ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis

saqarTvelos istoriis institutis Sromebi. V

Tbilisi. 2012

beqa kobaxiZe

saqarTvelos pirveli amerikeli megobari _ kongresmeni

uolter marion Cendleri

rogorc cnobilia, amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi damoukidebel

saxelmwifod meTvramete saukunis miwuruls Camoyalibda. aRniSnuli
movlenidan mcire xnis Semdeg damoukidebelma qarTulma samefo-samTav-
roebma rusuli okupaciis gamo arseboba Sewyvites. dasaxelebul mi-
zezTa gamo XX saukunemde qarTul-amerikul saxelmwifoebrivi ur-
TierTobebs safuZveli ver Caeyara. es SesaZlebeli Seiqna mxolod mas
Semdeg, rac 1917 wels ruseTis caristuli imperia daiSala da gaTa-
visuflebul qarTvel ers saSualeba mieca sakuTari saxelmwifoebrio-
ba aRedgina.
saqarTvelos da mTlianad samxreT kavkasiis qveynebs, upirveles
yovlisa, maTi damoukideblobis saerTaSoriso aRiareba da dacva esa-
WiroebodaT. maT unda moepovebinaT didi saxelmwifoebis mxardaWera
Tu mfarveloba da amiT uzrunveleyoT sakuTari damoukidebloba. did
saxelmwifoebad im droisaTvis ganixilebodnen 1918 wels pirvel
msoflio omSi gamarjvebuli antantis qveynebi: didi britaneTi, saf-
rangeTi, iaponia, italia da, rasakvirvelia, amerikis SeerTebuli Sta-
tebi.
amerikisaTvis saintereso iyo kavkasiis regioni imdenad, ramdena-
dac es qveyana yvelaze gvian, 1917 wels, CaerTo msoflio omSi da am
droisaTvis SeTanxmebaTa mTeli kaskadiT (saiqs-piko da sxv.) mokavSi-
re saxelmwifoebs ukve gansazRvruli hqondaT mowinaaRmdegeTa teri-
toriebis gadanawilebis gegma. bolSevikTa mxridan Zalauflebis xel-
Si Cagdebam ruseTi aRniSnul SeTanxmebaTagan gamoTiSa da aSS-s mieca
SesaZlebloba caristuli imperiis `kuTvnili~ teritoriebi Tavad

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 beqa kobaxiZe. saqarTvelos pirveli amerikeli megobari _ kongresmeni
uolter marion Cendleri

aeTvisebina. aq pirvel rigSi igulisxmeba TurqeTsa da somxeTze manda-

tis aReba, rasac SeiZleboda mohyoloda amave proeqtSi samxreT kavka-
siis CarTvac.1
saqarTvelo-amerikis urTierTobebis (1917-21) bevr saintereso
detals publikaciebsa Tu monografiebSi araerTi qarTveli avtori
Sexebia. Tumca maT analizs statiis SezRuduli moculobis gamo aq
ar SevudgebiT.
Cveni naSromi agebulia dRemde ucnob saarqivo Tu publikaciur
masalebze da miznad isaxavs qarTuli istoriografiisaTvis ucnobi
pirovnebis – kongresmen uolter marion Cendleris warmoadgens.
dReisaTvis or qveyanas Soris arsebuli strategiuli mokavSireobis
gaTvaliswinebiT umniSvnelovanesia qarTul-amerikuli urTierTobebis
faqtiuri safuZvlis Camyrelis, orive qveynisaTvis mniSvnelovani is-
toriuli pirovnebis, Rvawlis dRis sinaTleze gamotana. Tumca mivy-
veT movlenebs Tanmimdevrulad.
Cven mier mikvleuli cnobebiT, ruseTisagan Camocilebuli samx-
reT kavkasiuri politikuri erTeulebis aRiarebis sakiTxi aSS-s saga-
reo politikaSi jer kidev amierkavkasiis komisariatis arsebobis xa-
naSi, 1917 wlis dekembris bolos, dadga (am droisaTvis samxreT kav-
kasia TviTon arc fiqrobda damoukideblobaze). es cnoba daculia aSS
saxelmwifo departamentis dokumentTa oficialur krebulSi.2
1917 wlis noember-dekemberSi parizSi Seikriba antantis saxelm-
wifoTa umaRlesi samxedro sabWo. ruseTis omidan faqtiobrivi gamo-
TiSvis Semdeg maT unda gadaenawilebinaT rogorc misi wili samxedro
pasuxismgebloba, aseve saokupacio teritoriebic. konferenciis msvle-
lobis dros, 28 noembers, saxelmwifo mdivanma lansingma vaSingtoni-
dan parizSi miswera prezidentis sagangebo warmomadgenelsa da aSS-s
evropuli misiis meTaurs – polkovnik hauss Semdegi saxis kiTxva:
`departamenti moxaruli iqneba gaigos Tqvengan Tu ra damokidebuleba
aqvT Cvens kolegebs (igulisxmebian antantis warmomadgenlebi b. k.)
samxreT kavkasiis de faqto mTavrobis cnobasTan dakavSirebiT.~

