Paving Refbook 2018

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AHC30916
Certificate 111 Landscape Construction
AHCLSC306
Implement a Paving Project
CONFIDENTIAL Holmesglen: jh 16-Jan-2018 J:\Teaching Horticulture\Teachers folders\John Hellriegel\AHCLSC306 Paving 2017\Resources\Paving_refbook 2016.docx
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Paving.
Introduction.
Paving using segmental units has been carried out for
thousands of years and indeed the earliest forms of
pavement was with individual units
combined to create a suitable surface
for various forms of traffic.
Right. Photo 1. A Roman road laid

about 400BC (2,410 years ago) by the same
methods still used today.
Classification of paving surfaces.
Paving can be divided into continuous (poured in place concrete or asphalt) and
segmented(individual units produced of site and transported to the site.
In modern times the segmental paving units individual composition can be divided into three
basic areas: Clay, Concrete (including reconstituted stone) and Natural stone.
Clay is excavated from the ground, mixed and refined, pressed into a suitable shape and then
fired in a kiln.
Concrete is created by mixing cement powder, sand and aggregate rock. The resulting liquid
mix is placed (or pressed) into a mould until set. It is then removed and may undergo further
treatments.
Stone is a conglomeration of natural minerals bonded together by heat or pressure creating a

range of properties with varying suitability for use as paving materials.
Methods of Laying.
The method of laying are divided into three types with sub groups within each. The
following table ( Table 1) provides a guide to the various methods and the suitability of each.
Below. Photo 2. Paving is often similar sized segments laid to create a regular pattern.
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Description of method. Subgroup description Suitability

Laying method
Rigid. Laid on a pre-prepared Brick layers method. Small or large units
concrete base using a Bricks laid row by row where screeding is
cement mortar as a to a string line on a not practical.
bedding material. brick sand mortar.
Pavers screed method. Small or large units
A predominantly where screeding
washed sand mortar is will drastically
screeded out first over reduce laying time.
a larger area and
paving is laid before
the mortar sets.
Slate layers mould Used where units
method. are of varying
Tiles are placed in a thickness and the
mould face down and base concrete is at
the mortar is applied to the correct gradient
the back of the unit. and level.
The unit is then turned
over to be laid.
Flexible. Laid on a crushed rock Crushed rock is A low cost form of
base levelled with correct paving used mostly
using sand as a bedding gradient and for pedestrian
material compacted. Sand is traffic. Ideal in
spread on top and places where
screeded using a steel removal of units to
rail set at the correct access services may
height. Paving material be necessary.
may or may not be
compacted later
depending on units
being used.
Permeable PPS units are designed A no fines crushed A valuable method
Paving with large gaps between rock foundation is laid for returning
the units and are laid in a over a geotex material rainwater to the
System
similar way to flexible and then compacted. A subsoil, reducing
paving units. finer grade of no fines the impact of
crushed rock is laid as flooding in storm
a bedding material and events and as a
the paving units, laid method of
and compacted and harvesting clean
have 2mm stones water from large
swept into the joints. paved areas.
Photo 3.
Random
sized units
being laid.
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Flexible Paving
Proper installation techniques can have an effect on the

1. Function
2. Aesthetics
3. Maintenance of flexible clay pavements.
For far too long flexible clay paving has been considered a cheap and easy alternative to rigid paving.
Flexible paving is certainly not as easy as a lot of publications would have you believe. There are
many things to consider during the installation of this method of paving.
• Preparation of the base, including surface drainage.
• Joint size and alignment of pavers.
• Filling of joints to achieve interlock.
• Accurate cutting.
• Design and construction of edge restraints.
• Post laying compaction.
To achieve a functional, good looking and easy to maintain pavement construction, details need to be
complete to the highest possible standards.
Soil compaction.
Compaction of the soil should be carried out to increase it’s load bearing
capacity. The load bearing capacity of soil is measured and expressed as the
CBR (Californian Bearing Ratio).
Compaction achieves this by Removing air voids in the soil
Decreasing water seepage through the soil
Locking the soil particles together to prevent
migration of the particles either downward or sidewards.
Compaction can be carried out by various machines depending on the nature of the job at hand. A
vibrating compaction method will be far more effective than a statics weight.
Compaction should be carried out regardless of the traffic over the area (don’t rely on the bob cat
compacting the soil for you ).
Response to moisture.
The response of soil to moisture is important since the soil has to carry the load year round,
rain or shine. Rain, for example, may transform soil into a plastic state or even into a liquid
form. In these forms, the soil has little or no load bearing capacity. Therefore moisture in the
soil must be at an optimum amount with wet soils being unmanageable and dry soils
turning to dust or not compacting at all.
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Preparation of the paving foundation.

