 1972 John Nigh
653.014.8: 621.32. K. G. Johnson
Glossnry
ABSOLUTE HUMIDITY. See HUMIDITY, ABSO- changes in the natural climate. Refs: EAGAN, C. J-,
LUTE. Federation 23-0~. 22 : 930, 1963; GREENLEAF, J. E., &
C. J. GREENLEAF, NASA Tech. Mem. X-62, 008, 1970;
ABSORPTANCE, TOTAL RADIANT. see RADIANT
HART, J. S., Rev. Curt. Biol. 16 : 133, 1957.
ABSORPTANCE, TOTAL.
ACCLIMATION : A physiological change, occurring within ACCLIMATIZATION : A physiological change occurring
the lifetime of an organism, which reduces the strain within the lifetime of an organism which reduces the
caused by experimentally induced stressful changes in strain caused by stressful changes in the natural climate
particular climatic factors. (e.g., seasonal or geographical). See ACCLIMATION.
NOTE: The terms ACCLIMATION and ACCLI-
ADAPTATION: A change which reduces the physiological
MATIZATION are etymologically indistinguishable. strain produced by a stressful component of the
Both words have been assigned several and different TOTAL ENVIRONMENT. This change may occur
meanings (Greenleaf & Greenleaf, 1970), and at present within the lifetime of an organism (phenotypic) or be
there can be no certainty as to what is meant when
the result of genetic selection in a species or subspecies
either term is used. The most useful of the assigned
(genotypic).
meanings, adopted here, would seem to be those of
NOTIC, : ACCLIMATION and ACCLIMATIZA-
Hart (1957) and Eagan (1963) who use the term
ACCLIMATION to describe the adaptive changes TION, as defined in this Glossary, relate to phenotypic
which occur within the lifetime of an organism in re- adaptations to climatic components of the TOTAL
sponse to experimentally induced changes in +?icuZar ENVIRONMENT. There are no distinct terms which
climatic fuctors such as ambient temperature in a con- relate to genotypic adaptations to the climate or to
trolled environment, and the term ACCLIMATIZA- particular components of climate. All such genetically
TION to describe the adaptive changes which occur fixed attributes of a species or subspecies are covered
within the lifetime of an organism in response to by the general term GENOTYPIC ADAPTATION.
ADAPTATION, GENETIC. see ADAPTATION, GENO- AREA, DUBOIS), used in the estimation of the total
TYPIC. body area of man, relates total body area to both
weight and height. Estimates of total body area made
ADAPTATION, GENOTYPIC : A genetically fixed con-
with either Meeh’s formula or the DuBois formula have
dition of a species or subspecies, or its evolution, which
limited accuracy, and reference should be made to the
favors survival in a particular TOTAL ENVIRON-
original direct measurements of total body area from
MENT. See ADAPTATION.
which they were calculated. Refs: HUXLEY, J. S.,
ADAPTATION, NONGENETIC. See ADAPTATION, Problems of Ralative Growth, London : Methuen, 1932;
PHENOTYPIC. MEEH, K., 2. Biol. 15: 425, 1879; SPECTOR, W. S.,
Handbook of Biological Data, Philadelphia, Pa. : Saunders,
ADAPTATION, PHENOTYPIC: A change which reduces 1956.
the physiological strain produced by a stressful com-
ponent of the TOTAL ENVIRONlMENT and oc- AREA, WETTED (A,) : Th e area of skin which, if covered
curring within the lifetime of the organism. Synonym: with sweat, would provide the observed rate of evapora-
ADAPTATION, NONGENETIC. tion under the prevailing condition. [m2] See also
NOTE : ACCLIMATION and ACCLIMATIZA- WETTEDNESS, SKIN.
TION relate to PHENOTYPIC ADAPTATIONS to AUTO’NOMIC TEMPERATURE REGULATION. See
climatic components of the TOTAL ENVIRON-
TEMPERATURE REGULATION, AUTONOLMIC.
MENT.
AUTONOMIC THERMOREGULATION. See TEM-
AESTIVATION. Sea ESTIVATION. PERATURE REGULATION, AUTONOMIC.
ALLIESTHESIA (general): The changed sensation for a BACTERIAL PYROGEN. See PYROGEN, BACTERIAL.
given peripheral stimulus resulting from the stimula-
tion of internal sensors; (in thermal physiology): the BASAL METABOLIC RATE. See METABOLIC RATE,
dependence of thermal sensation on both skin and core BASAL.
temperatures. (Gk. all&o-to alter; aisthesia-sensation.)
BEHAVIORAL TEMPERATURE REGULATION. See
NOTE : Positive ALLIESTHESIA indicates a change
TEMPERATURE REGULATION, BEHAVIORAL.
to a more pleasurable sensation, negative ALLIES-
THESIA a change to a less pleasurable one. BEHAVIORAL THERMOREGULATION. See TEM-
PERATURE REGULATION, BEHAVIORAL.
AMBIENT TEMPERATURE. See TEMPERATURE,
AMBIENT. BLACKBODY. See RADIATOR, FULL.
ANAEROBIC METABOLISM. See METABOLISM, BODY HEAT BALANCE: The steady-state relation in
ANAEROBIC. which heat production in the body equals heat loss to
the environment.
AREA, DUBOIS (An): The total surface area in square
meters of a nude human as estimated by the formula of BODY HEAT BALANCE EQUATION: A mathematical
DuBois ba:ed on the height, H[m], and weight, W[kg]. expression that describes the net rate at which a body
generates and exchanges heat with its environment
AD = ()202 ‘MrO.425 HO.725
fm2 1 (First Law of Thermodynamics) :
AREA, EFFECTIVE RADIATING (A,): The surface
area of a body that exchanges radiant energy with the S=M&E-(&W)&RhC&K [W] or [W m4] l
in some circumstances vapor can condense on the temperature of the species measured under resting
body causing EVAPORATIVE HEAT GAIN (+E). conditions in a thermoneutral environment. W =
In terms of body heat balance, POSITIVE WORK k0&s---common, shared, therme-heat .) Synonym :
(+ t/l/) is the transfer of energy from the body to an ex- EUTHERMY, NORMOTHERMY.
ternal system and is therefore a loss of energy, repre- NOTE: Co20 (common) seems a more appropriate
sented in the equation as - prefix than EU (well, good).
versely NEGATIVE WORK((+ - $)Or is athelosstransfer
w’ ‘On-of
CHANGE IN HEAT STORAGE. See HEAT STORAGE,
energy from an external system to the body and is
CHA:XGE IN.
therefore a gain of energy, represented in the equation
as-(-w)oragainW. CHEMICAL TEMPERATURE REGULATION. See
BODY HEAT CONTENT. See HEAT CONTENT, TEMPERATURE REGULATION, CHEMICAL.
BODY. CIRCADIAN: Relating to the approximate 24-h periodic-
BODY HEAT STORAGE. See STORAGE OF BODY ity of a free-running biological rhythm, or to the exact
HEAT and HEAT STORAGE. 24-h periodicity of an environmentally synchronized
biological rhythm which persists with an approximate
BRADYMETABOLISM: The low levels of basal metabo- 24-h periodicity when not environmentally synchro-
lism of reptiles and other nonavian and nonmammalian nized. (L. circn- about, approximately; dies-day.)
animals relative to those of birds and mammals of the
same body size and at the same tissue temperature. CL0 : A unit to express the relative thermal insulation
(Gk. bradus-slow, sluggish; metabole-change.) An- va lues of v arious clothing assemblies.
tonvm: TACHYMETABOLISM.