1 Aрхив полковника Хауза. Т. IV. М. 1924, gv. 94

2 Papers relating to the foreign relations of the United States. Russia. 1918. Vol. II. Chapt. 3, gv.
583-584; http://digicoll.library.wisc.edu/cgibin/FRUS/FRUSidx?type=header&id=FRUS.FRUS1-
918Russiav02&isize=M.

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 saqarTvelos istoriis institutis Sromebi. V

2 dekembris sapasuxo werilSi hausma Tavisi uaryofiTi pozicia

daafiqsira aRniSnul sakiTxze, radgan jer ar iyo gamorkveuli, Tu
ra gegmebi arsebobda samomavlod ruseTTan mimarTebiT. hausi vilso-
nis prezidentobis dros gaxldaT amerikis evropuli politikis arqi-
teqtori da misi mosazreba am SemTxvevaSic gadamwyveti aRmoCnda.
aSS-s damokidebuleba saqarTvelos mimarT analogiuri iyo 1918-
1919 wlebis ganmavlobaSic, xolo 1920 wels saxelmwifo mdivanma
beinbrij kolbim italiis mTavrobisadmi gagzavnil notaSi saqarTve-
losa da azerbaijans `egreTwodebuli respublikebi~ uwoda. mokled
rom vTqvaT, prezident vilsonis administracia uaryofda saqarTve-
los damoukideblobis uflebas.3
gansxvavebuli iyo amerikelebis urTierToba somxeTTan, romlis
damoukideblobac maT scnes da did mxardaWerasac ucxadebdnen. am saq-
meSi didi wvlili Seitana amerikel somexTa komitetma, romelic
propagandas eweoda da materialur saxsrebsac ar zogavda aSS-s mxar-
daWeris mosapoveblad.4
parizis sazavo konferenciaze azerbaijanuli delegaciis Tavmj-
domaris, ali mirbanbek TofCibaSevis cnobiT, aRniSnuli propaganda
umeteswilad antiqarTul da antiazerbaijanul xasiaTs atarebda.5
SeerTebuli Statebi erT-erT ganmsazRvrel rols TamaSobda saerTa-
Soriso politikaSi da amitomac saWiro iyo adgilze sakuTari gavle-
niani mxardamWeris yola, romelic daupirispirdeboda saqarTvelos
winaaRmdeg mimarTul propagandas da Seecdeboda, rom moexdina cvli-
lebebi amerikis damokidebulebaSi regionis mimarT.
aseT mxardamWerad gamoZebnil iqna erovnebaTa cnobili damcve-
li, amerikeli kongresmeni uolter marion Cendleri (1867-1935). dai-
bada 1867 wlis 8 dekembers misisipiSi. miCiganis, haidelbergisa da
berlinis universitetebSi daeufla istoriasa da iurisprudencias.
samSobloSi dabrunebis Semdeg, 1900 wels, sacxovreblad gadavida niu

3 v. tabaRua. saqarTvelos sakiTxi SeerTebuli Statebis politikaSi 1917-

1920 wlebSi. kreb.: saqarTvelos urTierToba evropisa da amerikis qveyneb-
Tan. Tb. 1995. t. III, gv. 299-318.
4 z. avaliSvili. saqarTvelos damoukidebloba 1918-1921 wlebis saerTaSo-
riso politikaSi. tf. 1925, gv. 138.
5 А. М. Топчибашев. Письма из Парижа. Баку. 1998, gv. 55-56.

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 beqa kobaxiZe. saqarTvelos pirveli amerikeli megobari _ kongresmeni
uolter marion Cendleri