Foundation material can be: Crushed rock or Recycled concrete. These materials may have
cement mixed with them (3 to 8%) to increase their load baring capacity (stabilised
Crushed Rock).
Crushed Rock
Testing of the quality
Like all products of commerce, quarry products must possess physical characteristics
which are suited to the end use. Grades vary from class 1 (A grade) to the lowest grade
being Class 5 which should not be used for paving base in any circumstance. Class 1 ( or A
Grade) is the highest quality base material but also the most expensive.
Here are the tests carried out to determine the grading and quality of crushed rock.
Sieve Analysis
A test sample of fine or coarse aggregate is passed through a series of sieves in order to
determine its particle size distribution (grading).
In general, sieve openings range in size from 0.075 mm to 53 mm with the sieves
nested in order of decreasing size from top to bottom. The test portion is placed in
the top sieve and sieves agitated either by hand or by mechanically shaking to and
fro; this agitation is continued until each sample is separated into its respective sieve
size. The mass of each of these increments is determined, and calculated as the
percentage mass of material passing each sieve size, on the basis of the total mass of the
sample.
Liquid Limit
The liquid limit is the moisture content, exposed as a percentage of its dry
mass, at which a material passes from the plastic to the liquid state under specified
test conditions.
The liquid limit of both crushed rock and soil generally increases with an increase in
the amount of flakey, fibrous or organic particles present. It therefore often gives a
useful warning of the presence of undesirable components which may affect
packing, interlocking and cohesion of the particles, leading to poor stability of the
compacted mass.
Plastic Limit
The plastic limit is the moisture content expressed as a percentage of the dry mass at
which a material passes from the plastic state to the non-plastic state under specified test
conditions.
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Plasticity Index
The plasticity index is the numerical difference between the values obtained for liquid
limit and plastic limit for a particular material,
It gives a measure of the cohesive qualities of the binder resulting from its clay content and
the nature of the clay.
It also gives some indication of the amount of volumetric expansion and contraction that
will result from wetting and drying. As some materials do not have mechanical interlock,
they require a small amount of cohesive material to give satisfactory performance.
A deficiency of clay in the binder results in ravelling of wearing courses during dry
weather and the ready absorption of water into the surface during wet weather with
consequent loss of stability and sloppiness of the surface. In extreme cases softening of the
sub-grade may occur.
An excess of clay results in softening of the binder and loss of stability when the gravel
becomes wet, either by rain or from moisture absorbed from the sub-grade.
Particle Shape
Two methods of determining particle shape are currently used in Victoria, the proportional
calliper and the metal gauge.
(i) Proportional Calliper:
This test determines the proportion of flat particles, elongated particles and flat and
elongated particles in those fractions of a coarse aggregate on a 9.50 mm test sieve. The
calliper can be set to determine a 2 — 1 ratio, and a 3 — 1 ratio, the thickness, width and
length of the individual particles are measured.
(ii) Gauge:
Metal gauges determine the flat and elongated particles in a "passing retained" fraction of
a sieving test. A flat or elongated particle is that particle which will pass through the
relevant gauge slot. Control of particle shape is necessary as high proportions of misshapen
particles can affect concrete workability and pumpability, and coverage of bituminous
sealing aggregates.
Durability and Hardness Tests
This is a severe test on the ability of a sample of screenings to withstand impact and
abrasive action, consequently the test is unsuitable for use on soft rock types.
The test arrived at by measuring the mass of fines produced after submitting a sample of
screenings to impact and abrasion by steel balls in a revolving cylinder.
Sand Equivalent Test

A useful and rapid test for the quality of crushed rock for pavements is the Sand
Equivalent.
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The procedure which originated in California uses the fraction of material which
passes a 4.75 mm aperture sieve and is essentially a sedimentation test under fixed
conditions of sample size, settlement time, and flocculating solution.
The S.E. test measures the proportion of suspendable fine material in a test portion
and this in turn is an index of:—
1. The amount of extremely fine material in a product, and
2. The activity of any clay if present.
Application of the S.E. to product control enables the producer to exercise control
over quarrying operations with an ultimate benefit in uniformity.
Thickness of base material

