Garh – Siyana Road , Katira Jafrabad ( Hapur )

2018 - 19

PHYSICS INVESTIGATORY PROJECT

LOGIC GATE - ‘OR’ GATE

Supervised by: - Submitted by:-

Dr.Satish Kumar Rohit Kumar
Ph.D, Physics Class : XII

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 INDEX
TOPIC PAGE NO.
 CERTIFICATE 3
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 4
 INDRODUCTION 5
 PRINCIPLE 6
 BASIC TERMINOLOGY 7
 BASIC GATES 8
 OR GATE
 AND GATE
 NOT GATE

 OR GATE 10
 AND GATE 11
 NOT GATE 12
 NOR GATE 13
 NAND GATE 14
 BIBLIOGRAPHY 15
 PROJECT DIAGRAM 16
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 CERTIFICATE
It is certified that the project work entitled
“LOGIC GATES - ‘OR’ GATE ”
as a record of investigatory work done by the
student ROHIT KUMAR during the academic year 2018-19
under my guidance and supervision in practical fulfillment
of the requirement of the Syllabus prescribed by the
“Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE) ”.

External Examiner Teacher In - Charge

….………………………….. Dr.Satish Kumar
….………………………….. Ph.D, Physics

….………………………….. ….…………………………..
(Signature) (Signature)

School Rubber Stamp Principal Signature

….………………………….. ….…………………………..

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I wish to express my deep gratitude and sincere thanks
to the Principal, Dr.Satish Kumar for her
encouragement and for all the facilities that she provided
for this project work.
I extend my hearty thanks to Dr.Satish Kumar
Our Physics Teacher, who guided me to the successful
completion of this project. I take this opportunity to
express my deep sense of gratitude for his invaluable
guidance, constant encouragement, immense motivation,
which has sustained my efforts at all stages of this Project
work.
I can’t forget to offer my sincere thanks to my Parents
and also to my classmates who helped me to carry out
this project work successful and for their valuable advice
and support, which I received from them time to time

Rohit Kumar
Class - XII

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 INTRODUCTION
 A logic gate can be defined as digital circuit which either allows
a signal to pass through or stops it. These gates are related to
Boolean Algebra. These gates allow signals to pass through them
only when some logic is satisfied.

 A semiconductor diode {P—N junction) acts as a closed switch

when it is forward biased, i.e. it allows current to pass through
it. It acts as an open circuit when it is reversed biased, i.e. it
allows very little or no current to pass through it. This unique
property of diode is employed in the design of logic gates and
the circuits.

 The logic gates are building blocks of electronic devices. Logic

gate may have one or more inputs but can only have one output.

 Possible values of input and output of logic gates are expressed

in form of tables called truth tables.

 Two values of logic statement are denoted by binary numbers 1

and 0 where 1 represent higher value.

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 PRINCIPLE
 Any Boolean algebra operation can be associated with inputs and
outputs represent the statements of Boolean algebra.

 Although these circuits may be complex, they may all be

Constructed from three basic devices. We have three different
types of logic gates .These are the AND gate, the OR gate and
the NOT gate

LOGIC STATE
1 0

HIGH LOW

+ve -ve

ON OFF

CLOSE OPEN

RIGHT WRON
G

TRUE FALSE

YES NO

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 BASIC TERMINOLOGY
SIGNAL: -

Information converted in electrical form and suitable for transmission

called a signal. There are two types of signals

1. Analogue signal:-
Analogue signals are continuous variation of voltage or current. They are
essentially single-valued function of time. Sine wave is a fundamental
analogue signal

2. Digital signal:-
Digital signal are those which can take only discrete step wise value.
Binary system that is extensively used in digital electronics employs just
two levels of signals. “0” corresponds to low level and “1” corresponds to
high level of voltage or current.

 Digital circuit:-
The electrical circuit which uses only digital signals is called digital circuit.

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 BASIC GATES
1.THE OR GATE
It is a device that combines A with B to give Y as the result. The OR gate
has two or more inputs and one output.

The logic gate of OR gate with A and B input and Y output is shown below:

In Boolean algebra, addition symbol (+) is referred as the OR.

The Boolean expression:

A+B=Y, indicates Y equals A OR B.

2.THE AND GATE

It is a device that combines A with B to give Y as the result.

The AND gate has two or more inputs and one output. The logic gate of
AND gate with A and B input and Y output is shown below:

In Boolean algebra, multiplication sign (either x or.) is referred as the

AND. The Boolean expression:

A.B=Y, indicates Y equals A AND B.

