BIOSTATISTICS EXERCISE

The following is the record of Birth weights (in Kgs) of babies born at the Rural Health
Centre, Ramanathapuram during the month of January 2008
2.9, 2.0, 2.8, 3.2, 2.8, 3.0, 2.8, 2.6, 3.8, 2.5, 2.8, 2.6, 2.5, 2.2, 3.0
Calculate
a) Calculate the standard deviation for birth weights.
b) How many of the birth weights fall within 95% confidence limits?

Mean = 41.5/15 = 2.77

Σ(x-
x x-x x)2
2 0.77 0.5929
2.2 0.2 0.04
2.5 0.5 0.25
2.5 0.5 0.25
2.6 0.17 0.0289
2.6 0.17 0.0003
2.8 0.03 0.0009
2.8 0.03 0.0009
2.8 0.03 0.0009
2.8 0.03 0.0009
2.9 0.13 0.0169
3 0.23 0.0529
3 0.23 0.0529
3.2 0.43 0.1849
3.8 1.03 1.0609
2.5342

SD = √ Σ(x-x)2/N = √2.5342/15
= 0.41
95% confidence limits = Mean ± 2SD
= 2.77±2 (.41)=2.7±0.82
= 3.59 to 1.95
14 birth weights fall within 95% confidence limits
 BIOSTATISTICS EXERCISE

Mid-year population of the service area of PHC, Enamkulathur in 2008 was 25000. No. of
births recorded in the year 2008 were 400. Out of these 400 births, 15 infants died within 28
days after birth. 10 more died in remaining 11 months to have 25 infant deaths.
a) Calculate Crude Birth Rate.
b) Calculate infant mortality rate,
c) Neonatal and Post Neonatal mortality rate for this village?
d) Comment on public health implications of this situation

Mid-year population 25000

Births recorded 400
Infants died within 28 days 15
Total infant deaths 25

A) Crude Birth Rate (CBR) = (Number of live births during a year/ Mid-year population) X
1000
= 400/25000×1000
=16 births per 1000 mid-year population

B) Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) = (Number of deaths of children less than 1 year of age in a
year/ Number of live births in the same year) X 1000

= 25/400×1000
= 62.5 per 1000 live births per year

C) Neonatal Mortality Rate (NNMR) = (Number of deaths of children under 28 days of age
in a year / Total live births in the same year) X1000
= 15/400×1000
= 37.5 per 1000 live births per year

Post-Neonatal Mortality Rate (PNNMR) = (Number of deaths of children between 28 days

& one year of age in a given year / Total live births in the same year) X1000
= 10/400×1000
= 25 per 1000 live births per year
D) IMR (62.5 per 1000 live births per year) is very high. The target of the 11 th five year
plan is to attain 30 per 1000 live births.
 BIOSTATISTICS EXERCISE

Mid-year population of the service area of PHC, Sargur in 2008 was 24000. No. of births
recorded in the year 2005 were 600. Out of these 600 births, there were 30 infant deaths. 15%
of the population of the village is composed of women in the reproductive age (15-45 years)
a) Calculate Crude Birth Rate.
b) Calculate Infant Mortality Rate
c) Calculate General Fertility Rate. How is it a better indicator of fertility than Crude
Birth Rate?
Mid-year population 24000
No. of births recorded 600
Infant deaths 30
Women in reproductive age (15-45 years) 15% of the population = 3600

Crude Birth Rate (CBR) = (Number of live births during a year/ Mid-year population) X
1000
= 600/24000×1000
= 25 births per 1000 mid-year population

Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) = (Number of deaths of children less than 1 year of age in a
year/ Number of live births in the same year) X 1000
= 30/600×1000
= 50 per 1000 live births per year

General Fertility Rate (GFR) = (Number of live births in a area during the year/ Mid-year
female population age 15-45 in the same area in same year) X 1000

= 600/3600×1000
=166 per 1000 mid-year female population age 15-45

GFR measures the fertility pattern among the women of reproductive age group which is
more specific than the Crude birth rate. Whereas the denominator in CBR includes all age
group (Children and post menopausal elderly women) who cannot be considered for
measuring fertility pattern.
 BIOSTATISTICS EXERCISE

The following are recordings of systolic blood pressure (mm Hg) of 15 individuals:
118, 106, 120, 116, 100,
106, 116, 108, 130, 106,
122,110, 106, 110, 118