Base material used in flexible paving is laid at thickness relevant to the traffic load taken
by the paving. The following chart is an approximate depth of compacted crushed rock
recommended
Traffic load Depth of base material Unstable soil
(stable soil)
Light ( foot traffic) 65mm 100mm
Medium (Car) 120mm 150mm
Heavy ( Trucks) 150mm 250mm
Industrial ( Main roads) 250mm 400mm
Compaction of Crushed Rock
Compaction is the act of artificially densifying crushed rock by pressing particles

together into a close state of contact, resulting in the expulsion of air and/or water
from the crushed rock mass, density is a measurement of this degree of compaction and
is expressed in terms of mass per unit volume. It is usually measured as tonnes of wet or
dry crushed rock per cubic metre, and is specified as wet or dry density.
The amount of compaction which can be obtained is influenced by several factors,

the most important of these being: —
1. The moisture content of the crushed rock.
2. The nature of the crushed rock — its grain size distribution and its physical
properties.
3. The type and amount of the compactive effort.
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Optimum moisture is the exact amount of water contained in the crushed rock at
which maximum compaction can be attained for a given compactive effort and is
expressed as a percentage of moisture content by mass.
At optimum moisture content sufficient water is present to coat the individual

particles and to fill practically all the voids in the crushed rock. Additional water above
optimum moisture content tends only to keep the crushed rock particles further apart
making compaction difficult. In a crushed rock on the dry or minus side of optimum
moisture, friction also tends to hold the soil particles apart. In either case, the crushed
rock particles cannot be pressed or manipulated into the densest possible mass and
therefore cannot attain the maximum mass per cubic metre. Only at optimum moisture
content can the maximum mass per cubic metre be achieved. However, the optimum
moisture changes with each type of crushed rock and also varies with the compactive
effort specified.
Whilst laboratory tests determine the moisture content at which maximum density
can be attained, it is recognised that this density may be difficult to achieve in the field
through the use of conventional compaction equipment. It must be noted that in the
landscape situation if any dust is seen during the compaction process that the crushed
rock is probably (as a general rule) TOO DRY
Levelling of Base
It is essential that a great deal of attention is given to the finished levels of the base, as this
has a direct bearing on the finished levels of the pavement.
It is necessary that, all design levels be achieved and that all design tolerances are strictly
adhered to. Design tolerances on the base should not exceed ± 5 mm and ideally be less
than that. This may be difficult to achieve and would depend on the amount of fall that
exists. There is a direct relationship between the amount of fall and the tolerance that is
expectable.
The ideal fall for flexible clay and concrete segmental paving is 2% or 1: 50 ratio with the
range being 1% (1: 100) minimum to 3% (1 :33) maximum on level areas.
If this is not achieved the consequence may be very bad ponding.
• Accumulation of silt which ultimately causes weed growth.

• Other organic growth such as algae, mosses etc.
• Paving becomes unsightly and difficult to maintain.
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When laying the crushed rock foundation it is important to make sure the base is levelled
and compacted parallel to the finished grade of the paving. Uneven levelling of the base
material will result in the surface level becoming uneven over time.
Even though the sand may have been level at the time of laying….
It will settle at an uneven rate and can move into the crushed rock of sideways which will cause the
paving surface to become uneven.
Bedding material.
The function of bedding material is to 1. accommodate the variation s in the paving
thickness dimensions as well as variations in the crushed rock base and 2. Give uniform
support to the individual paving units to prevent breakage undr load.
Much has been said and written about different types of bedding materials and there are a
number of different types available eg. Sand, stone dust.
These materials may be treated in a number of ways.
• Compacted or uncompacted.
• Cement stabilised or in their natural state.
It is important to remember the function that the bedding material serves, and that it
should not be a rigid layer. In most cases course well-graded washed sand is the best
material to use.
Reasons for this are:

