A Guide To REFRIGERANT PDF

11/22/2014 (c) DR.A.M.
SURENDRA KUMAR
1
HISTORY
 A substance capable of absorbing heat from another required

substance(space) can be used as Refrigerant.
 Air was used as refrigerant in olden days in many refrigeration

systems because most safest/ cheapest refrigerant
 First refrigerant used - Ether – employed by Perkins - hand

operated vapour compression machine
 Then ethyl chloride( C2H5Cl) – Ammonia -1875
 Methyl chloride was used for domestic and commercial purpose until
Freon's were available.
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11/22/2014 (c) DR.A.M.SURENDRA KUMAR
CLASSIFICATION OF REFRIGERANTS
 1. PRIMARY- DIRECTLY TAKE PART IN HEAT INTERACTIONS.
Ammonia, Carbon dioxide, Sulphur dioxide, Methyl chloride,
Ethyl chloride and Freon group
 2. SECONDARY –FIRST COOLED BY PRIMARY THEN FOR
COOLING PURPOSES.
Ice, Brine, solid carbon dioxide
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PRIMARY REFRIGERANTS
 1.HALOCARBON COMPOUNDS:-
 Contains one or more halogens, chlorine and bromine
 Invented & developed by Charles Kettering in 1928
 Sold in the market under the name as
 Freon
 Genetron
 Isotron
 Areton
Outstanding merits
Applications: Domestic, commercial & Industrial purposes
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1. HALOCARBON REFRIGERANTS
REFRIGERANT CHEMICAL NAME CHEMICAL FORMULA
NAME
R-10 CARBON TETRA CHLORIDE CCl4
R-11 TRICHLORO- MONOFLURO METHANE CCl3F
R-12 DICHLORODIFLURO-METHANE CCl2F2
R-22 MONOCHLORODIFLURO-METHANE CHClF2
R-30 METHYLENE CHLORIDE CH2Cl2
R-40 METHYL CHLORIDE CH3Cl
R-100 ETHYL CHLORIDE CH3CH2Cl
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2. AZEOTROPES
 The refrigerants belonging to this group consist of

mixtures of different substances.
 These substances cannot be separated into

components by distillations
 Example: R-500
 It consists of 73.8 % R-12 + 26.2% R-152

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3. HYDROCARBONS- ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
REFRIGERANT NAME CHEMICAL NAME CHEMICAL FORMULA
R-50 METHANE CH4
R-170 ETHANE C2H6
R-290 PROPANE C2H8
R-600 BUTANE C4H10
R-601 ISOBUTANE CH(CH3)3

11/22/2014
4. INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
REFRIGERANT NAME CHEMICAL NAME CHEMICAL FORMULA
R-717 AMMONIA NH3
R-718 WATER H2O
R-729 AIR O2
R-744 CARBON DIOXIDE CO2
R-764 SULPHUR DIOXIDE SO2
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DESIRABLE PROPERTIES OF AN IDEAL REFIGERANT
1. THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES:
 a. Low boiling point
 b. Low freezing point
 c. High saturation temperature
 d. High latent heat
2. CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
 a. Non-toxicity
 b. Non-flammable
 c. Non-corrosiveness
 d. Non-irritating & Odorless
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3. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
 a. Low sp.volume
 b. Low sp.heat.
 c. High thermal conductivity
 d. Low viscosity.
 e. High electrical insulation.
4. OTHER PROPERTIES
 a. Ease of leakage location
 b. Availability & Low cost.
 c. Ease of handling.
 d. High C.O.P.
 e. Low Power consumption/TR
 f. Low pressure ratio & Pressure difference

