La wisdom Teaching material Level 8 Chemistry Unit 6 Notes and worksheets

Topic 6.1 – Particle Theory

Notes :

Scientists use the idea that all matter is made up of particles to explain the properties of solids, liquids and
gases. But this could not be said as absolute truth. This is a simplest way for explaining the properties of the
states of matter.

Solids

1. Solid particles are arranged in regular rows and columns with the particles touching each other.
2. Solid particles are held firmly in place by the forces of attraction.
3. The particles can only vibrate – They can NOT move or change places.

Liquids

1. Liquid particles are arranged so that the particles are touching each other but not in a pattern of rows.
2. Liquid particles are held together by WEAKer forces of attraction.
3. The particles can move past each other.

Gases

1. Gaseous particles do not touch each other at all.

2. Gaseous particles are have NO forces of attraction for each other.
3. The particles can move freely.

Plasma

1. Hot ionized gas consisting of approximately equal numbers of positively charged ions and negatively charged
electrons.
2. Lightning discharges 30,000 amperes at up to 100 million volts, and emits light, radio waves, X-rays and even
gamma rays.
3. Plasma temperatures in lightening can approach 53,540 degrees Fahrenheit (Compare that with your body
temperature is 98.6 degree Fahrenheit)

Questions:

Q. 1. Explain why a solid expands when it is heated.

Q.2. Explain how a liquid in a thermometer changes so that it can be used to measure a temperature.
Q.3. Use particle theory to explain why solids and liquids cannot be compressed (smashed into smaller volume).
Q.4. Use particle theory to explain why liquids and gases can flow.

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La wisdom Teaching material Level 8 Chemistry Unit 6 Notes and worksheets

Changing state

1. When a solid is heated – the particles vibrate more, because some of the energy is transferred to the
particles.
2. If the particles gain enough energy to escape the strong forces of attraction and start to move past each
other, they become liquid. This is called melting.
3. If they gain even more energy and can overpower the weak forces of attraction between liquid particles,
they become gas. This is called evaporation/boiling.

But this process is reversible in some cases on cooling down.

4. If the gas particles are cooled down. They lose some energy and stop vibrating and come closer and closer. If
they come so close that the particles can move past each other, they turn into liquid. This is called
condensing/condensation.
5. If the liquid particles cool down even more and attain a definite structure such as in rows and columns, they
turn solid. This is called freezing.
6. There is also a case in which in between step can be skipped. A solid can loosen its particles so quickly that it
turns gas before it can turn liquid. This is called Sublimation.

Activities:

Glue little balls or grains of pulses to make a solid and then put them very close together in a box this is liquid and far
apart in another box, this is gas.
Now make the cards with the names - freezing, melting, evaporation, condensation, sublimation deposition and their
definition on back side and ask them to fit them like in the diagram above.

For evaporation/condensation -
Boil some water in a beaker and cover with steel plate see the gases becoming liquid under the plate.

For sublimation -
Heat ammonium chloride in a test tube.

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La wisdom Teaching material Level 8 Chemistry Unit 6 Notes and worksheets

Worksheet 6.1 Particle theory.

Q.1. In the boxes draw how solid liquid and gas particles are arranged. Remember all particles should be same size.

Solid Liquid Gas

Q.2. Explain what happens (using particle theory) what happens when ice is heated and melts to form water.

Q.3. When the iron ball in the diagram is heated, it no longer fits in its holder. Explain why?

Q.4 Use the terms below to match the statements below.

Boil, compressed, deposition, condensation, evaporation, freeze, gas, heat, liquid, melting, move, solid, vibrate
and Sublimation

a. A state of matter where particles do not touch each other ………..

b. When Gas is cooled to form a liquid …..
c. Particles in a solid do this …..
d. When liquid changes into gas ….
e. The particles in a liquids and gases can do this but in solids cannot ….
f. The state of matter that can be compressed….
g. When gas is super cooled quickly that it becomes solid ….
h. When solid is super heated quickly that it becomes a gas ….

Q.5. Explain using particle theory

a. How a liquid changes into a gas.

b. How a liquid changes into a solid.
c. What happens when steam in a bathroom hits a cold mirror.

Q.6. Explain what is plasma and give examples of plasma.

Q.7 Fill the “?” in your notebooks. Solid

s

Liquid Gas
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La wisdom Teaching material Level 8 Chemistry Unit 6 Notes and worksheets

Topic 6.2 Brownian Motion

Robert brown was a Scottish biologist. In 1827, he watched pollen grains ( The tiny grains invisible to naked eye,
produced by flowers)

Brown noticed that when pollen grains were put

onto a drop of water and seen under a
microscope,they were jiggling. Why? He thought
may be pollen grains are alive and deciding to swim
around in water.