iorkSi, sadac advokatobas mihyo xeli, aseve iyo mwerali da kiTxu-

lobda leqciebs. mravali wlis manZilze gaxldaT niu iorkis warmo-
madgeneli kongresSi. arCeul iqna samocdamesame da samecdameoTxe
kongresebSi progresuli partiidan, samocdamexuTe kongresSi, respub-
likuri partiidan (1913-1919 wlebi). samocdameeqvse kongresis arCev-
nebSi damarcxda, Tumca warmatebas miaRwia samocdameSvide kongresis
arCevnebSi, kvlavindeburad respublikuri partiis saxeliT (1921
wlis 4 marti-1923 wlis 3 marti). amis Semdeg mas arCevnebSi aRar
gaumarjvia. cxovrebis bolo wlebSi is kvlav advokatad muSaobda.
gardaicvala 1935 wlis 16 marts niu iorkSi.6
kongresmenobis periodSi igi ebrauli erovnuli umciresobis
uflebebs icavda aSS-Si. 1919 wels, arCevnebSi damarcxebis Semdeg,
imogzaura baltiispireTis respublikebSi, Seiswavla adgilze viTare-
ba da ruseTisagan axalCamocilebuli samive qveynis damoukideblobis
cnobis lobistad iqca. kongresSi swored mis mRelvare gamosvlebs
mohyva amerikis mier kolbis notiT gamocxadebuli politikisagan ga-
daxveva da 1922 wels am respublikaTa damoukideblobis aRiareba.7
qarTul-azerbaijanul delegaciaTa TxovniT Cendlerma maTi lo-
bistobac ikisra. moxda kavkasiis saqmeebis baltiur politikasTan mib-
ma, rac antiimperialisturi da ruseTis aRdgenis sawinaaRmdego idee-
biT myardeboda. am ideebis garSemo darazmul amerikul sazogadoebas
ki mxari kavkasiisa da baltiispireTis damoukideblobis aRiarebisaT-
vis unda daeWira.
saqarTvelos saxelmwifo centraluri saistorio arqivis har-
vardisa da parizis axalgaxsnil fondebSi CvenTvis saintereso pirov-
nebis Sesaxeb araerT mniSvnelovan saqmes mivakvlieT. aseve `niu iork
Taimsis~ arqivSi moviZieT Cendleris ramdenime statia. sakuTari mTav-
robisadmi gagzavnil moxsenebiT baraTebSi kongresmenis Sesaxeb cno-
bebs gvawvdis parizis samSvidobo konferenciaze azerbaijanuli dele-
gaciis meTauri ali mirbanbek TofCibaSevic. es ukanaskneli wyaroc
aqamde ucnobi iyo qarTveli mkiTxvelisaTvis. saerTaSoriso politi-

6 Guide of Biographies of US Congress http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?in-

dex=C000297
7 US Embassy in Estonia http://photos.state.gov/libraries/estonia/99874/History%20stories/Wal-
ter-M_-Chandler.pdf

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 saqarTvelos istoriis institutis Sromebi. V

kaSi qarTul-azerbaijanuli sakiTxTa Zalian mWidro kavSirebis gamo

did mniSvnelobas atarebs saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis
sagareo politikis Seswavlis saqmeSi.
pirvel cnobas Cendleris Sesaxeb 1919 wlis 20 seqtembers pa-
rizis sazavo konferenciaze saqarTvelos delegaciis Tavmjdomaris,
karlo CxeiZis, mier noe Jordaniasadmi gagzavnil werilSi vxvdebiT:
`...aqamdis unugeSod iyo saqme amerikaSi, romelzec didad aris damoki-
debuli Cveni bedis gadawyveta. ra rig gavusworeT Cven angariSi am
nakls naxavT im pirobidan, romelic davdeviT amerikis moqalaqe Cend-
lerTan, romelTanac igive piroba dades azerbaijanelebma da baltie-
lebma. misi mizania, rom baltiis zRvidan Sav zRvamde Seiqmnas saxelm-
wifoTa kavSiri, romelic iqneba ruseTsa da germanias Soris. am azrs
bevri momxre gamouCndeba amerikaSi, Tu mas saTanadod mivawodebT.
Cendleri iTxovs Cveni warmomadgenlis gagzavnas amerikaSi da gvpirde-
ba, rom is daexmareba Cveni sakiTxis dayenebaSi.~ karlo CxeiZe aseve
acnobs Cendleris biografias, ambobs, rom yofili kongresmeni flobs
inglisur, frangul da germanul enebs, rac sxvadasxva wreebTan mu-
Saobas ufro gauadvilebs.8 analogiur cnobas iZleva azerbaijanuli
delegaciis meTauri, TofCibaSevi, Tavis moxsenebaSi azerbaijanis mTav-
robisadmi.
TofCibaSevis cnobiT, Cendleri moamarages yvela saWiro cnobiT,
gadasces mas Sesabamisi dokumenturi masala da parizidan amerikaSi
gaistumres samuSaod. Tumca igi Statebidan iwereboda, rom misi dac-
vis qveS myof axalCamoyalibebul respublikaTa saqmeebze sruliad
martos uwevs muSaoba da iTxovda, rom masTan TanaSemwed gaegzavnaT
TavianTi warmomadgenlebi.9 1919 wlis dekemberSi akaki Cxenkeli romi-
dan parizSi gagzavnil werilSi sTxovs karlo CxeiZes, rom man dau-
yovnebliv gagzavnos amerikaSi samuSaod qarTveli diplomati, aRiare-
buli antantofili da inglisuris SesaniSnavi mcodne daviT Ramba-
SiZe.10 es ukanaskneli wlebis ganmavlobaSi muSaobda ruseTis savaWro
warmomadgenlad inglisSi, sanacnobo wrec Sesabamisi hyavda dasavleT-

8 scsa. fondi 2115. aRw. 1. saqme 60. furc. 6.

