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toddler years, long before they have any understanding sentence's meaning or emotional impact. Strong
that marks on a page convey meaning. A language-rich word recognition and decoding abilities help a
environment in early childhood supports literacy skills. young reader understand and enjoy the text.
Fluency skills are thought to come with experience
Print Awareness Skills --- to become a good reader, a child has to read.
However, the National Reading Panel cautions that
A child must be familiar and comfortable with printed
silent independent reading alone may not lead to
language to know how to approach it as a reader. English
fluency. Guided oral reading, a technique in which
print flows in a left-to-right direction; the letters that make
a child reads aloud with an adult at hand to
up each word are close together, and a space appears
smoothly assist with difficult words, may offer
between each word. A sentence begins with a capital
benefits for young readers who are struggling.
letter and ends with a punctuation mark. None of these
conventions may be obvious to an emergent reader. Comprehension Skills
Regular read-aloud sessions, signs at home and at school,
As a young reader moves beyond the basics,
library trips, newspaper exploration and other activities
support a child's print skills. comprehension --- the ability to understand and
relate to the text --- comes to the fore. Reading
comprehension requires an extensive oral and print of distinct sounds, or phonemes. The letters of the
vocabulary. It also calls for concentration, reasoning skills
alphabet, alone or in combination, represent these
and problem-solving abilities. Comprehension calls for the
phonemes. Putting the letters together in the right
reader's involvement and interaction, and to encourage this
order makes a word that can be read. Phonemic
teachers may use graphic organizers, group discussion and
awareness, the ability to distinguish and use the
analysis techniques.
phonemes in a word, makes reading English
Oral Language Skills possible. Rhyming games support phonemic
awareness. Early childhood educators work with
Before he learns to read, a child usually learns to speak ---
phonemes and letters --- for example, asking
and, critically, to listen. Good listening skills help a child
children to name items that begin with the same
develop a strong vocabulary and expand his knowledge of
letter sound --- in an effort to support alphabetic
concepts and facts. These factors provide context when he
skills.
begins to read on his own. Conversations with parents,
teachers and peers strengthen a child's skills in verbal
expression and increase his intellectual curiosity.
Alphabetic Skills
Essential to any preschool program for ELLs is effective play organized around a carefully chosen theme.
hear and speak the language throughout the day. Examples of both adults and peers and provide ongoing feedback and
be taught to recognize the parts of a book (e.g., front The emphasis should be on code-based instruction, or
and back covers, top and bottom) instruction that helps children understand the relationship
learn that printed letters and words run from left to between spoken language and print.
right and from top to bottom
2. Recognize that many literacy skills can transfer across
learn that a book has a title, was written by an author,
languages.
and has illustrations that were drawn by an illustrator
3. Accelerate English literacy development by helping ELLs Does your child’s classroom have enough technology?
make the connection between what they know in their Should it have any at all? When it comes to the modern-day
first language and what they need to know in English. kindergarten class, these questions are more easily asked than
answered. Given that young children's brains and bodies grow
Similarities between English and the child's home best when all of their senses are engaged – constructing a city
language can be used as a foundation for instruction. For out of blocks, navigating a climbing structure, dressing up as a
example, if L1 has some of the same phonemes as English, superhero – we know that kindergarten classrooms need all
start with those phonemes for rhyme or beginning sound the tools of the trade for rich sensory play.
activities because those are sounds the child is already familiar
with. What role should technology play? As a rule,
kindergartners shouldn't be spending their days (at home or at
Children usually have the most difficulty when they school) planted in front of a glowing screen. But there is
encounter sounds that are present in English but do not occur outstanding technology available that can support your child's
in their home language. For this reason, Spanish L1 speakers academic growth. Technology in kindergarten can also start
often have difficulty with the "short" or lax sounds of a, e, i, your child on the road to technological literacy: knowing to
and u and with the consonants j, r, v, and z. use tools to solve problems.
Computer(s) with access to the Internet (and Using technology to enhance reading skills
Internet safeguards) and a printer
Young kids who use computers as a learning aid get
An interactive whiteboard
early practice in keyboarding as well as refining their literacy
Video and still digital cameras
skills. With audio books, software-based stories, and tales
One or more tablets
read aloud on the Internet, a child can listen to a beloved
Educational software that reinforces reading
book as many times as she likes, which helps strengthen
and math skills
reading skills. The class may also be using phonics and reading
Interactive story books on a computer
software such as Read, Write & Type! These technical tools
A large-screen display connected to a computer that the
teacher uses to demonstrate a lesson to the whole class.
can be invaluable when a child is developing reading Tips in Developing the Child’s
comprehension skills.