1 cl0 = 0.18°C~m2~h~kcal-1 = 0.155°C~m2W~1
&TE: As a synonym COLD-BLOODEDness is un-
satisfactory and is falling into disuse. This relatively KOTE: The CL0 is a unit developed to express
low level of basal metabolism is sometimes described as thermal insulation in practical terms and represents
POIKILOTHERMY, which is incorrect since poikilo- the insulation provided by the normal indoor cloth-
thermy signifies conformity of body and ambient ing of a sedentary worker in comfortable indoor sur-
temperatures and not all bradymetabolic species are roundings (Ref: GAGGE, A. P., A. C. BURTON, & H. C.
TEMPERATURE CONFORMERS: some are EC- BAZETT, Science 94 : 428, 1941). The term is used in
TOTHERMIC TEMPERATURE REGULATORS. heating and ventilation engineering in the determina-
CALORIMETRY: The measurement of heat. In thermal tion of environmental conditions for human comfort.
physiology, the measurement of the heat transfer be- COLD-BLOODED: The thermal state of an animal in
tween a tissue, an organ, or an organism and its en- remains close to ambient
which core temperature
vironment. (L. &w-heat; Gk. metria-act of meas- temperature when subjected to a low ambient temper-
uring.) See CALORIMETRY, DIRECT and CALO- ature* Synonym: BRADYMETABOLIC, POIKILO-
RIMETRY, INDIRECT. THERMIC. Antonym: WARM-BLOODED.
CALORIMETRY, DIRECT : The direct physical meas- NOTE: The existence of only a small temperature
urement of heat, usually the rate of transfer of heat gradient between the organism and its environment
betlveen a tissue, an organ, or an organism and its results from the low rate of metabolic heat production
environment. (BRADYMETABOLISM) of cold-blooded animals
relative to the high rate of heat production (TACHY-
CALORIMETRY, INDIRECT: The measurement of the METABOLISM) of warm-blooded animals. Thus the
rate of transfer of a material involved in the transforma- terms BRADYMETABOLIC and TACHYMETA-
tion of chemical energy into heat between a tissue, an BOLIC are preferred to the terms COLD-BLOODED
organ, or an organism and its environment. The process and WARM-BLOODED, because the first pair of
rewires the calculation of the heat transfer from an terms relates to a more basic physiological distinction
empirically established relation between the material and because the second pair of terms has been used
transfer and the heat transfer. with various meanings not all of which are entirely
XOTE: The most common method of INDIRECT consistent with the definitions given here. Since their
CALORIMETRY is to measure the uptake of oxygen core temperatures follow ambient temperature, all
and/or the elimination of carbon dioxide, and to con- cold-blooded animals are YOIKILOTHERMIC (i.e.,
vert these values to an equivalent quantity of heat. many temperatured). Thus COLD-BLOODED,
CALORIMETRY, PARTITIONAL : The estimation of POIKILOTHERMIC, and BRADYMETABOLIC
any single term in the BODY HEAT BALANCE arc descriptions of related phenomena. The same can-
EQUATION from direct measurements of all other not be said of WARM-BLOODED, HOMEOTHER-
terms in the equation during the steady state. Ref: MIC, and TACHYMETABOLIC (ses WARM-
WINSLOW, C.-E. A., L. P. HERRINGTON, & A. P. BLOODED).
GAGGE, Am. J. Physiol. 116 : 641, 1936. COMBINED XONEVAPORATIVE HEAT TRANSFER
CENOTHERMY: The condition of a temperature-regulat- COEFFICIENT. See HEAT TRANSFER COEFFI-
ing organism when within &l SD of the mean core CIENT, COMBINED NONEVAPORATIVE.
FER, CONVECTIVE.
DIRECT CALORIMETRY. See CALORIMETRY,
CORE TEMPERATURE. SeeTEMPERATURE, CORE. DIRECT.
CRITICAL TEMPERATURE FOR EVAPORATIVE DIRECTIONAL EMISSIVITY. SeeEMISSIVITY, DI-
HEAT LOSS. &e CRITICAL TEMPERATURE, RECTIONAL.
UPPER.
DIURNAL: 1. Occurring during the day, as distinct from
CRITICAL TEMPERATURE FOR HEAT PRODUC- the night . Antonym : NOCTURNAL. 2. Occurring
TION. See CRITICAL TEMPERATURE, LOWER. daily (during each 24-h period). (L. diurnus adj < dies-
CRITICAL TEMPERATURE, LOWER : The ambient day.1
temperature below which the rate of metabolic heat DRY BULB TEMPERATURE. See TEMPERATURE,
production of a resting thermoregulating animal in- DRY BULB.
creases by shivering and/or nonshivering thermogenic
processes to maintain thermal balance. Synonym : DRY HEAT LOSS. SeeHEAT LOSS, NONEVAPORA-
CRITICAL TEMPERATURE FOR HEAT PRO- TIVE.
DUCTION. [“C] DUBOIS AREA. See AREA, DUBOIS.
CRITICAL TEMPERATURE, UPPER: 1. The ambient ECCRITIC BODY TEMPERATURE. SeePREFERRED
temperature above which thermoregulatory evapora- BODY TEMPERATURE.
tive heat loss processes (e.g., THERMAL TACHYP-
NEA, SWEATING) of a resting thermoregulating ECTOTHERMY: The pattern of thermoregulation in
animal are recruited (preferred usage). Synonym : which the body temperature depends on the behav-
iorally and autonomically regulated uptake of heat same term is used in chemistry to mean the uptake of
from the environment. (Gk. ekdos-outside; herme- heat during a chemical reaction.
heat.) Antonym : ENDOTHERMY.
ENDOTOXIC PYROGEN. See ENDOTOXIN.
EFFECTIVE RADIANT FIELD. See RADIANT FLUX,
ENDOTOXIN: A heat-stable PYROGEN derived from
EFFECTIVE.
the cell walls of gram-negative bacteria.
EFFECTIVE RADIANT FLUX. See RADIANT FLUX, NOTE: Chemically, all ENDOTOXINS so far
EFFECTIVE. examined contain lipopolysaccharides of high molecu-
lar weight.
EFFECTIVE RADIATING AREA. See AREA, EFFEC-
TIVE RADIATING ENERGY METABOLISM. &e METABOLISM, EN-
ERGY.
EFFECTIVE TEMPERATURE. See TEMPERATURE,
EFFECTIVE ENVIRONlM+ENT. See TOTAL ENVIRONMENT.
EMISSIVITY (e): Th e ratio of the total RADIANT ESTIVATION: A state of summer lethargy with a reduc-
ENERGY emitted by a body to the energy emitted by tion in body temperature and metabolism demon-
a FULL RADIATOR at the same temperature. strated by some animals which are TEMPERATURE
REGULATORS when active. (L. aesfivus adj < (lestus
EMISSIVITY, DIRECTIONAL (ccd,& : The ratio of the
-summer.)
THERMAL RADIANCE (L,,th) of a body in a given
direction to that of a FULL RADIATOR (L,, ~~=l)) EURYTHERMY: The tolerance by organisms of a wide
at the same temperature. range of environmental temperatures, or the accom-
modation to substantial changes in the thermal en-
vironment. (G-k. eurus-wide; therme-heat.) Antonym:
in which 8 and 4 are the angular coordinates defining STENOTHERMY.
the given direction.