9 А. М. Топчибашев. Письма из Парижа, gv. 55-56.
10 scsa. fondi 2115. aRw. 1. saqme 127. furc. 1-2.

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 beqa kobaxiZe. saqarTvelos pirveli amerikeli megobari _ kongresmeni
uolter marion Cendleri

Si da misi amerikaSi gamgzavrebac erTob sasargeblo iqneboda, magram

im droisaTvis parizis konferencia wyvetda saqarTvelos beds, sadac
qarTvel delegatTa raodenoba isedac SezRuduli iyo. RambaSiZis pa-
rizSi muSaobis gamo ver moxerxda misi okeanis gaRma gamgzavreba.
Cendleri aRniSnulma garemoebam ver Seaferxa da umalve Seudga
masze dakisrebuli movaleobis Sesrulebas. Cven mier moZiebul iqna,
mis mier 1920 wlis 25 dekembers yvelaze msxvil da gavlenian ameri-
kul gamocema – `niu iork TaimsSi~ gamoqveynebuli vrceli werili sa-
TauriT `xuTi mebrZoli respublika estoneTi, latvia, litva, azer-
baijani, saqarTvelo da maTi saWiroebani.~ avtori statiaSi xazs us-
vams mTeli saukunis manZilze am qveynebSi ruseTis mier gatarebul
kolonizatorul politikas da mas mCagvrelurs uwodebs. igi asaxe-
lebs im niSnebs, romliTac es xalxebi sakuTar saxelmwifoSi cxovre-
bas imsaxureben: rusebisagan sruliad gansxvavebuli ena, kultura,
tradiciebi, eTnikuroba, religia da sxv. qarTvelebis Sesaxeb igi Sem-
degs wers `marTalia qarTveli xalxi rusebiviT berZnul marTlmadi-
deblobas misdevs, magram maTi sisxli, ena, istoria da civilizacia
radikalurad gansxvavebulia.~ igi aqve uTiTebs ganaTlebis dones ma-
Sin, rodesac ruseTSi mosaxleobis 90% uwignuria, am qveynebSi wera-
kiTxvis mcodneTa ricxvi 70% aWarbebs. am monacemebis Tanaxmad, rom-
lebic srulad akmayofileben vilsonis mier gacxadebul erTa TviTga-
morkvevis principebs, igi aSS-s kongresisagan dauyovnebliv moiTxovda
ruseTis yofili imperiis am ganapira mxareebis damoukideblobis aRia-
rebas.
igi baltiispireTsa da kavkasias bolSevizmis winaaRmdeg aRmar-
Tul myar burjebs uwodebs, romlebic ager ukve mesame welia medg-
rad icaven kacobriobas misi gavrcelebisgan. saubrobs imaze, rom es
qveynebi mzad arian ruseTis imperiis valebis sakuTari wili gadauxa-
don gamarjvebul saxelmwifoebs. agreTve im daTmobaze, romlis mixed-
viTac saqarTvelo-azerbaijani Tanaxmani arian baTumi da baqo dauqvem-
debaron erTa ligis Tavisufal kontrols. aqve aRwers am koridoris
sargeblianobas da am qveynebis bunebriv simdidreebs.11

11New York Times. 25th of January 1920 http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9D04-

E4D71F38E533A25756C2A9679C946195D6CF

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rogorc zemoT erTxel ukve aRvniSneT, 1920 wlis 10 agvistos

