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11
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&SifoefzGHUNzKd;aprnf jzpfonf/
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onf aus;vufvlOD;a&xuf ykdírsm;oGm;onfh
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jynfhESpfü awGU&SdcJh&onf/ uGefu&pftaqmuf
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12
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13
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rubJ opfawmrsm;ukd wefz;dk xm;? apmifah &Smuf awGU&Sdvm&onf/
wwfap&ef todynmay;rIrsm;ukd ydkrdkus,fjyefY
pGm aqmif&Gufoifhonf/ ,aeYacwfvlrsm;u

14
 aus;&GmtwGif; vrf;rsm;ESifh aus;&Gmcsif;
quf o G , f a om vrf ; rsm;wpf a vQmuf w G i f
t&dyf&tyifrsm;ukd ukokdvfjzpfpkdufysKd;aom
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tuG,f &&Sdjcif;? taqmufttHk aqmufvkyf
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ponfwdkYtwGufyg taxmuftul jzpfapcJhyg
onf/
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urÇmwpf0ef;vHk;&Sd vlom;rsm;taejzifh opfyif
pkdufysKd;&ef pdwftm;xufoefvmMuonfukd
vnf; 0rf;ajrmufzG,f&m awGU&Sdvm&onf/
vl E S i f h o uf & S d o wå 0 g tm;vH k ; twG u f
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rsm;wG i f vl o m;wpf & yf v H k ; u wuf < upG m
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Zif r if ; at; (t*F v d y f p m)

15
 urÇ m wpf 0 ef ; pd r f ; vef ; pd k j ynf a &;twG u f vuf &S d o pf a wmrsm;
xd e f ; od r f ; a&;? opf a wmpd k u f c if ; rsm; xl a xmif a &;ES i f h opf a wma*[
pepfrsm; pDrHcefYcGJEdkifa&;wdkYwGif jynfoltm;vHk; yl;aygif;yg0ifaqmif&Guf
Mu&ef vkdtyfaMumif; a&;om;xm;onf/
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tem*wftwGuf jyifqifp}Ykd } [laom aqmify'k rf mS 2016 ckEpS ?f rwfv 23 &ufwiG f usa&mufonfh
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owdjyKrdap&ef jzpfonf/

16
 wpfurÇmvHk; BuHKawGUcHpm;ae&onfrSm
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jcif; ponfh &moDOwkazmufjyefrrI sm; jzpfonf/
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wpf&yfjzpfaeí ,if;jzpfpOfrsm;\ taMumif;&if;
rsm;udk &SmazGowdjyK&awmhrnf jzpfonf/
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xk w f v T w f r I rsm;vmjcif ; aMumif h &moD O wk
ajymif;vJvmrI ydrk ydk jl yif;vmjcif;? ydrk akd jcmufaoGU
vmjcif;ESihf ydrk pkd pkd w
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cH p m;ae&onf u d k awG Y & onf / xk d Y a Mumif h
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wkHYjyefEdkifonfh? aqmif½Gufoifhonfh vkyfief;
rsm;udk tav;xm;aqmif&Guf&rnf/ ,if;rSm
urÇ m wpf 0 ef ; pd r f ; vef ; a&; tm;vH k ; yl ; aygif ;
aqmif½Gufay;a&;yif jzpfonf/
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urÇ m wpf 0 ef ; opf a wmjyKef ; wD ; rI o nf
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onf/ jrefrmEdkifiH\ opfawmjyKef;wD;rIonf
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17
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18
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umAGef'dkifatmufqdk'f"mwfudk xdef;odrf;onf/

19

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pmMunfUwdkufESifU zkef;eHygwf 381447 okdh qufoG,fEdkifygonf/

20
 The Brook
11.I slip, I slide, I gloom, I glance,
Among my skimming swallows,
I make the netted sunbeam dance,
Against my sandy shallows.
12. I murmur under moon and stars
In brambly wilderness;
I linger by my shingly bars,
I loiter round my cresses.
13. And out again I curve and flow
To join the brimming river,
For men may come and men may go
But I go on forever.
Alfred Lord Tennyson
(1809-1892)
acsmif;uav;
11/ avQmípD;um arsmqif;vm
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woGio f iG pf ;D aeawmhrnfyif / /
OD;boef; (r[m0dZmÆ )

21
 tdyfrufxJu
tonf;'Pf&m
Ä tJonfawmhum ? igwdEYk pS af ,muf
aemufq;kH aw;ukd ? oDqukd myJ
cGJcGmoGm;MuygpkdY&JU/

Ä onfnawGUwm ? arhvu
dk yf gpkYd
wdkYawGjyefrS?
r&EdkifawmhyJav/

Ä uk,
d &hf ifciG Mf um; ? b,fou
Yl rdk sm;uG,f
axG;xm;zufayGU?
The Gardener &ifaiGUvIHap&rSmvJ .../

Then finish the last song Ä tdyrf uf[u l m; ? tusO;f om;vdk

and let us leave.
csKyfaESmifxm;vdkY r&bl;av/
Forget this night
when the night is no more. Ä tmomqE´ ? jyif;jyvsuo f m;
uk,d v hf ufrsm;u ? bmrSrusew f hJ
Whom do I try to uk,d &hf UJ &ifxJ ? tonf;xJtxd
clasp in my arms? zdodyfrdum
yGe;f yJ'h Pf&m usecf w
hJ ,f / /
Dream can never be made
captive.
armif j rif h E d k i f
My eager hands
press emptiness
to my heart
and it bruises my breast.

Rabindranath Tagore

22
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23
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24
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apmifhMunfhaerSmudkawmh uRefr rkef;w,f/ csdefwGif blwm½HkodkY qif;onfhvrf;rSmyg[k
'gayrJ h &S i f u {u&mZf B uD ; qd k & if uRef r u ,dk;r,fzGJUum eydkvD,H\ OD;xkyfudk Munfhonf/
25
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onf/
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teDa&mifvufudk qkyfudkifonf/ ]]rif;u eydk
vD,Hudk cspfwmvdkY udku xifwm}}
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tvGefcJ,Of;w,f/ tJ'DvdkyJvdkY &Sifhbmom
ajymcJhw,f/ &Sif vkyfEdkifwmudk &Sif odygw,f}}
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'gayrJh udk,fhbmom pOf;pm;rdw,f/ eydkvD,H
r[kwb f ;l / tJ'gu olt Y wGuf at;at;aq;aq;
yg/ bmaMumifhvJqdkawmh olu tcsdefeJYtrQ
tvkyfBuD; tudkifBuD;awGudkom aqmif&Guf
w,f / ol u Ad k v f c sKyf B uD ; yg/ Ad k v f c sKyf B uD ;
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26
apmif h a &S m uf x m;apcsif w ,f / od k Y a yr,f h
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ayghyvmyif jrifhjrifhrsm;uvnf; &Snfvsm;pGm
wef;pDvsuf/
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a&mufonf/ opfyifpdrf;rsm;\ teHYESifh pGwfpdk
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ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm oufwrf;&SdaeNyDjzpfaom ajr
ay:odkY ½SL;zdeyfjzifh eif;&onf/ aer0ifrD
wpfem&D? ESpfem&DcefY tcsdef&onf/
nbuf tdyf&mxJa&mufMuNyD/ touf
jyif;jyif;½SL&onf/ ]]tdk trfrD tdrfjyefa&muf
&wm[m tvGeaf umif;wmyJ}} [k trsK;d orD;u
wdk;wdk;ajymonf/
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taMumif; awG;vdkufrdw,f/ uRefr &Sifhudk
cspfw,f}}
 ZeD;u cifyGef;udk zufvdkufonf/ cifyGef;
u ,k,pGm erf;onf/ a&rIefa&rTm;uav;rsm;
ZeD;rsufESmrSm &Sdaeonf/
olwdkYarmifESHMum;odkY eydkvD,H b,fawmh
rS a&mufrvmawmh/ aemufydkif;wGif wpfBudrf
awmh ay:aygufvmao;onf/ tcsed w f pfEpS cf efY
MumavrS jzpf o nf / taMumif ; uawmh
om;uav;xG e f ; um;í trf r D 0rf ; ajrmuf
*kPf,l&onfhtcgrSmaywnf;/
]]ol[m qkvmbftjzpf &wJhuav;yJ}} [k
zcifu ajymonf/
zcifu uav;\ar;aphatmufbufudk
tomt,m yGwfvsuf-
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ajymonf/
27
olwdkYu a&S;acwfbk&ifrsm;ESifh {u&mZf
rsm;\ trnftrsKd;rsKd;udk pOf;pm;onf/ BudKuf
aomtrnf rSnfhac:rnf/ odkYaomf awmol
awmifom;wd\ Yk em;rSm xdt k rnfawGu pdr;f ae
onf/ em;r0if/ aMuuGJzG,fvnf;ygonf/
oyspfoD;rsm;rSnfhNyDjzpfí olwdkYtvkyfrsm;
MuNyD/ odkYaomf &Hzef&HcgrSmawmh olwdkYonf rSef
aowåmxJrS eydkvD,H\ OD;xkyfudk awG;rdMu
onf/ odkYaomf aemufqHk;rSmawmh olwdkYom;
uav;ud k *Ref [ k trnf a y;vd k u f M uav
ownf;/
aX;armif
Ref: Napoleon's hat under glass
By Manual Komroff
The Best Short Stories of 1932
 t½HI;onf tEdkif&&Sda&;? atmifjrifa&;twGuf tajccHjzpfonfukd od&Sdum
pd w f " mwf r usbJ BuKd ; pm;cJ h a omaMumif h atmif j rif r I & &S d c J h o nf h tm;upm;
vl & nf c Ref ½I & S u f p uD ; taMumif ; a&;om;xm;onf /

rdkuf½I&SufpuD;onf olYtm;upm;tzGJU\ a&SUwGif 'l;axmufxdkifcs&if; tdyfrufom jzpfyg

apawmh[k qkawmif;vdkufonf/ odkYaomf olYtjzpfu tdyfruf r[kwf? pdwfacsmufcsm;p&m
wu,fhjzpf&yfrSefBuD; jzpfaeonf/

28
 oef;aygif; 30 rQ&adS om ½kyo f yH &dowfBu;D a&SUodkY q,fvSrf;cefY qufavQmufvmrd
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trsKd ; om;Ad k v f v k y G J w G i f vmh p f A D * wf N rd K UrS wpfa,mufESifh qHkrdMuonf/
aeAm'g; wuú o d k v f t oif ; ud k t½H I ; BuD ; ]'gu b,fvdkjzpfwmvJ? ,leDazmif;udk
½HI;cJh½Hkomru t&SufBuD;vnf; &SufcJh&onf/ oefYoefY&Sif;&Sif; 0wf&r,fqdkwJh pnf;urf;udk
zdkife,fyGJwGif 103 rSwf? 73 rSwfjzifh ½HI;cJhjcif;rSm rif; rodbl;vm;}
tm;upm;orkdif;wGif wpfzufowftusqkH; twef;BuD;Adkvfavmif;u ½I&SufpuD;\
½HI;edrfhjcif;yif jzpfonf/ rsufESmudk aphaphMunfhí ar;onf/
odkYaomf toif;acgif;aqmifjzpfol ½I&Suf þwGif ½I&SufpuD;u ajcpHk&yfNyD; tav;
puD ; taejzif h upm;aepOf t wG i f ; vH k ; 0 jyK&if; ...
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rsm;udkvnf; wpfcsdefvHk; tm;ay;pum; ajymae jyefajymvdkufrdonf/
cJhonf/ aemiftcg ol jyefawG;Munfhawmh olajym
odyYk gvsuf olwt Ykd oif; t½H;I Bu;D ½H;I cJ&h onf cJhwm rSefonf[k ol ,lqonf/
rSm taMumif;&Sdonf/ olwdkYtoif;onf qDrD; rSefygonf/ wu,fawmh bmqifajcrS
zdkife,fyGJ NyD;uwnf;uyif ajcukefvufyef; ay;aep&m rvdkyg/ BuD;BuD;i,fi,f t½HI;ESifh
usaejcif;aMumifh jzpfonf/ wpfzufwGifvnf; &ifqdkif&NyDqdkvQif ,if;twGuf wm0ef&SdolrSm
aeAm'g;wuúodkvftoif;u tvGefaumif;ae wjcm; b,folrS r[kwf? rdrdomjzpfonf[k
aomaMumifh jzpfonf/ olu oabmydkufonf/
xdkaeYnu ½I&SufpuD;onf olwdkYtoif; olonf olt Y ½H;I udk vufco
H nf/ wpfouf
taMumif;udak wG;&if; olpY w d t f m½Ho
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0uf p f y G d K if h p pf w uú o d k v f w G i f yxrES p f
oifwef;om;b0wkef;u wpfckaomaEG&moD
naecif;tcsdef jzpfonf/ xdktcsdefwGif olESifh
ol\ rdwaf qGwpfa,mufwo Ykd nf vrf;avQmuf
vmpOf olYrdwfaqGu &THUAGuftdkifwpfckxJudk
trSww f rJh eif;rdonf/ ½I&u S pf uD;\ abmif;bD
ESihf ½SL;zdeyfrsm;wGif &TUaH &awGEiS hf AGuaf wG ayusH
ukefonf/

29
 ½I&SufpuD;u þodkYyif cH,lonf/
,ck bwfpuufabmNydKifyGJwGif t½HI;BuD;
½H;I awmhvnf; olonf pme,fZif;owif;axmuf
awG? ½kyfjrifoHMum;y&dowfawG trsm;BuD;ESifh
&ifqdkif&onf/ odkYaomf olu olwdkYtoif;
½HI;&jcif;twGuf bmrS qifajcrwuf/ tquf
rjywf wzswfzswf½dkufaeaom "mwfyHkuifr&m?
½kyf&Sifuifr&mawGudk aphaphMunfhNyD; olu ½dk;½dk;
om;om;yif jyefajzonf/
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pHkeJY wkdufcdkufw,f/ uRefawmfwdkY bmrS rwwf
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cRwfNyD;awmif olwdkYudk tav;jyKvdkufcsifw,f}
odkYaomf olu y&dowfukd ,if;odkY ajym
vdkufaomfvnf; olY&ifxJrSmawmh wpfrsKd;ajym
aeonf/
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ao;ygbl;/ aemufxyf NydKifyGJawG? tcGifhta&;
awG usefygao;w,f}}
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"mwfavSum;armif; tvkyform;jzpfonf/
rdcifuawmh t0wfavQmfonf/ olwdkYrdom;pk
onf ESpfxyftdrfuav;wGif aqGrsKd;awGESifh
pkaygif;aexdkifMuonf/
olYrdbrsm;u ydkvefZmwdawGjzpfovdk olY
tdrfeD;csif;awGuvnf; ydkvefvlrsKd;awGyif jzpf
Muonf/
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tm;upm; avhusifhonf/ rkdufu bwfpuuf
abmrSm ]]pwm;}} jzpfonf/ xdkYaMumifhyif
30
0uf p f y d G K if h p pf w uú o d k v f a &muf a wmh ol Y u d k
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Bud K ;pm;ul ; &S m onf / od k Y a omf wpf B ud r f r Q
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pkH;pkH;jrKyfoGm;&onfcsnf; jzpfonf/
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vrf;yJqdkwm 0ufpfyGdKifhu uRefawmhfudk oifjy
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xGufatmif b,fvdk toHk;cs&r,fqdkwmudk
oifcef;pmay;cJhw,f} [k olu qdkonf/
txufwef;a&mufawmh ½I&SufpuD;onf
enf;jyq&mEku d \f vufatmufwiG f bwfpuuf
abm toif;acgif;aqmif jzpfvmcJhonf/
wpfBudrfwGif olonf tcsdefydkupm;yGJü
½HI;NyD;aemuf rdef;uav;rdwfaqGwpfa,mufEiS hf
aumfzDqdkifwGif oGm;xdkifaeonf/ ESpfa,muf
om; &,f & ,f a rmarm pum;ajymae&mrS
rsufESmarmhMunfhvdkufaomtcg enf;jyq&m
Edu
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k Mf unfah eonfukd awGU
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r[kwfbl;vdkYxif&ifawmh rif;taeeJY toif;
acgif;aqmiftjzpfu xGufoGm;wm taumif;
qHk;yJ} [k Ekdufu tjypfwifoHjzifh ajymvdkuf
onf/
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av;eufonf/ 0ufpfydGKifh wuúodkvfuJhodkYyif
enf;jyq&mEkdufuvnf; tawmfqHk;udkom
vdkcsifonf/
wuúodkvfrS qif;NyD;aemuf ½I&SufpuD;
onf wyfrawmfwGif tajrmufwyfAdkvftjzpf
ig;ESpfpmcsKyfjzifh trIxrf;onf/ tm;upm;
enf;jyq&mvkyf&ef &nf&G,fcsufjzifh 1974
ckESpfwGif ppfwyfrS EkwfxGufvdkufonf/
tif'D;,m;em;wuúodkvfwGif olYq&mEkduf
\ vuf a tmuf ü vuf a xmuf t m;upm;
enf;jyq&mtjzpf wpfEpS 0f ifvyk o f nf/ xdaYk emuf
0ufpfyGdKifhwGif tm;upm;enf;jyq&mtjzpf
ajymif;a&TUvkyfudkifonf/ 1980 jynfhESpfwGif
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31
ac:aomtcg olq Y &mEku d \ f axmufccH sujf zifh
xdktvkyfudk &onf/
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b,fu taumifvJ qdNk y;D awmif ajymifavSmif
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onf apmapmydkif;wGif atmifyGJawG qifEkdifcJh
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t½HI;ESifhom qufwkduf &ifqdkifaecJh&onf/
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tBuHay;onf/
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þodkYjzifh olwdkYtoif;onf 1985-86
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32
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33
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awmhonf/
armifay:xGef;
Ref: A Winner's Secret
By John Feinstein,
R.D,Jan, 1992

aMumfjimxnfo
h iG ;f Edik &f ef zdwaf c:tyfygonf/
EdkifiHwumwGif t*Fvdyfbmomjzifh xkwfa0vsuf&Sdaom
Time, Reader's Digest, National Geographic, The Economist
ponfh urÇmha&mif;tm;taumif;qHk; pmtkyfpmapmifrsm;rS
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‹ Mum;n§yaf Mumfjim (Slip) wpf&Guf 20d^-
zke f; - 387724? 249031 odkh qufoG,fpHkprf;Edkifygonf/

34
 t&m&mukd pl;prf;vkdpdwf&Sdolrsm;onf pOfqufrjywf atmifjrifrIrsm;ukd &&Sd
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35
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t&mESihf awG;ykH awG;enf;rsm;udk tueft Y owf roufqkdifay/ t&m&mwkdif;udk oif\pdwfae