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3.THE NOT GATE
It is a device that inverts the inputs. The NOT is a one input and one
output. The logic gate of NOT gate with A and Y output is shown
below:

In Boolean algebra, bar symbol (_) is referred as the NOT. The

Boolean expression:

X’ =Y, indicates Y equals NOT X

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 THE OR GATE
Aim :TO DESIGN AND SIMULATE THE OR GATE CIRCUIT.

Components:
Two ideal p-n junction diode (D1 and D2).

Theory and Construction:

An OR gate can be realize by the electronic circuit, making use of two
diodes D1 and D2 as shown in the figure.

Here the negative terminal of the battery is grounded and

corresponds to the 0 level, and the positive terminal of the battery
(i.e. voltage 5V in the present case) corresponds to level 1. The output
Y is voltage at C w.r.t. earth.

Interference:-

1. If switch A & B are open LED do not glow (A=0, B=0), Hence Y=0.
2. If Switch A open B closed then LED glow (A=0, B=1), Hence Y=1.
3. If switch A closed B open then LED glow (A=1, B=0), Hence Y=1.
4. If switch A & B are closed then LED glow (A=1, B=1) , Hence Y=1.
Truth Table:-

A B Y
0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 1

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 THE AND GATE
Aim :TO DESIGN AND SIMULATE THE AND GATE CIRCUIT.

Components:
Two ideal p-n junction diode (D1 and D2) , a Resistance R.

Theory and Construction:

An AND gate can be realize by the electronic circuit, making use of
two diodes D1 and D2 as shown in the figure. The resistance R is
connected to the positive terminal of a 5V battery permanently.

Here the negative terminal of the battery is grounded and

corresponds to the 0 level, and the positive terminal of the battery
(i.e. voltage 5V in the present case) corresponds to level 1. The output
Y is voltage at C w.r.t. earth.

Interference:-
1. If both switches A&B are open then LED will not glow, Hence Y=0.
2. If Switch A closed & B open then LED will not glow, Hence Y=0.
3. If switch A open & B closed then LED will not glow, Hence Y=0.
4. If switch A & B both closed then LED will glow, Hence Y=1

Truth Table:-

A B Y
0 0 0
1 0 0
0 1 0
1 1 1
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 THE NOT GATE
Aim :TO DESIGN AND SIMULATE THE NOT GATE CIRCUIT.

Components:
An ideal n-p-n transistor

Theory and Construction:

A NOT gate cannot be realized by using diodes. However an electronic
circuit of NOT gate can be realized by making use of a n-p-n transistor
as shown in the figure. The base B of the transistor is connected to the
input A through a resistance Rb and the emitter E is earthed. The
collector is connected to 5V battery. The output Y is voltage at C w.r.t.
earth.

Interference:-
1. If switch A is open (i.e. A=0), the LED will glow, Hence Y=1.
2. If Switch A is closed (i.e. A=1), the LED will not glow, Hence Y=0.

Truth Table:-

A Y

0 1

1 0

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 THE NOR GATE
Aim :TO DESIGN AND SIMULATE THE NOR GATE CIRCUIT.

Components:
Two ideal p-n junction diode (D1 and D2) , An ideal n-p-n transistor

Theory and Construction:

If we connect the output Y’ of OR gate to the input of a NOT gate.The
gate obtained is called NOR Gate.

The Output Y is voltage at C w.r.t earth.In Boolean expression the NOR

gate is expressed as Y=A+B and is being resd as A or B negated.

Truth Table:-
A B Y
0 0 1
1 0 0
0 1 0
1 1 0

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 THE NAND GATE
Aim :TO DESIGN AND SIMULATE THE NAND GATE CIRCUIT.

Components:
Two ideal p-n junction diode (D1 and D2) , An ideal n-p-n transistor, a
Resistance R.

Theory and Construction:

If we connect the output Y’ of AND gate to the input of a NOT
gate.The gate obtained is called NAND Gate.

NAND gate are also called Universal Gates since by using these gates
you can realise other basic gates like OR,AND,NOT.

Truth Table:-
A B Y

0 0 1
1 0 1
0 1 1
1 1 0

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 BIBLIOGRAPHY
 WWW.GOOGLE.COM

 WWW.WIKIPEDIA.COM

 WWW.PHYSICSPROJECTS.COM

 REFERENCES TAKEN FROM NCERT AND PRADEEP

 WWW.ENCYCLOPEDIA.COM

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