EUTHERMY+ See CENOTHERMY*
EMISSIVITY, HEMISPHERICAL (oh): The ratio of the EVAPORATIVE HEAT GAIN (+E): The rate of total
total RADIANT ENERGY emitted by an element of heat gain due to condensation of vapor on the skin
a surface into a hemisphere to the energy emitted by a and/or the surfaces of the respiratory tract, expressed
similar element on the surface of a FULL RADIATOR. in terms of unit area of total body surface. The quan-
The element forms the center of the equatorial plane tity +E in the BODY HEAT BALANCE EQUA-
of the hemisphere, but it is not necessary to define TION. [Warn-z] or [W]
its radius. NOTE: EVAPORATIVE HEAT TRANSFER most
EMISSIVITY, SPECTRAL (Q): The ratio of the RADI- frequently occurs by vaporization of water from the
ANT FLUX emitted by an element of surface per unit body and is EVAPORATIVE HEAT LOSS (-4);
wavelength interval to the flux emitted by a FULL in some circumstances vapor can condense on the body
RADIATOR at the same temperature and in the causing EVAPORATIVE HEAT GAIN (+E).
same waveband. EVAPORATIVE HEAT LOSS (-E): The rate of total
EMISSIVITY, WINDOW (E,): The ratio of the RADI- heat loss by evaporation of water from the skin and the
ANT ENERGY emitted by an element of surface be- surfaces of the respiratory tract, usually expressed in
tween wavelengths X 1 and X2 to the flux emitted by a terms of unit area of total body surface. The quantity
FULL RADIATOR at the same temperature and in -E in the BODY HEAT BALANCE EQUATION.
the same waveband. The quantity is a special type of [W mm21 or [W]
l
SPECTRAL EMISSIVITY and is used because some EVAPORATIVE HEAT LOSS COEFFICIENT. See
biological materials have a low emissivity in parts of HEAT LOSS COEFFICIENT, EVAPORATIVE.
the infrared or visible spectrum. These parts are known
as windows. EVAPORATIVE HEAT TRANSFER (E): The rate of
heat transfer by evaporation from or condensation on
EMITTANCE. See RADIANT EXITANCE. the skin and the surfaces of the respiratory tract,
usually expressed in terms of unit area of total body
ENDOGENOUS PYROGEN. See PYROGEN, ENDOG-
surface. In the BODY HEAT BALANCE EQUA-
ENOUS.
TION, evaporation and heat loss from the hod‘; are
ENDOTHERMY: The pattern of thermoregulation in indicated by (-E), condensation and heat gain to
which the body temperature depends on a high the body by (+E). [Worn-z] or [W]
(TACHYMETABOLIC) and controlled rate of heat
EXITANCE. See RADIANT EXITANCE.
production. (Gk. e&o-inside; fhermeheat.) Antonym :
ECTOTHERMY. FEVER: A pathological condition in which there is an
NOTE: The use of endothermy to denote the pro- abnormal rise in core temperature. The extent of the
duction of heat within an organ or organism is etymo- rise is variable. The temperature rise in an individual
logically correct but may be found confusing as the may be considered as fever when it is greater than the
for the species in basal conditions. FEVER is HEAT LOSS COEFFICIENT, EVAPORATIVE, See
rom HYPERTHERMIA in that all thermo- HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENT, EVAPORA-
responses indicate a defense of the feverish TIVE.
core temperature. There is no evidence that
HEAT LOSS, DRY. See HEAT LOSS, NO’NEVAPORA-
to the elevation of body temperature alone,
TIVE.
lethal. Pathological, malignant HYPER-
of endogenous origin may be fatal in HEAT LOSS, NEWTONIAN. SeeHEAT LOSS, NON-
patients given anesthetics such as halo- EVAPORATIVE.
hese HYPERTHERMIAs are characterized
HEAT LOSS, NONEVAPORATIVE: The sum of heat
apid, uncontrolled rises in core temperature.
losses by radiation, convection, and conduction per
CONVECTION. See CONVECTION, unit area of body surface in unit time. [W l m-2]
Synonyms: HEAT LOSS, DRY; HEAT LOSS,
SENSIBLE; HEAT LOSS, NEWTONIAN.
TOR. SeeRADIATOR, FULL. NCITE : In meteorological literature, SENSIBLE
DAPTATION. SeeADAPTATION, GENO- HEAT LOSS refers to convection only and does not
include other nonevaporative forms of heat transfer.
ADAPTATION. See ADAPTATION, HEAT LOSS, SENSIBLE. See HEAT LOSS, NON-
YPIC. EVAPORATIVE.
MPERATURE. See TEMPERATURE, HEAT, SPECIFIC. seeSPECIFIC HEAT.
HEAT STORAGE, CHANGE IN: The gain or loss of
TTERING: The rapid oscillations of the heat associated with change in body temperature or
paratus and hence of the gular region of some body mass. Rate [W], Level [W s] or [J] See also
ng exposure to high ambient temperature, STORAGE OF BODY HEAT.
means air is moved across the moist surfaces
HEAT STROKE: A condition caused by an excessiverise
per respiratory tract. in body temperature as the result of overloading or
Reduction of responses to or perception failure of the thermoregulatory system during ex-
d stimulation. posure to heat stress. It is characterized by a sudden
and sustained loss of consciousness and may be pre-
ANCE EQUATION. See BODY HEAT ceded by vertigo, nausea, headache, muscular cramps,
EQUATION. and cessation of sweating.
CITY: The product of the massof an object HEAT SYNCOPE: Collapse, usually with loss of conscious-
PECIFIC HEAT. [J “C-l]
l ness,during exposure to heat. The symptoms are simi-
lar to those of the vasovagal syndrome (fainting).
TENT, BODY: The product of the body mass,
e SPECIFIC HEAT, and the absolute MEAN HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENT, COMBINED
TEMPERATURE. [J] NONEVAPORATIVE (h) : The ratio of total rate of
The actual value of this term is seldom c&u- heat transfer per unit area by radiation, convection,
is used only in the determination of HEAT and conduction to the temperature difference between
GE. Seealso STORAGE OF BODY HEAT. the surface and operative temperature of the environ-
ment.
MPS : Painful spasms of voluntary muscles re-
salt deficiency caused by profuse sweating in h = h, + h, + hk [w , m-2 . “C-11
to prolonged heat stress. HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENT, CONDUCTIVE
USTION: Muscular weakness, fatigue, and (hk): The net rate of heat transfer by conduction per
with reduced sweating, resulting from pro- unit area between a surface and a solid or stationary
xposure to heat. This condition is aggravated fluid in contact with the surface per unit temperature
ar exertion and by water or salt deficiency. difference (AT) between the surface and the substance
lyith which it is in contact.
W: The rate of thermal energy transmission
egion of higher to one of lower temperature. Ink = KaT-1
HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENT, CONVECTIVE
(h,) : The net rate of heat transfer per unit area be-
DENSITY: Thermal energy passing through
tween a surface and a moving fluid per unit tempera-
of a given surface in unit time. [W ‘mm21
ture difference (AT) between the surface and the
S: The rate of heat transfer from an organism fluid.
nvironment, or from one part of an organism h, = CAT-I ${individualUser.surname}
[w . m-2 l O C-l]
er, by Downloaded
conduction,from www.physiology.org/journal/jappl
convection, radiation, by ${individualUser.givenNames}
Copyright © 1973 American Physiological Society. All rights reserved.
(190.131.251.193) on September 29, 2018.