11/22/2014 (c) DR.A.M.SURENDRA KUMAR 10
C.O.P & KW/TONN
REFRIGERENT CARNOT NH3 CO2 SO2 F-11 F-12 F-22 F-113
C.OP 5.74 4.76 2.56 4.87 5.09 4.7 4.66 4.92
kW/Ton 0.62 0.75 1.4 0.74 0.71 0.76 0.77 0.73
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(c) DR.A.M.SURENDRA KUMAR 11/22/2014
PROPERTIES & USES OF COMMONLY USED REFRIGERANTS
1. AIR:
 Properties:
 a. No cost involved.
 b. Completely non-toxic.
 c. Completely safe
 d. C.O.P = 1.67 [ for operating between temp. of 800C & -150C]
 Uses :
 a. Air is one of the earliest Refrigerants and widely used even as late
as world war –I where ever a completely non-toxic medium was
need.
 b. Because of low C.O.P, it is used only where operating efficiency is
secondary as in air craft refrigeration
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2. AMMONIA (NH3)
Properties:-
a. It is highly toxic
b. It has excellent thermal properties.
c. It has the highest refrigerating effect/ kg of refrigerant.
d. Low volumetric displacement.
e. Low cost.
3. METHYL CHLORIDE
Properties:-
a. It is a colorless liquid sweet, non-irritating odor.
b. It has sp. gravity of 1.002 at atm.pressure.
c. It is neither flammable nor toxic.
Uses:-
It has been used in the past in both in domestic & commercial
applications
It should never be used with Aluminium
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REFRIGERANTS & APPLICATIONS
APPLICATIONS REFRIGERANTS IN USE
DOMESTIC REFRIGERATORS R-12
SMALL RETAIL SUPERMARKETS R-12, R-22, R-502
AIR-CONDTIONING R-11, R-12, R-22, R-144, R-502
INDUSTRIAL R-717, R-22, R-502
TRANSPORT R-12, R-502

TRADE NAME OF REFRIGERANTS
TRADE SYMBOL COMPANY
NAME
ARCTON ------------ IMPERIAL CHEMICALS, ENGLAND

FREON F EI DU PONT DE NEMOURS, & COMPANY,
U.S.A.
GENETRON Genetron GENERAL CHEMICAL DIVISION OF ALLIED
CHEMICAL & DIE CORP. U.S.A.
ISOTRON -------- PENNSYLVANIA SALT MANUFACTURING
COMPANY, U.S.A.
MAFRON --------- MAFATAL LAL & SPINNING GROUP, INDIA
KALTRON --------- KALI- CHEMI IBERIA SA, SPAIN
KORFORN ----------- ULSHAL CHEMICALS , KOREA

FORONE ---------- ATOCHEM ,FRANCE
REFRON
11/22/2014 ------------ GUJRATFLURO CHEMICAL LTD., INDIA.
COLOUR CODE FOR RERFIGERANTS
NAME OF REFRIGERANT COLOUR CODE
R-12 WHITE
R-22 GREEN
R-40 ORANGE
R-500 RED
R-134a LIGHT SKY BLUE
R-717 SILVER
R- 764 BLACK

11/22/2014
METHODS & EQUIPMENTS FOR DETERMINING
REFRIGERANT LEAKS.
 1.First leak detection device that can be used for some large leaks is
listening for the hiss of the escaping refrigerant. –Fig. A.
 2. Soap bubbles are practical and simple leak detector. Leaking

refrigerant will cause bubbles. Fig.B.
 3. The halide leak detector is available for use with acetylene or

propane. Gas. It operates on the principle that when the refrigerant is
allowed in an open flame in the presence of glowing copper the flame
will change the color.
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(c) DR.A.M.SURENDRA KUMAR
STORAGE & HANDLING FACILITY
 The refrigerant should be stored in as small pressure vessel as possible.
 It should be conveniently handled during transportation & charging.
 Handling of flammable refrigerants requires extreme precautions.
 Handling of sulphur dioxide should be done carefully otherwise
toxication may kill the persons handling the refrigerant.
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REFRIGERANT PIPING & DESIGN
The material used for fluro carbon refrigerant piping is
either seamless copper tubing or iron.
For ammonia only iron pipes are used.
Sizes are given in terms of – OD for copper tubing
- Normal iron pipe sizes (IPS) for iron pipes.
26
REFIGERENT NOMENCLATURE
 The refrigerants of Methane and Ethane series are known by their numbers.
 To simplify the terminology, a number system was developed
 Each refrigerant carries a specific number and this number is preceded by the
word Refrigerant , R or by manufacturers trade name as Freon or Genetron.
 All 2 digit numbers are derived from Methane
 All 3 digit numbers are derived from Ethane base.
 The last digit gives the number of fluorine atoms in the molecule.
 The digit next to the last digit equals one more than the number of Hydrogen
atoms.
 Any atoms not accounted for in the Methane or Ethane series are Chlorine.
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11/22/2014
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(c) DR.A.M.SURENDRA KUMAR 11/22/2014
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LUBRICANTS IN REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS
 For refrigeration systems, oil must perform certain functions other than
minimising friction,
 such as sealing the gas between the suction & discharge ports,
 Acting as coolant to transfer heat from the crank case to the compressor
shell.
 Synthetic oils such as alkybenzenes & phosphate esters –use for R-22
& R-502.
 Polyalkaline glycol(PAG) & esters are primary lubricants –for R-134a.
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SECONDARY REFRIGERANTS.
 Used for large refrigeration plants

