ECE 476

POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS

Lecture 4
Power System Operation

Professor Tom Overbye

Department of Electrical and
Computer Engineering
Reading and Homework

• Moving 1st Exam? Oct 11 or 13?

• For lectures 4 through 6 please be reading Chapter 4
– we will not be covering sections 4.7, 4.11, and 4.12 in
detail though you should still at least skim those sections.
• HW 1 is 2.9, 22, 28, 32, 48; due Thursday 9/8
• For Problem 2.32 you need to use the PowerWorld
Software. You can download the software and cases at
the below link; get version 15.
http://www.powerworld.com/gloversarma.asp
Direct PowerWorld download page is
http://www.powerworld.com/DemoSoftware/GloverSarmaSimdwnl
dv15.asp
1
State Variation in Electric Rates

2
The Goal: Customer Choice

3
The Result for California in 2000/1

OFF

OFF

4
 The California-Enron Effect
WA
MT ND VT ME
OR MN
NH
ID SD WI NY MA
WY MI RI

IA PA CT
NV NE NJ
IN OH DE
UT IL W MD
DC
CO VA VA
CA KS MO KY
AZ TN NC
OK
NM AR SC
MS AL GA
TX
LA
AK
FL
HI

electricity delayed suspended

no activity
restructuring restructuring restructuring
Source : http://www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/electricity/chg_str/regmap.html 5
Natural Gas Boom, Bust and Boom

6
August 14th, 2003 Blackout

7
2007 Illinois Electricity Crisis

 Two main electric utilities in Illinois are ComEd

and Ameren
 Restructuring law had frozen electricity prices for
ten years, with rate decreases for many.
 Prices rose on January 1, 2007 as price freeze
ended; price increases were especially high for
electric heating customers who had previously
enjoyed rates as low as 2.5 cents/kWh
 2009 average residential rate (in cents/kWh) is 9.08
in IL, 7.62 IN, 9.38 WI, 7.37 IA, 15.52 NY, 6.60
WA, 13.20 in CA, 9.82 US average
8
The Rise of Renewables

Currently
about 4%
of our
electric
capacity
is wind
The up/downs
in 2001/2 and
2003/4 were
caused by
expiring tax
credits

9
The Smart Grid

• The term “Smart Grid” dates officially to the 2007

“Energy Independence and Security Act”, Title 13
(“Smart Grid”)
• Use of digital information and control techniques
• Dynamic grid optimization with cyber-security
• Deployment of distributed resources including
• Customer participation and smart appliances
• Integration of storage including PHEVs
• Development of interoperability standards

10
Smart Grid Perceptions

11
In the News: Local Electricity
Suppliers

• On Monday (Aug 29) the News-Gazette had a

story about alternative electricity suppliers finally
entering the Ameren residential market
• For example, BlueStar Energy offers electricity at a
fixed price of 5.175 cents/kWh versus Ameren at
5.646 cents/kWh.
• There are other rate options as well so consumers need
to shop around for what works best
• You still pay some money to Ameren for the use of
the wires, just not for energy
• Check out www.pluginillinois.org
12
In the News: Illinois Smart Grid Bill

• On Monday (Aug 29) legislation to “modernize”

the Illinois electric grid was sent to Governor
Quinn. He has promised to veto the bill. If vetoed
it could be overriden in the fall veto session
• Supporters of the ten year, $3 billion effort, say the
savings to consumers due to the installation of
smart meters will more than offset the increase in
rates.
• Quinn and other argue it gives too much money to
ComEd and Ameren.