948 GLOSSARY OF TERMS FOR THERMAL PHYSIOLOG
(he). The rate of heat exchange per unit vapor pressure temperature range) would have suited the circumstance
gradient caused by the evaporation of water from a well, but these terms are already in use to describe the
unit area of wet surface or by the condensation of water patterns of thermoregulation of animals which occur in
vapor on a unit area of body surface. The driving force narrow ranges and wide ranges of ambient tempera-
is the VAPOR PRESSURE gradient from P,, (on the ture.
surface) to P,, (of the ambient gas). Thus
HIBERNATION: The state of winter lethargy with a
h, = -E(P,, - P,&l or +E(P,, - I’,.,)-’ reduction in body temperature and metabolism of some
animals that are TEMPERATURE REGULATORS
[W .mm2Pa-l] l or [W 9rn-? Torr-I]
l
NOTE : Hitherto, rates of insensible perspiration MEAN SKIN TEMPERATURE. See TEMPERATURE,
and of sweating have been expressed most commonly MEAN SKIN.
in [g m-2 h-l], but this does not conform
l l with SI MET: An assigned unit of measurement to designate
conventions. The most convenient SI term appears to ‘<sitting-resting” metabolic rate of man.
be [mg m-2 4s-11 (3.6 g*rn-%-l
l = 1 mg+m-24-1).
1 met = 58.15 W m-2 = 50 kcal h-1 4mm2
l n
organism, usually expressed in terms of unit area of the for much shorter periods for very small mammals
total body surface. The quantity 1M - (+ W) in the and birds.
BODY HEAT BALANCE EQUATION. [Warn-z]
METABOLIC RATE, LEAST OBSERVED (LOMR):
or WI The lowest rate of metabolism during specified periods
Note: During POSITIVE WORK or in the ab-
of minimum activity. [W], [W m-23, [W akg-l],
sence of both POSITIVE WORK and NEGATIVE
l
[W kg-3’4]
l
METABOLIC RATE, BASAL (BMR) : The rate of MET- [W ' kg-q Synonym SUMMIT METABOLIC
ABOLIC FREE ENERGY PRODUCTION* cal- RATE. See also METABOLIC RATE, I1/IAXIMUM.
culated from measurements of heat production or Although SUMMIT METABOLIC RATE (SMR)
oxygen consumption in an organism in a rested, awake, is now an accepted term, PEAK METABOLIC
fasting,t and thermoneutral state (a particular case of RATE (PMR) is preferable because the abbreviation
STANDARD METABOLIC RATE). [WI, [Wem-21, SMR is indistinguishable from that for STANDARD
[W kg-l], [W 4kg-3’“]
l
METABOLIC RATE.
SOTE: *In these co nditions, when the amount of
work being done on an external system is negligible, METABOLIC RATE, RESTING (RMR): The meta-
the rate of heat production is equal to the rate of bolic rate of an animal which is resting in a thermo-
metabolism (METABOLIC FREE ENERGY PRO- neutral environment but not in the postabsorptive state.
DUCTION). t The period of fasting needs to be [W], [W-m-2], [Wekg-I], [W*kg-314]
specified as this may be for days in large animals, and NOTE: A particular case of STANDARD META-
BOLIC RATE used when the subject cannot be XONTHERMAL SWEATING+ See SWEATING, NON-
brought to a fasting condition, e-g., ruminant animals. THERMAL.
The period of food deprivation should be stated.
NORMOTHERMY. SeeCENOTHERMY.
METABOLIC RATE, STANDARD (SMR): The rate of
NYCHTHEMERAL: Relating to an exact period of 24 12.
METABOLIC FREE ENERGY PRODUCTION*
calculated from measurements of heat production or (Gk. nux-night; hemera---bay.)
oxygen consumption in an organism under specified NYCHTHEMERON: A period of 24 h, consisting of a
standard conditions. t [W], [W am-*I, [W. kg-l], day and a night (SOED).
[W .kg+‘“]
OPERATIVE TEMPERATURE. See TEMPERATURE,
NOTE: * The conditions are usually such that the
amount of work being done on an external system is OPERATIVE.
negligible. The rate of heat production is then an OXYGEN CONSUMPTION, MAXIMUM (ijo2mnx) :
acceptable index of the rate of metabolism (MET- The maximum rate at which the lungs can take up
ABOLIC FREE ENERGY PRODUCTION). oxygen. [ml vs-l]
tThe specified standard conditions are usually that NOTE : Determination of this parameter requires
the organism is rested (or as near to rested as is possible), very high motivation of the subject and can probably
fasting (if possible), awake, and in a thermoneutral be done only on man. Criteria used to show that a
environment. The extent to which standard conditions man has reached the vo2 max, although not as yet
can be achieved varies with species. &e METABOLIC agreed upon, include an indication of no further in-
RATE, MINIMUM OBSERVED. crease in oxygen uptake during further increase in
work load. Tests showing levels of blood lactate con-
METABOLIC RATE, SUMMIT. See METABOLI C
centration exceeding 0.748 mg/ml have been sug-
RATE, PEAK.
gested to control the variability of motivation.
METABOLISM: See METABOLISM, ENERGY* (Gk.
PANTING, THERMAL. &e THERMAL PANTIXG.
matabole-change.)
NOTE: METABOLISM is a general term which PARTITIONAL CALORIMETRY. See CALORIM-
relates to chemical and physical changes occurring in ETRY, PARTITIONAL.
living organisms. In thermal physiology METAB-
OLISM ”invariably relates to the transformation of PASSIVE CUTANEOUS WATER EXCHANGE : The
chemical energy into free energy, but in other divisions passage through the skin in either direction of water
of physiology the term is used in relation to other down an osmotic gradient per unit area in unit time.
changes in state, e.g., calcium metabolism. [kg .m-2 9s-l], also [mg . rnh2 . s-l]
NOTE: Passive cutaneous water exchange occurs
METABOLISM, ANAEROBIC : Transformation of matter only when the skin is covered with water or an aque-
and energy without uptake of oxygen. ous solution.
METABOLTSM, ENERGY: The sum of the chemical PASSIVE CUTANEOUS WATER VAPOR EX-
changes in living matter in which energy is trans- CHANGE: The passage through the skin in either
formed. (Gk. metabole-change.) Sea METABOLISM. direction of water vapor down a water vapor pressure
gradient per unit area in unit time. [kg-m-Q-l], also
MINIMUM OBSERVED METABOLIC RATE. See -2. s-l] Synonym : INSENSIBLE PERSPI-
c g
METABOLIC RATE, MINIMUM OBSERVED. I&bN.
NATURAL CONVECTION. See CONVECTION, NAT- PASSIVE TEMPERATURE LABILITY. See TEM-
URAL. PERATURE LABILITY, PASSIVE.
perature as a proportional function of ambient tem- VAPOR PRESSURE at its DEW-POINT TEM-
perature. (Gk. ;boikiZos- changeful, diversified; therme- PERATURE (Ps, Td, or Ps, & or to the product of the
heat.) Synonym: TEMPERATURE CONFORMITY RELATIVE HUMIDITY and the SATURATED
(prcfcrred) . Antonyms : HOMEOTHERMY, TEM- VAPOR PRESSURE at its DRY BULB TEMPER-
PERATURE REGULATION (preferred). ATURE (+Ps, cd.