36
oabmxm;jzifo h m vkyaf qmif&rnf jzpfonf/ pD r H c ef Y c G J r I y nm&S i f Peter Drucker u
pwif o if , l c gp vl w pf a ,muf w G i f & S d o nf h ]]twkid yf ifcw H pfa,muftaejzifh uGseaf wmfrh mS
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qk d v k d j cif ; jzpf o nf / oif , l z k d Y wH c g;tNrJ ar;wwfjcif;yJ jzpfw,f}} [k ajymcJo h nf/
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qkv d Qif bmrQ [efaqmifaep&m rvkad wmhovkd &SMd uonfh vlawGu olw\ Ydk b0udk uav;rsm;
oif \ oif , l p d w f r S m ol r sm;tjrif w G i f uJo h Ydk pl;prf;jcif;jzifh csO;f uyfMuonf/ rdcifukd
Munfhaumif;atmif vkyfjycsifonfhqE´xuf ar;cGef;rsm; wpfckNyD;wpfck qufwkdufar;ae
ykNd y;D tm;aumif;vmrnf jzpfonf/ wwfonfh uav;rav;ykHpHrsKd;ESifh wlonf/
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3/ ]bmaMumif } h q k d o nf h pum;vk H ; u
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Albert Einstein
ar;cGef;ar;aejcif;udk &yfypfzkdY r[kwfbl;}}[k
rodao;wJh qkdonf/
olwpfa,mufvdkaeNyD; pl;prf;jcif;onf olt Y aMumif;ESio hf l &So
d nf/
wpfpw Hk pfa,mufu rwwfEidk af yr,fh xm0&\
ar;cGef;wcsKdU euferJ rI sm;? b0\&Siof efr?I wu,f&adS eonfh
ar;wwfjcif;yJ jzpfw,f}} t&mrsm;\ tH h z G , f w nf a qmuf y k H E S i f h
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Muonfh taetxm;rsK;d &Sad ernfjzpfonf/ qkdonfh ar;cGef;udk tNrJar;ae&ef jzpfonf/

37
John C. Macwell u ]]uRef a wmh f & J U &SNd y;D tawG;tac:opfawGeYJ tjrifopfawGukd
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ar;cGe;f rsm;rsm; ar;vmwmeJt Y rQ toif;xJrmS onf/ xko d v Ydk yk jf cif;jzifh olwo Ydk nf a&SUqufomG ;
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awG U vmcJ h w ,f / ,aeY q k d & if uRef a wmf e J Y wpf O D ; jzpf o nf h George Christopher
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pma&;q&mES i f h a[majymyd k Y c sol xyfcgxyfcg jyefvkyfyg/
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T Nay Yar
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wpfcgwpf&HrSm ESvkH;om;udk xkd;azmufEkdifpGrf; By John C. Macwell

38
urÇmUxif&Sm;ausmfMum;olwdkh\ tqdktrdefhpum;rsm;udk
bmomjyefqdkxm;jcif; jzpfonf/
Women are the largest untapped
reservoir of talent in the world.
Hillary Clinton
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Those who don't know how to weep
with their whole heart don't know how to
laugh either.
Golda Meir
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The two hardest things to say in life
are hello for the first time and goodbye for
the last.
Anonymous
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39
Be the person you needed when you
were younger.
Ayesha A.Siddiqi, Editor
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yk*¾KdvfrsKd; (oif) jzpfygap/
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In the depths, culture is almost the
same everywhere in the world. It's all about
human existence, life. Accumulated over a
long time, it turns into culture. So as long
as you tell a human story well, basically
they should understand it everywhere.
Hou Hsiao-Hsien
Taiwanese Director
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 Everytime I lost faith, I saw the faces
of my family. They reminded me of how
much I had to live for.
Rich Vitek
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uREyfk rf od m;pk\ rsuEf mS rsm;udk jrifvmonf/
¤if;wdu Yk uREyfk rf nfrQ touf&iS &f ef vdt
k yfykH
ukd owday;onf/
&pfcsf ADwuf
Diplomacy is the art of knowing what
not to say.
Matthew Trump
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rajymqdkoifhaMumif; odjcif;ynmyif/
ruf o ,l ; x&ef Y
Each of us wages a private battle each
day between the grand fantasies we have
for ourselves and what actually happens.
Cathy Guisewite

The Lord giveth if you worketh.

uREkfyfwdkYonf aeYpOfESifhtrQ uREkfyfwdkY
Patricia Patterson twGuf BuD;us,fcrf;em;aom pdwful;,Of
oif tvkyfvkyfvQif bk&m;ocifu tdyfrufESifh trSefwu,f jzpfay:vmrIwdkY
ay;oem;awmfrlrnf/ tMum; yk*¾vduwkdufyGJ qifETJMu&onf/
yuf x &pf & S m yuf w mqif auoD *G d p f 0 k d u f

The best way to predict the future is

Always be a first-rate version of your- to create it.
self, instead of a second-rate version of Peter F. Drucker
somebody else.
Judy Garland
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a[mvD ; 0k ' f r if ; orD ; BuD ;
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Ref: R.D
All truely great thoughts are conceived
while walking.
Friedrich Nietzsche
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tawG;rsm;tm;vHk;udk vrf;avQmufaeckduf
&&Sdvmonf/
z&J'&pf epfacs? 'óeynm&Sif

40
 pDrHcefYcGJrI nHholrsm;onf zdpD;rI (Stress) rsm;ouJhodkY Smart usaom olrsm;rSmrl
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taejzif h vG , f u l o nf h tvk y f r sKd ; uk d o mru cuf c J o nf h tvk y f w m0ef r sm;ud k
vk y f & ef v nf ; wm0ef & S d a Mumif ; a&;om;xm;onf /
vdkY ajymvdkufwmeJY pdwfzdpD;rIqdkwm csufcsif; oabmaygufrdMuw,f/ vlom;awG
'Stress'
twGuf touf&Sif&yfwnfzdkY tcsufay;pepfwpfrsKd;vdkYvnf; ,lqvdkY&r,f/ t*Fvdyfvdkawmh
(A human survival mechanism) vdkY ajymw,f/ tEÅ&m,fwpfckck&SdaeNyD? vuf&Sdtajctaeudk
wpfenf;enf;eJY ajymif;zdkYvdkNyDqdkwm owday;wJh acgif;avmif;av;vdkYvnf; qdkEkdifw,f/ rdrdwdkY

41
cE¨mudk,fBuD;a&m? pdwfudka&m zdpD;rIay;wm
rsm;vmNyDqdk&if vlom;awGtwGuf ]jyefwdkufzdkY
vkyf&ifvkyf? r[kwf&if ajy;zdkY jyif} (Fight or
Flight) qdo k vdrk sK;d tajctaezefw;D rI jzpfvmNyD
qd k w m Stress u jyw,f v d k Y wpf a e&mrS m
zwfvdkuf&zl;w,f/
a&S;a&S;ausmufacwfvlom;tp *lawGxJ
aeMuwkef;u 'D Stress &JU appm;rI tawGU
tBuHKawG &SdcJhMurSmtrSefyJ/ pdwfydkif;qdkif&m
zd p D ; rI ? zd t m;qd k w J h t ,l t q aemuf y d k i f ;
acwfawGusrS use;f rma&;eJY ywfoufNyD; ajymvm
Muwm ydkrsm;w,f/ edpö"l0 vlawGoGm;vm
vIyf&Sm;usifvnfMu&if;rS udk,f arQmfvifhrxm;
wJh udpö&yfawGjzpfay:wm? udk,fomr[kwf
udk,fhcspfcif&if;ESD;&olawG todkif;t0dkif;rSm
wpfcck k vGaJ csmo f mG ;wmawG jzpf&ifvnf; Stress
qdkwJh zdtm;u ay:wwfygw,f/ Negative
Sense eJY Stress t"dyÜm,fudk oHk;Muw,f/
txl;ojzifh vltrsm;eJY vkyfMu&wJh tzGJU
tpnf;rSm Stress udk ydkjrifawGU cHpm;&w,f/
]]wpfaeYwpfaeY vlawG jyóemaygif;
aomif ; ajcmuf a xmif e J Y ajz&S i f ; ae&w,f /
Stress awG rsm;aeNyD}} qdkNyD; nnf;nLwwfwJh
refae*smrsKd;awG renf;&SdrSmyg/
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tvkyfudk aumif;aumif; rpDrH? rcefYcGJwwfwJh
vlawG trsm;qHk;BuHK&wJh &v'fu 'Stress' ygyJ
wJh/
tcsKdU Smart jzpfwJholawGuawmh jzpfvm
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awG vkyfxm;wmrsKd;eJY Stress udk wHkYjyeftEkdif
,lw,f/ ta&;ay:pDrHcsufawGeJY vwfwavm
42
BuHKawGUEkdifr,fh jyóemawGtwGuf BudKwif
umuG,fpDrHajz&Sif;xm;wwfwmvnf; awGU&
w,f/ 'DvBkd uKd wifreS ;f q jyifqifr,f? umuG,f
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r,f? Contingency Plans awGxm;r,fqdk&if
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apr,fvdkYqdkw,f/
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wpfa,muf& J U wH k Y j yef c suf u bmajymif ; zd k Y
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q&mBuD;u -
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taumif; tusK;d quf&rdS mS yJ/ 'gudk aocsmav; NrJ N rJ r S w f x m;
pdppf wGufqMunfhNyD;NyDvm;}} It takes courage to lead!}}
]]'Dtwdkif;arS;NyD;oGm;&if olwdkYtwGuf
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rsuEf mS rem&bl;aygh/ 'gayrJh olwu Ykd kd qufxm;
]]'DvdkrsKd; tvkyfxGufygqdkNyD; rsufESmcsif;
wmu uRefawmfwdkY wpfzGJUvHk;udk xdcdkufrSm
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trSef? olwdkYESpfOD;aMumifh tzGJUu vlawmfawG
uRefawmfvnf; b,fpdwfaumif;yghrvJ? olwdkY
xGuu f ek rf mS pd;k &w,f/ olwu Ykd kd ckcsed tf vkyx f w
k f
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tay: wu,f h a pwemaumif ; xm;w,f ?
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twGi;f pdwu f olwu Ykd ,
kd o
f w
l Ykd tm;r&wm? tvdk ]]a[h armif0if; ..rif;u rif;XmetwGuf
ruswmawGeJY olwdkY&JU 'Self-esteem', Self-re- acgif ; aqmif r [k w f v m;? acgif ; aqmif u
43
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tpnf ; u bmjzpf o G m ;rvJ ? NrJ N rJ r S w f x m; ygyJ}}
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]][k w f u J h y g q&m? oabmayguf y gNyD ? at;jzL
tenf;qHk;awmh acgif;cJp&m aysmufoGm;r,f? Ref: Bangkok Post,
Stress uif;uif;eJY ywf0ef;usifaumif;aumif; 11, June, 2012

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ar;vdkufonf/
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Zif r if ; at; (t*F v d y f p m)

44
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45
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46
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Ref: The 24 Hour Turn-Around

By Jim Hartness and Neil Eskelin

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61
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62
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63
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64
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65
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f nfvnf; durance Championship NydKifyGJwGif ESpfBudrfESifh
wpfcktygt0if jzpfonf/ Intercontinetal Rally Challenge Championship
urÇmay:ü armfawmfum;ukd pwif wDxiG f NydKifyGJwGif okH;Budrfwkdif AkdvfpGJcJhonf/
cJholrSm jyifopfvlrsKd;yif jzpfonfhtm;avsmfpGm xkjYd yif European Car of the Year qk tyg
armfawmfum;enf;ynmESifh ywfoufívnf; t0if EkdifiHwumqkrsm;pGmudkvnf; &&Sdxm;NyD;
66
jzpfonf/ urÇmBu;D ylaEG;vmaerIukd wpfurÇm
vH;k u wwfEidk o f nfh enf;vrf;rsm;jzifh tpGr;f ukef
wkdufzsufaecsdefü armfawmfum; tif*sifrS
umAGef'kdifatmufqkd'f"mwfaiGU xkwfvTwfrI
xde;f csKyof nfh enf;ynmudk xda&mufpmG tok;H jyK
EkdifcJhaom Peugeot trSwfwHqdyf um;rsm;