13
Power System Operations Overview

 Goal is to provide an intuitive feel for power system

operation
 Emphasis will be on the impact of the transmission
system
 Introduce basic power flow concepts through small
system examples

14
Power System Basics

 All power systems have three major components:

Generation, Load and Transmission/Distribution.
 Generation: Creates electric power.
 Load: Consumes electric power.
 Transmission/Distribution: Transmits electric power
from generation to load.
– Lines/transformers operating at voltages above 100 kV are
usually called the transmission system. The transmission
system is usually networked.
– Lines/transformers operating at voltages below 100 kV are
usually called the distribution system (radial).
15
 Simulation of the
Eastern Interconnect
VIK 138
BIG BEN D

WH TWTR3
EEN 138
ST RITA

M UKWO N GO
SUN 138 WH TWTR4
TRIPP
WH TWTR5
UN IVRSTY
Raci ne
JAN 138
Pl ai sades
SGR CK4
UN IV N EU
LBT 138
H AM PTO N 5 SGR CK5

LAN 138 BRLGTN 2 SO M ERS Covert

ALB 138
RO R 138

N LK GV T
H azel ton BRLGTN 1
ALBERS-2
Paddock Benton H arbor
PO T 138 PARIS WE BAIN 4
FRAN KLN 5 N O M 138 M RE 138 TICH IGN
BUTLER 5 H AZL S 5 H LM 138
WIB 138
UN IO N TP5 D AR 138
BLKH AWK5
N LG 138
N ED 138
Pl easantPrai ri e
N WT 138
M ID PO RT5 N ED 161

LIBERTY5
D RFN D RY5
D UN D EE 5 BCH 138
LUN D Q ST5 TRK RIV5 WBT 138
ELK 138
CASVILL5
BLK 138
CO R 138 D IK 138
D RCO M P 5 DRNE 5
WTWEST 5
LEN A ; B LEN A ; R
8TH ST. 5 Zi on

D R EN G 5

Rockford
LO RE 5
WASH BRN 5
ELERO ; BT ELERO ; RT
ASBURY 5 Wempl eton
EL FARM 5 SO . GVW. 5
PECAT; B
Waukegan
CN TRGRV5
LAN CA; R
JULIAN 5
SALEM N 5

H arl em Bel vi dere

M arengo
FREEP; Roscoe

GALEN A 5
Sand Park
Pi erpont

B465
FO RD A; R
S PEC; R E. Rockf ord
Al pi ne
Cook - 345 kV
Charl es

B427 ; 1T
Sabrooke

Cherry Val l ey
Cook - 765 kV

Bl aw khaw k
Kenzi e Creek

SAVAN N A5

Arnol d
STILL; RT
TRAER 5 M Q O KETA5
WYO M IN G5

VIN TO N 5
M -TO WN 5
Tol l w ay
D YSART 5
M T VERN 5
FAIRFAX5
PCI 5

Hanover

BEVERLY5 Tw i n Branch
BERTRAM 5
H IAWATA5
TIM BRCK5 6 ST 5
Bar t l et t
Des Pl ai nes

YO RK 5
O l i ve
M ARYL; B JackSr
Wayne
I t asca

Nor di
G l endal e
M i chi gan Ci ty
W407 ( Fer m i ) Addi son
LEECO ; BP Chur ch
H 445 ; 3B
H 440 ; R
El m hur st
Lom bar d
GR M N D 5

ALBAN Y 6
E CALM S5
M EN D O ; T
D IXO N ; BT N Aurora
BVR CH 65 BVR CH 5 GARD E;
D EWITT 5 ALBAN Y 5
H 71 ; BT
H 440 ; RT STEWA; B El ect r i c Junct i on D umont 345 D umont 765
H 71 ; B

H 71 ; R
STERL; B
D unacr
Li sl e
M cCook
Sti l l w el l

D ow ners Groove

CRLRID G5
Chi ave
M ECCO RD 3 Babcock

SB PIC 5 Shef i el d
Pl ano
CO RD O ; N ELSO ; R

Wi l l Co.
R FAL; B R FAL; R
Lake George
N ELSO ; RT Romeo Tow er Rd
SB GIC 5
SB 79 5
SB 49 5 M unster
SBH YC5

SB UIC 5 Burnham
SB 74 5
SB 90 5 Lockport
SB 17 5
Bl ue Isl and
JASPER 5
SB YIC 5 SUB 77 5 Goodi ngs Grove
SB 71 5
Green Lake
D AVN PRT5
SB 78 5 Kenda Green Acres
N EWTO N 5
H ILLSIE5 SB 76 5
Sand Ri dge
SB 89 5
SB 88 5