 Easy to work with.
 Very good drainage properties.
 Better interlocking characteristics.
 Contains no clay (Not plastic )
 Economical product
 Contains minimal salts therefore reducing efflorescence.
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The argument of compacted sand versus uncompacted sand has been around for many
years and both methods are acceptable as long as you understand the shortcomings of each
method.
The reason for compacting sand is to achieve a layer that is evenly compacted and firm.
This prevents paver movement immediately after laying and the problem of partial
compaction due to construction traffic. Uncompacted sand makes allowance for
dimensional variation in the thickness of the paver and because the sand is loose, better
interlock is achieved.
Pavers can vary in thickness and a loose layer of bedding material can accommodate this
problem better than compacted sand. Compacted sand does not have the give that allows
those pavers that are slightly thicker to press into the bedding material. This also allows the
sand to come up into the joint and achieves better interlock.
The problem of partial compaction due to construction traffic is a real one, but can be
minimised by being aware of the situation and taking steps to avoid it. Depth of the
bedding material is usually 10 - 25 mm on a crushed rock base or around 30mm on a
concrete base. We tend to favour the thinner end of the scale, especially when working on
crushed rock. The important thing to remember is that the layer of sand is even and has
approximate moisture content of 6 - 7%. This is often difficult to judge on site, but basically
the sand should be damp. Wetting the sand after spreading but before screeding will
partially compact the bedding and still have enough give to accommodate the thickness
variations.
If laying pavers with large variations in thickness then a thicker bed should be provided and
if laying, for example, second hand bricks a bed of at least 30mm should be provided.
Laying Paving.
Pavers should be laid with a gap of 2 - 3 mm irrespective of whether they are concrete or
clay. However some of the reasons for the gap varies. Both concrete and clay pavers need a
gap to maximise the interlocking capacity of the pavement, and both pavers will vary in size.
This is known as dimensional variation. Clay pavers vary more in size than concrete and
clay pavers also need room to grow as they swell over their lifetime. If we don't allow for
this growth the paver will be more likely to chip. Concrete pavers have a tendency to shrink
over their life.
Chipping can occur on both types of pavers but due to the growth factor, is more prevalent
in clay pavers. It is recommended that with both types of pavers the sand filled joints
protect the paver from touching each other, therefore discouraging chipping. This problem
is especially relevant to heavy traffic areas.
Gauging.
To achieve this gap, which is going to vary due to dimensional variation, it is important that
the average size of the paver being laid is determined.
This can be done by selecting ten pavers at random and determining their average size.
String lines then need to be set up in a grid pattern at approximately 10 paver intervals in
both directions to act as guide lines. Adjustments may need to be made should the paver
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fall short or extend past the guidelines. As paviours become more experienced at laying
paving using this method it may actually become quicker because no time is spent forcing
pavers into line. Before laying starts an appropriate laying pattern should be selected.
An alternative method is to mark off the gauge on a screed or straight edge and space your
bricks along the board. This ensures that both the gauge and the line are correct.
Patterns for brick paving.
There are three categories of patterns:
1. Stretcher Bond
2. Herringbone
3. Basket weave ( or Parquetry)
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There are many variations of these three patterns.
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Post laying compaction

Compaction after laying is necessary for 3 reasons
1. To remove any air voids under the paving
2. To ensure the pavers surface are all at the same level ( allows for paver thickness
variation).
3. To ensure the grouting sand works its way down into the joints
Whilst P.LC can be achieved by hand with a rubber mallet it should, ideally, be done using a
vibrating plate compactor with appropriate rollers to protect pavers and prevent breakages. If this
is not possible some form of protection should be used between the paver and the steel plate e.g.
Carpet or rubber mat. The pavement should be swept clean of any jointing sand to enable the pavers
to settle flat without the interference of the loose sand.
There is some debate as to whether PLC should be done before or after edge restraint. The practical
exercise will demonstrate the positive and negative aspects of both.
PLC with a rubber mat

under the base of the
compactor.
Grouting with sand is carried out both before and after PLC . The first application is usually done dry
however the second after PLC may be hosed in to clean the paved surface.
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Edge restraint.
Concrete edge restraint (sometimes called haunching) should be no higher than 25mm
below the paving surface and should be structurally sound enough to be able to handle the
expected traffic load. For pedestrian / wheelbarrow traffic this should be a minimum of
100mm x 100mm, greater if you expect heavier traffic.
The restraint will prevent the movement of edge bricks as well as preventing the migration
of sand from under the paving.
Gauge of bricks. Brick units
Edge restraint.
Bedding sand.
Crushed Rock Base.
Sub base.
(compacted soil).
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Rigid Paving
Rigid paving uses all the same principles as flexible paving however the base is concrete and
the bedding material is mortar.
Because the grout is a solid fill and capable of withstanding erosion etc. the joints are
usually larger (around 5 to 10mm).
The technical and practical details of laying of concrete is covered in the unit AHCLSC302A.
The mortar used in rigid paving must be strong enough to bond with the paving material as
well as performing the proper support mentioned in the previous writing about bedding
sand however may not need to be as strong as the mortar used in bricklaying. A 1:6to 8
(cement/sand ratio) will usually suffice however to achieve a bond to certain materials (
especially natural stone) will need a bonding agent to prevent pavers lifting over time.
Laying techniques will vary and the details will be covered in the practical exercises.
Adhesion is the amount of contact the paving material has with the bedding material.
Cement paste or glues will aid adhesion but no glue will prevent pavers popping off if there
is too much air under the paver. There must be full contact between the paver
and the bedding material.
Grouting with rigid paving should always be done as a wet grout mortar mixed at a ratio of
no less than 1 part cement to 3 parts sand (usually fine washed sand) and should be cleaned
off with a sponge before it can dry and stain the pavement surface.
Tips for good grouting.
 Wet the paving thourouhly before starting