onf 2013 ckEpS t f wGuf umAGe'f idk af tmufq'dk f
ysrf;rQ xkwfvTwfrI 'kwd,tenf;qkH; armfawmf
um;rsm;tjzpf Oa&mywpf0ef;ü rsuEf mS yef;yGihf
cJhonf/
Peugeot Type - 163 ? Type - 177? Type -
201? Type - 202 paom a&S;usonfh tOD;tp
armf',fvfrsm;rSonf acwfopfykHpHrsm;jzpfMu
aom 407ç 508ç 2008ç 3008ç 5008 ESifh acwf
a&S U ajy;yk H p H RCZ wk d Y u k d xk w f v k y f a eaom
Peugeot puf ½ H k r sm;onf enf ; ynmqd k i f & m
okawoevkyfief;rsm;\ okawoejyK prf;oyf
csuf &v'frsm;udk txl;tav;xm; jyifqif
rGrf;rHum t&nf t aoG ; jrif h trS w f w H q d y f
wpfc\ k *kPjf 'yfukd pOfqufrjywf xde;f odr;f xm;
Ekid q
f yJ if jzpfonf/
jcaoFh trSwt f om; oauFwjzifh armfawmf
um;rsm;ukd xkwfvkyfaeaom Peugeot ukrÜPD
onf ESpfaygif; ESpf&mausmftwGif; xkwfvkyfcJh
onfh pufypönf; trnfaygif;rsm;pGmESifhwuG
armfawmfum; trsK;d rsK;d wku Yd dk wpfae&mwnf;wGif
pkpnf;í orkdif;0ifjywkdufwpfcktjzpf zGifhvSpf
jyoxm;vsuf &Sdonf/
Peugeot trSww f q H yd f armfawmfum;rsm;
twGuf jyifopfEkdifiH&Sd t"duusonfh ae&m
av;ckteuf Peugeot Museum onf tjcm;
aom urÇmausmftrSwfwHqdyf armfawmfum;
67
jywkdufrsm;? av,mOfESifh avaMumif;qkdif&m
jywkdufrsm;? vQyfppfESifh tDvufx&Gef;epfypönf;
jywku d rf sm; ponfwUdk uJo h yYdk if Bu;D us,cf rf;em;Ny;D
emrnfausmMf um;onfh jywku d w
f pfcyk if jzpfonf/
xkjd ywku
d Bf u;D xJwiG f ESpaf ygif; wpf&mausmf
twGi;f xkwv f yk cf ahJ om Peugeot trSww f qH yd f
ES i f h Citroen trS w f w H q d y f armf a wmf u m;
rsKd;qufrsm;? rwluGJjym;aom armf',fykHpHrsm;?
acwfopfenf;ynmjzifh xkwfvkyfxm;aom
armfawmfum;rsm; pkpkaygif; tpD;a& wpf&mcefY
ukd jyoxm;vsuf &Sdonf/
armfawmfum;rsm;ESifhtwl vGefcJhaom
ES p f a ygif ; ES p f & mausmf u wnf ; u Peugeot
trSwfwHqdyfjzifh xkwfvkyfcJhaom aygufwl;ESifh
cuf & if ; cG r sm;? vuf o k H ; ud & d , m trsKd ; rsKd ; ?
tyfcsKyfpufESifh pufbD;rsm;? armfawmfqkdifu,f
rsm;? trIeBYf uw d pf uf trsK;d rsK;d ? aMu;eef;½ku d pf uf
trsKd;rsKd;? a&'D,kdESifh *&rfrkdzkef;rsm;? av,mOf
tif*sifESifh qufpyfypönf;rsm;? vufwGef;vSnf;
trsKd;rsKd;? uav;pD;um;i,frsm; ponfwkdYudk
jyoxm;vsuf &Sdonf/
xkjd ywkud x f w J iG f emrnfausmf ½ky½f iS Zf mwf
vrf;wGJ wpfckjzpfonfh Taxi ½kyf½SifZmwfum;
xJü pGrf;&nftrsKd;rsKd;udk jyoEkdifaom wuúpD
um;tjzpf t"du Zmwf0ifcef;rsm;ü o½kyaf qmif
cJhaom armfawmfum;uav;ukdvnf; jyoxm;
onf/ ZdrfcHum;? vlpD;um;? ukefwifum;? vlem
wifum;? rD;owfum;? NyKd iu f m; ponfjzifv h nf;
oabmobm0 rwlnDonfh um;trsKd;rsKd;wkdYukd
Peugeot jywkdufxJü vG,fvifhwul avhvm
Munfh½IEkdifatmif rSwfwrf;rSwf&m jynfhjynfhpkHpkH
jzifh cif;usif;jyoxm;onf/
 okdYjzpfí jyifopfEkdifiH tygt0if urÇm
wpf0ef;vk;H ü tok;H jyKcMhJ uonf?h tok;H jyKaeqJyif
jzpfonfh Peugeot armfawmfum;rsm;ESifhwuG
Peugeot trSwfwHqdyf pufud&d,mtrsKd;rsKd;
wkdYukd tcsdefwkdtwGif;rSmyif wpfae&mxJü
avhvmMunfh½IEkdifMuonf/
Peugeot trSww f qH yd f armfawmfum;rsm;
twGuf aemufxyf ta&;ygaomae&mwpfck
rSm Peugeot Avenue yif jzpfonf/ tqkdyg
ae&mwGif urÇmausmfNyD; vlBudKuftvGefrsm;cJh
onfh Peugeot um; armf',ftcsKdUESifh urÇmh
um;armif ; Nyd K if y G J r sm;ü qk z vm;&&S d c J h a om
armfawmfum;tcsKdUukd jyoxm;vsuf&Sdonf/
Peugeot trSww f qH yd f armfawmfum;rsm;
\ pGr;f aqmif&nf trsK;d rsK;d udk {&mr t,fvpf 'D D
armfew D mBu;D jzifh jyoxm;Ny;D vma&mufavhvm
ol r sm;tzk d Y vG , f v if h w ul 0,f , l E k d i f a om
Peugeot trS w f w &ypö n f ; rsm;pG m uk d v nf ;
cif;usif;jyo a&mif;csay;vsuf&Sdonf/
Peugeot trSwfwHqdyf xkwfukefypönf;
rsm;\ ½k;H csKyjf zpfaom Peugeot Grande- Armee
onfvnf; Peugeot armfawmfum;rsm;twGuf
ta&;BuD;aom ae&mwpfck jzpfonf/ xkd½kH;csKyf
wGif Peugeot trSwfwHqdyfjzifh yxrOD;qkH;
xkwv f yk cf ahJ om armfawmfum;rsK;d quftcsKUd ESihf
tif*siftcsKdUwkdYukd aemufqkH;ay: Peugeot
acwfopfum;rsm;ESihf ,SOw f vJG suf jyoxm;onf/
xkdYjyif vuf&Sdxkwfvkyf a&mif;csaeaom
armfawmfqkdifu,frsm;? vQyfppfpufbD;rsm;?
uav;pD; armfawmfum;i,fuav;rsm;? uav;xde;f
vufweG ;f vSn;f rsm; ponfwu Ydk v
dk nf; jyoxm;
onf/ jyifopfEkdifiH\ jynfwGif;aps;uGuf? urÇmh
68
aps;uGuw f EYdk iS hf ywfoufaom Peugeot trSwf
wHqdyf xkwfukefypönf;rsm;twGuf ukefMurf;
wifoGif;jcif;ESifh ukefacsmwifykdYa&mif;csjcif;
vk y f i ef ; rsm;ud k t"d u tm;jzif h pD r H u G y f u J
aeaom xkd½kH;csKyfBuD;onf urÇmhemrnfausmf
Oa&my trSwfwHqdyfwpfck\ A[kdXmeBuD;yif
jzpfonf/
Peugeot armfawmfum;rsm;ukd arG;zGm;
ay;&m ae&murl Peugeot armfawmfum;rsm;
twGuf tvGefta&;ygaom xkwfvkyfa&;
puf ½ k H r sm;yif jzpf M uonf / t&nf t aoG ;
jrifhrm;aom Peugeot trSwfwHqdyf armfawmf
um;rsm;ESifh Citroen trSwfwHqdyf armfawmf
um;rsm;ukd jyifopfenf;ynm pHcsdefpHñTef;rsm;
ESit
hf nD pepfwus xkwv f yk jf cif;? wyfqifjcif;?
t&nftaoG; ppfaq;jcif;? prf;oyfarmif;ESijf cif;?
wify&Ydk ef toifjh yifqifjcif; paom Bu;D rm;onfh
vk y f i ef ; pOf tqif h q if h u d k pOf q uf r jywf
taumif t xnf a zmf vk y f a qmif a eaom
Peugeot armfawmfum;puf½kHrsm;onf t&nf
taoG;jrifhonfh Oa&myEkdifiHxkwf armfawmf
um;rsm;ukd ESpfoufpGm 0,f,lokH;pGJvkdolwkdY
twG u f r[mAsL[majrmuf xk w f v k y f a &;
pifwmrsm;yif jzpfMuonf/
enf ; ynmjrif h ? jref E I e f ; jrif h a cwf o d k Y
a&muf&SdvmcsdefwGif pufpGrf;&nf tvGefjrifhrm;
vmaom tif*sifrsm;ESifh vkdufavsmnDaxG
jzpfap&eftwGuf Peugeot armfawmfum;rsm;\
'DZkdif;udkvnf; ajymif;vJ xkwfvkyfvmcJhonf/
jrefEIef;jrifh armif;ESifaecsdefü armfawmfum;\
a&S U wl ½ l r S [ef Y w m;ck c H a eonf h avxk \
oufa&mufru I kd wwfEidk o
f rQ avsmyh g;oufom
aprnf h armf a wmf u m; OD ; acgif ; yk H p H r sm;ud k
Peugeot 'D Z k d i f e mrsm;u wD x G i f z ef w D ; cJ h M u
onf/
xk d U twl armf a wmf u m;bD ; rsm;qD o k d Y
wk;d 0ifa&muf&u dS m [efw Y m;ckcMH urnfh avzdtm;
ouf a &muf r I u k d tumtuG , f j yKxm;aom
a&SUbrfyg ykHpHopfrsm;udkvnf; wDxGifzefwD;
xkwfvkyfcJhMuonf/ tvm;wlyif armfawmf
um;\ 0rf;AkdufatmufokdY wkd;0ifa&muf&Sdum
jrefEIef;jrifhvmonfESifhtrQ um;ukd,fxnf
wpfckvkH;udk tay:bufokdY yifhwifay;rnfh
avzdtm;oufa&mufrI\ &mckdifEIef;trsm;pkudk
z,f&Sm;ay;aom um;ukd,fxnfykHpHESifh um;
0rf;Akdufatmuf&Sd avcGJajrmif;rsm;ukdvnf;
qef;opfaom enf;ynmrsm;jzifh taumif
txnfazmf zefwD;cJhMuonf/
vuf,muyfarmif;pepfukd usifhokH;aom
jyifopfEkdifiH\ vrf;rsm;twGuf xkdpepfESifh
ukdufnDatmif pwD,m&ifukd vuf0Jbufü
wyfqifxm;ovkd tcsK;d tauGU twdr;f tapmif;
rsm;ü wnfNird rf u I kd xde;f csKyaf y;onfh enf;ynm
ukdvnf; vuf,muyfarmif;pepfESifh ukdufnD
atmif wyfqifxkwfvkyfay;vsuf &Sdonf/
xktYd wl vuf0u J yfarmif;pepfudk usio hf ;Hk
aom Ekid if rH sm;okYd wifyrYdk nfh Peugeot armfawmf
um;rsm;twGuv f nf; xkpd epfEiS hf uku
d n f aD tmif
pwD,m&ifukd vuf,mbufü wyfqifxm;ovkd
tcsK;d tauGU twdr;f tapmif;rsm;ü wnfNird rf u
xdef;csKyfay;onfh enf;ynmukdvnf; vuf0J
uyfarmif;pepfESifh ukdufnDatmif wyfqif
xkwfvkyfay;vsuf&Sdonf/
xkdYjyif Peugeot trSwfwHqdyf armfawmf
um;rsm;ü acwfopfenf;ynmrsm;ukd tokH;jyK
xm;onfh b&dwftaxmuftuljyK pepfrsm;ukd
vnf; xnfhoGif; wyfqifxkwfvkyfay;vsuf
&S d o nf / armf a wmf u m;bD ; rsm; b&d w f t rd
Murf ; vG e f ; jcif ; ES i f h b&d w f e if ; NyD ; onf h t cg
b&dwf½SL;rsm; csufcsif;jyefruGmbJ Nidaejcif;udk
a&SmifvaJT y;Ekid o f nfh ABS ac: Anti-Lock Brak-
ing System ukd vnf;aumif;? b&dwfeif;vkduf
onf h t cg bD ; wpf b D ; csif ; qD o k d Y zd t m;
oufa&mufrIudk ydkrkdxda&mufaponfh EBFD
ac: Electronic Brake Force Distribution
pepf u d k v nf ; aumif ; ? b&d w f p G r f ; tm;ud k
tjynfht0&&SdcHpm;Ekdifatmif t&nfzdtm;udk
csucf si;f jri§ whf ifay;Ekdifaom EBA ac: Emer-
gency Braking Assistance ukdvnf;aumif;
xnfo h iG ;f wyfqifxkwfvkyfay;vsuf&Sdonf/
I dk Peugeot armfawmfum;puf½kHrsm;wGif
tvkdtavsmuf t&Sdefajymif;pepf (Automatic
Transmission System) ES i f h pd w f B ud K uf
t&Sdefajymif;pepf (Manual Transmission Sys-
69
tem) rsm; yl;wGJyg0ifaom armfawmfum;rsm;ukd
vnf;aumif;? vQypf pfarmfwmjzifh tvkyv f yk af p
onfhtwGuf tckd;taiGU pGefYxkwfrIr&Sdaom
Zero- Emission Vehicle rsm;ukd vnf;aumif;?
Murf;wrf;aom rsufESmjyifrsm;ESifh vrf;azmuf
vkyfxm;jcif; r&Sdaom ae&mrsm;ü armif;ESif
Ekdifonfh Four_Wheel Drive Vehicle rsm;ESifh
pufukefzGifhí vsifjrefayghyg;pGm armif;ESifEkdif
aom Sports Vehicle rsm;udk vnf;aumif;
wyfqif xkwfvkyfay;vsuf&Sdonf/
acwfopf tufpftkdifyD
enf;ynmudkokH;NyD;
vltiftm;rokH;bJ
puf½kyfvkyfom;rsm;jzifhom
xkwfvkyfaeonfh
armfawmfum;wHcg;&Gufrsm;\
BuHhckdifawmifhwif;rIuvnf;
Peugeot armfawmfum;rsm;\
vk H N cH K pd w f c s&rI u d k
tm;jznfhay;vsuf&Sdonf/
armfawmfum;xkwfvkyfa&; puf½kHrsm;\
wyf q if x k w f v k y f r I vrf ; aMumif ; twG i f ; ü
uRrf;usiftrsKd;orD;vkyfom; 20 &mckdifEIef;
tygt0if &maygif ; rsm;pG m aom wyf q if
70
xkwv f yk af &; vkyo
f m;rsm;onf uGeyf sLwmpepfjzifh
xdef;csKyfxm;aom puf½kyfvkyfom;rsm;ESifhtwl
armf',ftrsKd;rsKd;ESifh ykHpHtrsKd;rsKd;aom Peugeot
armfawmfum;rsm;ukd pOfqufrjywf xkwfvkyf
ay;vsuf&Sdaeonf/
acwfopf tufpftkdifyD enf;ynmudk
okH;NyD; vltiftm;rokH;bJ puf½kyfvkyfom;
rsm;jzifhom xkwfvkyfaeonfh armfawmfum;
wHcg;&Gufrsm;\ BuHhckdifawmifhwif;rIuvnf;
Peugeot armfawmfum;rsm;\ vkNH cKH pw d cf s&rIukd
tm;jznfhay;vsuf&Sdonf/
Peugeot armf a wmf u m;puf ½ k H r sm;\
wyfqif xkwfvkyfaerIrsm;xJwGif tm&Swkduf&Sd
armfawmfum;puf½kHrsm;u wyfqif xkwfvkyf
aeMuykHESifh rwluGJjym;aom vkyfief;pOfwpfck
rSm pdwf0ifpm;zG,fjzpfonf/
armf a wmf u m; uk d , f x nf E S i f h wG J z uf
wyfqif&rnfh tif*si?f *D,mabmufp?f qkid ;f xde;f
ypönf;rsm;ESifh b&dwfpepfwkdYukd tm&Swkduf&Sd
armfawmfum; puf½kHrsm;rSmuJhodkY wpfckcsif;pD
oD;jcm; wyfqifjcif;rjyKbJ tajccHz&drfwpfck
ay:wGif pkpnf;wyfqifNyD;rSom xkdz&drfay:&Sd
tpdwftykdif;rsm; tm;vkH;ukd uGefysLwmxdef;
puf½yk rf sm; tok;H jyKum armfawmfum; uk, d x
f nf
ESifh wpfNydKifwnf; wGJqufwyfqifonfh ykHpHyif
jzpfayonf/
od y Ü H p ma&;q&m uk d u d k a tmif
 ZeD ; a[Z,f \ jrpf x J o d k Y ck e f c srnf [ l a ompmaMumif h a0gavh o nf pd k ; &d r f y l y ef u m
&Gmom;rsm;\tultnDjzifh yifv,fjyifwGif ydkufuGefcsu,fq,f&m ZeD;onftpm;
ig;BuD;? ig;i,frsKd;pHkudk awGU&Sd&aMumif;ESifh trSefwGifrl ZeD;a[Z,frSm tdrfrSmyif
&S d a eaMumif ; [mo&oajrmuf a tmif a&;zG J U xm;onf /