 Water, brines(dissoving salt in water), glycols are used .
 Used for carrying refrigeration from the plant room to the space where it
is usefully applied, instead of directly obtaining it by the evaporating
refrigerant at the place of application.
 To reduce the quantity of refrigerant charge in the system & reduce
pressure losses.
 Desirable properties of secondary Refrigerant :
 a. Low freezing point
 b.. Low viscosity.
 c. Non flammability.
 d.. Good stability.
 Example: chilled water is used as secondary refrigerant in A/C plant.
 For low temperature applications, brines, glycols & hydrocarbons are
used.
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OZONE DEPLETION POTENTIAL [ODP]
 The earth’s ozone layer in the upper atmosphere (stratosphere) is
needed for absorption of harmful ultraviolet rays from the sun.
 These rays can cause Cancer.
 CFC have been linked to the depletion of this ozone layer
CCl 2 F2 SUNLIGHT
  CClF2  Cl
O 3  Cl SUNLIGHT
  ClO  O 2
 They varying degrees of ozone depletion potential (ODP).
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ODP & GWP
Details are given for the following reference terms with a brief explanation, such
as its effect on the Ozone layer and Greenhouse effect.
ODP - The ODP or Ozone Depletion Potential, is the potential for a single
molecule of the refrigerant to destroy the Ozone Layer. All of the refrigerants use
R11 as a datum reference and thus R11 has an ODP of 1.0. The less the value of
the ODP the better the refrigerant is for the ozone layer and therefore the
environment.
GWP - The GWP, or Global Warming Potential, is a measurement of how much
effect the given refrigerant will have on Global Warming in relation to Carbon
Dioxide, where CO2 has a GWP of 1. This is usually measured over a 100-year
period. In this case the lower the value of GWP the better the refrigerant is for the
environment
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R11 is a single chlorofluorocarbon or CFC compound. It has a high chlorine content and
ozone depletion potential (ODP) and high global warming potential (GWP). The use and
manufacture of R11 and similar CFC refrigerants is now banned within the European Union
even for servicing. - ODP = 1, GWP = 4000
Note: Although the use of R11 is banned, it was used as the datum for ODP therefore
having an ODP of 1. The ODP of all other refrigerants are compared to R11
R22 is a single hydrochlorofluorocarbon or HCFC compound. It has low chlorine content

and ozone depletion potential and only a modest global warming potential. R22 can still be
used in small heat pump systems, but no more new systems can be manufactured for use
in the EU after late 2003. From 2010 only recycled or saved stocks of R22 can be used, as
it will no longer be manufactured. - ODP = 0.05, GWP = 1700
Phase out dates for R22
From 1 July 2002 no more cooling only air conditioning equipment can be manufactured
that uses refrigerant R22. refrigerants
37
R22.
From 1 January 2004 no more heat pump equipment can be manufactured that uses
refrigerant R22.
After 1 January 2010 no more virgin refrigerant R22 can be used in existing systems.
After 2015 no more recycled refrigerant R22 can be used in existing systems.
If you have recently installed an R22 air conditioning system the phase out dates should
not cause you concern. Your system will only require additional refrigerant should a leak or
major repair is required and this can be effected within current legislation until 2015.
There is already a "drop in" replacement refrigerant for R22 with zero ODP - R417A - See
below.
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R134A is a single hydrofluorocarbon or HFC compound. It has no chlorine content, no ozone depletion
potential, and only a modest global warming potential. –
ODP = 0, GWP = 1300
R407C is a ternary blend of hydrofluorocarbon or HFC compounds, comprising 23% of R32, 25% of R125
and 52% of R134a. It has no chlorine content, no ozone depletion potential, and only a modest direct global
warming potential. –
ODP = 0, GWP = 1610
R410A is a binary blend of hydrofluorocarbon or HFC compounds, comprising 50% of R32 and 50% of
R125) it has no chlorine content, no ozone depletion potential, and only a modest global warming potential. –
ODP = 0, GWP 1890
R417A is the zero ODP replacement for R22 suitable for new equipment and as a drop-in replacement for
existing systems.
There are currently no restrictions on equipment or use of the following refrigerants: R134A, R407C, R410A,
and R417A.
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Alternative refrigerants
R290 - Pure propane, a hydrocarbon (HC) an efficient naturally occurring refrigerant with
similar properties to R22, but has no ozone depletion potential and an extremely low global
warming potential. Whilst it is environmentally safe, it is also highly flammable and must only
be used after careful consideration is given to safety. - ODP = 0, GWP = 3.
Ammonia - A highly efficient refrigerant, that has been used in industrial applications for
many years and with success. It is however, highly toxic and very careful consideration must
be given to any design or application.
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11/22/2014 (c) DR.A.M.