Reading Skills
“Technology can be more than a tool for drilling students on
For Age 3-4
skills; it can be a tool for acquiring the vocabulary and
background knowledge essential to becoming a skilled At this age you just want to make sure that your child gets off
reader.” to the best possible start. It’s all about sharing and enjoying
books as well as introducing some of the very first skills of
reading. These top tips outline some practical information and
ideas for you!
Reading together
Read on the move and show your child how you read words Before you start reading a book, talk about the title, the
everywhere you go too. Point out words they might recognize, pictures on the cover (front and back). Look through the
including signs and logos in the street or on labels. pictures together and ask your child what they think the
story might be about.
Tip 3: Find your favorites and add to them
Tip 6: Talk about stories and events
Children love to listen to and read their favorite books
over and over again and to remember some parts by As you read and when you’ve finished, sometimes ask
heart. That’s fine as enjoyment and memory play a key questions about the story.What was your favorite bit?
part in learning to read. Add to their list of favourites by What do you think about that? What would you do? Get
reading stories of all kinds, rhymes, poetry and your child to ask you questions too. Don’t overdo it
information books too. though – otherwise you can lose the thread of the plot.
Start asking your child to join in with bits that are Sometimes after you have shared a story, ask your child
repeated in stories, e.g. ‘Run run as fast as you can! You to retell it to you. Help by asking What happened first?
can’t catch me I’m the gingerbread man!’. Traditional What next? And then what? Can you remember what
stories, like The Gingerbread Man, are really good for happens at the end?! Encourage them to use plenty of
this and children will love doing the voices! expression.
Tip 8: Listen to and sing songs and rhymes listen to a story and retell bits of it
recognize some letter sounds (like the first sound in
Singing lots of songs and nursery rhymes helps your child to
their name)
hear the sounds in words and build up a bank of known
recognize his or her own name in writing
favorites. Play with words and sounds and make up nonsense
match some words (like Mum) when they see them
rhymes in songs or nursery rhymes they know. Encourage
in different places
them to join in.
concentrate for 5-10 minutes.
There are no hard and fast rules about this but if your child
can do these things then it may be that they are ready to
begin learning early reading skills:
Reading together the book might be about. If it’s an old favorite then talk
about the bits you love most! Don’t worry if some
Tip 1: Read together every day
books get chosen again and again!
Teach the sounds of the letters together with their Do not be rigid in how the child pronounces the
names. sounds.
The sound (or sounds) of the letters are often Regional accents and weak auditory skills make it
different from the name of the letter. In reading, it hard for children to say most sounds in an
is the sounds that count. When you read to the academically correct way. Accept a reasonable
child, point to the letter C, for example and say; "the effort. Recognize that learning sounds is only an
name of this letter is [see] and it makes two sounds: intermediate step to learning to read. It is not the
[kkk] as in the word cat and also [sss] as in the word goal
Three-year-olds can be chatty, and by age 4, it can be hard to Kids are tactile and enjoy few activities more than poking
get a word in edgewise. Take advantage of your child’s things with a stick. Many preschools encourage kids to make
interest in talking by writing a book together. Start out with letters out of Play Doh or draw them into sand or clay. The
something simple, like describing a fun day at a park or visiting next time you are out in the park, or at the beach, or in the
friends. Staple a few pieces of paper together, and write out snow, use your surroundings to play with letters. Take turns
one or two of your child’s sentences on each page. Then, read writing letters in the snow, dirt, or sand.
the story to her and let her illustrate it.
6. Just the Facts
4. A Different Way to Read
Try getting your child interested in nonfiction books. At the
Reading to your child is great — but what’s even better is library or bookstore, find books on your child’s favorite topics.
something called “dialogic” reading. That’s when you ask your Cars, dinosaurs, dogs, and other topics are covered in on-level
child to participate in the story. Before turning the page, ask books with plenty of pictures, designed especially for kids this
your child what he thinks will happen next. You can also ask age.
your child what other way the book could have ended. For
example, with the classic book Corduroy, what would have
happened if the little girl hadn’t come back to take Corduroy
home from the toy store?