0Dv,D rf a0gavh*srqD if\ZeD; a[Z,f uav;arG;cgeD;Ny/D a[Z,f vkyaf eyHrk mS uav;u

reufjzefyif arG;awmhrvdk yHkpHrsKd;/ cifyGef;onf tdyfcef;xJ0ifvmvQifvnf; pum;ajymvdrrhf nf
r[kw/f tu,fí cifyeG ;f onfu olYtom;udk xdudkifzdkY BudK;pm;rnfqdkvQifvnf; a&SmifxGuf
aeayvdrfhrnf/
71
 odkYESifh wpfnü 0DvD,rfa0gavhonf Am*,fu ajym\/ wpfzufqrD S 'dv k \
D
oli,fcsif;jzpfol Am*,faomrwfESifh tjyif vlrsm; vmaeMu\/ olwdkY\ rsufESmay:wGif
xGuo f mG ;\/ aemufaeYeeH ufwikd af tmif tdro f Ykd eH e uf p mpm;NyD ; p Muuf O tyd k i f ; tprsm;
a0gavh jyefa&mufrvmay/ a0gavh tdrfjyef &dSaeMuwkef;yifjzpf\/
a&mufaomtcg ZeD;a[Z,frSm tdrfwGif r&dS xdkvltkyfBuD;onf a'ghxH oGm;Mu\/
awmhay/ olu Y , kd pf m; pmwpfapmifom awGU&\/ tbdk;BuD; a'ghonf BuD;rm;vSaom
pmxJa&;xm;onfrSm olYudk,fol owfao&ef ydu k u f eG Bf u;D udk ydik q
f ikd o
f jl zpf\/ a'gh\tdro f nf
jrpfqDodkYoGm;NyD [líyif/ awmif u k e f ; xd y f w G i f & S d \ / tbd k ; BuD ; onf
a0gavh tdrfxJrS ajy;xGufvdkuf\/ vIyfukvm;xdkifwGif xdkifae\/
ajy;xGu&f if;yif ab;tdrrf o S il ,fcsi;f Am*,fukd ]]uJ bmvJ}}
vSrf;atmfajymvdkuf\/ tbdk;BuD;a&SUwGif vltkyfBuD; rwfwwf
]]a[Z,f aysmufoGm;NyD/ owfaozdkY &yfvu kd Mf uonfEiS hf a'ghu ar;vdu k \
f / a0gavh
jrpfxJoGm;NyDuG}} u a&SUwpfvSrf;wdk;NyD; -
a0gavhonf Am*,fukd ajymí idak v\/ ]]OD ; av;&J U yd k u f B uD ; b,f o l r S
]]bmjzpfvdkYvJuG/ a[Z,f 'Dvdkrvkyf rok;H ao;&if usKyfwdkY oHk;yg&ap}}
avmufygbl;}} a0gavh a b;od k Y Am*,f wd k ; uyf
a0gavhu Am*,fudk udkifvIyfNyD; - vdkufum -
]]igwdkY ydkufBuD;BuD;eJY ckyJ jrpfxJ qGJcs ]]ydu
k if mS ;&wJh taMumif;uawmh a[m'D
&SmrSjzpfr,fuG/ jrpfudk jzwfqGJxm;Edkifr,fh a0gavh Z eD ; ol Y u d k , f o l o wf a ozd k Y jrpf x J
ydkufawGudk b,folu qGJulrSmvJ}} qif;oGm;vdkY}}
Am*,f acgif;ukwfonf/ a'ghonf avwpfcsuf cyf&Snf&Snf
]]ig 'dkvDhqD oGm;r,f/ rif;u r,fvHk; cRefvdkufNyD; -
qD oGm;}} ]]a[Z,f[m rpöpöyDwpfavQmufrSm
a0gavh u ajym\/ q,f h i g;rd e pf awmh tvSq;kH rde;f uav;yJu/G a&Ta&mifqyH ifeYJ
Mumaomf ol w d k Y E S p f a ,muf jyef q H k M u\/ 'DavmufvSwJh rdef;uav;rsKd; ig rjrifzl;bl;/
a0gavhu - aemufvnf; awGUzl;rSm r[kwfbl;uG}}
]]a[m'DrSm r,fvHk;&JUvlawG tukefyJ/ a'gh o nf xd k o d k Y a jymNyD ; rwf w wf
igu av;a,mufwnf; ulzaYkd wmif;wm/ usew f hJ &yfvdkufum ajym\/
rd o m;pk a wG u ol w d k Y v nf ; vk d u f r ,f q d k N yD ; ]]igvnf; rif;wkdYeJY vdkufr,f}}
vdkufvmMuwm}} vltkyfBuD;onf vloGm;vrf;twdkif;
]]'DvlawG t&ifu 'Dvdkpdwfygvufyg awmtk y f x l x l B uD ; ud k j zwf u m yk v J j rpf q D
rulnDzl;bl;uG}} oG m ;Mu\/ vl t k y f B uD ; onf a0gavh a b;ü
72
NidrfoufpGm vdkufygvmMu\/ a0gavhudk bmrQ jrpfurf;wpfzufwpfcsuf&dS tkyfpkESpfpk
o,f a qmif c G i f h r ay;Mu/ rMumrD r S m yif onf yd k u f p tpG e f ; wpf c k p D u d k qG J u d k i f v suf
jrpf & eH Y o nf awmtk y f a y: ysH U ES H U jzef Y M uuf jrpf w pf a vQmuf pwif a vQmuf v mMu\/
a&muf&dSvm\/ a'ghonf jrpfurf;wpfzufwpfcsuf qGJ,loGm;
]]igwdkY ajymif;vJzdkY tcsdefwefNyDuG/ aomydkuftv,frS avSwpfpif;jzifh avSmfcwf
ajymif;vJr,fh aeYwpfaeYqdkwmvnf; vmawmh vdkufygvm\/ a0gavhu a&xJodkY 'dkifAif
rSm r[kwfygbl;uGm/ tyleJY tat; wpfvSnfhpD xdk;csNyD; ul;cyfvsuf vdu k yf gvm\/ acG;rsm;u
jzpfaewmyJav}} [k a'ghu ajym\/ jrpfurf;ab; pkefvdkuf? qefv dku f? awmxJ
vltkyfBuD; avQmufvm&if;ESifh jrpfqD 0ifvdkuf? xGufvdkuf vkyfaeMu\/
a&mufvm\/ aea&mifonf jrpfjyifay: usvmaom
olwdkYtm;vHk; rwfwwf&yfaeMu\/ tcgwG i f r l cd k u f c d k u f w k e f a tmif a t;aom
xdkpOf a'ghrSm bmrSrjzpfovdk ajym\/ tat;u oufompjyKvm\/ jrpfjyifay:0,f
]]'D a eY y J a ygh / atmuf w d k b mv&J U rdk;rcyifwdkY ñTwfusae\/ rdk;rcyiftudkif;wkdY
a&Ta&mifaejcnf[m aumif;uifrmS ? opfyifawG wGJusaeyHkrSm eHeufcif;avjynfxJ0,f tpdrf;
rSm? a&xJawGrSm jzefYMuufjzmqif;vdkYygvm;/ a&mifa&wHcGefrsm;ESifh wlvSay\/ vltkyfBuD;
'Dtcsdefav;rSm t&m&m[m a&TeJY vkyfxm;yHk um; ig;BuD;? ig;av;rsKd;pHkudk ydkufuGefxJrS
&w,fvdkY xifrSwf&w,f}} tawmfyif zrf;,l&&dSMuav\/ a0gavhurl
a0gavhonf atmufoYkd iHMYk unfv h u kd \
f / ol r sm;wumxuf tBuD ; qH k ; aom ig;ud k
a[Z,f\ &Tef;vJhawmufyaom rsuf0ef;wpfpHk zrf;rd\/ a0gavhESifhvltkyfBuD;onf ig;yg;pyf
udk awG;aerd\/ xd&ufp&mr&dSatmif a&Tpif rsm;udk BudK;jzifhazmufoDum ig;wGJBuD;rsm;udk
½kyfwkav;yrm tdrfwGif a[Z,fxdkifaeyHkudk aemufausmbufwiG x f m;vsuf a&udjk zwfausmf
a0gavhtawG;ü jrifa,mifaerd\/ aeMu\/
vl t k y f B uD ; onf BuD ; rm;vS o nf h olwdkYonf ig;rsm;tjyif tjcm;aom
acgufxm;aom ydkufuGefBuD;udk ajzaeMu\/ t&mrsm;udkvnf; awGU&dSMu\/ xdkt&mrsm;rSm
ydkufBuD;rSm tawmfMumcJhNyDjzpfí a[mif;jrnfh zdeyfa[mif;rsm;ESifh trsKd;orD;vnfqGJwpfck? NyD;
aeNyDjzpf\/ atmufwdkbmv aetvif;a&mif rdausmif;i,fwpfaumif/
onf a&Ta&mifyufzsef;xm;onfESifh wlvS\/ ]]Ad k u f q mNyD a [h ? ig;awG pm;Mu&
jrpfurf;wpfzufwpfcsufodkY a&mufatmifyif atmif}}
ydkufBuD;rSm BuD;rm;vSay\/ AGrf;AGrf;xoHrsm; Am*,fu ajym\/ olwdkYonf urf;ajc
avxJysHUESHUoGm;av\/ r,fvHk;onf tBuD; wGif pkvdkufMuum rD;arT;Mu\/ rD;cdk;wvlvl
tus,f nnf;nLvdkufNyD; jrpfudkjzwful;\/ Mum;0,f ig;rsm; csuf j yKwf p m;aomuf M u
'dkvDu Am*,ftem;wGif &dSae\/ av\/ enf;enf;av;rQ xyfrpm;Edik o f nftxd
73
weifw h yd;k pm;vku d Mf u\/ xdaYk emuf wpfa,muf Am*,f u ajym\/ opf y if w d k Y \
NyD;wpfa,muf tdyfaysmfoGm;Muav\/ aemufem;wGif 'dkAmNrdKUav;&dSaeonf/ 'dkAm
Nrd K Uav;wG i f v nf ; rd k ; &G m cJ h \ / xd k Y a Mumif h
]] jrpfxrJ mS Nrd K Uav;onf Nrd K Uopf a v;ES i f h wl a eonf /
xd k v l t k y f o nf Nrd K Uav;\rif ; vrf ; ay:
a[Z,f r&dyS gbl;/ a&mufcsed w f iG f naecif; tylviId ;f u qif;ouf
rdef;uav;awG[m vmonf/ bmudrk Q rjrif? bmudrk Q rMum;&aom
yHkpHrsKd;jzifh a0gavhonf NrdKUxJ jzwfavQmuf
a&rBudKufbl;uG/ aeonf/ a0gavhzrf;rdaom ig;BuD;rSm BuD;rm;
ol w d k Y &Snfvsm;vSay&m vlwkdif; jrifEdkif\/
cif y G e f ; onf e J Y Am*,fu a0gavh aemufraS vQmufum
a0gavhvyk o f vdk wpfoa0rwdr;f vdu k v f yk af v
pdwfqdk;wmeJYawmh onf/ ¤if;wkdY\aemufrS 'dkvDESifhr,fvHk;wdkYonf
rdef;uav;awG[m ig;rsm;udk avxJajrm§ ufum ajrm§ ufumvkyv f suf
ygvmMuonf/ vltyk Bf u;D \ aemufq;kH rS a'ghu
a&xJ vdkufygvmonf/ 'dkAm NrdKUolNrdKUom;tm;vHk;
ckefrcsbl;uG/ vltkyfBuD;udk xGufMunfhMuonf/
]]'Davmufrsm;wJh ig;awG jrifzl;Mu
tJ'g rSwfxm;}} ovm;a[h}}[k 'dkAmNrdKUom;rsm; ajym,lMu&
avonf/
rdk;Ncdrf;oHaMumifh olwdkY Edk;vmMuonf/ ae0if o G m ;aomtcg a'gh o nf ol Y
aumif;uifonf rnf;arSmifvmNyD; vQyfpD; tdrfav;&dS&m awmifukef;ay:odkY wufoGm;\/
w0if;0if; jzpfvmonf/ ta&mifwYkd ajymif;ukef vIyu f vk m;xdik af y:xkid u
f m aq;wHukd yg;pyfwiG f
MuNy/D a&Ta&mifaeYv,fcif;onfvnf; aysmufchJ cJvu kd of nf/ a0gavhu ydu k uf eG u
f kd vSe;f aeonf/
NyD/ avwdkY ezl;jyifudk ½dkufcwfvmMuNyD/ rdk;oD; Am*,fu a0gavhukd apmifah eonf/ Ny;D onfEiS hf
rd k ; ayguf B uD ; rsm; usvmonf E S i f h opf y if ESpaf ,mufom; a'ghukd EIwq f uf&ef oGm;Muonf/
atmufodkY ajy;0ifMuonf/ rdk;u oJBuD;rJBuD; a&mufaomtcg a'ghu -
&GmavNyD/ rkefwdkif; ½kwfw&uf &yfoGm;onfESifh ]]aumif ; NyD a [h / igawmh jrpf x J r S m
olwo Ykd nf a&SUqufavQmufvmMuonf/ a&SUwGif 'Davmuf yd k u f q G J a umif ; wmrsKd ; wpf c grS
&dSaom jrpfudk MunfhvdkufMuonf/ rawGUzl;ao;bl;}}
]]Munfhprf;? igwdkY NrdKUem;awmif a&muf ]]'gayrJ h uRef a wmf w d k Y a[Z,f u d k
vmNyD}} zrf;rdwmr[kwfbl;}}
74
 Am*,fu uefYuGufajymqdkvdkufjcif; npmpm;NyD;aemuf olwdkYESpfa,muf
jzpf\/ a'ghonf aq;wHudk yg;pyfrScRwfNyD; - tdrfa&SUNcHxJwGif xdkifMuonf/
]] jrpfxrJ mS a[Z,f r&dyS gbl;/ rde;f uav; ]]reufu ig jyefvmawmh rif; b,f
awG[m a&rBudKufbl;uG/ olwdkY cifyGef;onfeJY a&mufaevJ}}
pdwfqdk;wmeJYawmh rdef;uav;awG[m a&xJ ]]uRef r yk e f ; aewm/ tJ ' D w k e f ; u
ckefrcsbl;uG/ tJ'g rSwfxm;}} pma&;NyD;pyJ &dSao;w,f}}
a0gavhu armhMunhfhum ar;\/ a0gavhonf a[Z,fudk pdkufMunfh
]]'DaeYreufcif;rSmyJ a[Z,f a&epf vdkufNyD; -
aow,fvdkY cifAsm; rxifbl;vm;}} ]]ig pmzwfaewkef; rif; acsmif;Munfh
]]vH;k 0udk rxifb;l }} [k a'ghu ajzonf/ aewmayghav}}
Am*,f E S i f h a 0gavh w d k Y rd r d w d k Y t d r f u d k ]][kwfw,f/ &Sifu uRefreJY eD;eD;av;/
jznf;nif;pGm jyefvmMuonf/ Am*,f\tdrfodkY b,favmufeD;ovJqdk&if &Sif vufqefYNyD;
a&mufaomtcg Am*,fu EIwfqufNyD; tdrfxJ uRefrudkawmif xdvdkufvdkY&atmifudk eD;w,f}}
0ifoGm;onf/ a0gavh tdrfjyefa&mufaomtcg [k a[Z,fu &,farmvsuf ajymonf/
a0gavhb0wGif wpfcgrQ rjrifzl;aom wpfpHk
a0gavhonf udk,fhEIwfcrf; udk,fjyef
wpfcu k kd jrifawGUvdu k &f \/ tdraf cgifr;kd xufwiG f
udkufvdkufNyD; a[Z,fhudk ayGUzuf,lvdkufonf/
auG;ñGwfaeaom oufwHa&mifpHk wpfckyif
]]rif; aemufxyf 'DvdkvkyfOD;rSmvm;}}
jzpfav\/ v 0ifomG ;ayNy/D v\ tvif;a&mif
a0gavh u a[Z,f h u d k wif ; wif ;
tenf;i,fonf oufwH ay:wGif usa&muf
zufxm;&if; wdk;wdk;av;ar;onf/
vsu&f oSd nf/ xdo k ufwHukd trsK;d orD;wpfa,muf
a[Z,f ½kef;xGufzdkY BudK;pm;&if;
\ aEG&moD0wfpHk[k a0gavh awG;xifrd\/
]]uRefr 'Dvkd pdwfcHpm;&wmBudKuf&if
a0gavh td r f x J a &muf a omtcg
xyfvkyfOD;rSmaygh}}
wpf a ,muf a ,muf u a0gavh e mrnf u d k a[Z,fu a0gavhudk NyHK;íajymonf/
ac:onf/ ac:oHu tdycf ef;xJrS jzpfonf/ rdepftenf;i,f MumNyD;aemuf a[Z,fonf
]]rif; bmvdkcsifvdkYvJ}} [k a0gavhu a0gavhvufudk udkifqGJ,lvdkufNyD; tdrfxJodkY
atmf[pfvdkufonf/ OD;aqmif ac:0ifoGm;avawmhonf/
tdyfcef;wHcg; yGifhoGm;onf/ tdyfcef;
xJwGif a[Z,f/ olonf bmrQrajymif;vJ/
Ek d i f a omif ; xG # f
]]npm tqifoifhyJ}} [k a[Z,fu
ajymonf/ wpfqufwnf; ]]'Dn &Sif jyefvm
r,f v d k Y uRef r xif a ewm/ npmpm;zd k Y Ref: By The wide net
Eudera Welty
udk,fvufoefYpifvdkufygOD;}} American Mosaic
75
 ighudk rif; u,fwifcJhwmyg
vlwikd ;f vlwikd ;f Bu;D us,jf rifjh rwfEidk yf gonf/ trSm;trSef a0zefyikd ;f jcm;Ekid af om todw&m;
jzifh jynfh0aeaom ESvHk;om;&SdzdkYomvQif vdktyfygonf/ touf0dnmOfonf cspfjcif;arwåm
tm;jzifh &SifoefaygufzGm;ygonf/
rmwifvlomuif; (*sLeD,m)
wpfaeYaomtcg rmhcfonf ausmif;rS tdrfodkY vrf;avQmufjyefvmcJh\/ xdktcdkuf ol\
a&SUwl½lrS aumifav;wpfa,muf cvkwfwdkufrdNyD; qG,fwmESpfxnf? abhpfabm½dkufwH
wpfacsmif;? vuftw d w f pfv;Hk ?toHzrf;pufi,fwpfv;kH ESit hf wl ol o,fvmcJah om pmtkyt f m;vH;k
vGwfusoGm;cJh\/ rmhcfu 'l;axmufxdkifvdkufNyD; jyefYusJaeaom ypönf;rsm;udk ulnDaumufay;
vdu k of nf/ olwEYdk pS Of ;D oGm;&mvrf;csi;f wlaeonft h wGuf rmhcu f rEdik rf eif;jzpfaeonfukd ulo,f
ay;cJo h nf/ vrf;avQmufvmpOftwGi;f aumifav;\trnfrmS bDvjf zpfaMumif;? AD', D *kd rd ;f rsm;?
abhpfabmESifh ordkif;bmomudk jrwfEdk;aMumif;? tjcm;bmom&yfrsm;wGif tcuftcJrsm;pGm
&SdaeaMumif;ESifh ol\ &nfpm;aumifrav;ESifh jywfcgpjzpfaMumif; odvdkuf&\/
bDvfudk ol\tdrfwGif vdkufydkYay;cJhNyD;aemuf rmhcfu olYtdrfodkY jyefvmcJhonf/ olwdkY
wpfOD;ESifh wpfOD; ausmif;\0ef;usifwGif awGUjzpfMuNyD; wpfBudrfESpfBudrfrQ aeYv,fpm twl
pm;jzpfMu\/ xkdYaemufwGif ESpfOD;pvHk; *sLeD,mtxufwef; atmifcJhMuonf/ ESpftwefMum
olwdkYESpfOD; cPwpfjzKwf xdawGUqufqHcJh&m txufwef;ausmif;rSmyif oif,lNyD;ajrmufcJh
Muonf/ aemufqHk;wGif umv&SnfMumapmifhpm;cJh&aom pDeD,mwef;odkY a&muf&SdcJhMu\/
bGJU,l&ef &ufowåywftvdkwGif bDvfu pum;vufqHkajymEkdifrnfvm;[k rmhcfudk ar;cJhonf/
bDvuf olwEYkd pS Of ;D yxrqH;k awGUcJoh nfh ESpaf ygif;rsm;pGmu wpfaeYukd jyefajymif;owd&ap
cJo
h nf/ ]]tJ'aD eYu ig bmhaMumifh ypön;f awG trsm;Bu;D tdru f okd ,fvmcJw h ,fqwkd m rif;
awG;Munfrh dzl;vm;}} [k bDvfu ar;cJh\/ ]]rif; odvm;? wjcm;olwpfa,mufa,muftwGuf
trdIufxkyf rxm;cJhcsifvdkY ighAD½dkav;udk ig &Sif;xkwfvdkufwm/ ightar&JU tdyfaq;vHk;awGudk
,lzGufxm;NyD; ighu, kd if g aoaMumif;BuzH Ykd tdru
f okd mG ;cJw
h m/ 'gayrJh igwdYk twlwpl um;ajymMu?
&,farmMuNyD;wJh tcsdefcPav;rSm wu,fvdkY ighudk,fig owfaovdkufr,fqdk&if tJ'D
(aysmfp&m) tcsdefawGeJY aemufqufNyD; jzpfvmr,fhudpöawGudk ig vufvTwfqHk;½HI;&rSmygvm;
qdw k thJ od 0ifvmcJw h ,f/ 'Dawmh rif; odvm; rmhc?f tJ'aD eYu rif; ighukd pmtkyaf wGaumufay;
wmxuf trsm;BuD;ydkwmudk rif; vkyfcJhw,f/ ightoufudk rif; u,fwifcJhwmyg}}
Zif r if ; at; (t*F v d y f p m)
76
 bl r d t csd e f Z ,m;? ouf & S d ½ k y f < uif ; rsm; tqif h q if h j zpf w nf vmykH? ouf & S d
jzpf p Of o rk d i f ; aMumif ;ESifh urÇmhZD0xktaMumif; a&;om;xm;onf/

ZD0xk (Biosphere) qkdonfrSm urÇmhajray:ajratmuf? a&ay:a&atmuf&Sd vl? wd& pämef?