X~TE: An animal with this pattern of thermoregula-
PROJECTED AREA. see AREA, PROJECTED.
tion is better described as a TEMPERATURE CON-
FORMER. I’oikilo is inconsistent with other uses of PYRETOGEN: See PYROGEN. (Gk. pureto-fever; <gen--
this root in biology. It should, perhaps, be poecilo or become.)
pecilo; cf., poeciloblast, poecilocyte (OED).
PYROGEN: The generic term for any substance whether
POLYPNEA, THERMAL. See THERMAL POLYPNEA. exogenous or endogenous which causes a FEVER
POSITIVE WORK. SeeWORK, POSITIVE. when introduced into or released in the body. (Gk.
PUT-fire; <gen-become.)
PREFERRED AMBIENT TEMPERATURE : The range
of ambient temperature, associated with specified PYROGEN, BACTERIAL : Any PYROGEN derived
radiation intensity, humidity, and air movement, from bacteria.
from which an unrestrained animal does not seek to NOTE: All ENDOTOXINS are bacterial pyrogens.
move to a warmer or colder environment. [“Cl PYROGEN, ENDOGENOUS: A heat-labile substance
PREFERRED BODY TEMPERATURE: The range of formed in body tissues and which, when released,
core temperature within which an ectothermic animal causes FEVER by an action upon the central nervous
seeks to maintain itself by behavioral means. [“Cl system.
NOTE: Endogenous pyrogens can be produced and
PRESSURE (P): The force exerted by a homogenous released by cells exposed to EIUDOTOXIN.
liquid or gas, per unit area, normal to the walls of its
container. [Pa, bar, Torr] PYROGEN, ENDOTOXIC. See ENDOTOXIN.
NOTE: The SI-derived unit of pressure is the Pascal
PYROGEN, LEUKOCYTIC: An ENDOGENOUS PY-
(Pa), which is defined as a newton per square meter
ROGEN formed in and released from leukocytes under
(*x +m-2). An alternate SI-derived unit of pressure
experimental conditions.
is the bar (bar) defined as 105 Pa. The unit of pressure
currently approved by the International Commission Qlo: The ratio of the rate of a physiological process at a
of the IUPS for Respiratory Physiology is the torr particular temperature to the rate at a temperature
(Torr), which is synonymous with the pressure unit 10°C lower, when the logarithm of the rate is an ap-
mmHg (an obsolescent unit). One torr is equal to proximately linear function of temperature.
1.33322 millibars.
RADIANCE (IL,): R a d iance at a surface element (dA) of
PRESSURE, ATlMOSPHERIC (P): The pressure due to a source or receiver is the RADIANT INTENSITY
the weight of the atmosphere as indicated by a barom- (dI) from direction 8 divided by the orthogonal pro-
eter. STANDARD ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE is jection of this surface element (dA aces 0) on a plane
the pressure 760 Torr (or the weight of a 760 mm perpendicular to the direction 0. 0 is the angle be-
column of mercury at O°C with density 13.595 1 X tween the normal to the element (dA) of the source or
103kg rnB3 under standard
l gravity of 9.80665 m s-2) l
receiver and the direction of the observation. [W .sr-l+
and is equivalent to 1,013.25 millibars or to 101.325 m71
kilopascals (kPa).
RADIANCE, THERMAL (I;,,,,): RADIANCE due
PRESSURE, WATER VAPOR (P,): The pressure ex- to thermal radiation. [W +I=-1 .rn-2]
erted by water vapor. If water vapor is confined over
RADIANT ABSORPTANCE, TOTAL (a): The ratio of
its liquid so that the vapor comes into equilibrium
total RADIANT FLUX absorbed by a body to the
with the liquid, and the ambient temperature T, of
total incident flux.
the medium is held constant, the vapor pressure ap-
proaches a maximum value called the SATURATED RADIANT EMITTANCE. See RADIANT EXLTANCE.
VAPOR PRESSURE (Ps,T,) or P,,. The term VA- RADIANT ENERGY (Q): Energy traveling in the form
POR PRESSURE (WATER) is always synonymous
of electromagnetic waves. [J]
with a SATURATED VAPOR PRESSURE at a NOTE: This term should be distinguished from the
temperature T. [Pa, millibar, Torr]
RADIANT HEAT EXCHANGE (R) of the environ-
NOTE: The water vapor pressure of an enclosure is ment with the body. That part of the electromagnetic
calculated usually from the observed WET BULB
spectrum of significance in thermal physiology is
and DRY BULB TEMPERATURES and the at- divided for convenience into the wavebands:
mospheric pressure, by using standard steam or me-
teorological tables and formulas (Ref: CHAMBERS,A. B., Ultraviolet 0.25 - 0.38 pm
A psychrometric chart for physiological research, J. Visible 0.38 - 0.78 pm
AppZ. Physiol. 29 : 406-412, 1970). The water vapor Infrared 0.78 - 100 pm
pressure in an enclosure is equal to the SATURATED Microwave l- 100 mm
RADIANT ENERGY, SPECTRAL (0,x): The radiant RADIANT INTENSITY (I): The RADIANT FLUX
energy per unit wave length interval at wavelength proceeding from a source per unit solid angle in the
A. [J gnrn-I] direction considered. [W sr-11
l
RADIANT EXITANCE (M,): The RADIANT FLUX RADIANT INTENSITY, SPECTRAL (Ix): The RA-
leaving an element of a surface divided by the area of DIANT INTENSITY per unit wavelength interval.
that element. This quantity includes radiation emitted, W 9sr-l nm-I]
l
SALIVA SPREADING: The spreading of saliva on the (space) angle, i.e., the angle subtended at the center
body surface, often a deliberate behavioral action to of a sphere of unit radius by unit area of the surface of
cool the surface by evaporation. the sphere. [sr]
SATURATED VAPOR PRESSURE. See PRESSURE, STORAGE OF BODY HEAT (S): The rate of increase
WATER VAPOR. (+) or decrease (-) in the HEAT CONTENT of the
body caused by an imbalance between heat produc-
SENSIBLE HEAT LOSS See HEAT LOSS, SON-
tion and heat loss, usually expressed in terms of unit
EVAPORATIVE.
area of total body surface. The quantity S in the BODY
SHAPE FACTOR, RADIATION. See RADIATION HEAT BALANCE EQUATION. [Worn-21 or [W]
SHAPE FACTOR.
SUMMIT METABOLIC RATE. See METABOLIC:
SHIVERING. See THERMOGENESIS, SHIVERING. RATE, PEAK.
SHIVERING THERMOGENESIS TOPOGRAPHY: SURFACE AREA. See AREA, TOTAL BODY and AREA,
The distribution of thermoregulatory muscle tone, DUBOIS (for man only).
microvibrations, and shivering in skeletal muscles of SURFACE RULE: A statement that the BASAL MET-
tachymetabolic TEMPERATURE REGULATORS ABOLIC RATE is proportional to the 34 power of
during cold exposure. body weight.
SKIN WETTEDNESS. See WETTEDNESS, SKIS. NOTE: The rule is based on the proposition that
BMR is related to surface area and that surface
SOLAR RADIATION AREA See AREA, SOLAR area varies with the ,24 power of body weight. How-
RADIATION. ever, this is not experimentally verifiable, for when
SPECIFIC HEAT (c): The quantity of heat required to BMR is expressed per 25 power of body weight it
raise the temperature of unit mass of a substance by increases systematically with body size (Kleiber, 1947).
one degree Celsius. [J kg-1 “C-l] l l
BMR is more nearly proportional to the x power of
NOTE: For gases, it is necessary to specify whether body weight (see METABOLIC BODY SIZE). Ref:
the pressure (cp) or the volume (c,) is held constant KLEIBER, M., I%ysiol. l?ev. 27: 411, 1947.
during its determination* The specific heat of body SWEATING, NONTHERMAL: A response of the sweat
tissue is usually taken to be 3.43 kJ+kg-lmOC-l (i.e., glands to a nonthermal stimulus.
