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SYNTACTIC FUNCTIONS
It is well known that relative pronouns (who, which, that, whose,…) always
introduce a Relative Clause. e.g.:
-She moistened her lips, which were already shiny with carefully applied gloss.1
-“Do you support free enterprise, the thing that made this country great?”2
-Those who wrote for women’s papers put, “Lady Horbury wore one of the new
collegian hats and fox furs,” or “Lady Horbury, who is one of the smartest women in
town, wore black with one of the new collegian hats,” or “Lady Horbury, who before her
marriage was Miss Cicely Bland, was smartly dressed in black with one of the new
hats…”3
English Español
1.head of the subject 1.núcleo del sujeto
2.direct object 2.objeto directo
3.prepositional complement 3.término
b.whose – cuyo/a
1
Brown, Sandra (1990). Mirror Image. New York: Warner Books.
2
Morrell, David (1999). Black Evening. USA: Warner Books.
3
Christie, Agatha (2001). Death In the Clouds. Great Britain: Harper Books.
English Spanish
1.possessive determiner 1.modificador directo
c.where – when – …
donde – cuando - …
English Spanish
1.Adverb 1.circunstanciales (de lugar, modo,…)
Examples:
2.I really enjoy the author (1) whose poems were just published.
5.These are the kids (1) Ø (that) I like you to play with.
Estos son los chicos (1)con los que me gusta que juegues.
(1)Ø (that) I like you to play with. (1)con los que me gusta que juegues.
[I like you to play with these kids] [me gusta que juegues con ellos]
6.A famous artist designed the garden (1) that you just looked at.
COMMENT: This is a beautiful example that clearly depicts the typology between
English and Spanish language. Many particles, which Talmy (1991, 2000) calls
“satellite”, may form a unit or not with the verb (in this case, the particle “at” in “looked
at”); that is why English represents a “satellite-framed language”. These phrasals do
not occur in Spanish. English phrasal are always translated into mere verbs in Spanish
(in this case “look at” – “ver”). So, according to Talmy’s theory, Spanish language is
considered a “verbal-framed language”.
Consequently, as perceived, the function of the relative pronouns differs, in this
example, from one language to the other. And this could only be seen through a CA
(contrastive analysis) work.