opfyifyef;ref ponfh ouf&SdtzGJUtpnf;yif jzpfonf/
ouf &S db 0tp yif v ,f x J u
urÇmajronf vGefcJhaom ESpfoef;aygif; 4ç600 cefYtcsdefu t&nfaysmfvsuf&Sdaom
ausmufvkH;BuD;wpfvkH;tjzpf pwifjzpfay:vmcJhonf/ xkdrS wpfpwpfp wjznf;jznf; at;cJ
77
vm&m tenf;qkH; ESpfoef;aygif; 600 cefY
MumNyD;csdefrS urÇmhtay:cGHvTm (Earth’s Crust)
at;vmcJhonf[k qkdonf/
ouf&b dS 0onf vGecf ahJ omESpo f ef;aygif;
3ç500 cefY tcsed u f yifv,fxw J iG f pwifjzpfay:
vmcJhonf/ yxrOD;qkH;aom ouf&SdwkdYonf
tvG e f Y t vG e f a o;i,f o nfh qJ v f (Cell)
wpfckwnf;&Sdaom bufwD;&D;,m;av;rsm;ESifh
t,fvaf *s; (Algae) rsm;yifjzpfí ESpo f ef;aygif;
3ç000 eD;yg; oufOD;tBudKuyf (Precambrian
Era) wpfavQmufv;Hk usup f m;aevmcJMh uonf/
bl r d t csd e f Z ,m;
blrdtcsdefZ,m; (Geological Timetable)
t& uyf (Era)? ,k*f (Period) ESifh tPk,k*f
(Epoch) [lí tqifq h ifh ykid ;f jcm;owfrw
S xf m;
onf/ xkdwGif uyfBuD; av;uyf? ,k*f 11 ,k*f
ESifh tPk,k*f trsm;tjym; yg&Sdonf/ oufOD;
tBud Kuyf o nf tvG e f & S n f v sm;cJ h o nf /
vGecf ahJ om ESpfoef;aygif; 4ç600 rS 550 txd
wkdif ESpfoef;aygif; 4ç000 ausmf &SnfMumcJh
ayonf/ ¤if; oufO;D tBuKd uyfonf useo f nfh
uyfokH;uyfaygif;xuf ckepfq ykdrkd&SnfMumcJh
avonf/
oufOD;tBudKuyfNyD;aemuf oufOD;uyf
(Paleozoic Era)? oufv,fuyf (Mesozoic Era)
ESifh oufaESmif;uyf (Cenozoic Era) [lí
uyfo;Hk uyf qufvufjzpfay:vmonf/ oufO;D
uyfwGif a&S;usaom owå0grsm; ay:aygufcJh
onf/ oufv,fuyfwGif tv,facwfowå0g ouf &S d j zpf p Of o rk d i f ; aMumif ;
rsm; ay:ayguf v mí ouf a ES m if ; uyf w G i f
,aeYacwfowå0grsm; ay:aygufvmMuonf/ ygaom jzpfay:wk;d wufrI tajymif;tvJrsm;ukd
78
oufOD;tBudKuyfxuf þuyfokH;uyf
twGif; ouf&Sdowå0gwkdY ykdrkdjzpfxGef;rsm;jym;
vmcJ h M uonf / xk d U aMumif h þouf O D ; uyf ?
oufv,fuyfESifh oufaESmif;uyf oufwrf;
&Sdonfh ausmufvTmrsm;twGif;rS ausmufjzpf
½kyf<uif; (Fossil) rsm;ukd oufOD;tBudKuyf
oufwrf;&Sd ausmufvTmwkdYtwGif;wGif ykdrkdí
awGU&SdaeMu&jcif;yif jzpfayonf/
ouf O D ; uyf t wG i f ; ausm½k d ; rJ h o wå 0 g
(Invertebrate) rsm;? ausm½kd;&Sdowå0g (Verte-
brate) rsm;? ukef;aea&aeowå0g (Amphib-
ian) rsm; qifhuJqifhuJ ajymif;vJjzpfxGef;vmcJh
Muonf / ¤if ; uyf uk e f q k H ; cgeD ; tcsd e f w G i f
wGm;oGm;owå0grsK;d rsm; pwifay:xGe;f vmonf/
odkYjzihf oufv,fuyfonf wGm;oGm;owå0g
BuD;rsm; BuD;pkd;vTrf;rkd;xm;Muojzifh wGm;oGm;
owå0 gacwf (The Age of Reptiles) [lí
jzpfvmcJh&NyD; oufaESmif;uyfonf EkdYwkduf
owå0gwkdY ajrmufjrm;pGm &Sifoef ay:xGef;vm
Muojzifh EkdYwkdufowå0gacwf (The Age Mam-
mals) [lí jzpfvmcJhayonf/
urÇmwnfp oufO;D tBuKd uyfrS oufaESmif;
uyf t xd w d k i f ouf w rf ; trsKd ; rsKd ; &S d a om
ausmufvTmpOfwkdYü awGU&Sd&onfh ausmufjzpf
½k y f < uif ; rsm;\ taxmuf t xm;rsm;u
ynm&SiBf u;D csm;vf'g0if\ qifu h jJ zpfpOfot D &dk D
(Theory of Evolution) udk aumif;pGm taxmuf
tuljyKouJhodkY ouf&SdjzpfpOforkdif;aMumif;
azmfxkwf&müvnf; rsm;pGmtusK;d jyKcahJ yonf/
ouf& Sdj zpfp Ofo rkdi f; aMumif; \ ta&;
blrdtcsdefZ,m;&Sd uyf? ,k*f? tPk,k*fwkdYESifh x½kdifvkdAkduf (Trilobite)? *&ufywkdvkduf (Grap-
qufpyfMunfyh gu atmufygtwkid ;f awGU&onf- tolite)? b0J? uif;rGefrsKd;rsm; aygrsm;cJhonf/
oufO;D uyf\ 'kw,d ,k*jf zpfaom atmf'dk
ouf O D ; tBud K uyf AD;pD;,ef;,k*f (Ordovician Period) tpykdif;
urÇ m h y xrOD ; qk H ; aom ouf & S d t jzpf okdYr[kwf vGefcJhaom ESpfoef;aygif; 510 cefY
tvGefao;i,fonfh bufwD;&D;,m;rsm;ESifh tcsdefwGif yifv,fxJü a&S;OD;ig;rsm;? a&S;OD;
t,fvaf *s;wko Yd nf oufO;D tBudKuyfBu;D a&SUykid ;f ? uPef;rsKd;EG,frsm; pwifay:aygufvmcJhonf/
tmcsD,eftcsdef (Archean Age) okdYr[kwf
vGefcJhaom ESpfoef;aygif; 3ç500 cefYtcsdefu
yifv,fxJ pwifay:aygufvmcJhonf/ ¤if;wkdY
wGif qJvf (Cell) wpfckom yg0ifonf/
oufOD;tBudKuyfBuD;aemufykdif; y½kdwm
½k d Z k d 0 d a cwf (Proterozoic Age) ok d Y r [k w f
vGefcJhaom ESpfoef;aygif; 1ç200 cefYtcsdefwGif
qJvfwpfckxuf ykdrkdyg0ifonfhowå0g (Multi-
celled) rsm; yif v ,f x J ü pwif a y:ayguf
vmonf/
ouf O D ; uyf
oufOD;uyfpwifcsdef vGefcJhaomESpfoef;
aygif; 550 cefY tcsdefrSpí yifv,ftwGif;&Sd
ouf & S d b 0wk d Y o nf od o d o mom txl ; xl ;
tjym;jym; wk;d wufajymif;vJ jzpfay:vmcJo h nf/
ausm½kd;rJhowå0grsm;ESifh tcGHrm&Sdonfh c½kuJhodkY
aom yifv,fae owå0gwkYd pwifay:aygufvm
Muonf/
oufOD;uyf\ yxr,k*fjzpfaom urfA&D
,ef;,k*f tcsdef (Cambrian Period) okdYr[kwf oufO;D uyf\ wwd,,k*jf zpfaom qkid v f l
vGefcJhaom ESpfoef;aygif; 550 tcsdefwGif &D ; ,ef ; ,k * f (Silurian Period) ok d Y r [k w f
yifv,fxJü ausm½kd;rJhowå0grsKd;aygif;pkrsm; vGefcJhaom ESpfoef;aygif; 435 cefY tcsdefwGif
ajrmufjrm;pGm ay:xGef;vmcJhNyD; urÇmhyifv,f ukef;ay:ü a&S;OD;tyifrsm; pwifaygufa&muf
rsm;ü ¤if;ausm½k;d rJo h wå0grsm; Bu;D pk;d cJMh uonf/ vmcJhonf/
79
 oufOD;uyf\ pwkw¬,k*fjzpfaom 'DAkdeD
owå0g (Amphibian) wpfrsKd;odkY qif;ouf
,ef;,k*f (Devonian Period) pwifcsed f okrYd [kwf
ajymif ; vJ v mcJ h N yD ; urf ; pyf o d k Y wuf v S r f ;
vGefcJhaom ESpfoef;aygif; 415 cefY tcsdefwGif
aexkdifpjyKonf/ okdUaomf ¤if;wkdYonf Orsm;udk
a&xJü Owkef;yif jzpfonf/
ig;rsKd;rsm; ajrmufjrm;pGm jzpfxGef;vmcJhNyD;
yifv,fjyifukd BuD;pkd;vmcJhonf/ odkUaMumifh txufygajymif;vJrjI zpfpOf\ taumif;qk;H
¤if;,k*fukd ig;wkdY\acwf (The Age of Fish) [k
qifw, l ;dk rSm; OyrmrSm rsuaf rSmufumv zm;rsm;
ac:qkdMuonf/ oEÅmaumifrsm;? A&mcD,adk ygh aygufzGm;BuD;jyif; ajymif;vJvmykHyif jzpfonf/
(Brachiopod) rsm; aygrsm;vmonf/ urÇmh Orsm;uk d a&wG i f O csí zm;avmif ; b0wG i f
yifv,frsm;wGif ausm½kd;&Sdowå0grsm; pwif a&xJ ü aexk d i f B uD ; jyif ; vmMuNyD ; tqk H ; ü
zm;av;rsm;tjzpf uke;f ay:wufum usupf m;
pkd;rkd;vmcJhonf/ xkdrS wa&GUa&GU ESpfoef;aygif;
Muonfhyrmyif jzpfayrnf/ xkdig;wpfrsKd;\
35 oef ; cef Y uk e f v G e f c J h N yD ; 'D A k d e D , ef ; ,k * f
tv,fykdif; (vGefcJhaom ESpfoef;aygif; 380 ajcwpfvSrf;onf ouf&Sdb0\ BuD;rm;aom
r[majymif ; vJ r I B uD ; wpf c k y if j zpf í a&rS
cefY) tcsdefü ig;wpfrsKd;rS a&S;OD; ukef;aea&ae
ukef;ay:odkY pwife,fcsJU ajccsvmjcif;jzpfNyD;
uke;f aeowå0g pwifjzpfay:vmcJhayonf/
oufO;D uyf\ yÍör,k*jf zpfaom umAGeef D
rsufarSmufumv zm;&wf,k*f (Carboniferous Period) okdYr[kwf
vGefcJhaom ESpfoef;aygif; 320 cefY tcsdefwGif
urÇmhwkdufBuD;rsm;tESHU
uk e f ; aea&aeowå 0 grsKd ; &if ; wpf c k r S yxr
&S m azG a wG U &S d a eonf h tOD;qkH;aom wGm;oGm;owå0grsm; (Reptiles)
pwifay:aygufvmMuonf/ ¤if;wkdYonf Orsm;
umAGefeDzm;&wf ukd a&xJwGif rOMuawmhbJ ukef;ay:üom
oufwrf;&Sdaom OvmMuawmhonf/
xkd,k*ftwGif;üyif urÇmhae&mtrsm;
ausmufvTmwkdYxJ&Sd tjym;wGif opfyifBu;D rsm; trsm;tjym; &Sio f ef
ausmufrD;aoG;aMumBuD;wkdYonf jyefyY mG ;vmMuNy;D urÇmajrukd opfawmBu;D rsm;jzifh
pdr;f vef;a0qmvmaponf/ rsuaf rSmufumv
þopfawmBuD;rsm; urÇmhwkdufBuD;rsm;tESHU &SmazGawGU&Sdaeonfh
aoausysuf p D ; NyD ; umAGeef zD m;&wf oufwrf;&Sad om ausmufvmT
wkdYxJ&Sd ausmufrD;aoG;aMumBuD;wkdYonf þ
jzpfvmMujcif; jzpfayonf/ opfawmBuD;rsm; aoausysufpD;NyD; jzpfvm
Mujcif; jzpfayonf/
80
 oufOD;uyf\ aemufqkH;,k*fjzpfaom vmMuonf/ rMumrDtcsed t f wGi;f tOD;qk;H aom
ygrD , ef , k * f (Permian Period) pwif c sd e f Ek d Y w k d u f o wå 0 gav;rsm; (Mammals) vnf;
okrYd [kwf vGecf ahJ omESpaf ygif; 290 ceft Y csed w
f iG f wpf q uf w nf ; qk d o vk d a&S U qifh a emuf q ih f
wGm;oGm;owå0grsm; aygrsm;vmcJhonf/ ¤if;wkdY qufvufay:aygufvmonf/
onf aoG;at;owå0grsm;jzpfMuí ukef;ay:
wGifom aexkdifavh&Sdonf/
ygrDD,ef,k*f ukefqkH;cgeD;tcsdef okdYr[kwf
vGefcJhaomESpfoef;aygif; 250 cefYtcsdefwGif
ajrmuf j rm;vS p G m aom owå 0 grsKd ; EG , f p k r sm;
jyKwfjyKwfjyKef; aoausukefMu&NyD; urÇmajr
ay:rS tpkvkduftNyHKvkduf rsKd;wkH;aysmufuG,f
ukeMf uonf/ xkt d xJwiG f x½kdifvAdk u
dk ?f *&ufywkd
vkdufwv Ydk nf; yg0ifomG ;Muonf/ taMumif;rl
xkt d csed u f mvrsm;u urÇmajrwGif urÇmah jrxk
csyBf u;D rsm; qkHpnf;rIjzpfpOft& ivsifBuD;rsm;
jyif;xefpGm vIyf&Sm;cJhjcif;? rD;awmifrsm; umv ouf v ,f u yf \ 'k w d , ,k * f j zpf a om
&SnfMumpGm aygufuGJcJhjcif;? awmifwef;BuD;rsm; *sL&ufqpf,k*f (Jurassic Period) okdYr[kwf
jzpfay:vmjcif;ESifh urÇmhae&mtrsm;tjym;udk vGefcJhaom ESpfoef;aygif; 205 rS 135 oef;
a&cJxkBuD;wpfck zkH;vTrf;cJhjcif;wkdYaMumifh[k twGif; 'kdifEkdaqm ajrmufjrm;pGm trsKd;rsKd;
ynm&SifBuD;wkdYu qkdonf/ uGJjym;jzpfxGef;vmonf/ xkdrS *sL&ufqpf,k*f
aESmif;ykdif; okdYr[kwf vGefcJhaom ESpo f ef;aygif;
ouf v ,f u y f 160 ceft Y csed w
f iG f yxrOD;qk;H aom iSufBuD;rsm;
oufv,fuyf a&mufaomtcg wGm;oGm; pwifay:aygufvmMuNy;D uke;f ay:rS avxJoYdk
owå0grsK;d rsm; tajrmuftjrm; yGm;rsm;vmMuNy;D pwif e,fcsJUcJhayonf/ wpf csdefwnf;wGif
uk e f ; ay:üomru a&xJ ? avxJ t xd y g a&xJüvnf; BuD;rm;aom wGm;oGm;owå0g
usufpm;aexkid v f mMuayonf/ okUd aMumifh ¤if; BuD;rsm; usufpm;vmMuonf/
oufv,fuyfukd wGm;oGm;owå0gacwf (Age oufv,fuyf\ wwd,,k*fjzpfaom
of Reptiles) [k ac:qko d wfrw f m;ayonf/ c&D a w;&S w f , k * f (Cretaceous Period)
S x
ouf v ,f u yf \ yxr,k * f j zpf a om ukeq f ;Hk csed f okrYd [kwf vGecf ahJ om ESpo
f ef;aygif;
x½kdif,qpf,k*f (Triassic Period) okdYr[kwf 65 oef;cefY tcsdefwGif 'kdifEkdaqmrsm;tm;vkH;
vGefcJhaom ESpfoef;aygif; 230 cefYtcsdefwGif urÇmajrrS rsKd;jyKwfaysmufuG,foGm;cJhonf/
yxrOD;qk;H aom 'kid Ef adk qmrsm; pwifay:ayguf xk d Y j yif oufv,fu yf yif v ,f r sm;twG i f ;
81
tvGefaygrsm;<u,f 0 pG m jzpf x G e f ; usuf p m; vGefcJhaomESpfoef;aygif; 54 oef;cefY?
cJhMuonfh trkdEkduf (Ammonite) wko Yd nfvnf; oufaESmif;uyf\ wm&SD,m&D,k*f\ 'kwd,
aoausysupf ;D rsK;d wk;H oGm;cJhonf/ tPk,k*fjzpfaom tDtkdqif;tPk,k*ftp (At
oufv,fuyfonf vGefcJhaom ESpfoef; the begining of Eocene Epoch) tcsdefwGif
aygif; 250 rS pwifí vGecf ahJ om ESpo f ef;aygif; a&S;tOD;qkH; jrif;rsm; pwifjzpfay:vmonf/
65 wGif ukefqkH;onf/ xkdoufv,fuyfwGif vGefcJhaomESpfoef;aygif; 40 oef;cefY?
txuf a zmf j yyg ,k * f o k H ; ,k * f yg0if o nf / oufaESmif;uyf\ wm&SD,m&D,k*f\ 'kwd,
'kdifEkdaqmrsm;onf xkd,k*fokH;,k*fpvkH; ESpfoef; tPk,k*fjzpfaom tDtkdqif;tPk,k*f ukefqkH;
aygif; 185 oef; aexkid Bf u;D pd;k vmMuonfjzpf&m csed f (At the end of Eocene Epoch) wGif a&S;tOD;
xkdoufv,fuyfukd 'kdifEkdaqmacwf[kvnf; qk;H acG;rsm; pwifjzpfay:vmonf/
ac:qkdMuayonf/ vGefcJhaomESpfoef;aygif; 23 oef;cefY?
ouf a ES m if ; uyf wm&S D , m&D , k * f \ pwkw¬
ouf a ES m if ; uyf tPk,*k jf zpfaom rkid t f q
dk if; tPk,
k *k t
f p (At
oufv,fuyftwGif;ü aexkdifcJh&aom the begining of Miocene Epoch) wGif Bu;D rm;aom
Ekw
Yd u dk of wå0gav;rsm;onf wGm;oGm;owå0gBu;D vl0BH u;D rsm; (Large Apes) pwifjzpfay:vmonf/
rsm;\ pk;d rk;d tEkid u
f sihf owfjzwfjcif;cHMu&ojzifh vGefcJhaomESpfoef;aygif; ig;oef;cefY?
zGHUNzdK;oifhoavmuf zGHUNzdK;&SifoefcGifh r&Muacs/ oufaESmif;uyf wm&S, D m&D,*k \f yÍörtPk,*k f
oufaESmif;uyf a&mufvmaomtcg wGm;oGm; jzpfaom yvkdiftkdqif; tPk,k*f (Pliocene
owå0gBu;D rsm; trsm;tjym; aysmufu, G u f ek Mf uNy;D
Epoch) tcsdefwGif yxrOD;qkH; vl0Hwl-vlwlrsKd;
tenf;tyg;om usef&Sdawmhí EkdYwkdufowå0g (The First Variety of Australopithecine)
rsm; ykdrkd&Sifoef BuD;jyif;yGm;rsm;vmEkdifMuojzifh pwifay:aygufvmonf/
urÇmajrjyifudk wpfpwpfp pk;d rk;d vmMuavawmh vGefcJhaomESpfoef;aygif; ESpfoef;cefY?
onf/ xkaYd Mumifh oufaESmif;uyfudk Ekw Yd u dk of wå0g oufaESmif;uyf uGmwmem&D,k*f (Quaternary
acwf (The Age of Mammals) [k ac:Muonf/ Period) \ yxrtPk,k*fjzpfaom yvkdif
vGefcJhaom ESpfoef;aygif; 57 oef;cefY? pwk d q if ; tPk , k * f (Pleistocene Epoch)
oufaESmif;uyf\ wm&SD,m&D,k*f (Tertiary tcsdefwGif yxrOD;qkH;a&S;OD;vl (Homo Habilis)
Period) \ yxrtPk,* k jf zpfonfh ayvD,q dk if; pwifay:aygufvmonf/ xkdrS wjznf;jznf;
tPk,k*fukefqkH;csdef (At the end of Paleocene wpfqifhwpfqifh a&S;OD;vlrS ausmufacwfvl?
Epoch) wGif <uufrsm;? &SOr hf sm;? iSuu f sm;rsm;ESihf xkdrS wpfzef acwfopfvltjzpfokdY wkd;wuf
AsKdif;rsm; pwifay:aygufvmMuNyD; rsm;rMumrD ajymif;vJvmcJhonf/
tcsdeftwGif; ,kefrsm;vnf; pwifay:ayguf
vmonf/ bl r d v k v if ( Nrd wf )
82
 Muif e maom tjyKtrl
tao;tzGu J pd yö if jzpfvifu
h pm; oif\ vkyaf zmfuikd zf uf? taygif;toif;rdwaf qGrsm;udk
oif tcsdefay;&rnf/ aiGaMu;Opöm r&aomfjim;vnf; vkyfudkifaqmif&Gufay;&ef tcgtcGifh
BuHKBudKufonfh wpfpHkwpfckaom taMumif;t&mtwGuf tjcm;olrsm;ukd vkyfaqmifay;yg/
tJhvfbmhwf &TdKufZm
jynfwiG ;f ppfumvtwGi;f ü or®wBu;D atA&m[rf vifueG ;f onf 'Pf&m&ppfonfrsm;udk
tm;ay;pum;ajymMum;&eftwGuf aq;½Ho k Ykd rMumcP oGm;a&mufco hJ nf/ wpfBurd w f iG f aotHrh ;l rl;
jzpfaeaom ppfom;i,fav;wpfO;D udk q&m0efuñTejf ycJ&h m vifueG ;f u ol\eHab;odYk a&mufomG ;
cJ\
h / ]]rif;twGuf igvkyaf y;Ekid w f m wpfcck rk sm; &Srd vm;uG,}f } [k or®wBu;D u ar;vdu k o
f nf/
ppfom;av;u vifueG ;f udk oJou J u JG rJG rSwrf b d J avoHw;kd wd;k jzifh pum;ajymEkid &f ef tenf;i,f
tm;,lvu kd Nf y;D ]]uReaf wmft h arqD pmwpfapmifavmuf a&;ay;ygvm;Asm}} [k ajymvdu k of nf/
rifwHwpfacsmif;ESifh pm&Guf&aomtcg or®wBuD;u ppfom;vl&G,fajymorQudk vdkufa&;\/
]]uReaf wmft h cspq f ;kH arar? om; wm0efxrf;aqmif&if; qd;k qd;k &Gm;&Gm; 'Pf&m&cJyh gw,f/
om; jyefNyD;emvefrxlvmrSm pdk;&drfrdw,f/ aus;Zl;jyKNyD; om;twGuf pdk;&drfaomu t&rf;
a&mufraeygeJYaemf/ ar&DeJY *RefwdkYudk om;&JUudk,fpm; terf;ay;vdkufyg/ arareJY azazhudk
bk&m;ocif aumif;csD;ay;ygap}}
ppfom;av;rSm qufajymEkid zf &Ykd m vGepf mG tm;tifqw k ,
f w k af eaomaMumifh or®wBu;D u
ppfom;av;udk vufrSwfxdk;apNyD;aemuf ]]oif\om;udk,fpm; atA&m[rf vifuGef;u
a&;om;ay;ygonf}} [k xyfjznfah &;vdu k of nf/ ppfom;av;u pmudk zwfMunf&h ef awmif;cJNh y;D
pmudk rnfou l a&;ay;cJah Mumif; od&onft h cg tHth m;oifo h mG ;cJ\ h / ]]vlBu;D rif;u wu,fyJ
or®wBuD;vm;}} [k ar;vdkufonf/
]][kwfygw,fuG,f? igu or®wyg}} [k vifuGef;u at;aq;nifompGm jyefajzonf/
xdkYaemuf ol vkyfay;EkdifwJh tjcm;udpörsm; &Sdygao;ovm;[k ar;vdkuf\/
]]uRefawmfhvufudk aus;Zl;jyKNyD; udkifxm;ay;ygvm;cifAsm/ uRefawmfhb0 ed*Hk;csKyf
oGm;wmudkodzdkY tJ'gu taxmuftulay;ygvdrfhr,f}} [k ppfom;av;u awmif;qdk\/
qdwfNidrfaeaom tcef;xJwGif or®wBuD;u ppfom;av;\vufudk qkyfudkifxm;NyD;
uG,v f eG fusq;kH oGm;onft h csed w
f ikd af tmif aEG;axG;aom ESpo f rd t hf m;ay;pum;rsm;udk ajymqdk
ay;aecJhonf/
Zif r if ; at;(t*F v d y f p m)
83
 av,mOf e nf ; ynmork d i f ; wG i f atmif j rif r I r S w f w k d i f pk d u f x l E k d i f c J h a om
uk e f u sp&d w f e nf ; NyD ; toH x uf j ref o nf h armif ; ol r J h a v,mOf SR - 72
wD x G i f xk w f v k y f E k d i f r I t aMumif ; a&;om;xm;onf /