gamoqveynebulma beinbrij kolbis notam, faqtobrivad, gadawura aSS-s
mxridan saqarTvelos damoukideblobis aRiarebis imedebi, magram verc
am faqtma da verc sabWoTa ruseTis mxridan saqarTvelos okupaciam
ver SeuSala xeli uolter marion Cendlers, kvlavac gaegrZelebina
muSaoba saqarTvelos mxardasaWerad 1921 wlidan, amjerad ukve kong-
resis warmomadgenelTa palatis iuridiul komitetSi arCeuli kong-
resmenis rangSi.
saqarTvelos centraluri saistorio arqivis harvardis da pari-
zis fondebSi Cven mier mikvleul iqna misi mimowera qarTvel diplo-
matTan, Sveicariasa da erTa ligaSi saqarTvelos elCTan – mixeil
sumbaTaSvilTan.12 am mimoweridan irkveva, rom Cendleri kongresSi,
wiTeli jvris saerTaSoriso komitetsa Tu sxva humanitarul organi-
zaciebSi lobirebda saqarTvelosTan dakavSirebul ara marto poli-
tikur, aramed iseT humanitarul sakiTxebs, rogorebicaa: sazRvarga-
reT myof gaWirvebul qarTveli studentTa daxmareba, okupirebuli
saqarTvelos mosaxleobisaTvis xorblis gagzavna da sxv.
1921 wlis 25 dekembers mixeil sumbaTaSvilisadmi gagzavnil
werilSi Cendleri ambobs, rom is ar daelodeba saqarTvelosa da
azerbaijanelebis warmomadgenlebis Casvlas amerikaSi da Seudgeba
kongresSi saqarTvelos sakiTxis propagandirebas. Tumca sasurveli
iqneboda, rom sumbaTovi, romelic ase kargad saubrobs inglisurad,
an avalovi Casuliyvnen da mixmarebodnen mas, aseve kargi iqneboda
TofCibaSevis Casvlac. Tu isini raRac mizezis gamo ver moaxerxeben
gamgzavrebas, SeuZliaT darwmunebulni iyvnen, rom kongresmeni yvela-
fers iRonebs am respublikaTa saqmeebis keTilad gadawyvetisaTvis.
amerikeli deputatis TqmiT, man da misma megobrebma wamoiwyes
farTomasStabiani moZraoba evropel studentTa dasaxmareblad, am saq-
misaTvis igegmeba 1 milioni dolaris gamoyofa. am Tanxidan 700 aTasi
dolaris gamoyofa 1921 wlis bolomdea ganzraxuli da arwmunebs
sumbaTaSvils, rom qarTveli da azerbaijaneli studentebi mSivrebi
ar darCebian.
aqve dasZens, rom is miemgzavreba niu iorkSi, raTa qarTvel

12 scsa. fondi 2121. aRw. 1. saqme 9. furc. 34-44.

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uolter marion Cendleri

studentTa sakiTxi wamowios wiTeli jvris saerTaSoriso komitetis,

rokfeleris fondisa da axalgazrda mamakacTa qristianuli asociaci-
is winaSe.13 momdevno, pirvel noembriT daTariRebul werilSi igi ac-
nobebs sumbaTaSvils, rom niu iorkSi daeswro axalgazrda mamakacTa
qristianuli asociaciis konferencias, Sexvda maT oficialur warmo-
madgenlebs, romlebTanac piradi nacnoboba akavSirebs, da piroba mii-
Ro, rom im qveynebis studentebs, romlebsac Tavad warmoadgens, kar-
gad moepyrobian. misive TqmiT, apirebs, rom bolomde Cahyves student-
Ta saqmes, radgan maTi alalbedze mitoveba ar SeiZleba. amasTanave,
sTxovs saqarTvelos mTavrobas, rom gaugzavnon sazRvargareT darCe-
nil qarTvel studentTa siebi, cnobebi maTi mdgomareobis Sesaxeb da
sxv.
momdevno werilebidan irkveva, rom saqarTvelos mTavrobas marT-
lac, gadaugzavnia studentTa siebi da Cendlers aRniSnuli informa-
cia Sesabamisi organizaciebisaTvisac daugzavnia. is aseve kmayofilebas
gamoTqvams saqarTvelos Sesaxeb oficialuri cnobebis gagzavnisaTvis,
romlebic mogvianebiT kongresSi gamosvlisas, debatebSi gamoiyena.
saqme is gaxldaT, rom ohaioelma kongresmenma fesma kongresSi
Seitana omisa da gvalvisagan dazaralebul ruseTSi, kerZod
volgispireTSi, daxmarebis gagzavnis proeqti. Cendlerma wamoayena wi-
nadadeba, rom termini `ruseTi~ rezoluciaSi Secvliliyo `ruseTis
yofil imperiad~, raTa daxmarebis wili saqarTvelosac rgeboda. am
SemTxvevaSi ormagad mogebuli gamovidoda qarTveli xalxi, erTi
mxriv, igi miiRebda amerikidan gamogzavnil daxmarebas, xolo, meore
mxriv, terminis – `yofili ruseTis imperia~ – damkvidrebiT dadas-
turdeboda saqarTvelos okupaciis araRiarebis faqti, magram es wina-
dadeba uaryofil iqna. Tumca Cendlerma moaxerxa is, rom rezolucia-
Si Caiwera `ruseTis mTeli teritoria, romelic saWiroebs daxmare-
bas~. kompromisuli variantis mxardaWeriT, kongresmenma saqarTvelos
politikuri statusi TiTqos ki imsxverpla, magram is am SemTxvevaSi