0.83 kcal kg -l**C-l). l Ref: SCHAFER,E. A., ?Textbaok
of Physiology, London : Hodder & Stoughton, 1898, SWEATING, THERMAL: A response of the sweat glands
vol. x, p. 838. to a thermal stimulus. Rate [mg mm-%-l]
Note: 1 mgam-**s-l = 3.6 g.rn-2*h-l,
SPECIFIC HEAT, VOLUMETRIC: The product of the
DENSITY of a material and its SPECIFIC HEAT. TACHYMETABOLISM: The high level of basal me-
[J . ‘C-1 l m-3-J tabolism of birds and mammals relative to those of
reptiles and other nonavian and nonmammalian
SPECTRAL EMISSIVITY. See EMISSIVITY, SPEC- animals of the same body weight and at the same
TRAL. tissue temperature. (Gk. &&us-fast; matabole-change.)
SPECTRAL RADIANT FLUX. see RADIANT FLUX, Synonym: WARM-BLOODED. Antonym: BRADY-
SPECTRAL. METABOLISM, COLD-BLOODED
NOTE: This relatively high level of basal metabolism
STANDARD ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE. See PRES- in mammals and birds is a precondition for the relative
SURE, ATMOSPHERIC. stability of core temperature during exposure to cold
STANDARD METABOLIC RATE. See METABOLIC (WARM-BLOODED) and of endothermic HO-
RATE, STANDARD. MEOTHERMY and HETEROTHERMY.
STEFAN-BOLTZMANN LAW: The THERMAL RA- TACHYPNEA, THERMAL. See THERMAL TACHY-
DIANT EXITANCE of a FULL RADIATOR is PNEA.
proportional to the fourth power of its absolute tem- TEMPERATURE, AMBIENT (T,): The average tem-
perature, M,, th = cT4. The currently recommended perature of a gaseous or liquid environment (usually
value of the Stefan-Boltzmann constant (c) is 5.6696 air or water) surrounding a body, as measured outside
X 10-S [W -m-2hK-4]. the thermal and hydrodynamic boundary layers that
STENOTHERMY: The pattern of thermoregulation in overlay the body. [OC] Synonym: TEMPERA-
organisms, which occur naturally in a narrow range TURE, DRY BULB ( in a gaseous environment).
of environmental temperatures and which, singly or
TEMPERATURE CONFORMER : An organism, the
collectively, are intolerant of or accommodate in-
core temperature of which varies as a proportional
effectually to wide changes in their thermal environ-
function of ambient temperature; an animal without
ment. (Gk. stenos-narrow; thermepheat.) Antonym:
effective temperature regulation by autonomic or
EURYTHERMY
behavioral means. Synonym : POIKILOTHERM.
STERADIAN (Q): Unit of measurement of a solid Antonvm: TEMPERATURE REGULATOR.
TEMPERATURE CONFORMITY: The thermal relation urements of skin and core temperature, e.g., for man
between the environment and an organism, the core in a warm environment, ‘&, z 0.9 Tt, + 0.1 ‘i’skr
temperature of which varies as a proportional function where T ty is tympanic membrane temperature and
of ambient temperature, i.e., an absence of effective Tsk is the mean skin temperature. In a cool environ-
temperature regulation by autonomic or behavioral ment, T, E 0.67 Tt, + 0.33 Tsk- Many other formulas
means. have been proposed but no one formula remains valid
under all conditions and for all species. For discussion,
TE1 JIPERATURE, CORE: The mean temperature of
seeMINARD, D., In: Physiological and Behauioral Tem-
the tissues at a depth below that which is affected
fierature Regulation, edited by J. D. Hardy, A. P. Gagge,
directly by a change in the temperature gradient
8r. J. A. J- Stolwijk, Springfield, Thomas, Ill.: 1970.
through peripheral tissues. Mean core temperature
cannot be measured accura tely, and is generally rep- TEMPERATURE, MEAN RADIANT (‘T’,): The tem-
resented by a specified core temperature, e.g., that of perature of an imaginary isothermal “black” en-
the rectum. [“Cl Synonym: TEMPERATURE, closure in which a solid body or occupant would ex-
DEEP BODY. change the same amount of heat by radiaticln as in the
actual nonuniform enclosure. [“Cl
TEMPERATURE, DEEP BODY. See TEMPERATURE,
CORE (preferred synonym). TEMPERATURE, MEAN SKIN (‘I’,,): The sum of the
products of the area of each regional surface element
TEXlPERATURE, DEW-POINT (T,I,) : The temper- (A i) and its mean temperature (‘i’i) divided by the
ature at which condensation first occurs when an air-
total area of body surface.
water vapor mixture is cooled at constant pressure.
c0clA rTsk = (ZAi*‘I‘i)/Ab cOcl
TEMPERATURE, DRY BULB (Tdb): The temperature TEMPERATURE, OPERATIVE (T,) : The temperature
of a gas or mixture of gases indicated by a thermometer of a uniform (isothermal) “black” enclosure in which a
shielded from radiation. [“Cl Synonym: TEM- solid body or occupant would exchange the same
PERATURE, AMBIENT. amount of heat by radiation and convection as in the
actual nonuniform environment. [“Cl
TEMPERATURE, EFFECTIVE (T,,,) : An arbitrary
index which combines in a single value the effect of TEMPERATURE REGULATION : The maintenance of
temperature, humidity, and air movement on the the temperature or temperatures of a body within a
sensation of warmth or cold felt by human subjects. restricted range under conditions involving variable
The numerical value is that of the temperature of internal and/or external heat loads. Biologically, the
“still” air saturated with water vapor which would existence of some degree of body temperature regula-
induce an identical sensation. [“Cl tion by autonomic or behavioral means. Antonym:
TEMPERATURE CONFORMITY.
TEMPERATURE, GLOBE (T,): The temperature of a
blackened hollow sphere of thin copper (usually 0.15-m TEMPERATURE REGULATION, AUTONOMIC: The
diameter) as measured by a thermometer at its center; regulation of body temperature by autonomic (i.e.,
T, approximately equals TEMPERATURE, OP- involuntary) responses to heat and cold which modify
ERATIVE. [“Cl the rates of heat production and heat loss (i.e., by
sweating, thermal tachypnea, shivering, and variations
TEMPERATURE LABILITY, CONTROLLED: An in peripheral vasomotor tone and basal metabolism).
expression of the extent of the daily and seasonal
variations in the level at which core temperature is
(Gk autos-self; nomos-law, i.e., self-governing,
SOED.)
being controlled. Synonym: THERMOLABILITY, NOTE: AUTONOMIC TEMPERATURE REGU-
CONTROLLED. LATION is frequently described as PHYSIOLOG-
TEMPERATURE LABILITY, PASSIVE : An expression ICAL TEMPERATURE REGULATION, a term
of the extent to which core temperature fluctuates which should be used for all physiological thermo-
passively (i.e., without recruitment of temperature- regulatory processes (i-e-, both autonomic and be-
regulatory mechanisms) when either the rate of heat havioral). Autonomic thermoregulatory responses are
production or the rate of heat exchange with the en- not necessarily associated with the conscious state and,
vironment is varied. Synonym: THERMOLABILITY, in mammals, are unimpaired by the removal of the
PASSIVE. cerebral hemispheres.