atmif j rif r I r S w f w k d i f
tar&duefjynfaxmifpk avmh[drmwif av,mOfESifh vufeufukrÜPDu xkwfvkyfonfh
toHxufjrefaom yxrqkH;armif;olrJh '½kef;av,mOf SR - 72 ukd rMumrDu xkwfazmfjyo
cJhonf/
84
 tar&duef umuG,fa&;0efBuD;XmeESifh orkdif;wGif atmifjrifpGm xkwfvkyfEkdifcJhjcif;
wyfrawmfu tcsed &f n S Mf umpGm vkv d m;apmifah rQmf jzpfonf[k od&Sd&onf/
aeonfh SR - 72 '½ke;f av,mOfukd wDxiG x f w
k f
vkyEf idk rf rI mS tar&duef\ppfa&;qkid &f m enf;ynm pG r f ; aqmif E k d i f & nf r sm;
SR - 72 '½kef;av,mOf\ pGrf;aqmif
atmifjrifrIrSwfwkdifwpf&yf jzpfonf/
Ekid &f nfrsm;rSm tHhrcef;xl;jcm; ajymifajrmufí
oGuv f ufxufjrufvo S nf/ SR - 72 '½ke;f onf
tvGefjrefqefaom t&Sdefjzifh axmufvSrf;a&;
jyKvkyfEkdifjcif;? uif;axmufapmifhMunfhrIrsm;
jyKvkyfEkdifjcif;? vsifjrefpGm ysHoef;aepOfrSmyif
&efolypfrSwfrsm;ukd 'kH;usnfrsm;jzifh ypfcGif;
wku d cf udk Ef idk jf cif; ponhf pGr;f aqmif&nfrsm;tjyif
urÇmywfvrf;aMumif;twGi;f &Sd axmufvrS ;f a&;
ESifh qufoG,fa&;N*dK[fwkrsm;? tjcm;aom
tar&duefwyfrawmfwiG f iSurf nf;Bu;D [k vlrJhESifh vlarmif; axmufvSrf;a&;av,mOf
vlodrsm;onfh toHxufjrefaom av,mOfrSL; rsm;ESifh qufo, G af &;uGe&f ufzUJG um tcsK;d nDnD
armif;ESi&f onfh Ak;H BuaJ v,mOf SR - 71 rsm;\ yl;aygif; aqmif&GufEkdifonfh pGrf;aqmif&nf
ae&mwG i f toH x uf j ref a om tqif h j rif h aumif;rGeaf om '½ke;f jzpfonf[k ynm&Sirf sm;u
armif;olrJhav,mOf SR - 72 rsm;jzifh tpm; a0zef ajymqkdonf/
xkd;í ppfa&;wm0efrsm;udk xrf;aqmifap&ef
tar&duefwyfrawmfu pDpOfvsuf&Sdonf/
a&'ga&SmifvTJEkdifonfh ukd,faysmuf SR -
72 '½kef;av,mOfonf toHxuftjrefEIef;
6 Mach ysHoef;EkdifonfhtwGuf vlarmif;AkH;BuJ
av,mOf\ tjrefEeI ;f xuf ESpq f ykrd jdk refqefpmG
ysHoef;Ekdifonf[k od&Sd&onf/
atADa&;&Sif;0dcf*sme,fwGif azmfjyxm;
onfh aqmif;yg;ü avmh[drmwifav,mOf
uk r Ü P D \ puef Y a 0gh c f X mecG J o nf SR - 72
'½kef;av,mOfxkwfvkyfa&;pDrHudef;ukd tcsdef SR - 71 iSufrnf;BuD; (Black Bird)
,lí okawoejyKvkyfNyD; ,ckuJhodkY toHxuf toHxuf jrefpGmysHoef;Ekdifonfh SR - 72
jrefaom armif;olr'hJ ½ke;f av,mOfudk av,mOf ukd,faysmuf'½kef;av,mOf tpm;xkd;0ifa&muf
85
ae&m,lrnfh SR - 71 iSurf nf;Bu;D (Black Bird) xk d p Of u avmh [ d r mwif u k r Ü P D o nf
rSm armif;olrJhav,mOf r[kwfaomfvnf; SR - 71 Black Bird jrefEIef;jrifh av,mOf
ppf a t;acwf u mv wpf a vQmuf v k H ; wG i f tpD;aygif; 32 pD; xkwfvkyf wnfaqmufcJh&m
pGrf;pGrf;wrH wm0efxrf;aqmifcJhonfh AkH;BuJESifh ¤if;wkdUteuf 12 pD;rSm rawmfwqrIaMumifh
axmufvSrf;a&; av,mOfjzpfonf/ ysufpD;cJhaomfvnf; ppfqifa&;rsm;wGif &efol
ypf c scH c J h & onf h SR - 71 wpf p D ; rQ r&S d c J h [ k
od&Sd&onf/

tar&dueftqifhjrifh
'½kef;av,mOfrsm;onf
SR - 71 axmufvr
S ;f a&;ESihf wku
d cf u
dk af &;
ESprf sK;d ok;H Ekid o
f nfh av,mOfrsm;onf tar&duef
ygupöwef?
avwyfrawmfwGif 1966 ckESpfrS 1999 ckESpf 0gZD&pöwef jynfe,fwGifvnf;aumif;?
txd w k d i f q,f p k E S p f r sm;pG m MumrQ wm0ef
xrf;aqmifcJhMuonf/ qkdrmvD? ,Drif? tD&wf? qD;&D;,m;
xk d Y j yif tar&d u ef j ynf a xmif p k
avaMumif;ES i f h tmumoysH o ef ; rI q k d i f & m
ponfh EkdifiHrsm;wGifvnf;aumif;
tk y f c sKyf a &;tzG J U (NASA) onf SR - 71 tpGef;a&muf ppfaoG;<ursm;ukd
r[mAsL[majrmuf av,mOf B uD ; rsm;ud k
tok H ; jyKí axmuf v S r f ; a&;owif ; rsm;ud k &SmazGaxmufvSrf;í
pkaqmif;&,lEkdifcJhonf[k od&Sd&onf/
SR - 71 av,mOf\ xl;jcm;aompGr;f aqmif
'k H ; usnf r sm;jzif h
EkdifrIrsm;rSm ajrjyifrS a0[ifypf'kH;usnfrsm; ypfcwfacsrIef;vsuf &SdaeMuonf/
xufyif ykdrkdvsifjrefpGm ysHoef;Ekdifonfhtjyif
edrfhedrfhysHoef;EkdifonfhtwGuf &efol\ a&'g
pepfukd a&SmifvTJEkdifonfh ukd,faysmufav,mOf
jzpfonf/
86
wef z k d ; BuD ; rm;rI tpjyKí ygupöwefwm&pftD;wmvDbeftzGJU
tar&d u ef wyf r awmf o nf urÇ m h acgif;aqmif [ufuDrlvmrmqGwf tygt0if
aumif ; uifa 0[if w G i f '½k e f ; armif ; ol r J h ppfaoG;<uacgif;aqmif &maygif;rsm;pGmudk '½ke;f
av,mOfrsm;jzifh pkd;rkd;xm;um axmufvSrf;a&; rsm;rS 'kH;usnfrsm;jzifh ypfcwfowfjzwfEkdifcJhNyD
jyKvkyfjcif;? tpövmrfrpf ppfaoG;<ursm;ukd jzpfonf/
Hellfire 'k H ; usnf r sm;jzif h ypf c wf a csrI e f ; jcif ; urÇmha0[ifwpfcGifvkH;wGif tar&duef
ponfhwm0efrsm; xrf;aqmifaeonfukd ,aeY '½ke;f rsm; pk;d rk;d aecsed üf tar&duefjynfaxmifpk
urÇmhjynfolrsm; awGUjrifae&onf/ tpkd;&onf SR - 71 uJhokdY vlarmif;ESifonfh
txl ; ojzif h tar&d u ef tqif h j rif h jrefEIef;jrifh axmufvSrf;? acsrIef; ESpfrsKd;okH;
'½kef;av,mOfrsm;onf ygupöwef? 0gZD&pöwef tqifhjrifhav,mOfrsKd;ukd tqifhjr§ifhwifí
jynfe,fwGifvnf;aumif;? qkdrmvD? ,Drif? xyfrHxkwfvkyf&efrSm ukefusp&dwf tvGefrsm;
tD & wf ? qD ; &D ; ,m; ponf h E k d i f i H r sm;wG i f onfhtwGuf tapmykdif;umvü xkwfvkyf&ef
vnf;aumif; tpGe;f a&muf ppfaoG;<ursm;ukd vufwGefYaecJhMuonf/
&SmazGaxmufvrS ;f í 'kH;usnfrsm;jzifh ypfcwf xkdaMumifhyif tar&duef avmh[drmwif
acsrIef;vsuf &SdaeMuonf/ av,mOfEiS hf vufeufurk PÜ o
D nf avaMumif;
,Drif - tma&As t,fvcf idk 'f gacgif;aqmif ysHoef;rIqkdif&m enf;ynmrsm;ukd tcsdef,lí
bmoma&;q&m tef0gt,fvfatmfvmuDrS okawoejyKvyk af erIaMumifh tqifjh rifhenf;ynm
87
rsm; &&SdaeNyD jzpfonf/ xkdYaMumifhyif avmh[d SR-72 '½k e f ; twG u f HTV - 3 X wmbk d i f
rmwif ukrP Ü o
D nf ukeu
f sp&dwf tvGerf sm;jym; tif*siu f kd wDxGifxkwfvkyfcJh&onf/
onfh vlarmif;ESifonfh axmufvSrf;? acsrIef; uk e f u sp&d w f e nf ; enf ; jzif h toH x uf
ESpfrsKd;okH;av,mOfrsm;ae&mwGif armif;olrJh jref a om armif;olrJhav,mOf SR - 72 ud k
axmufvSrf;? acsrIef;av,mOfrsm;ukd tpm;xkd; wDxGifxw k v f yk Ef idk rf oI nf av,mOfenf;ynm
xkwfvkyf&ef BudK;yrf;vmcJhonf/ orkid ;f wGif xk;d azmufatmifjrifryI if jzpfaMumif;?
toHxufjrefaomEIef;jzifh a&GUvsm;EkdifrIonf
toHxufjrefaom SR - 72 '½kef;pDrHudef; uk d , f a ysmuf enf ; ynmwpf r sKd ; yif j zpf í
avukd pky,
f í l aygufut
J G m;ok;H Ny;D toHxuf &efol\ypfrSwfrsm; ra&Smifykef;EkdifrD SR - 72
jrefaponfh enf;ynmykid ;f qkid &f mwGif taxGaxG u vQyf w pf j yuf wk d u f c k d u f a csrI e f ; Ek d i f p G r f ;
refae*smwm0efukd ,lxm;onfh rpöwmb&uf &SdonfhtwGuf tem*wfppfyGJrsm;wGif SR - 72
av;vif ; onf avmh [ d r mwif uk r Ü P D w G i f onf tiftm;csed cf iG v f Qmukd ajymif;vJaprnfo h ?l
xl;cRefajymifajrmufonfh ynm&Sifjzpfonf/ NyKd iyf u
JG kd tNy;D owfay;rnfo h l (Game-Changer)
¤if;u orm;½kd;us wmbkdiftif*sifESifh yif j zpf a Mumif ; avmh [ d r mwif u k r Ü P D r S
wGef;tm;jrifh *sufpGrf;tm;ukd yl;wGJum avpkyf taxGaxGrefae*sm b&ufav;vif;u ok;H oyf
aygufuGJtm;okH; tif*sifudk wDxGifEkdifcJhvQif ajymqkdcJhonf/
SR-72 uJhodkY toHxufjrefonfh '½kef;av,mOf
uk d wDxGifEkdifrnf[laom ,kHMunfcsufjzifh
ok a woejyKvk y f u m av,mOf o rk d i f ; wG i f
toHxuf ajcmufq (6 Mach) jrefpGm ysHoef; pnf o l v I d i f
Ekid of nfh SR-72 armif;olrahJ v,mOfukd xkwv f yk f
EkdifcJhjcif; jzpfonf/
tar&d u ef umuG , f a &;0ef B uD ; Xme?
enf;ynmtqihfjrifhpDrHudef; okawoeXme
onf tapmyk d i f ; uyif SR - 72 '½k e f ; rsKd ;
wnfaqmufEidk &f ef okawoejyKvyk cf ahJ omfvnf;
ukefusp&dwfBuD;rm;onfhtwGuf pDrHudef;udk
&yfpJcJh&onf/
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av;vif;onf puefYa0ghcfXmecGJESifh a&mhuuf
'kid ;f erpfXmecGw
J Ydk yl;wGuJ m 0efxrf; 20 ESit hf wl
tcsd e f ck e pf E S p f M umrQ ok a woejyKvk y f í
88
 oabF m rsm; ul ; oef ; oG m ;vmEk d i f & ef t wG u f ajrxJ y if v ,f E S i f h yif v ,f e D w d k Y u d k
quf o G , f a zmuf v k y f x m;aom tD * spf E k d i f i H & S d pl ; tuf w l ; ajrmif ; BuD ; ud k yd k r d k v G , f u l
tqifajypGm ul;oef;oGm;vmEkdif&eftwGuf wdk;csJUjyifqif aqmufvkyfcJh&m ,cktcg
atmifjrifpGm NyD;pD;oGm;NyDjzpfaMumif; a&;om;xm;onf/
pl;tufwl;ajrmif; (Suez Canal) onf tD*spfEdkifiHwGif wnf&SdNyD; ajrmufbuf&Sd ajrxJ
yifv,f (Mediterranean Sea) ESifh awmifbuf&Sd yifv,feD (Red Sea) yifv,fESpfckudk oabFm
rsm; ul;oef;oGm;vmEdik &f ef azmufvyk q
f ufo,
G x
f m;aom urÇmay:wGif xif&mS ;onfh yifv,f
a&vrf;aMumif; wl;ajrmif;wpfck jzpfonf/
89
 ESpfck&Sdonf/ pl;tufw;l ajrmif;\ awmifbuf
xdyq f ;kH rSm pl;tufNrKd U wlzpfufqdyfurf;jzpfNyD;
yif v ,f o d k Y x G u f a yguf wpf c k o m&S d o nf /
tpfpar;vD;,m;NrdKUrSm pl;tufwl;ajrmif;\
taemufbufurf;ay:wGif wnf&NdS y;D wl;ajrmif;
t&Snfxuf0ufrS oHk;uDvdkrDwm (1 'or 9
rdkif) uGma0;onf/ rSwfwrf;rsm;t& 2012
ckESpfwGif pl;tufw;l ajrmif;udk oabFmpkpak ygif;
17,225 pif; jzwfoef;oGm;cJhMuNyD; wpfaeYvQif
pl;tufwl;ajrmif;udk pwifwl;azmf azmuf ysrf;rQ 47 pif;cefY jzwfoef;oGm;onf/
vky&f ef 1859 ckEpS w f iG f tD*spEf ikd if aH cgif;aqmif
rd k [ mruf q mtd ' f y g&S m u jyif o pf E d k i f i H & S d
ukrÜPDwpfckodkY tyfESHonf/ txufyg pDrHcsuf
udk 10 ESpfMum wnfaqmufcJh&NyD; tD*spf
tvkyo f rm; wpfoef;ausmf yg0ifvyk u f ikd cf u
hJ m
vkyfom; 120,000 ausmfrSm aMumufrufzG,f
&m tajctaeqdk;rsm;aMumifh aoqHk;cJhMu
&onf/
1869 ckESpf? Edk0ifbmv 17 &ufwGif
pl;tufwl;ajrmif; a&vrf;aMumif;udk pwif
zGifhvSpfcJhonf/ xdkwl;ajrmif;a&vrf;aMumif;
r&Sdcifu Oa&mywdkufrS awmiftm&Syifv,f pl ; tuf w l ; ajrmif ; ud k pwif a zmuf v k y f
bufodkY oabFmrsm; ckwfarmif;oGm;vm&mwGif pOfu tvsm; 164 uDvdkrDwm (102 rkdif)
tmz&duwdkufudkywfí c&D;ESifcJhMu&onf/ &Snfvsm;NyD; a&teufrSm &SpfrDwm (26 ay)
pl;tufwl;ajrmif;udk zGifhvSpfvdkuf&m tmz&du &S d o nf / aemuf y d k i f ; wG i f oabF m rsm; yd k r d k
wdkufudkywfí ckwfarmif;oGm;&ef rvdkawmh oGm;vmrI vG,fulap&ef wl;ajrmif;csJUxGifrIrsm;
onfhtwGuf Oa&myrS tdEd´,EdkifiHodkY oGm;&m tBudrfBudrfaqmif&GufNyD; tvsm; 193 'or
c&D;pOfrSm uDvdkrDwm 7,000 (rdkif 4,300)cefY 30 uDvdkrDwm (120 'or 11 rdkif) &Snfvsm;
c&D;wdkawmif;oGm;onfhtjyif tcsdefukefvnf; NyD; a&teufrSm 24 rDwm (79 ay) eufNyD;
rsm;pGmoufomoGm;onf/ teH 205 rDwm (673 ay) txd us,f0ef;
pl;tufwl;ajrmif;\ ajrmufbuftpwGif vmonf/ wl;ajrmif;wdk;csJUjyifqifrIrsm;t&
Yk uf'Nf rKd Uwnf&NdS y;D yifv,fjyifoYkd xGuaf yguf wl ; ajrmif ; ajrmuf b uf t 0if v rf ; onf 22
ydq
90
uDvdkrDwm (14 rdkif)ESifh tv,fwl;ajrmif;onf
162 'or 25 uDvdkrDwm (100 'or 82
rdkif)? awmifbuft0if wl;ajrmif;vrf;aMumif;
rSm 9 uDvdkrDwm (5 'or 6 rdkif) jzpfvmonf/
rlvpl;tufw;l ajrmif;wGif a&vrf;aMumif;
wpfckwnf;om &SdaomaMumifh oabFmrsm;
wpfpif;ESifhwpfpif; a&Smifwdrf;Ekdifonfhae&m
(Ballah Bypass) ESifh a&cg;tdkifBuD; (Great Bit-
ter Lake) wdkY&Sdonf/ a&wHcg;rsm; r&Sdonfh
twG u f yif v ,f a &rsuf E S m jyif w G i f o m
vGwfvyfpGm pD;qif;onf/ xdka&cg;tdkifBuD;\
ajrmufbufyikd ;f onf aqmif;tcg ajrmufbuf
odkY pD;0ifaeNyD; aEGtcgwGif awmifbufodkY
pD;0ifaeonf/ a&uefBu;D \ awmifbufyikd ;f wGif
a&pD;aMumif;rSm 'Da&twuftusudkvdkufNyD;
ajymif;vJjzpfay:aeonf/
wdk;csJUazmufvkyfjcif;yif jzpfonf/ pDrHcsufESifh
twl pl;tufwl;ajrmif;atmufrS vdkPfacgif;
topf ajcmufckazmufvkyfjcif;onf pl;tuf
wl;ajrmif; ab;wpfzufwpfcsuf&Sd ajrpwk&ef;
uDvkdrDwm 76,000 (pwk&ef;rdkif 29,000)
udk tjynfjynfqikd &f m &dum© pkaqmif;axmufyrHh ?I
pD;yGm;a&;? pufrIESifh tvkyftudkifydkif;qkdif&m
axmufyhHa&; acwfrDA[dkXmeBuD; wpfcktjzpf
ajymif ; vJ w d k ; wuf zG H U Nzd K ;vmap&ef j zpf N yD ;
tvk y f t ud k i f tcG i f h t vrf ; ae&maygif ;
wpfoef;udk jzpfay:vmaprnf[k qdkonf/

pDrcH suwf iG f vuf&w dS ;l ajrmif; t&Snf 164

uDvdkrDwm (102 rkdif)rS t&Snf 35 uDvdkrDwm
(22 rdkif ) &Snfvsm;onfh 'kwd,wl;ajrmif;
vrf;aMumif;wpfckudk topfxyfrH azmufvkyf
jcif ; jzif h wl ; ajrmif ; vrf ; aMumif ; ES p f c k w G i f
oabFmrsm; oD;jcm;vrf;aMumif;jzifh rsuEf mS csi;f
qd k i f ck w f a rmif ; oG m ;vmEd k i f r nf j zpf o nf /
pl ; tuf w l ; ajrmif ; topf a zmuf v k y f a &; aemufxyf pDrHcsufwpfckwGif vuf&Sdwl;ajrmif;
pD r H c suf a&vrf;aMumif; 37 uDvdkrDwm (23 rdkif)
þpDrHcsufonf tD*spfEdkifiH\ vuf&Sd &Snfvsm;aomtydkif;udk ydkrdkeufatmifwl;jcif;
pl;tufwl;ajrmif; a&vrf;aMumif;udk topf ESifh wl;ajrmif;csJUxGifjcif;wdkY yg0ifonf/
91
 txuf y g wk d ; csJ U jyif q if r I r sm;aMumif h ,cifu wl;ajrmif;a&vrf;aMumif;rsm;wGif
wl;ajrmif;ae&m tawmfrsm;rsm;wGif oabFm oabFmwpfpif;wnf;om ckwfarmif;Ekdifonfh
ES p f p if ; rsuf E S m csif ; qd k i f tNyd K if c k w f a rmif ; a&vrf;aMumif;wpfckom&SdNyD; oabFmwpfpif;
oGm;vmEkdifrnf jzpfonf/ ESifhwpfpif; jzwfoef; a&Smifwdrf;Ekdifonfh ae&m
rsm;rS m vnf ; uef Y o wf r I r sm; &S d a eonf /
þpDrHcsuft& oabFmrsm;\ apmifhqdkif;&csdef
11 em&D r S 3 em&D t xd tcsd e f w d k a wmif ;
pl;tufwl;ajrmif;atmufrS
oGm;rnfjzpfonf/ ,cifu wpfaeYvQif oabFm
vdkPfacgif;topf pD;a& 49 pif;om jzwfoef;oGm;vmEkdifaomf
vnf; ,ckprD cH suNf y;D qH;k onft
h cg aeYpOfoabFm
ajcmufck wdk;csJU pD;a& 97 pif;txd jzwfoef;oGm;vmEdkifrnf
jzpfonf/
azmufvkyfjcif;aMumifh
tD*spfEdkifiH
pl;tufwl;ajrmif;
taemufbufjcrf;ESifh
woD;wjcm;jzpfaeaom
ta&SUbufurf;
qd k i f ; Ek d i f ; uRef ; qG , f w d k Y pl;tufwl;ajrmif;topf azmufvkyfrI pDrH
csufudk rlvu tcsdef ig;ESpfMumrnf[k cefYrSef;
wpfom;wnf; xm;aomf v nf ; aemuf y d k i f ; wG i f oH k ; ES p f o d k Y
avQmh c sowf r S w f c J h o nf / tD * spf o r® w
&SdvmrnfjzpfNyD; tufbf',fvf zwm;t,fvfpDpDurl wpfESpf
yd k r d k z G H U Nzd K ;vmrnf twGi;f tNy;D aqmufvyk &f ef owfrw S cf Jhonf/
pl;tufwl;ajrmif;atmufrS vdkPfacgif;
jzpfonf/ topf ajcmufck wdk;csJUazmufvkyfjcif;aMumifh
tD*spEf ikd if H pl;tufw;l ajrmif; taemufbufjcrf;
ESifh woD;wjcm; jzpfaeaom ta&SUbufurf;