13 axalgazra mamakacTa qristianuli asociacia – Young Men’s Christian

Association (YMCA) daarsda 1851 wels, igi gaxlavT aSS-Si arsebuli erT-er-
Ti umsxvilesi saqvelmoqmedo organizacia, romelic ZiriTadad fokusire-
bulia axalgazrdobis janmrTel cxovrebasa da maTi uflebebis dacvaze.
ix. bmuli http://www.ymca.net/history/1900-1950s.html

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eyrdnoboda realpolitikas da iTvaliswinebda im adamianTa xvedrs,

romelTac SimSili elodaT saqarTveloSi. ase rom, kongresma princi-
puli gadawyvetileba miiRo ruseTis teritoriaze 20-milioniani dax-
marebis gagzavnis Sesaxeb, axla ukve amerikis vaWrobis ministrs da
amerikis xsnis administracias14 unda gadaewyvitaT, Tu romel teri-
toriebze gadanawildeboda aRniSnuli daxmareba.
Cendleris TxovniT, 1921 wlis dekemberSi vaSingtonSi evropi-
dan samuSaod Cavida zurab avaliSvili. kongresmenma qarTvel diplo-
mats Sexvedra mouwyo amerikis momaval, ocdameTerTmete prezidentTan
(1929-1933), imJamad ki vaWrobis ministr da SeTavsebiT amerikis xsnis
administraciis xelmZRvanelTan, herbert huverTan, romelsac unda ga-
nesazRvra, romeli regionebi miiRebdnen kongresis mier gamoyofil 20
milioni dolaris Rirebulebis sakveb produqtebs. unda aRiniSnos,
rom Tavad am Sexvedris faqtic pirvelad Semodis samecniero sivr-
ceSi.15
huveris gancxadebiT, man kavkasiaSi ukve gagzavna Tavisi agenti
hatCinsoni, romelic Seadarebs kavkasiasa da volgispireTSi arsebul
mdgomareobebs, Semdeg ki amis mixedviT gadawydeba ergos Tu ara s-
aqarTvelos, somxeTsa da azerbaijans daxmarebis nawili. Cendleris
mtkicebiT, man da zurab avaliSvilma scades daerwmunebinaT vaWrobis
ministri, rom kavkasiaSic iseTive gaWirvebuli mdgomareoba iyo,
rogorc ruseTSi da miiRes dapireba, rom maTi pozicia gaTvaliswine-
buli iqneboda hatCinsonis moxsenebasTan erTad.
moyvanili werilebisa da Sexvedris SinaarsSi gamoCnda emigran-
tuli qarTuli mTavrobis keTilSobiluri saxe. miuxedavad imisa, rom
maT mouwiaT qveynis datoveba, mainc ar ifarglebodnen mxolod saer-
TaSoriso politikur sakiTxebze brZoliT da kvlavac zrunavdnen
saqarTveloSi darCenili mosaxleobis gaWirvebaze, yoveldRiur yo-

14
The American Relief Administration-1921-23 wlebSi operirebda evropasa da, gan-
sakuTrebiT, ruseTSi SimSilis dasaZlevad. am wlebis manZilze aRniSnu-
li organizacia, mxolod ruseTis teritoriaze, dRiurad 10.5 milion ada-
mians apurebdnen. ix. bmuli http://books.google.com/books?id=K167sO8f99wC&pg=PA-
162&lpg=PA162&dq=area+of+responsibility+of+american+relief+administration&source=bl&ot
s=tI9Jo5cNcr&sig=W4iuJLpzxECLxWcdcHx14MZV3iI&hl=en&ei=IZLFTtWFGszFtAbYuvycBw
&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CDYQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q&f=false.
15 scsa. fondi 2121. aRw. 1. saqme 9. furc. 42-44.