TEMPERATURE, MEAN BODY (‘i’,) : The sum of the TEMPERATURE REGULATION, BEHAVIORAL:
products of the heat capacity and temperature of all The regulation of body temperature by complex pat-
the tissues of the body divided by the total heat ca- terns of responses of the skeletal musculature to heat
pacity of the organism. and cold which modify the rates of heat production
- and/or heat loss (e-g., by exercise, change in body
Tb = Z(ci*Ti)/Z ci conformation, and in the thermal insulation of bedding
XOTE: This heat capacity cannot be determined and (in man) of clothing, and by the selection of an
precisely in the living organism. Mean body tem- environment which reduces thermal stress).
perature can be estimated approximately from meas- KOTE : The distinction between BEHAVIORAL
TEMPERATURE REGULATION and THER- body temperature which needs to be defined. Both
MOTROPISM is ill-defined. A plant may exhibit homeothermic and heterothermic animals are classi-
thermotropism but is not considered to be thermo- fied as TEMPERATURE REGULATORS, having
regulating behaviorally. Some aquatic unicellular different degrees of thermostability which are defined
organisms move to a PREFERRED AMBIENT TEM- arbitrarily (see HOMEOTHERMY and HETERO-
PERATURE, but whether this is THERMO- THERMY).
TROPISM or BEHAVIORAL TEMPERATURE TEMPERATURE SENSOR : A neuronal structure which
REGULATION may be disputed. In practice, be- is differentially sensitive to temperature and which
havioral temperature regulation relates to complex responds to a maintained temperature with a char-
patterns of behavior dependent on the integrity of a acteristic sustained impulse frequency. A temperature
central nervous system, and therefore excludes the sensor may respond weakly to strong nonthermal
thermotropic functions of organisms which lack an stimuli. The presence of temperature sensors in a tissue
integrated nervous control over muscular activities. may be inferred from the activation of thermoreg-
TEMPERATURE REGULATION, CHEMICAL (ob- ulatory effector functions when the tissue is heated or
solete) : Body temperature regulation involving changes cooled. Synonym: THERMORECEPTOR,
in heat production. TEMPERATURE SURVIVAL LIMIT, LOWER: The
NOTE: This can be due to: 1. voluntary muscle environmental temperature below which thermal
movements; 2. involuntary muscle movements (e.g., balance cannot be maintained for a long period and
shivering) ; 3. nonshivering thermogenesis; 4. increase animals become progressively hypothermic. At this
or decrease in basal metabolic rate. temperature PMR can be measured.
TEMPERATURE REGULATION, PHYSICAL (ob- TEMPERATURE SURVIVAL LIMIT, UPPER: The
solete) : Body temperature regulation involving control environmental temperature above which thermal
of the rate of heat flow into or out of an organism. balance cannot be maintained for a long period and
NOTE: The responses involved in such regulation animals become progressively hyperthermic.
consist of those autonomic and behavioral responses
which vary the thermal conductance of peripheral TEMPERATURE, TOLERATED AMBIENT RANGE.
tissues ,* but not of those behavioral responses which 2&e TOLERATED AMBIENT TEMPERATURE
involve alteration of the local environment. *For RANGE.
example: 1. changes in peripheral vasomotor tone; 2. TEMPERATURE, WET BULB (Tm& The thermo-
piloerection; 3. evaporation of water from skin (fol- dynamic wet bulb temperature of a sample of air is
lowing sweating, saliva spreading, wallowing) and the lowest temperature to which it can be cooled by
from respiratory tract surfaces; 4. changes in body evaporating water adiabatically. [‘Cl
conformation. NOTE: The term is usually applied to the tem-
TEMPERATURE REGULATION, PHYSIOLOGICAL: perature recorded by an aspirated thermometer
1, Both autonomic and behavioral temperature regula- covered with a wet sleeve that is approximately
tion (preferred). 2. Synonym for AUTONOMIC equal to the thermodynamic wet bulb temperature
TEMPERATURE REGULATION. when the bulb is shielded from radiation.
NOTE : Traditionally, mammalian thermoregulatory THERMAL COMFORT : Subjective satisfaction with the
physiology has been concerned with those responses thermal environment.
to heat or cold which do not deDend on consciousness THERMAL COMFORT, ZONE OF: The range of
or the integrity of the cerebral cortex. These responses ambient temperatures, associated with specified mean
are autonomic (SOED-self-governing; Gk. au&s--- radiant temperature, humidity, and air movement,
self, independently; nomos-law). Autonomic responses within which a human in specified clothing expresses
are generally referred to as physiological responses, satisfaction with his thermal environment for an in-
but behavioral responses are also physiological (Phys- definite period. [“Cl
iology = the science of the normal functions and
phenomena of living things, SOED). Thus phys- THERMAL CONDUCTANCE (C) : The rate at which
iological thermoregulatory responses properly consist heat is conducted between unit area of two parallel
of both AUTONOMIC and BEHAVIORAL re- surfaces in a medium when unit temperature dif-
sponses. Although all thermoregulatory responses op- ference is maintained between them. [W * m-2. “C-l].
erating through the sympathetic and parasympathetic THERMAL CONDUCTANCE, TISSUE: The rate of
nervous pathways are AUTONOMIC, not all AU- heat transfer per unit area during steady state when a
TONOMIC responses operate through the sympa- temperature difference of l*C is maintained across a
thetic and parasympathetic efferent nervous path- layer of tissue. [W * mu2 *“c-l]
ways. NOTE: This term relates to the heat transfer down a
TEMPERATURE REGULATOR : An organism, the temperature gradient from any tissue to its immediate
core temperature of which is regulated to some extent environment, e.g., from a tissue to circulating blood,
by autonomic and/or behavioral processes Antonym : as well as from the body core through peripheral
TEMPERATURE CONFORMER. tissues to the body surface. In practice TISSUE
NOTE : This term does not imply a degree of control of THERMAL CONDUCTANCE of living tissues
within the organism is not amenable to direct meas- NOTE: Although POLYPNEA is more commonly
urement. Calculated values are usually based on several used, TACHYPNEA is etymologically more correct.
assumptions, e-g., mean tissue temperature, mean
THERMAL RADIANCE. See RADIANCE, THER-
blood temperature, and the surface areas of blood
MAL.
vessel walls.
THERMAL RADIANT EXITANCE. See RADIANT
THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY (k): A property of a
EXITA’NCE, THERMAL.
material defined bv the flow of heat bv conduction
through unit thickness of the material per unit area THERMAL RESISTANCE (R): The reciprocal of thher-
and per unit temperature difference maintained at ma1 conductance. [“C rnz W-l]
l l
THERMAL DIFFUSIVITY. See DIFFUSIVITY, THER- THERMAL STRESS: Any change in the thermal relation
between an organism and its environment which, if
MAL. - -
uncompensated by a temperature-regulatory response,
THERMAL EXPANSION COEFFICIENT OF VOL- would disturb the thermal equilibrium.
UME (0) : The change in volume at constant pressure THERMAL SWEATING. SeeLSWEATING, THER-
of a substance (solid or fluid) per unit volume, per MAL.
degree change in temperature.