 Start pushing the grout mix into the joints with either a squeegee or rubber
float from the highest point working to the lowest point pushing any excsess
water out.
 Keep the head of the squeegee at an angle to the joints so that it does not
drag grout out of the joint.
 Do not push the grout across the surface too quickly as this will trap water or
air in the joints and later the top grout will fall down leaving a hole which will
have to be re-grouted.
 Some pavers will draw the water out of the grout and the mix will become
dificult to spread. Spraying the surface of the pavers with water in the un-
grouted area will assist the workability of the mix. Do not spray extra water
over the already squeegeed area.
 If possible clean off as much as possible with a rubber float before cleaning
with a sponge.
 Leave as long as possible before starting to clean off with a sponge but
before the grout starts drying on the surface of the paving.
 Do not acid clean less than 5 days after grouting.
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Calculating areas.
Unlike house bricks, which are generally sold by the thousand, clay pavers are usually sold by the
square metre (usually shortened to m2). To calculate the quantity of bricks required you need to
calculate the total area of paving.
BACK TO BASICS
Most areas are one or other (or a combination) of three basic shapes: rectangles (including squares)
triangles and circles.
rectangle width square The area of a rectangle (or a square) = length x

width For example: an area 10 metres long and 5
metres wide = 1 0 x5 metres = 50 m2 (square metres)
——length — — length —
The area of a triangle = half the width of the base x height
—base — base- For example: a triangle with a base 10 metres wide and a height
of 8 metres = 5 x 8 metres = 40 m2
radius i The area of a circle = πr2 OR muliply the circle radius by itself
and multiply the result by 3.14. (The radius is half the
diameter)/'
For example: a circle with a diameter of 5 metres (and therefore, a radius of
2.5 metres) = 2.5 x 2.5 x 3.14 = 19.6 m2
11m-
PUTTING THE THEORY INTO PRACTICE
Example 1: A rectangular area with a round pool This is
simply a rectangle with a circle missing. Measure the length and 9 mi
width of the area to be paved and the diameter of the pool. Use
these to make two calculations:
Total area (including pool) = length x width = 9x11 metres = 99

m2 Area of pool= radius x radius x 3.14 = 3.5 x 3.5 x 3.14 = 38.5 m2
Area to be paved = Total area - Area of pool = 99 - 38.5 = 60.5 m2
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Calculating volumes
Volume is simply the area times the depth.
Example : If we had a drive of 85 square meters and we needed 150mm of crushed rock.
The uncompacted volume of rock is 85 m2 x 0.15 = 12.75 m2 cubic meters of Crushed rock.
An allowance must always be made for compaction of base material.
Crushed Rock can compact up to 20% so extra material must be allowed for when ordering.
The compacted volume would be calculated this way.
Compacted volume = Uncompacted volume + ( Compaction rate x Uncompacted volume)
Compacted volume of above drive = 12.75 m2 + ( 20/100 x 12.75 m2)

12.75 m2 + 2.55 m2 = 15.3 cubic meters
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How to use a Lazar level