288
 beqa kobaxiZe. saqarTvelos pirveli amerikeli megobari _ kongresmeni
uolter marion Cendleri

faze da, SeZlebisdagvarad, ucxoeli megobrebis gverdSi dgomiT cdi-

lobdnen qarTveli xalxisaTvis daxmarebis aRmoCenas.
es is periodia, rodesac vilsonis administracia prezident
hardingis administraciam Secvala. saxelmwifo mdivani, zemoxsenebul
beinbrij kolbis nacvlad, Carlz evans hiuzi gaxda. aseve unda aRi-
niSnos, rom 1921 wlisaTvis, faqtobrivad, daimsxvra iluzia bolSe-
vikuri xelisuflebis droebiTobisa da demokratiuli ruseTis aRdge-
nis Sesaxeb, ramac axali administraciis axleburi midgoma gamoiwvia
e.w. `ruseTis sakiTxisadmi~.
Cendleris mier saqarTvelos mTavrobisaTvis gamogzavnil poli-
tikur mimoxilvaSic swored es saxecvlili midgoma Cans. misi TqmiT,
vaSingtonis administraciis damokidebuleba axalwarmoqmnili araru-
suli saxelmwifoebis mimarT, romlebic de iured iqnen cnobilni da-
narCeni msoflios mier, aris dadebiTi, magram jer amasTan dakavSire-
biT oficialuri pozitiuri gancxadebebi ar gakeTebula saxelmwifo
departamentis mxridan. am patara qveynebis megobrebs sjeraT, rom ba-
toni hardingi da batoni hiuzi ganiaraRebis konferenciis (vaSingto-
nis konferencia b. k.) damTavrebas elodebian da amis Semdeg gaakeTeben
oficialur gancxadebebs. kongresmenis piradi mosazrebiT ki, amerika
srul zewolas ganaxorcielebs ruseTze da Seekvreba msoflios da-
narCen saxelmwifoebs estoneTis, latviis, litvis, saqarTvelos da
azerbaijanis damoukideblobis cnobis sakiTxSi.
Tumca saqarTvelos sakiTxi, ukve Semdgari okupaciis gamo, da-
savleTis umaRles politikur wreebSi, faqtobrivad, daxuruli aR-
moCnda. samagierod, jer kidev araokupirebuli gaxldaT baltiispire-
Tis qveynebi, romlebic Zlieri dasavluri mxardaWeris gareSe saqar-
Tvelos beds gaiziarebdnen da swored am niadagze gaaCaRa Cendlerma
muSaoba, kongresSi misi saqmianobis mTavari mimarTulebac swored es
gaxldaT.
warmomadgenelTa palataSi xelaxla arCevamde cota xniT adre,
1921 wlis dasawyisSi, Cendlerma kidev erTxel imogzaura evropasa
da baltiispireTSi. dabrunebis Semdeg ki kvlavindeburad ganaaxla
propaganda presis furclebze, saministroebsa Tu kongresSi.
`niu iork TaimsSi~ gamoqveynebul 1921 wlis 5 aprilis statia-

289
 saqarTvelos istoriis institutis Sromebi. V

Si, saTauriT `bolSevizmi kvdeba~, avtori yveba, Tu ra siamovnebiT

uyurebda talinSi estoneTis damoukideblobis gamocxadebis 3 wlis
iubilisadmi miZRvnil sazeimo RonisZiebebs. wiTeli rusebis mcdelo-
ba, rom kontrdemonstracia moewyoT, Cendleris sityvebiT, daSlil
iqna respublikis mamac policielTa mier, romlebmac Tavidanave uari
Tqves raime saerTo hqonodaT bolSevikebTan. misive TqmiT, amerikis
mxridan baltiispireTis sami respublikis damoukideblobis cnoba
mxolod ramdenime Tvis saqmea da rom is apirebs aRniSnul
respublikaTa moTxovna uaxloes momavalSi kidev erTxel warudginos
prezident hardins, saxelmwifo mdivan hiuzs da senats. am saqmis da-
debiT dasasrulSi ki Tavad eWvi ar epareba.16
1921 wlis 16 maiss, dapirebisamebr, warmomadgenelTa palatis
tribunidan kongresmenma memorandumiT mimarTa amerikis saxelmwifo
mdivan hiuzs, da baltiispireTis qveynebis damoukideblobis aRiareba
moiTxova. sakiTxis mimoxilva da Cendleris mimarTvis teqsti warmod-
genilia `nio iork Taimsis~ 17 maisis nomerSi.17 statiis avtori mkiT-
xvels acnobs, rom wina saxelmwifo mdivnebis – lansingisa da kol-
bis, dros amerika ormag politikas awarmoebda – erTi mxriv, ar aRia-
rebda sabWoTa xelisuflebas, xolo, meore mxriv, aseve uars eubne-
boda sabWoTa ruseTisagan Camocilebul respublikebsac. amJamindeli
saxelmwifo mdivani hiuzi ki, jerjerobiT sdums latviis, estoneTis,
litvis, saqarTvelos, azerbaijanis da Citis cimbiruli respubli-
kebis aRiarebasTan dakavSirebiT. Semdeg moyvanilia Cendleris gamosv-
lis teqsti, sadac is baltiispireTis saxelmwifoTa aRiarebis sasar-
geblod mraval Zlier arguments iSveliebs da sakiTxis bolomde miy-
vanas erTaderT gonivrul, SesaZlebel gamosavlad miiCnevs.
kongresmenis mimarTvis pasuxad 1921 wlis 22 maiss `niu iork
TaimsSi~ qveyndeba vrceli saredaqcio analitikuri statia, romelSic
avtori exmianeba uolter marion Cendleris mier saxelmwifo mdivan
hiuzisaTvis axlaxan gadacemul memorandums, baltiispireTis saxelm-
wifoebis damoukideblobis cnobis Taobaze. `niu iork Taimsi~ akriti-