1. Calculate the Standard Deviation for the systolic BP distribution.

2. Calculate 95% Confidence Interval and give its interpretation

Mean = 112.8
x x-x Σ(x-x)2
118 5.2 27.04
106 -6.8 46.24
120 7.2 51.84
116 3.2 10.24
100 -12.8 163.84
106 -6.8 46.24
116 3.2 10.24
108 -4.8 23.04
130 17.2 295.84
106 -6.8 46.24
122 9.2 84.64
110 -2.8 7.84
106 -6.8 46.24
110 -2.8 7.84
118 5.2 27.04
894.4

SD = √ Σ(x-x)2/ n = √894.4/15
= 7.72
SE = SD/√n = 7.72/√15 = 1.98

95% CI = Mean ± 2SE

= 112.8 ± 2×1.98
= 108.04 to 115.96 mm Hg
For any sample taken from the universe the mean lies between 108.04 TO 115.96 mm
Hg assuming that the sample mean is same as population mean.
 BIOSTATISTICS EXERCISE

The following are the data from the Annual report of a Community Health Centre for the year
2005

Total population - 1, 10, 000

Total live births - 3,300
Total deaths - 1,320
Infant deaths - 300
Maternal deaths - 22

Calculate the five possible vital statistical rates

Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) = (Number of deaths of children less than 1 year of age in a
year/ Number of live births in the same year) X 1000

= 300/3300×1000
= 90.9 deaths per 1000 live births per year

Crude Birth Rate (CBR) = (Number of live births during a year/ Mid-year population) X
1000
= 3300/110000×1000
= 30 births per 1000 mid-year population

Crude Death Rate (CDR) = (Number of deaths in a year/ Mid-year population) X 1000
= 1320/110000×1000
= 12 deaths per 1000 mid-year population

Annual Growth Rate = Birth rate – Death rate

= 30-12/10
= 1.8%

Maternal Mortality Rate (MMR) = (Total number of female deaths due to complications of
pregnancy, child birth or within 42 days of delivery from “puerperal causes” in an area during
a given year /Total number of live births in the same area and year)X 1000

Maternal Mortality Rate (MMR) = 22/3300×1000

= 6.6 per 1000 live births

BIOSTATISTICS EXERCISE
The following are recordings of blood hemoglobin of sample of 15 antenatal mothers from an
anganwadis of Kurusukuppam:

11, 10, 12, 11, 10, 16, 6, 8, 13, 14, 12, 11, 14, 11, 9

1. Comment on the hemoglobin status of above antenatal mothers

2. Calculate 95% Confidence Interval of above sample and give its interpretation

Mean = 11.2, range = 6 to 16, SD=2.42

Σ(x-
x x-x x)2
11 -0.2 0.04
10 -1.2 1.44
12 0.8 0.64
11 -0.2 0.04
10 -1.2 1.44
16 4.8 23.04
6 -5.2 27.04
8 -3.2 10.24
13 1.8 3.24
14 2.8 7.84
12 0.8 0.64
11 -0.2 0.04
14 2.8 7.84
11 -0.2 0.04
9 -2.2 4.84
88.4

SD = √ Σ(x-x)2/n = 2.42

SE = SD/√n = 0.62

95% confidence interval = Mean ± 2SE

= 12.44 to 9.96
In any sample of antenatal mothers taken from the population, the mean Hb lies between 12.5
to 9.9 gm/dl
PRACTICAL EXERCISES
1. A new test was developed for the diagnosis of AIDS. The test was tried out on 200
patients with AIDS and 800 normal individuals. 200 persons were diagnosed as positive of
which 180 had AIDS.
Calculate
a) Sensitivity
b) Specificity
c) Positive predictive value
2. Determine sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value
for the following screening test for pulmonary tuberculosis by sputum microscopy and chest
X ray (in chest symptomatic)
Sputum Microscopy Disease present Disease absent Total
Positive 40 10 50
Negative 60 90 150

Comment on the results

3. CA-125 Protein as a Marker for Ovarian Cancer
Disease present Disease absent
Positive 101 310
Negative 9 1540
Comment on the results
4. Positive Exercise Treadmill Test (ETT) as an Indicator of Coronary Heart Disease
Disease present Disease absent
Positive 90 245
Negative 31 982
Comment on the results