Lansi ng
Jol i et
SB EIC 5 IPSCO 3 Burr O ak
SB 58 5
SB JIC 5 Gl enw ood
M otezuma IPSCO 5 SB 70 5 Chi cago H ei ghts
F-503
Bri gg
SB A 5
F-575
East Frankf ort Country Cl ub H i l l s
Frankf ort
PO WESH K5 H ILLS 5 SB 28 5
PARN EL 5 SB 52 5 El w ood
M atteson
N Len Park Forest
Bl oom
SB 48 5 SB 47 5 U. Park
SB 31T 5 Woodhi l l

REASN O R5
SB 53 5
SB 85 5
E M O LIN E
Col l i ns
Wi l ton Center
D resden
Schahf er
SB 43 5 B B
SB 18 5

SB 112 5
93%
105%
MVA MVA

La Sal l e
Wi l mi ngton

KPECKTP5

WEST 5

SO . SUB 5

Br ai dw ood

9 SUB 5
H WY61 5

BEACO N 5

N EWPO RT5

EIC 5

BRD GPRT5

M PWSPLIT

H ALLO CK

LUCAS 5

Peoria
WATSEKA 17GO D LN D

GILM AN

FARGO
CAT M O SS

RSW EAST
RAD N O R

CAT SUB1

E PEO RIA
PIO N EERC
CAT TAP

CAT M AP KEYSTO N E

H IN ES
WAPELLO 5

JEFF 5 ED WARD S3

ED WARD S1
H EN RYCO 5

CAT SUB2

EASTERN
BURLIN 1G
D EN M ARK5 BRLGTN 5
TAZEWELL

Tazw el l

GIBSO N C
PAXTO N E H O O PESTN

N IO TA

Pow erton
GIBSO N CP
N IO TA

APAN O SE5

N LERO Y

CUBA Bloomington
VIELE 5

WEED M AN
D uck Creek
M ACO M BN E
RN TO UL J

RAN TO UL
CAN TO N
VERM ILO N
H AM LTN AM M ACO M B W

TRIVERS5 CLTN TAP

TILTN EC
VERM L 1

CARBID E5 VERM ILO N

CLT RT54
Ipava
M ASO N
W TILTO N
Gul on
M AH O M ET
IPAVA
AD AIR
LEVER RD
S CLN TN
Cl i nton
M ASO N CY CH AM P TP
H AVAN A S BUN SO N VL
CH AM P W CH AM P E
1346A TP

H O LLAN D
H AVAN A KICKAPO O RISIN G PERKN SRD

16
 Small PowerWorld Simulator Case

Load with
green Bus 2
-20 MW
4 MVR
20 MW
-4 MVR Bus 1
arrows 1.00 PU

indicating
204 MW
102 MVR
Note the
1.00 PU

amount 106 MW
power
0 MVR
of MW -34 MW -14 MW
balance at
150 MW AGC ON

flow 116 MVR AVR ON

10 MVR 4 MVR 100 MW
each bus
34 MW 14 MW
-10 MVR -4 MVR
Bus 3 1.00 PU
Home Area
102 MW
51 MVR
Used 150 MW AGC ON

to control 37 MVR AVR ON

output of Direction of arrow is used to indicate

generator direction of real power (MW) flow
17
Power Balance Constraints

 Power flow refers to how the power is moving

through the system.
 At all times in the simulation the total power
flowing into any bus MUST be zero!
 This is know as Kirchhoff’s law. And it can not be
repealed or modified.
 Power is lost in the transmission system.

18
Basic Power Control

 Opening a circuit breaker causes the power flow to

instantaneously(nearly) change.
 No other way to directly control power flow in a
transmission line.
 By changing generation we can indirectly change
this flow.

19
Transmission Line Limits

 Power flow in transmission line is limited by

heating considerations.
 Losses (I2 R) can heat up the line, causing it to sag.
 Each line has a limit; Simulator does not allow you
to continually exceed this limit. Many utilities use
winter/summer limits.

