COMPLEX NUMBERS

Page 1 (cos Θ + isin Θ)n = cos (nΘ) + isin (nΘ)

Relations involving Modulus and __________________________________
Argument:
Geometric relationship between z, ,
|z1z2| = |z1| |z2| cz, iz
.
z cz iz
z1= |z1| . z . z
. .
z2 |z2| .

|z|2 = z __________________________________

|zn| = |z|n Vectors

_ ________
Z1 + Z 2
|z| = √x2 + y2 Z1 Z1
Z2 – Z1
Z2 Z2
arg(z1z2) = arg(z1) + arg(z2)
__________________________________
z1
argz = arg(z1) – arg(z2) The triangle inequality
2

arg(z)n = n arg(z) |z1 + z2| ≤ |z1| + |z2|

________________________________ Im(z)
z1 + z2
Finding the Square Root of a
complex number: z2
|z2|
|z1 + z2|

Ex: Find the square roots of 10 – 24i

z1
Solution: If x + iy is a square root of
10 – 24i, then (x + iy)2 = 10 – 24i
|z1|
Re(z)
x2 + 2xyi – y2 = 10 – 24i
(x2 – y2) + 2xyi = 10 –24i
__________________________________
x2 – y2 = 10__________①
2xy = -24
-24 -12
y = 2x =x ___________②
2
-12
Sub into ① 2
x – x = 10
-144
x2 – x2 = 10

x4 – 10x2 – 144 = 0
x2 = 18 or x2 = -8
____ ____

x = ± 3√ 2 or x = ± 2√ 2 i
____

choose x = 3√ 2
-12_ -4
sub into ② y =3√2 =√2 = -2√ 2
∴the square roots are 3√ 2 -2√ 2 i
_____ ____
COMPLEX NUMBERS
_____

and -3√ 2 + 2√ 2 i
____
Page 2
De Moivre’s Theorem: Sketching curves and regions:

To sketch |z – (x + iy)| = r
is a circle with centre (x,y) and
radius, r.
Graphically, |z – (x + iy)| = r is the
vector joining (x + iy) to z
Eg 1: Sketch the graph where |z – 1 + i| < 2
and arg(z – 1) ≤ 45° both hold:
|z – (1 – i)| < 2,
≤ 45°
45°
. r3 (cos (3Θ) + isin (3Θ)) = 1(cos 0° + isin 0°)
1-i
2 (cos (3Θ) + isin (3Θ)) = 1(cos 0° + isin 0°)
Eg 2: Sketch |z| = |z + 2 – i|
|z – 0| = |z – (–2 + i)|
(z – 1)(z2 + z + 1) __
∴ z = 1 or –1 ± i√ 3
2
These are called the three complex
cube roots of unity
Using deMoivre’s theorem to find the
complex roots of unity:
Eg: For z3 = 1
Let z = r (cos Θ + isin Θ) be a solution
Then z3 = r3 (cos Θ + isin Θ)3
arg(z – (1)) = r3 (cos (3Θ) + isin (3Θ))
1 as a complex number in mod arg form is
1(cos 0° + isin 0°)
∴
∴ r3 = 1 and
Then r = 1 and 3Θ = 0°, 360°, 720°
Θ = 0°, 120°, 240°
∴ z = 1(cos 0° + isin 0°) = 1 _
or z = 1(cos 120° + isin 120°) = -1 - i√3
2 _
or z = 1(cos 240° + isin 240°) = -1 + i√3
2

Note there are 3 solutions

There will be n solutions to zn = 1

–2 + i
The roots of unity graphically:

Roots of z4 =Roots
1 of z3 = 1
Perpendicular
bisector of line joining
0 to –2 + i

Complex Roots of unity

Consider z3 = 1
z3 – 1 = 0