So he put dust particles on a drop of water and saw

that those were also moving about. So he concluded
that its not the dust or pollen but it’s the water
particles that are moving randomly. This is called
Brownian Motion.

These small water molecules are hitting the pollen

grain and the grain seems to be jiggling and we can
call it a random walk.

So what do you think – does this random movement only happen in liquids or does it also happen in gases and
solids?

Q.8 Write down your prediction!

As you may recall – Solid particles are bound by strong forces of attraction and are not free to move. They can only
vibrate. So this kind of random movement is NOT possible in solids. But gases are really free to move. So you would
see this random movement in dust particles in a ray of light.

Topic 6.3 – Diffusion

As we saw in the class that you can smell the agarbatti from a far end of the room after a few mins and if you put red
food color in water, it will dissolve and make the whole beaker with water reddish. This process of mixing of smell
particles uniformly in the air after some time and the mixing of color particles among the water particles is called
diffusion.

Diffusion is what makes your tea sweet or bitter, Strong or light, light brown or dark brown. How is this possible?
Think in terms of particle theory and Brownian motion.

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La wisdom Teaching material Level 8 Chemistry Unit 6 Notes and worksheets

Worksheet 6.2 Diffusion

See how diffusion happens

Questions:

Q.9 If you leave Hibiscus (Red Color flower) tea bag in a hot water, why does the water become red after a few mins?

Q.10 Why do we use hot water for making tea?

Q.11 Is diffusion faster in gases. Explain why or why not.

Q.12 Aleika smelled smoke. He looked outside and saw where it was coming from. There was a pile of leaves that
had caught fire. Explain how was Aleika able to smell smoke from inside her home? (Hint: Use particle theory and
diffusion principle to explain this phenomenon)

Q.13 Maitreyee was swimming in a pool. There were little kids playing with paint colors on the side of the pool. One
boy accidently spilled a bottle of yellow paint in the pool. After swimming for an hour, she noticed that the pool is
becoming yellowish. Why and how this happened?

Topic 6.4 – Investigating diffusion

Let’s take the example of making tea.

Particles from the tea leaves diffuse into the hot water. You can make the tea stronger and darker faster by

1. Leaving the tea leaves a little ________(Longer/ shorter) time in the pot.
2. Using _______(more/less) tea leaves.
3. Stirring the tea leaves ______(faster/slower).

Group activity:
Make groups of 3,4 people and think what are the factors that could affect diffusion. Write down the factors.

Some of the factors that affect diffusion are:

Size of particles, mass of the particles, the state of matter, temperature and pressure.

Write down how would you test the affect of each of these?
What would be your Control Variables, Dependent and independent variables.

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La wisdom Teaching material Level 8 Chemistry Unit 6 Notes and worksheets

Worksheet 6.3 Investigating Diffusion

Q.13 Highlight (circle or shade) your prediction: -

Factors that affect If I do this ↓ Rate(Speed) of Diffusion will Or ↓

diffusion:- Then→ be ↓
Temperature Heat up the beakers High Low
Size of particles Use large particles High Low
Mass of particles Use very heavy particles High Low
State of matter Use
A: Solid particles in liquid Higher than B Lower
B: Liquid particles in liquid Higher than C Lower
C: Gas particles in liquid Higher than A and B Lower

Q.14 Experiment to test the effect of these factors on the rate(speed) of diffusion we take three beakers for each
of the experiments and use same amount of water.

To check the What should I What do I What will I What will I What did I Conclusion
affect on change? keep the observe? do? see? Factor is
diffusion (Independent same? (Dependent METHOD: Result: affecting
because of - variable) (controlled variable) diffusion
Hint : We see the variable) Hint: What or not. If
Effect of this happens to this
thing so it does variable depends
yes, then
not depend on on the how?
the experiment. experiment, so Directly or
w hat is the affect Inversely?
of som ething ON
THIS?
Ex Temperature Room Water, How fast 1.Add 40 ml of I saw that Temperature
1 temperature - Beaker, diffusion water in 3 diffusion does affect
Eg. 25C or ___ Food Dye happens identical happened rate of
Cold water- beakers. almost diffusion
10C or __ 2. Heat one to instantly in
Hot water 65 65C, Cool one hot water Higher
C or __ to 10C and and it was temperature
leave one as it taking time means faster
is. in room diffusion.
3. Add EQUAL temperature
amount of food beaker and So this is a
color to each did not direct
of them at the happen in relationship.
same time. cold water
and
Ex Size of particles
2

Ex Mass of
3 particles

Ex State of matter
4 A: Solid Use solid In 40ml
particles in ______ water
liquid Use liquid In 40 ml
B: Liquid _______ water
particles in Use Gas In 40ml
liquid ________ water
C: Gas
particles in
liquid

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La wisdom Teaching material Level 8 Chemistry Unit 6 Notes and worksheets

Topic 6.5 Gas Pressure

Reminder: Particles in a gas

 Move freely
 Move randomly
 Can hit the particles of the container they are in.