BIOSTATISTICS EXERCISE
The following is the record of Birth weights (in Kgs) of babies born at the Rural Health
Centre, Ramanathapuram during the month of January 2008
2.9, 2.0, 2.8, 3.2, 2.8, 3.0, 2.8, 2.6, 3.8, 2.5, 2.8, 2.6, 2.5, 2.2, 3.0

c) Calculate the standard deviation for birth weights. (5)

d) How many of the birth weights fall within 95% confidence limits? (5)
 BIOSTATISTICS EXERCISE
Mid-year population of the service area of PHC, Enamkulathur in 2010 was 25000. No. of
births recorded in the year 2010 were 400. Out of these 400 births, 15 infants died within 28
days after birth. 10 more died in remaining 11 months to have 25 infant deaths.
e) Calculate Crude Birth Rate. (3)
f) Calculate infant mortality rate, (3)

g) Neonatal and Post Neonatal mortality rate for this village? (2)
Comment on public health implications of this situation (2)

BIOSTATISTICS EXERCISE
Mid-year population of the service area of PHC, Sargur in 2010 was 24000. No. of births
recorded in the year 2010 were 600. Out of these 600 births, there were 30 infant deaths. 15%
of the population of the village is composed of women in the reproductive age (15-45 years)
d) Calculate Crude Birth Rate. (3)

e) Calculate Infant Mortality Rate (3)

f) Calculate General Fertility Rate. How is it a better indicator of fertility than Crude
Birth Rate? (4)

BIOSTATISTICS EXERCISE
The following are recordings of systolic blood pressure (mm Hg) of 15 individuals:
118, 106, 120, 116, 100,
106, 116, 108, 130, 106,
122,110, 106, 110, 118
1. Calculate the Standard Deviation for the systolic BP distribution. (5)
2. Calculate 95% Confidence Interval and give its interpretation (5)
 BIOSTATISTICS EXERCISE
The following are the data from the Annual report of a Community Health Centre for the year
2010
Total population - 1, 10, 000
Total live births - 3,300
Total deaths - 1,320
Infant deaths - 300
Maternal deaths - 22
Calculate the five possible vital statistical rates (5 x 2 = 10)

BIOSTATISTICS EXERCISE
The following are recordings of blood hemoglobin of sample of 15 antenatal mothers from an
anganwadi of Kurusukuppam:
11, 10, 12, 11, 10, 16, 6, 8, 13, 14, 12, 11, 14, 11, 9
1. Comment on the hemoglobin status of above antenatal mothers (5)
2. Calculate 95% Confidence Interval of above sample and give its interpretation (5)

BIOSTATISTICS EXERCISE

The following are the fasting blood sugar levels of a sample of 10 children:
56, 62, 63, 65, 65, 65, 65, 68, 70, 72

Compute:

1. Calculate the Mean, Median, Mode & Standard Deviation.

2. Calculate 95% Confidence Interval and give its interpretation
BIOSTATISTICS EXERCISE

The Infant mortality rate for India for a specified period is given below.
Draw a suitable diagram to show the trend of IMR in the given years.

BIOSTATISTICS EXERCISE

The following are recordings of systolic blood pressure (mm Hg) of 10 individuals:
118, 106, 120, 116, 100,
106, 116, 108, 130, 106.
Calculate,
1. Mean, median, mode (2+2+1)
2. Range, standard deviation and variance (1+3+1)

Mean = 1126/10 = 112.6 mm of Hg

Median = 112
Mode = 106
Range = 30
x x-x Σ(x-x)2
118 5.4 29.16
106 -6.6 43.56
120 7.4 54.76
116 3.4 11.56
100 -12.6 158.76
106 -6.6 43.56
116 3.4 11.56
108 -4.6 21.16
130 17.4 302.76
106 -6.6 43.56
2
Σ(x-x) 720.4

SD = √ Σ(x-x)2/ n-1 = √720.4/9

= 8.94

Variance = 79.92
 BIOSTATISTICS EXERCISE

The following are the fasting blood sugar values of a sample of 10 children:

56, 62, 63, 65, 65, 65, 65, 68, 70, 72

Calculate,
1. Mean and median (2.5+2.5)
2. Standard deviation, standard error and variance (3+1+1)

Mean = 64.7
Median = 65

Σ(x-
x x-x x)2
52 -12.7 161.29
62 -2.7 7.29
63 -1.7 2.89
65 0.3 0.09
65 0.3 0.09
65 0.3 0.09
65 0.3 0.09
68 3.3 10.89
70 5.3 28.09
72 7.3 53.29

SD = √ Σ(x-x)2/n-1= √ 264.1/9 = 5.41

SE = SD/√n = 5.41/√10 = 1.71

Variance = 29.26