 A substance capable of absorbing heat from another required

 Air was used as refrigerant in olden days in many refrigeration

 First refrigerant used - Ether – employed by Perkins - hand

 Then ethyl chloride( C2H5Cl) – Ammonia -1875

 1. PRIMARY- DIRECTLY TAKE PART IN HEAT INTERACTIONS.

Ammonia, Carbon dioxide, Sulphur dioxide, Methyl chloride,

Ethyl chloride and Freon group

 2. SECONDARY –FIRST COOLED BY PRIMARY THEN FOR

Ice, Brine, solid carbon dioxide

R-11 TRICHLORO- MONOFLURO METHANE CCl3F

R-12 DICHLORODIFLURO-METHANE CCl2F2

R-22 MONOCHLORODIFLURO-METHANE CHClF2

R-30 METHYLENE CHLORIDE CH2Cl2

R-40 METHYL CHLORIDE CH3Cl

R-100 ETHYL CHLORIDE CH3CH2Cl

(c) DR.A.M.SURENDRA KUMAR 5

 The refrigerants belonging to this group consist of

 These substances cannot be separated into

 It consists of 73.8 % R-12 + 26.2% R-152

REFRIGERANT NAME CHEMICAL NAME CHEMICAL FORMULA

R-50 METHANE CH4

R-170 ETHANE C2H6

R-290 PROPANE C2H8

R-600 BUTANE C4H10

R-601 ISOBUTANE CH(CH3)3

(c) DR.A.M.SURENDRA KUMAR 7

REFRIGERANT NAME CHEMICAL NAME CHEMICAL FORMULA

R-717 AMMONIA NH3

R-718 WATER H2O

R-744 CARBON DIOXIDE CO2

R-764 SULPHUR DIOXIDE SO2

 c. High thermal conductivity

 e. High electrical insulation.

 b. Availability & Low cost.

 e. Low Power consumption/TR

 f. Low pressure ratio & Pressure difference

REFRIGERENT CARNOT NH3 CO2 SO2 F-11 F-12 F-22 F-113

C.OP 5.74 4.76 2.56 4.87 5.09 4.7 4.66 4.92

kW/Ton 0.62 0.75 1.4 0.74 0.71 0.76 0.77 0.73

APPLICATIONS REFRIGERANTS IN USE

DOMESTIC REFRIGERATORS R-12

SMALL RETAIL SUPERMARKETS R-12, R-22, R-502

AIR-CONDTIONING R-11, R-12, R-22, R-144, R-502

INDUSTRIAL R-717, R-22, R-502

TRANSPORT R-12, R-502

11/22/2014 (c) DR.A.M.SURENDRA KUMAR 16

ARCTON ------------ IMPERIAL CHEMICALS, ENGLAND

KORFORN ----------- ULSHAL CHEMICALS , KOREA

R-134a LIGHT SKY BLUE

(c) DR.A.M.SURENDRA KUMAR 18

 2. Soap bubbles are practical and simple leak detector. Leaking

 3. The halide leak detector is available for use with acetylene or

 The refrigerant should be stored in as small pressure vessel as possible.

 It should be conveniently handled during transportation & charging.

 Handling of flammable refrigerants requires extreme precautions.

 Handling of sulphur dioxide should be done carefully otherwise

toxication may kill the persons handling the refrigerant.

 To simplify the terminology, a number system was developed

 All 2 digit numbers are derived from Methane

 All 3 digit numbers are derived from Ethane base.

 Used for large refrigeration plants

 They varying degrees of ozone depletion potential (ODP).