THERMAL TACHYPNEA: A rapid respiratory fre-
P = V-l dV/dT
l (gasesonly) Pw quency accompanied by an increase in respiratory
THERMAL HYPERPNEA: An increase in tidal volume minute volume and a decrease in tidal volume, in
associated with an increase in alveolar ventilation response to a thermoregulatory drive to dissipate heat.
occurring during severe heat stress which has caused (Gk. takhus-swift, fast; @a-breath.) Synonym :
a large rise in core temperature. (Gk. hyper-above, THERMAL POLYPNEA.
over; fi”0ia--breath.) KOTE: Although POLYPNEA is more commonly
used, TACHYPNEA is etymologically more correct.
THERMAL INDIFFERENCE, ZONE OF: The range of
TH ERMOGENESIS, NONSHIVERING (NST): An
ambient temperatures, associa ted with specified water
increase in the rate of heat production during cold ex-
vapor pressure, air velocity, and radiant exchange, posure due to processes which do not involve con-
within which 80 % of active people do not complain of
tractions of voluntary muscles, i.e., increased heat
the thermal environment. [“Cl
production by processes other than tone, microvibra-
THERMAL INERTIA FOR RADIAXT HEAT (l//kpc): tions, or clonic contractions of skeletal muscles. [W]
One of the properties of a material which determines or [W m-“1
l
NOTE : Shivering thermogenesis progresses, as its limits typical for the species or the individual under
intensity increases, from THERMOREGULATORY consideration. [“Cl
MUSCLE TONE, to microvibrations, to clonic con-
TORPOR: A state of inactivity and reduced responsiveness
tractions of both flexor and extensor muscles. All
shivering thermogenesis is blocked by curare. to stimuli associated with a reduction in metabolism
and body temperature (e.g-, during HIBERNATION
THERMOLABILITY, CONTROLLED. See TEMPER- or ESTIVATION).
ATURE LABILITY, CONTROLLED.
TOTAL BODY AREA. &e AREA, TOTAL BODY.
THERMOLABILITY, PASSIVE. See TEMPERATURE
LABILITY, PASSIVE. TOTAL ENVIRONMENT : All environmental factors
which exert an influence on an organism and to which
THERMONEUTRAL ZONE (TNZ): The range of am- an organism must be adequately adapted in order to
bient temperature within which metabolic rate is at a survive (ie., competitors for food sources and preda-
minimum, and within which temperature regulation tors as well as the many components of the physical
is achieved by nonevaporative physical processes environment and the climate) m
alone. [“Cl
NOTE : Nonevaporative physical processes of tem- TOTAL HEAT PRODUCTION: The rate of transforma-
perature regulation consist of those autonomic and tion of chemical energy into heat in an organism
behavioral responses which vary the thermal con- (METABOLIC HEAT PRODUCTION) plus any
ductance between the organism and the environment, heat liberated within the body resulting from work
done on the organism by an external force (NEGA-
i.e., by variations in peripheral vasomotor tone and
piloerection, and by changes in body conformation, TIVE WORK). [W*mAz] or [W]
NOTE: During POSITIVE WORK and when no
but excluding changes in thermal conductance due to
additional external insulation (e.g., bedding, clothing). work is being done on or by the organism, TOTAL
HEAT PRODUCTION equals METABOLIC HEAT
THERMOPREFERENDUM : The thermal conditions PRODUCTION.
which an individual organism or a species selects for
TOTAL RADIANT ABSORPTANCE. See RADIANT
its ambient environment in natural or experimental
ABSORPTANCE, TOTAL.
circumstances.
TRANSMITTANCE, RADIATION (7): The ratio of the
THERMORECEPTOR. See TEMPERATURE SENSOR.
radiant energy transmitted through a body to the
THERMOREGULATION. See TEMPERATURE REG- total radiation incident on it.
ULATION.
UPPER CRITICAL TEMPERATURE. See CRITICAL
THERMOREGULATORY CONDITIONED REFLEX: TEMPERATURE, UPPER.
The physiological (autonomic and behavioral) re- UPPER TEMPERATURE SURVIVAL LIMIT. See
sponses of an organism to changes in its thermal en- TEMPERATURE SURVIVAL LIMIT, UPPER.
vironment, which can also be elicited by a condi-
tioned stimulus. USEFUL WORK ACCOMPLISHED. See WORK, POS-
ITIVE.
THERMOREGULATORY MUSCLE TO5E : The in-
crease in the electrical activity of the skeletal muscula- VAPOR PRESSURE (WATER). See PRESSURE,
ture of a resting tachymetabolic temperature regu- WATER VAPOR.
lator during moderate cooling. [+ -I]
VOLUME, THERMAL EXPANSION COEFFICIENT
NOTE : During more intensive cooling, thermoregu-
latory muscle tone is replaced by microvibrations and OF. See THERMAL EXPANSION COEFFICIENT
OF VOLUME.
shivering.
VOLUMETRIC SPECIFIC HEAT. See SPECIFIC
THERMOTROPISM; The turning or movement of a
HEAT, VOLUMETRTC.
plant or animal in response to a temperature stimulus.
(Gk. therme-heat; traps-turn.) WALLOWING : The thermoregulatory increase in cvapo-
THIGMOTHERMY: The dependence of the core temper- rative heat loss by spreading an aqueous fluid (e.g.,
water, mud, urine) on the body surface.
ature of an ectothermic animal on the conductive ex-
change of heat with its immediate environment, e.g., WARM-BLOODED: The thermal state of an animal
water, air, soil. (Gk. ihigma-touch; fherme--heat.) which maintains its core ‘temperature considerably
higher than that of the environment when subjected
TISSUE THERMAL CONDUCTANCE. See THERMAL
to a low ambient temperature. Synonym: TACHY-
CONDUCTANCE, TISSUE.
METABOLIC (preferred). Antonym : COLD-
TOLERATED AMBIENT TEMPERATURE RANGE : BLOODED.
The range of ambient temperature within which the NOTE : This maintained temperature gradient be-
body core temperature can be kept, by means of tween the organism and its environment is dependent
autonomic thermoregulatory processes, within certain on the relatively high rate of metabolic heat produc-
WETTED AREA, A,), i.e., A,/Ab. Supplemen- plane ang-le 0 radian rad
NOTE: For man the total skin area would usually be tary solid angle Q steradian SI‘
Symbol
or Abbxe- SI Units (Abbreviations)
viations Term (XD = No Dimensions)
A
APPENDIX 2-Continued
SymboI
or Abbre- SI Units (Abbreviations)
viations Term (ND = No Dimensions)
body weight kg
W012K W, MT*rnm2
SPECIFIC HEAT J .kg-l l “C-1
HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENT, W . m-2, ‘C-1
COMBINED NONEVAPORATIVE
hc HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENT, WV m-2. ‘C-1
CONVECTIVE
hD MASS TRANSFER COEFFICIENT m-s-l
/DIFFUSION)
he HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENT, W . rn-? kPahr, W rnpz Torr-l
l l
EVAPORATIVE
hk HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENT, W l m-2, ‘C-1
CONDUCTIVE
hr HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENT, W .m-2. ‘C-1
RADIATIVE (LINEAR)
k THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY W . m-1. ‘C-1
APPENDIX 2-Continued
Symbol
or Abbre- SI Units (Abbreviations)
via tions Term (ND = No Dimensions)
rh HUMIDITY, RELATIVE %I
WETTEDNESS, SKIN ND
: RADIANT FLUX W
@A RADIANT FLUX, SPECTRAL W nm-rl