92
qdkif;Ekdif;uRef;qG,fwdkY wpfom;wnf; &Sdvmrnf of Constantinople) t& pl;tufwl;ajrmif;udk
jzpfNyD; ydkrdkzGHUNzdK;vmrnfjzpfonf/ ,cifu ppftwGif;wGif vnf;aumif;? Nidrf;csrf;om,m
pl ; tuf w l ; ajrmif ; taemuf b uf u rf ; ES i f h aeonf h t cgwG i f vnf ; aumif ; rnf o nf h
qdkif;Edkif;uRef;qG,fBuD;wdkYudk qufoG,faom oabFmrqdk EdkifiHtvHtvdkuf cGJjcm;qufqHrI
tmruf[mrm'D vdP k af cgif;wpfckom &Sdonf/ r&SdapbJ jzwfoef;toHk;jyKcGifhay;&efjzpfonf/
pl;tufwl;ajrmif;topf azmufvkyfrIpDrH xl;jcm;csufrSm 2014 ckESpf? Mo*kwfvwGif
csufudk 2014 ckESpf? Mo*kwfvwGif pwifEkdifcJh pwifaqmufvyk o f nfh oabFmcsi;f a&Smifwrd ;f
NyD; 2015 ckESpf? ZlvdkifvwGif NyD;qHk;cJhonf/ onfh a&vrf;aMumif; (Ballah Bypass) udk 35
wl;ajrmif;zGifhyGJtcrf;tem;udk 2015 ckESpf? uDvdkrDwm (22 rdkif) csJUxGif aqmufvkyf&mwGif
Mo*kwfv 6 &ufu tjcm;EdkifiHrS tBuD;tuJ vdktyfaomukefusaiG tar&duef a':vm 8
rsm;udk zdwfMum;NyD; BuD;us,fcrf;em;pGm zGifhvSpf 'or 4 bDvD,Hudk tD*spfEdkifiHrS tzGJUtpnf;
cJ h o nf / zG i f h y G J a eY u d k v nf ; tD * spf E d k i f i H \ rsm;ES i f h tD * spf E k d i f i H o m; wpf O D ; csif ; wd k Y u d k
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pl;tufw;l ajrmif;udk tD*spEf ikd if \ H pl;tuf a&mif;csjcif;jzifh ajcmuf&uftwGif; tjynfht0
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93
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onfh wkdif0rfuRef;a'o
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ykdvefEkdifiHrS rsufvSnfh
qefaom opfawmBuD;
ESihf jrefrmEkid if rH S opfxiG ;f
avSBu;D ponfjzifh Ekid if H
toD;oD;rS xl;qef;
axGvm okwwkdxGmrsm;
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aysmf a ysmf a eMuol r sm;

use;f rma&;okawoDw\ Ydk prf;oyfazmfxw
k cf sufrsm;t& txD;usefb0? wpfukd,fwnf;
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94
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ouf&n S u
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bk d ; ouf & S n f *D w wD ; rI w f y nm&S i f r sm;ES i f h
bGm;ouf&Snftqkdawmfyif jzpfonf/
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auG;auG; aygufa&mufvsu&f o Sd nfh opfyifrsm;
jzpfonf/ pkpkaygif; tyif 400 cefY &Sdonf/
urÇmvSnfhc&D;onfrsm;onf ykdvefEkdifiHokdU
a&muf&v dS Qif tqkyd grsuv
f n
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um "mwfykH½kdufMuonf/ xkdopfawmqef;rSm
ykdvefEkdifiH taemufbufa'o? Pomeramia
NrdKUe,f? Nowe Cgarnowo aus;&Gmü wnf&Sdum
vGefcJhaom 1930 jynfhESpfu pkdufysKd;xm;cJhNyD;
,ck oufwrf; 85 ESpf&SdNyD jzpfonf/

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wk d i f 0 rf u Ref ; t&yf a 'o&S d uD v ef q d y f u rf ;
txufaumif;uifwGif Muufi,f? iSufi,f
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Ref: The smart way to pack for travel
By Latashni Gobi Nathan
The straits Times, 25-12-2015
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125
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126
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128
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129
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[k a*vD;efu xdk&Jom;rsm;udk awmif;yefcJh cJhonf/
onf/ odaYk omf xdq k rfbm0guRe;f wGif bwf*suf tarSmifxkMum;rS tif'dkeD;&Sm;EkdifiHom;
vH k ; 0r&S d a cs/ &J o m;wd k Y u xd k e pf j rKyf c J h a om wpfa,mufu rsufvHk;jyL;us,fpGmjzifh olwdkYudk
oabFmonf rnfonfah e&mwGif &SEd ikd af Mumif; Munf h a ecJ h o nf / uH a umif ; axmuf r pG m yif
ajryHkwpfyHkqGJjy&efom a*vD;efudk ajymcJhonf/ qrfbm0guRe;f rS wHigonf tcsKUd onf qef*s;D ef
xdk&Jom;rsm; ajymqdkoHk;pGJaeaom zkef;tm;vHk; uRef;ü ,aeYnwGif pcef;cs &yfem;&ef qHk;jzwf
wdkYwGif ajryHkazmfjyEdkifonfh ypönf;ud&d,mryg&Sd cJMh uonf/ xdaYk Mumifh a&ul;orm;oH;k a,muf\
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rnf ; arS m if a eaom yif v ,f a &xJ w G i f udk olwaYkd rmfawmfbw k af y:odYk qGw J ifcMhJ uonf/
armyef;EGrf;e,fpGm edrfhwHkjrifhwHk ul;cyfaeMu wHigonfrsm;onf olwdkYpcef;odkY jyefvnf
aom wdkeD? tJvpfESifh uufo&if;wdkYtaejzifh a&muf&SdMuaomtcg wdkeDwdkYudk 'DZ,feHYrsm;
olwo Ykd nf qef*s;D efuRe;f ESihf eD;vmNyjD zpfaMumif; xGufaeonfh tif'dkeD;&Sm;t0wftxnfrsm;
135
ay;cJhMuonf/ armyef;NyD; ajcukefvufyef; ,l&OD;r,f}} [k xdkt&m&Sdu jyefajymcJhonf/
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ajymjycJhaomfvnf; wHigonfwdkYrSm wdkeD\ w,fvDzkef;jzifh qufoG,fvdkufonf/ xdkaq;½Hk
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bmrQaxGaxGxl;xl; rvkyfEdkifcJhay/ olESifh uufo&if;) wdkYudk jyKpkxm;onf/
rde;f uav;rsm;udk oH;k em&DMumrQ qrfbm0guRe;f ]][d k i f ; ... tcspf a &}} [k wd k e D u
odkY avSjzifhydkYaqmifay;aomc&D;wGif olonf EIwfcGef;qufonf/ a*vD;efu ]]&Sif touf
wkefvIyfjcif;? Za0Z0gjzpfjcif;wdkYjzifh vdkufyg &S i f a eao;vd k Y bk & m;ocif u d k aus;Zl ; wif
oGm;cJh&onf/ xdkwHigonfrsm;\&GmodkY a&muf ygw,f}} [k jyefvnfajymMum;cJhonf/
aomtcg 'ku©onfrsm;udk &SmazGu,fq,f rMumao;rD cPwmtwG i f ; u ol
jcif ; xuf touf r aobJ 'k u © o nf r sm; jzwfoef;BuHKawGUcJh&aom BuD;rm;vGef;vSonfh
a&muf&Sdvmjcif;udk jrifawGU&jcif;jzpfí vlwdkif; aomuzdpD;rIwdkYudk aemufqHk;wGif ausmfvTm;
u yd k r d k p d w f v I y f & S m ;aecJ h M uonf / wd k e D r S m cJ h N yD ; aemuf pd w f o uf o m&m&jcif ; ES i f h t wl
tm;rvdk tm;r&jzpfaeqJ jzpfonf/ ysm,mrcwfwwfaom pdwfwnfNidrfonfh e,l;
Ä Ä Ä Ä ZDvefol a*vD;ef\ yg;jyifay:odkY rsuf&nfrsm;
a*vD ; ef w d k Y bD r Nrd K Uod k Y a &muf c J h o nf r S m pD;usvmcJhawmhonf/ /
tcsdef av;em&DausmfcJhNyDjzpfonf/ ,cktcg
a*vD;efrSm ydkí ydkíom pdwfaomuzdpD;rIrsm; pdk;pdk; (yef;awmif;)
jzpfvmcJhonf/ xdkYaemuf t&m&Sdwpfa,muf
ajymaom pum;xJ w G i f wd k e D z &ef p pf [ l í Ref: By Swim for your life!
Simon Hemelryk
½kwfw&uf Mum;rdvdkufonf/ wdkeDz&efppf[l R.D,January, 2016
onfrSm wdkeD\ EdkifiHul;vufrSwfwGifyg&Sdaom
c&pf,meftrnfESpfvHk;jzpfaMumif; a*vD;ef
awG;rdco hJ nf/ ]]olu Y kd awGUNyv D m;}} [k a*vD;efu
ar;vdkufonf/
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136
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0efaqmifrIrsm;ay;Ekdifaom jrif;pD;orm;aumif; zD;vpf atmfo&DtaMumif;
a&;om;xm;onf /

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atmfo&D[k trnfay;cJhonf/ olaexdkif&m ywf0ef;usifonf jrufcif;pdrf;jr vGifjyifus,f
BuD;rsm;jzifh 0ef;&Hvsuf&Sd\/ vlwdkif;vdkvkdyif jrif;rsm;udk tazmfjyKum c&D;ESifavh&Sdaom a'o
137
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ppf w yf r S pmyd k Y o rm;rsm;uawmh jrif ; pD ; NyD ; apEkdifcJh\/ wpfcgwpf&HwGif c&D;ESifae&if;
pmay;pm,lwm0efudk xrf;aqmif&m oGm;vm &moDOwku ½kwfw&uf azmufvGJazmufjyef
&aom tcsed u f mvrSm wpfvwmrQ Mumanmif; rdk;oHavoHrsm;jzifh ajymif;vJoGm;wwfao;\/
wwfavonf/ EGm;vSnf;ESifhqdkvQif ESpfvrS olonf wjcm;jrif;rsm;udk wpfae&mrS
oHk;vtxd c&D;&SnfMumNrJyif/ wpfae&mqDodkY ydkYaqmifay;aom vkyfief;udk
tvGefat;jraom Zefe0g&Dv yxrywf vnf; jrif;ta&mif;t0,form;rsm;xHrS tc
xJwGif zD;vpfwpfa,muf tif'Dyef;'efYpfNrdKUodkY aMu;aiG xkdufoifhovdk,lum 0efaqmifrIay;
a&muf&SdvmcJh\/ olvmcJh&csdefrSm 12 &uf ao;onf/ o,f,lydkYaqmifay;&aom jrif;rsm;
Mumanmif;cJhonf/ aemufwpfBudrf c&D;wGifrl u a&SUrS ajy;vTm;aecsdefwGif olu a':vDudk
olu &Spf&ufESifhta&muf c&D;ESifEdkifcJhonf/ pD;um vrf;aMumif;rrSm;&atmif aemufbufrS
olwdkY e,fajra'orS jrif;pD;orm;aumif;BuD; xdef;odrf;apmifha&SmufoGm;&avonf/ zdkYxJref;
wpfO;D jzpfol upfumqefqo kd u
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wpfaumifudk ol a&G;cs,fpD;eif;cJhjcif;yif/ rdkif *kPfjyKnpmpm;yGJudk waysmfwyg; usif;yMu
ig;&mc&D ; jzpf N yD ; ntcsd e f r S m awmh ol u onf/ *kPfjyKyGJrSm zD;vpftwGuf jzpfonf/
jznf ; jznf ; om oG m ;vmvI y f & S m ;cJ h o nf / touft&G,fESifhrrQ jrif;pD;uRrf;usifvSNyD;
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emrnfvSvSav; ay;xm;onf/ a':vDonf ydkYaqmifa&;vkyfief;udk olrsm;wumxufydkNyD;
138
tcsdefwdkwdkESifh 0efaqmifrI ay;EdkifpGrf;&Sdaom jrif;wpfaumifESifhtwl ol jzwfoef;oGm;
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MunfhMu&m renf;vSay/ rpfZdk&D jynfe,fBuD;
wpfckvHk;&Sd ae&ma'o awmfawmfrsm;rsm;odkY
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rSm vkyfief;&Sifrsm;\ tm;udk;tm;xm;jyKzG,f
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b,folawGu b,fvdkyJ NyD; vHkYv0D&d,BuD;rm;vGef;vSonfh jrif;pD;orm;
trSwfw& ay;Muayr,fh aumif;wpfa,muf[k todtrSwfjyKMuaom
tm;jzifh *kPfjyKnpmpm;yGJ wufa&mufvmol
ighpdwfxJrSmawmh tm;vHk;u tmuef;qufNrdKUteD;rS awmifMum;
ight,ltqeJY ig vrf;uav;udk zD;vpfatmfo&D awmifMum;
vrf;[k emrnfay;vdkufMuonf/
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emrnf[m nurÇmü [dw k ,fjyifywGif tem;ay;um tpm
tm[m& 0vifatmifauR;xm;aom olt Y azmf
ighjrif;ruav; a':vD&JU emrnfyJ rGef jrif;ruav;em; csOf;uyfoGm;um ol
jzpfaerSmyguGm}} wdk;wdk;uav; ajymvkdufonf/ ]]wu,fawmh
'DawmifMum;vrf;av;&JU emrnfudk igh&JUemrnf
b,folawGu b,fvdkyJ trSwfw& ay;Mu
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aomc&D ; ud k zD ; vpf u ig;&uf a vmuf j zif h ighjrif;ruav; a':vD&JU emrnfyJ jzpfaerSm
Bud K ;yrf ; yd k Y a qmif a y;Ek d i f o vd k wjcm;ol r sm; yguGm}} [k a':vDudk ajymaerdonf/ vlYpum;
&SmazGrawGU&SdEkdifao;aom awmifay:a'o ol rodaomfjim; awmufyaom rsu0f ef;tpHjk zifh
jzwfvrf;rsm;? awmwGif;vQKdajrmif? acsmuf a':vDu em;pGifhae&Smavonf/
urf;yg;jzwfvrf;rsm;udk vdt k yfovdk toH;k jyKum
olY0efaqmifrIrSeforQ tcsdefwdkwdk? &ufwdkwdk
jzifh aqmif&Gufay;Ekdifaom zD;vpf\ pl;prf; aqmif ; 0if ; vwf
xk;d azmuf&mS azGwwfru I kd tm;vH;k u todtrSwf
rjyKbJ raeEdik /f xkwfazmfum csD;usL;Mu&avNyD Ref: The Saddle
jzpfonf/ By J.Frank Dobie
139
 tar&duefESifh tjcm;EkdifiHrsm;u tdkiftufpftMurf;zuftzGJU\ 0ifaiG
&vrf;rsm;udk ydwfqdkYwm;qD;vsuf&Sdaomfvnf; tdkiftufpf tMurf;zuf
tzG J U rS m rl b@maiG p k a qmif ; &ef enf ; vrf ; trsKd ; rsKd ; toH k ; jyKvsuf
&S d a Mumif ; a&;om;xm;onf /

