Kinetic Energy :energy of motion

Potential Energy :stored energy

Chemical Energy :energy associated with the interaction of atoms in a molecule

Mechanical Energy :a type of kinetic energy, such as walking or running

Heat :type of kinetic energy captured solar energy eventually dissipates as heat in the environment

First Law of Thermodynamics :the law of conservation of energy, states energy cannot be created or
destroyed, but it can be changed from one form to another

Second Law of Thermodynamics :energy cannot be changed from one form to another without a loss of
usable energy

entropy :measure of disorder or randomness

metabolism :all of the chemical reactions that occur in a cell during growth and repair

reactants :substance that participates in a reaction

products :substance that forms as a result of a reaction

free energy :useful energy in a system that is capable of performing work

endergonic reaction :chemical reaction that requires an input of energy ; opposite of exergonic

exergonic reaction :chemical reaction that releases energy; opposite of endergonic

ATP :adenosine triphosphate, nucleotide with three phosphate groups. The breakdown of ATP into ADP
+ P makes energy available for energy - requiring processes in cells

ADP :nucleotide with two phosphate groups that can accept another phosphate group and become ATP

coupled reactions :reactions that occur simultaneously; one is an exergonic reaction that releases
energy, and the other is an endergonic reaction that requires an input of energy in order to bond

ribozymes :RNA molecule that can catlyze chemical reactions

metabolic pathways :series of linked reactions, beginning with a particular reactant and terminating with
an end product

energy of activation :energy that must be added in order for molecules to react with one another

substrates :reactant in a reaction controlled by an enzyme

active site :region on the surface of an enzyme where the substrate binds and where the reaction occurs
induced fit model :change in the shape of an enzyme's active site that enhances the fit between the
active site and its substrates

denatured :loss of an enzymes normal shape so that it no longer functions; caused by a less than optimal
pH or temperature

cofactors :nonprotein adjunct required by an enzyme in order to function; many cofactors are metal
ions, others are coenzymes

vitamins :essential requirement in the diet, needed in small amounts, often a part of coenzymes

enzyme inhibition :means by which cells regulate enzyme activity; may be competitive or
noncompetitive inhibition

coenzymes :nonprotein organic molecule that aids the action of the enzyme to which it is loosely bound

noncompetitive inhibition :form of enzyme inhibition where the inhibitor binds to an enzyme at a
location other than the active site; while at his site, the enzyme shape changes, the inhibitor is unable to
bind to its substrate, no product forms

allosteric site :site of an allosteric enzyme that binds to an effector molecule; binding alters the activity
of an enzyme

competitive inhibition :form of enzyme inhibition where the substrate and inhibitor are both able to
bind to the enzyme's active site. only when the substrate is at the active site will product form

NADP+ :coenzyme of oxidation-reduction that accepts electrons and hydrogen ions to become NADH +
H, During photosynthesis, NADPH participates in the reduction of carbon dioxide to a carbohydrate

NAD+ :coenzyme of oxidation-reduction that accepts electrons and hydrogen ions to become NADH + H
as oxidation of substances occurs. During cellular respiration, NADH carries electrons to the electron
transport chain in mitochondria.

electron transport chain :passage of electrons along a series of membrane bound electron carrier
molecules from a higher to lower energy level; the energy released is used for the synthesis of ATP

ATP synthase complexes :complex of proteins in the cristae of mitochondria and thylakoid membrane of
chloroplast that produces ATP as hydrogen flows down a concentration gradient

chemiosmosis :process by which mitochondria and chloroplasts use the energy of an electron transport
chain to create a hydrogen ion gradient that drives ATP formation