Question: After a few days when you return home from a vacation, you will find your room dirty. Why?
Answer: The air particles hit the paint particles on the walls of your room and the paint particles leave the wall
and mix with the air. So after a few days, these paint particles settle on the various furniture and floor of the
room because of gravity.

Think:

a. Do you think that gas (particles) or liquid particles can cause a soda bottle to break? Explain why or why
not?
Video Link –(Type in youtube->) POWER PRESSURE WASHER ● vs ● PLASTIC POP BOTTLES
b. What if the bottle was made up of steel or iron? Can gas particles break that?

Question: How are tiny gas particles or liquid particles able to break a plastic bottle in the video?
Answer: The gas/liquid particles increase in number and gain so much energy that they start moving faster and
away from each other causing the gas or liquid to expand. This outward movement of these particles sometimes
exert a strong force on small areas of the bottles (high pressure) so that it breaks! Isn’t it?

Fun Fact: Pressure is amount of force acting on a definite area. So if you (mass- 40kg) are standing on ground and
your feet are covering 12cmX12cm area.
You would be putting a large amount of Pressure on the floor. You can do the calculation like this: -

Force = Weight (Mass x10)N = 40x10 N= 400N

Area = 144cm2 = 0.0144m2
Pressure = 400N /0.0144 m2 = 27,777.77N/m2 =27,777.77 Pascal (So much !!!)
Compare that will air pressure on the ground 1,01,325 Pa. (3.5 times more)
And this air pressure is also acting on your head!!! This is like one elephant standing on your head.

Q.15 . In the First figure (a and b)-

a. What is exerting pressure? ____________
b. On what? ____________________
c. Why is the pressure high in fig.b?
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
d. Draw Force Diagrams in your notebooks.
e. Can we say from the diagram that “Less Space =
More pressure”? _Yes/No__

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La wisdom Teaching material Level 8 Chemistry Unit 6 Notes and worksheets

You can also increase gas pressure/liquid

pressure by:-

 Increasing temperature.
 Increasing the number of particles.

Q.16
a. If a gas is forced to a small space what
happens to the pressure?
b. Describe what will happen to a balloon that
has been fully inflated and is put into a hot
place? Explain your prediction.

Q.17 Write 10 or more examples in daily life

where gas pressure or liquid pressure is used.
For e.g. In making Roti.

Q.18 For each sentence, complete the sentence by choosing the right phrase:

Gas pressure is caused when particles

a. collide with each other or b. collide with the surfaces around them
Gas pressure increases when particles
a. squashed into smaller places or b. allowed to spread out in smaller spaces
Gas Pressure increases when a gas is
a. made colder or b. made hotter

Collapsing water experiment

Video Link - Can Crushed by Air Pressure and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c5_ho2sc0fc

Since there are more gas particles in first chamber, they are colliding more with each other and with the walls of the contai ner,
so the pressure is more in the first chamber. And we can measure this pressure using a barometer. It shows us the amount of
pressure.

Where will it show high pressure? Left chamber or right? __________

Why?

We can draw force diagrams to explain this.

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La wisdom Teaching material Level 8 Chemistry Unit 6 Notes and worksheets

Think : How is a balloon inflated? What happens to the particles inside the balloon and what happens to those outside it?

Force diagram in a balloon Force Diagram in a gas bubble.

-------

Q. 19. Milan is on an airport, he has a bad of chips. It is full of gas. When he

is up in the sky, the air pressure inside the cabin gets less.. The bag of chips
inflate(become big)

a. Make force diagrams.

b. When Milan was at the airport, the gas inside the packet was at the same pressure as the air pressure around it.
What does this mean? Write the correct answer in your notebook.

 Gas particles inside the packet collided with the gas packet more often than the gas particles outside the
packet.
 Gas particles inside the packet collided with the gas packet less often than the gas particles outside the
packet.
 Gas particles inside the packet collided with the gas packet just as often as the gas particles outside the
packet.

c. What changed when Milan was in the aeroplane in the s ky. Write the correct answer in your notebook.

 Gas particles outside the packet collided with it less often than they did at the airport.
 Gas particles outside the packet collided with it more often than they did at the airport.

d.Use answers from a, b, c to answer why the bag inflated in the sky?

We can even collapse the water bottle by sucking out all the air particles from inside and it will look like this :

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La wisdom Teaching material Level 8 Chemistry Unit 6 Notes and worksheets

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