tzG J U tpnf ; wd k i f ; wG i f 0ef x rf ; vpm? 0g'jzef Y vk y f i ef ; p&d w f ? armf a wmf u m;? ,mOf ?
vufeufud&d,m? c&D;oGm;vmp&dwf ponfjzifh toHk;p&dwftrsKd;rsKd; &SdMuonf/ xdkp&dwfrsm;
twGuf uscH&ef aiGaMu;vdktyfonfom jzpfonf/ tMurf;zuftzGJUtpnf;rsm;onfvnf;
tzGJUtrsKd;tpm;wpfckjzpfonfhtwGuf toHk;p&dwfvdktyfonfyif/ rMumao;rDu jyifopfEkdifiH?
140
NrdKUawmfyg&DwGif emrnfausmf tMurf;zufrI tar&duefESifh tjcm;EkdifiHrsm;rS wdkufzsufa&;
wpf&yf jzpfyGm;cJhonf/ xdktMurf;zufrIudk tzGJUtpnf;rsm;u ydwfqdkYvsuf&SdMuonf/
tdkiftufpftzGJUu usL;vGefcJhonf/ tMurf ; zuf t zG J U rsm;onf Ek d i f i H w um
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trsKd;rsKd;jyKvkyfMu&mwGif toHk;p&dwfrsm;pGm toHk;csum &efyHkaiG&SmMuonf/ EkdifiHwum
vdkonf/ xdktzGJUrsm; aiGaMu;r&awmhvQif tvSL&SiftcsKdUxHrSvnf; tMurf;zuftzGJUrsm;
wdkufcdkufrIrsm; vkyfEkdifawmhrnf r[kwfay/ 0ifaiG&aeMuonf/
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bufawmfom;rsm;onf tMurf;zuftzGUJ rsm;\ tMurf ; zuf t zG J U tawmf r sm;rsm; &ef y H k a iG
&efyHkaiG&ayguf&vrf;udk ydwfqdkY&ef tm;xkwf jywfvyfum txdemoGm;Muonf/ odkY&mwGif
Muonf/ rnfodkYyif tm;xkwfMuaomfvnf; tdkiftufpftzGJUrSm ¤if;wdkY odrf;ydkufxm;onfh
,aeY w d k i f a tmif tMurf ; zuf t zG J U rsm;\ e,fajrrsm;rS &efyakH iGukd pkaqmif;Ekid o f nfh tcGihf
0if a iG & vrf ; rsm;ud k yd w f q d k Y E d k i f j cif ; r&S d a o; ta&;ESifh tjcm;&ayguf&vrf;rsm; &Sdaeonf/
aMumif; tar&duefb@ma&;0efBuD;XmerS xd k Y a Mumif h v nf ; td k i f t uf p f t zG J U onf
'kwd,0efBuD; a';Apfudk[ifu ajymMum;onf/ aiGaMu;jywfroGm;bJ tzsufvkyfief;rsm;udk
¤if;rSm tMurf;zuftzGJUrsm;\ b@maiG wGifwGifus,fus,f qufvufjyKvkyfaeEkdifjcif;
&&S&d m Zmpfjrpfrsm;udk azmfxw k af xmufvrS ;f ay; jzpfonf/ tdik t f ufpt f zGUJ u xde;f csKyx f m;aom
ae&ol jzpfonf/ ¤if;\ ajymMum;csuft& e,f a jrrS m tMurf ; tm;jzif h NAd w d e f E k d i f i H \
tpövmrfrpftMurf;zuftzGJUESifh b@maiG t&G,ftpm;rQ BuD;rm;onf/ xkde,fajrwGif
&if ; jrpf p k a qmif ; &mwG i f tm;taumif ; qH k ; vlOD;a& oef;ESifhcsDí aexdkifMuonf/ odkYjzpfí
tzGJUtpnf;yif jzpfvdrfhrnf[k ¤if;u oHk;oyf tdkuftufpftzGJUonf xdke,fajrrSxGufonfh
onf/ xdktzGJUtpnf;\ b@maiG&vrf;rSm o,H Z mwES i f h aexd k i f o l r sm;tay: tcG e f
tawmfaumif;onf/ ¤if;wdkY pdk;rdk;xm;onfh aumufjcif;jzifh 0ifaiG&vrf;&Sdaejcif;jzpfonf/
tD&wfESifh qD;&D;,m;e,ftcsKdUrS aiGaMu;&onfh ½k&Sm;? tar&duefESifh jyifopfwdkYu avaMumif;
tjyif tjcm;aomEkdifiHrsm;rSvnf; vQKdU0Suf rS wdkufcdkufaeNyD; tD&wfESifh qD;&D;,m;wyfrsm;
&efyH k aiG rsm; &&S d aeNyD [k tar&du ef' kw d, u ajrjyif r S xd k ; ppf q if a eonf h ' Pf u d k
b@ma&;0efBuD;u qdkonf/ tk d i f t uf p f t Murf ; zuf w d k Y awmif h c H E d k i f j cif ;
tdkiftufpftMurf;zuftzGJUu b@maiG jzpfonf/
pkaqmif;&mwGif enf;vrf;trsKd;rsKd;udk toHk;jyK tar&duefEdkifiH\ ajray:wGif 9^11
onf/ xdkenf;vrf;rsm;udk oHk;&mwGif tjcm; umvu urÇ m ud k wk e f v I y f o G m ;aponf h
aom tMurf;zuftzGJUtpnf;rsm;xuf om tMurf;zufrIBuD; jzpfyGm;cJhonf/ xdktcsdefrSpí
onf/ tMurf;zuftzGJU\ 0ifaiG&vrf;rsm;udk tar&duefESifh taemufEdkifiH tpdk;&rsm;onf
141
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142
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143
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144
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145
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146
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147
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148
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149
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BuD;MuyfMuonf/ vufzuf&nfjzefYa0rI vkyfief;wkdUukd ajymjyí
150
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151
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152
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wpf&H vufavQmhcsifpdwf aygufrdonf[kvnf; uRefawmfhtaejzifh teHYt&om aumif;rGef
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qDu ta<u;0,fMuw,f/ NyD;awmh jyefrqyf {nfh0wfausyGefrIu xkdcsKdU,Gif;csufudk zkH;vTrf;
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153
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rsuf E S m wG i f 0rf ; enf ; rI t&d y f t a,mif u k d aomufczhJ ;l orQaom vufzuf&nfrsm;pGmxJu
rawGU&awmhbJ rdef;rvSav;wpfOD; MunfEl; taumif;qkH;aom vufzuf&nf jzpfonfukd
aysmf&TifaewmESifh wlvSygawmhonf/ xkdtcsdef ,kHrSm;zG,f r&Sdawmhacs/
wGif jrLrsm;onfvnf; vsifjrefpGm aysmufuG,f od*Ð (xl;BuD;)
oGm;ayNy/D aea&mifjzmusvmaomtcg ajrjyif
Ref: To a tea
onfvnf; taiGUjyefaeonf/ uRefawmfonf By Andrew Mc Carthy
vnf; oGm;rsm;ay:atmifyif NyHK;aerdonf/ R.D, January, 2016.

[m o

oG m ;r,f B uH c g&S d a o;w,f

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154
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rsm;ESifh tdk;rJhtdrfrJh jzpfaprIrsm;taMumif;udk a&;om;xm;ygonf/

rl;,pfaq;0g;[lonf "mwkypönf;rsm;yif jzpfonf/ "mwkypönf; yg0ifzGJUpnf;rItay:

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rl;,pfaq;0g;oHk;pGJrI &yfwefUoGm;onfhwdkif xm0& ajymif;vJoGm;Edkifonf/
155
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trsdK;rsdK;jzifh 0ifa&mufavh&Sdonf/ vlUcE¨m onf rawmfwq xdcdkuf'Pf&m &&SdrIrsm;?
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xif&Sm;aom tcsufyifjzpfNyD; rl;,pfaq;0g; rl;,pfaq;oHk;pGJjcif;\ oufa&mufrIrsm;
oHk;pGJrIudk woojzpfaponf/ onf ra0;awmhaom tcsdeftwGif; a&muf&Sd
vmNyD ; cE¨ m ud k , f w G i f ; &S d tpd w f t yd k i f ; rsm;
xd c d k u f ' Pf & mrsm; twGi;f odUk a&muf&o dS mG ;Edik of nf/ rl;,pfaq;0g;
aoqHk;jcif;? zsm;emjcif;ESifh roefpGrf;rI oHk;pGJjcif;aMumifh a&m*gul;pufrIjrifhwufum
rsm;onf tjcm;aom BudKwifumuG,fEdkifonfh udk,fcHtm;pepf tm;enf;vmjcif;? yHkrSefESvHk;
usef;rma&;tajctaersm;xuf rl;,pfaq; ck e f E I e f ; rS ES v H k ; xd c d k u f a paom ES v H k ; ES i f h
oHk;pGJjcif;rS t"dujzpfay:onf/ ,aeUacwf aoG;aMumpepfrsm; xdcdkufvmjcif; (rl;,pfaq;
156
xk;d oGi;f jcif;onf aoG;aMumrsm;udk ysupf ;D apNy;D qHk;jzwfcsufpGrf;&nfrsm;udk usqif;apaomf
aoG;aMumrsm;ESifh ESvHk;tqdkY&Sifrsm;odkU a&m*g vnf; vlwdkYonf rl;,pfaq;oHk;pGJ&ef tmom
ul;pufaponf/)? rtDromjzpfjcif;? ysKdUtef jyif;jy&SmazGvmMuonf/ eDudkwif;? udkuif;?
jcif;ESifh 0rf;Adkufydkif;emusifrIrsm;jzpfapjcif;? bdef;jzLESifh tjcm;aom rl;,pfaponfh aq;0g;
tonf;udk tjyif;txef tvkyfvkyfapaom rsm;onf OD ; aES m uf \ rS w f Ó Pf t m;ud k
aMumifh tonf;ysufpD;apjcif;? avoifwkef; avsmeh nf;ysupf ;D aponf/ xdUk tjyif OD;aESmuf\
jzwfjcif;? avjzwfjcif;ESifh pdwfydkif;qdkif&m rSwfÓPftm;udk xdef;csKyfum pdwf&Tifvef;
½IyfaxG;rIrsm;ESifh OD;aESmufysufpD;jcif; tyg 0rf;ajrmufrI twuftusuv kd nf; jzpfaponf/
t0if aeYpOfvyk af qmifrrI sm;wGif rSwÓ f Pftm;?
tm½Hkpl;pdkufrI? qHk;jzwfcsufcsrIwdkY avsmhenf;
vmjcif;? trsdK;om;rsm;wGif &ifom;BuD;xGm;
vmjcif;? wjznf;jznf;ESifh tpmpm;csifpdwf
twuftusjzpfvmjcif;? cE¨mudk,ftylcsdef
jrif h w uf v mjcif ; ponf h trsd K ;rsd K ;aom
usef;rma&;qdk;usdK;rsm; jzpfay:vmEdkifonf/

tjyKtrl q k d i f & m qd k ; usd K ;rsm;

rl;,pfaq;0g;oHk;pGJjcif;aMumifh wpfyg;ol
tay: ,HkrSm;oHo, vGefuJjcif;? usL;ausmf
&efpjcif;? tMurf;zufjcif;? aoG;avacsmufcsm;
jcif;? aq;ydkrdk pGJvmjcif;? qHk;jzwfcsufcs&mwGif
,d k , G i f ; tm;enf ; vmjcif ; ? pd w f v d k u f r mef y g
jyKvkyfjcif;ESifh rdrdudk,frdrd xdef;csKyfEdkifpGrf;
tm;enf;vmjcif; ponfh tjyKtrlydkif;qdkif&m
qdk;usdK;rsm;udk cHpm;&apEdkifonf/
arG ; zG m ;EI e f ; xd c d k u f r I r sm;
tar&duefjynfaxmifpw k iG f uk,
d 0f efaqmif
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oabmudk ajymif;vJapum wpfOD;csif;pD\ toH;k jyKMuonf/ tqdyk gaq;rsm;ESihf tjcm;aom
157
 rl;,pfaq;rsm;onf udk,f0efaqmifrdcifESifh
rl;,pfaq;aMumifh uav;i,frsm;udk tEÅ&m,ftrsdK;rsdK; jzpfap
onf/ tcsKd Uaom rl;,pfaq;rsm;onf ao;i,f
ukefusaiGonf
vG e f ; onf h uav;i,f r sm; arG ; zG m ;jcif ; ?
ESpfpOf tar&duefa':vm rl ; ,pf a q;oH k ; pG J j cif ; ud k &yf p J o nf h t wG u f
oef; 110 cefY&Sdonf/ oifMum;a&;ESifh tjyKtrlydkif;wGif csdKU,Gif;csuf
&Sdaom uav;rsm;arG;zGm;jcif;udk jzpfaponf/
rl ; ,pf a q;oH k ; pG J r I E S i f h xdkUjyif udk,f0efaqmifpOf rl;,pfaq;oHk;pGJjcif;
qufET,fí aMumifh tm[m&tm;enf; csdKU,Gif;vmjcif;?
vdiyf ikd ;f qdik &f m a&m*gul;pufrI jrifw h ufvmjcif;
wDbDa&m*g? vdifydkif;qdkif&m ponfh ab;Oy'fwdkYudkvnf; jzpfaponf/
ul;pufwwfaoma&m*grsm;
rl ; ,pf a q;oH k ; pG J j cif ; \ qk d ; usd K ;rsm;
(STDs)? bdef;jzL? aq;ajcmuf? udkuif;? rDo'kef;
tonf;a&mif a&m*gESifh ponfh rl;,pfaq;rsm;onf tar&duefjynfol
rsm;udk ESpfpOf jyif;xefaom ysufpD;qHk;½IH;rIrsm;
ckcHtm;usqif;rIa&m*g cH p m;&aponf / rawmf w q xd c k d u f r I r sm;?
(AIDS) wdkUudkvnf; &mZ0wfjypfrIrsm;? tdrfwGif;tMurf;zufrIrsm;?
zsm;emrIrsm;? ypönf;Opöm ysufpD;qHk;&SHK;rIrsm;ESifh
ul;pufaponf/
arG;zGm;EIef; usqif;rIrsm;onf rl;,pfaq;
,mOfrawmfwqrIrsm;onf oH;k pGjJ cif;\ wdu k ½f u
kd f xda&mufaom qd;k usKd ;rsm;
vnf;aumif;? yif jzpfonf/ rl;,pfaq;ESifh t&ufaomuf
oH k ; aom uav;i,f r sm;onf vl i ,f r sm;
vrf;ab; usL;vGefavh&Sdaom jypfrIrsm;tygt0if tusdK;
&mZ0wfrIcif;rsm;onf r&Sdaom tjyKtrlrsm;ESifh udk,fcE¨musef;rm
oefprG ;f rIr&Sad om yHpk rH sm;ESihf qufE,T af eonf/
vnf;aumif; rl;,pfaq;aMumifh ukefusaiGonf ESpfpOf
rl ; ,pf a q;oH k ; pG J r I a Mumif h tar&d u ef a ':vmoef ; 110 cef Y & S d o nf /
rl;,pfaq;oHk;pGJrIESifh qufET,fí wDbDa&m*g?
trsm;qHk;
vdifydkif;qdkif&m ul;pufwwfaoma&m*grsm;
jzpfay:onf/ (STDs)? tonf;a&mifa&m*gESihf ckct H m;usqif;rI
a&m*g (AIDS) wdkUudkvnf; ul;pufaponf/
158
,mOf r awmf w qrI r sm;onf vnf ; aumif ; ? usef ; rma&; pm&if ; tif ; Xme (NCHS) u
vrf;ab;&mZ0wfrIcif;rsm;onf vnf;aumif; xkwjf yefxm;onf/ rl;,pfaq;rsm;onf vlom;
rl;,pfaq;oH;k pGrJ aI Mumifh trsm;qH;k jzpfay:onf/ rsm;ud k aoapaomaMumif h rl ; ,pf a q;ES i f h
quf E T , f a om aoqH k ; rI r sm;ud k twd t us
rSwfwrf;wifvmMuonf/ rl;,pfaq;aMumifh
pdwfa0'emcHpm;&rI? rl;,pfaq;tay: rSDwnf
vGe;f rI? trStD cduk if;uif; rl;,pfaq;toH;k jyKr?I
rl;,pfaq;oHk;aepOf tqdyfjzpfrI? rl;,pfaq;
oH;k &if; tqH;k pD&ifr?I rl;,pfaq; toH;k jyKjcif;jzifh
tjcm;olukd ud, k xf v
d ufa&muf usL;vGerf pI onfh
rl;,pfaq;ESifhqufET,faom aoqHk;rIpm&if;
rsm;udk cGJjcm;azmfxkwfvmMuonf/
rl ; ,pf a q;toH k ; jyKrI o nf vl o m;\
pGr;f aqmifEidk rf u
I kd wdu
k zf suo f nf/ vlryI wf0ef;usif
ES i f h qef Y u sif a om tjyKtrl r sm;ud k v nf ;
qufET,fjzpfay:aponf/ toufi,f&G,fpOf
uyif aq;ajcmufoHk;pGJaom uav;i,frsm;
onf aq;ajcmufroHk;aom uav;rsm;xuf
ausmif ; ynmoif u mv rNyD ; qH k ; bJ cd k ; rI ?
tMurf;zufrI? zsufqD;rIESifh tjcm;tEÅ&m,f
rsm;aom tjyKtrl r sm;ud k yd k r d k j yKvk y f a vh
&SdMuonf/ udkuif;ESifh bdef;jzLtoHk;jyKaom
t&G,fa&mufol vli,frsm;udk avhvmcJh&m
aq;ajcmuf t oH k ; jyKol vl i ,f r sm;onf ul ; puf a &m*grsm; ysH U ES H U vmjcif ;
aemufydkif;wGif udkuif;ESifh bdef;jzLtoHk;jyKrIESifh rl ; ,pf a q;oH k ; pG J o l r sm;ES i f h tqd k y g
tjyeftvSeq f ufE, hJ nf/ rl ; ,pf a q;oH k ; ol r sm;ES i f h vd i f y d k i f ; qd k i f & m
T rf &I adS Mumif; awGU&Scd o
touf 12 ESpfrS 17 ESpfMum; aq;ajcmuf qufET,frI&Sdaomolrsm;onf qD;ylanmif;us
oHk;pGJol vli,frsm;onf rl;,pfaq; wpfBudrf a&m*g? umvom;a&m*g? tonf;a&mifa&m*g?
wpfcgrQroHk;zl;ol vli,frsm;xuf udkuif; wDbDa&m*g? HIV ponfh ul;pufa&m*grsm;
toHk;jyKEkdifajc 85 qydkonf/ tvsif t jref ul ; puf c H & Ed k i f o nf / umv
1996 ckESpftwGuf rl;,pfaq;aMumifh Mum&Snf rl;,pfaq;oHk;olrsm;onf ul;puf
aoqHk;ol 14,843 OD; &SdaMumif; trsKd;om; a&m*grsm; ul;pufvG,fMuNyD; t"du ul;puf
159
a&m*go,faqmifolrsm;vnf; jzpfMuonf/
rl ; ,pf a q;toH k ; jyKjcif ; jzif h jyif ; xef a om
ul;pufa&m*grsm; txl;ojzifh HIV? AIDS? wDbD
ponfh use;f rma&;qd;k usKd ;rsm;ESihf tMurf;zufrI
uJ h o d k U aom vl r I a &;jyóemrsm;ES i f h v nf ;
BuHKawGU&Edkifonf/ aemufqHk;wGif usef;rma&;
apmif h a &S m uf r I p &d w f r sm; jrif h w uf v mcJ h & m
rl;,pfaq;pGJaeonfh ADZpdwfonf onf;rcH
Edkifaom 0efxkyf0efydk; jzpfvmonf/

tdk;rJhtdrfrJhvlOD;a& 40 &mcdkifEIef;rSm rl;,pf

aq;0g;ESifh t&ufaomufolrsm;jzpfaMumif;
umvDzdk;eD;,m; tmPmydkifrsm;u ,lqonf/
qefz&efppöudktzGJU\ avhvmrIt& 1997
ckESpf? 'DZifbmvrS 1998 ckESpf? Edk0ifbmv
txd rl;,pfaq;oHk;pGJrIrsm;onf tdk;rJhtdrfrJh
jzpf r I \ t"d u w&m;cH y if j zpf a Mumif ; od &
onf/ 12 vtwGif; tdrf,mrJh 4,000teuf
aoqH k ; rI 157 ck &S d c J h N yD ; 62 OD ; rS m aq;
tvG e f t uRH o H k ; pG J r I a Mumif h [ k ,l q &onf /
tjcm;aom aoqHk;rIrsm;rSm ao½dk;aopOf
twdkif;r[kwfbJ rl;,pfaq;oHk;pGJjcif;aMumifh
rdrdudk,frdrd tqHk;pD&ifjcif;ESifh AIDS ul;puf
a&m*gaMumifh jzpfonf/

td k ; rJ h t d r f r J h j zpf j cif ; pk 0 PÖ
rl;,pfaq;oHk;jcif;ESifh tdk;rJhtdrfrJhjzpfjcif;
wdkYrSm tjyeftvSef qufET,fjzpfwnfaeonf/ Ref: Internet
160