To start, the lazar unit must be mounted on a tripod with the bubble gauge in the centre of
the circle.
Step 1. Set up the level in an out of the way location which will be visible from all the points
you want to check.
Step2. Connect the receiver loosely to the staff and, placing the bottom of the staff on the
place where you want a reading, slide the receiver up or down till you get the LEVEL signal.
Step3. Move the staff to another point and repeat the procedure from step 2. The
difference on the staff reading will be the amount of rise or fall from the previous reading.
Alternative to step 3
Move to the staff to another location and move the staff up or down to locate a
height level with the first reading. The height of the bottom of the staff to the ground is the
amout of fall.
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Calculating Gradient or Fall on Paving.
Simply put fall is the amount of difference in height (also called Rise).
Gradient is the Rise expressed a ratio or percentage of the distance between the two height
points (Run) .
Gradient (Slope)
Rise
Run
Gradient can be expressed in two ways.
As a percentage e.g. 1% (one percent) fall.
As a ratio e.g. 1:100 (one in one hundred) .
Rise
Fall% = x 100
Run
Fall ratio = Rise /Rise : Run /Rise
Example 1 If the rise was 1 cm and the run was 1 m ( 100cm)
% Fall is 1/100 x 100 = the fall would be 1%

Ratio Fall is 1÷1=1 : 100 ÷ 1= 100 answer 1 : 100
Example 2 If the rise was 5 cm and the run was 7 m ( 700cm)
% Fall is 5/700 x 100 = the fall would be 0.72%

Ratio is 5÷5 = 1 700÷5 = 140 Fall = 1:140
Exercise 1
If the Rise is 5cm and the run is 2.5 meter what is the amount of fall as a ratio and
percentage?
Most paving is laid at a minimum of either 1% or 2%.

The easiest way to calculate 1% is by taking the run distance and moving the decimal place
two places to the left.
E.G 1% gradient of Run = 7624mm rise = 76.24mm
To calculate a 2 (or more) % fall, multiply the 1% by 2
EG A 2% gradient of Run = 7624mm is 76.24mm X 2 = 152.48mm
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GLOSSARY OF PAVING TERMS
Abrasion resistance -The ability of the paver to withstand wear especially from high volume
pedestrian
traffic and in particular high heeled (stiletto type) shoes. AIso in areas subjected to heavy duty skid
steer machines.
Additive -Material added to mortar or concrete

-plasticiser -Workability improver
- mortar colour. Powder or liquid that gives mortar or concrete its desired colour.
Base -Major structural component of pavement directly beneath the bedding layer directly beneath
bedding course.
Sub base -Granular material used as a support for .Capping the base.
Capping Layer -Important fill material used as a support to the base
-Sub -grade -Existing material! or soil on which the paving is to be constructed.
Bond -Term used to describe the pattern. Some bonds give more strength than others.
Chipping -Edges of pavers chip due to manufacture process, rough handling or incorrect laying
techniques.
Clay Brick -A solid perforated unit of clay formed into a rectangular prism and hardened by Firing.
Clay Pavers -A unit of clay especially suitable for the use in pavement where resistance to
abrasion is important.
Compacted or Vibrated -Stabilisation of materia! using a roller or vibrating plate
Concrete Paver -Unit of concrete especially suitable for the use in pavements where resistance to I
abrasion is important.
Control gap -A horizontal gap to accommodate differential movement between various elements of a
structure.
Course -A continuous row of bricks.
Crushed rock -Crushed rock from basalt or granite use as base material.
Dimensional Variation -The size difference in length, width and thickness of pavers that occur during
the manufacturing process.
Edge restraint -A device that minimises the lateral / movement of the pavers and any loss of ,/
material from the bedding course.
Extruded Pavers -Pavers that have been manufactured using an extruder and cut with wires. A
slightly
more dense product than a pressed paver.
Flexible paving -A pavement construction including a
surface course of pavers laid on crushed - rock and sand using no cementituous r{;::': material.
Gauging -The technique of setting up stringlines to predetermined intervals to allow for the
dimensional variation of pavers. This allows the joints to accommodate the variation in the size of the
paver and the lines to remain straight.
Gradient or Fall -Amount of slope on the paving.
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Grout -Mortar of a consistency such that it will flow without segregation of the materials. Used to fill
joints in paving.
Header course -A row of brick laid side by side.
Interlock -The effect of frictional shear forces induced in the sand filled joints between the pavers that
inhibit paver movement and transfer loads between adjacent pavers. This interlock accounts for the
load spreading capability of pavers.
Joints -gap between the pavers.
Jointed paving -paving where pavers have mortar joints. Close jointed paving -paving with
an average of 2-3mm sand filled joints-.
Lime -White powder used in mortar and stabilisised
Lipping -When adjacent pavers are at different levels. Caused by dimensional variation, poor base
preparation and in particular poor preparation of the bedding material.
Mortar -A mix of sand, cement, lime and water or -A mix of sand, cement and water. either washed
or brick sand may be used.
Ponding -Forming of shallow puddles of water in the ~ paving due to slight depression in the i'~;;
,,1;';1<; pavement. It is compounded by too little fall on the paving.
Post laying compaction -The process of compacting the pavers, (P.L.C.) using a specially designed
set of rollers or vibrating plate with carpet, paving glider or l rubber attached to it to protect the pavers.
Pressed pavers -Paving that have been manufactured using a press. It is a slower method of
production.
Rigid paving -A pavement that relies on a rigid layer such as a rigid concrete slab to distribute
superimposed Ioads to the subgrade.
Sand -Fine granular material
Bedding sand. -Sand on which the paving is laid
Brick sand -Sand that contains a degree of clay i \ * also called fatty sand. -Jointing sand -Fine sand
used for joints.
Washed sand -Sand that has been washed to remove clay and other unwanted matter.
Screed -Straight edge made from timber or aluminium used to level out sand etc.
Screed Rail -Piece of pipe or tube used to determine the depth of the bedding sand and screed
along.
Segregation -The separation of parts of particular materials. E.g. Concrete, crushed rock,
Shunting –The Iateral movement of pavers caused by vehicular traffic e.g. skid steer loaders, power
steering.
Slip/Skid Resistance -The ability of the paver to remain non-slip over a long period of time. Refers to
the surface finish of the paver.
Soldier Course -Row of bricks that stand vertically. Used .] in edge restraints. j ,~
Spirits of salts -Hydrochloric acid used to clean bricks that have cement or mortar stains.
Stabilise -Treatment carried out on soils to improve soil structure. Either cement or lime can
be used. Crushed rock, bedding sand and
jointing can all be stabilised. (
Stretcher Course -A row of bricks laid end to end.
Subsidence -Failure of the pavement to remain at the required levels either by sinking or
collapsing below design levels. Causes of failure are either overload or environmental.
Surface Drainage -Removal of water using gradients
Sub Surface Drainage Removal of water using stormwater or agricultural drains or pipes.
Traffic -Amount and type of use the pavement is b!1& expected to have. .,
Wheel rutting -Depression in the pavement where a concentration of wheel loads occur.