16 New York Times 5th of April 1921 http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9F01E5DC-

103CE533A25756C0A9629C946095D6CF&scp=1&sq=chandler&st=p
17 New York Times. 17th of May 1921. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9E01E2-
D61E3FEE3ABC4F52DFB366838A639EDE&scp=4&sq=walter+chandler&st=p

290
 beqa kobaxiZe. saqarTvelos pirveli amerikeli megobari _ kongresmeni
uolter marion Cendleri

kebs Cendleris Semdeg sityvebs: `samarTali moiTxovs, rom es patara

baltiispiruli qveynebi dauyovnebliv unda iqnen cnobilni da mfarve-
lobis qveS ayvanilni erTa ligis mier~. avtoris mosazrebiT, rasak-
virvelia, usamarTlo iqneboda maTi mxolod cnoba da Semdgom daucve-
loba, Tumca ki amis msurvels veravis xedavs da Sesabamis magaliTad
mohyavs kavkasia, kerZod, saqarTvelo: `erTi wlis winaT araferi ise
stabilurad ar gamoiyureboda, rogorc saqarTvelo, mokavSireTa mi-
siebi xelSekrulebebs debdnen saqarTvelos mTavrobasTan da ekonomi-
kur urTierTobasac awyobdnen... Tumca am axladSeqmnilma respublikeb-
ma ver gaZles mfarvelobis gareSe da waRebul iqnen bolSevikuri
wyaldidobis mier~.18
Cendleri ar SeuSinebia msgavs pesimistur midgoma. piradi aq-
tiurobiT da saerTaSoriso politikaSi Secvlili realobis wyalo-
biT SeZlo mieRwia miznisTvis, risi dagvirgvinebac gaxldaT amerikis
SeerTebuli Statebis mier 1922 wlis 28 ivliss baltiispireTis sami
respublikis damoukideblobis cnoba.
is, risi gakeTebac obieqturi saerTaSoriso viTarebis gamo, sam-
wuxarod, ver SeZlo saqarTvelosTan mimarTebiT, moaxerxa baltiispi-
reTis qveynebSi.
aRniSvnis Rirsia is faqti, rom uolter marion Cendleri qar-
Tul saarqivo dokumentaciaSi moixsenieba rogorc saqarTvelos war-
momadgeneli amerikaSi. misi pirovneba exmianeba rogorc saqarTvelo-
amerikis Tanamedrove megobrobas, aseve 1980-iani wlebidan moyolebul
qarTul-baltiur erTobliv brZolas TavisuflebisaTvis da man es
yvelaferi sakuTar TavSi jer kidev meoce saukunis dasawyisSi gaaer-
Tiana. vfiqrobT, saqarTvelos istoriaSi misi gamoCeniT ufro
Zveldeba da mdidrdeba qarTul-amerikul-baltiuri urTierTobebi.

18New York Times. 22nd of May 1921. http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?res=980-

6E1DD1F3FEE3ABC4A51DFB366838A639EDE

291
 saqarTvelos istoriis institutis Sromebi. V

Beka Kobakhidze

THE FIRST AMERICAN FRIEND OF GEORGIA – CONGRESSMAN

WALTER MARION CHANDLER

Summary

The article introduces the first American friend of Georgia – Walter

Marion Chandler, who was a lobbyist of First Georgian Republic (1918-1921)
in gaining recognition of its independence in USA. The evidences on this
person were recently discovered by us in various historic sources and we
introduce him to the Georgian public. Hereby is described the details of his
contribution to Georgia, relationship between him and Georgian diplomats etc.
Research is exclusively based on archival data and press materials, which were
unknown before for the Georgian historiography. While lobbying the case of
Baltic States in USA, W. M. Chandler was linking Georgia to Baltic region.
Taking into consideration current tight relationship between USA, Georgia and
Baltic States, it is quite important to know who was the founder of above
mentioned partnership between the friendly nations.

292