Paving Refbook 2018

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Implement a Paving Project

Right. Photo 1. A Roman road laid

Classification of paving surfaces.

Stone is a conglomeration of natural minerals bonded together by heat or pressure creating a

Description of method. Subgroup description Suitability

Proper installation techniques can have an effect on the

Preparation of the paving foundation.

Durability and Hardness Tests

Sand Equivalent Test

Thickness of base material

Compaction of Crushed Rock

Compaction is the act of artificially densifying crushed rock by pressing particles

The amount of compaction which can be obtained is influenced by several factors,

At optimum moisture content sufficient water is present to coat the individual

• Accumulation of silt which ultimately causes weed growth.

Reasons for this are:

Patterns for brick paving.

There are three categories of patterns:

3. Basket weave ( or Parquetry)

There are many variations of these three patterns.

Post laying compaction

1. To remove any air voids under the paving

PLC with a rubber mat

Gauge of bricks. Brick units

Crushed Rock Base.

Tips for good grouting.

 Wet the paving thourouhly before starting

rectangle width square The area of a rectangle (or a square) = length x

The area of a triangle = half the width of the base x height

Total area (including pool) = length x width = 9x11 metres = 99

Volume is simply the area times the depth.

An allowance must always be made for compaction of base material.

The compacted volume would be calculated this way.

Compacted volume = Uncompacted volume + ( Compaction rate x Uncompacted volume)

Compacted volume of above drive = 12.75 m2 + ( 20/100 x 12.75 m2)

How to use a Lazar level

Calculating Gradient or Fall on Paving.

Fall ratio = Rise /Rise : Run /Rise

Example 1 If the rise was 1 cm and the run was 1 m ( 100cm)

% Fall is 1/100 x 100 = the fall would be 1%

Example 2 If the rise was 5 cm and the run was 7 m ( 700cm)

% Fall is 5/700 x 100 = the fall would be 0.72%

Most paving is laid at a minimum of either 1% or 2%.

To calculate a 2 (or more) % fall, multiply the 1% by 2

EG A 2% gradient of Run = 7624mm is 76.24mm X 2 = 152.48mm

GLOSSARY OF PAVING TERMS

Additive -Material added to mortar or concrete

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