20
Overloaded Transmission Line

21
Interconnected Operation

 Power systems are interconnected across large

distances. For example most of North America east
of the Rockies is one system, with most of Texas
and Quebec being major exceptions
 Individual utilities only own and operate a small
portion of the system, which is referred to an
operating area (or an area).

22
Operating Areas

 Transmission lines that join two areas are known as

tie-lines.
 The net power out of an area is the sum of the flow
on its tie-lines.
 The flow out of an area is equal to

total gen - total load - total losses = tie-flow

23
Area Control Error (ACE)

 The area control error is the difference between the

actual flow out of an area, and the scheduled flow.
 Ideally the ACE should always be zero.
 Because the load is constantly changing, each utility
must constantly change its generation to “chase” the
ACE.

24
Automatic Generation Control

 Most utilities use automatic generation control

(AGC) to automatically change their generation to
keep their ACE close to zero.
 Usually the utility control center calculates ACE
based upon tie-line flows; then the AGC module
sends control signals out to the generators every
couple seconds.

25
 Three Bus Case on AGC

-40 MW 40 MW
Bus 2 8 MVR -8 MVR Bus 1
1.00 PU
266 MW
133 MVR
1.00 PU
101 MW
5 MVR

-77 MW -39 MW
150 MW AGC ON
25 MVR 12 MVR 100 MW
166 MVR AVR ON
78 MW 39 MW
-21 MVR -11 MVR
Bus 3 1.00 PU
Home Area
133 MW
67 MVR
Generation
250 MW AGC ON
is automatically 34 MVR AVR ON

changed to match Net tie flow is

change in load close to zero
26
Generator Costs

 There are many fixed and variable costs associated

with power system operation.
 The major variable cost is associated with
generation.
 Cost to generate a MWh can vary widely.
 For some types of units (such as hydro and nuclear)
it is difficult to quantify.
 For thermal units it is much easier. These costs will
be discussed later in the course.

27
Economic Dispatch

 Economic dispatch (ED) determines the least cost

dispatch of generation for an area.
 For a lossless system, the ED occurs when all the
generators have equal marginal costs.

IC1(PG,1) = IC2(PG,2) = … = ICm(PG,m)

28
Power Transactions

 Power transactions are contracts between areas to

do power transactions.
 Contracts can be for any amount of time at any
price for any amount of power.
 Scheduled power transactions are implemented by
modifying the area ACE:

ACE = Pactual,tie-flow - Psched

29
 100 MW Transaction

8 MW -8 MW
Bus 2 -2 MVR 2 MVR Bus 1
1.00 PU
225 MW
113 MVR
1.00 PU
0 MW
32 MVR

-84 MW -92 MW
150 MW AGC ON
27 MVR 30 MVR 100 MW
138 MVR AVR ON
85 MW 93 MW
-23 MVR -25 MVR
Bus 3 1.00 PU
Home Area
113 MW
Scheduled Transactions 56 MVR
100.0 MW 291 MW AGC ON
8 MVR AVR ON
Scheduled Net tie-line
100 MW flow is now
Transaction from Left to Right 100 MW
30
Security Constrained ED

 Transmission constraints often limit system

economics.
 Such limits required a constrained dispatch in
order to maintain system security.
 In three bus case the generation at bus 3 must
be constrained to avoid overloading the line
from bus 2 to bus 3.

31
Security Constrained Dispatch

-22 MW 22 MW
Bus 2 4 MVR -4 MVR Bus 1
1.00 PU
357 MW
179 MVR
1.00 PU
0 MW
100% 37 MVR
-122 MW
194 MW OFF AGC -142 MW
49 MVR 41 MVR 100 MW
232 MVR AVR ON
145 MW 100% 124 MW
-37 MVR -33 MVR
Bus 3 1.00 PU
Home Area
179 MW
Scheduled Transactions 89 MVR
100.0 MW 448 MW AGC ON
19 MVR AVR ON

Dispatch is no longer optimal due to need to keep line

from bus 2 to bus 3 from overloading
32
Multi-Area Operation

 If Areas have direct interconnections, then they may

directly transact up to the capacity of their tie-lines.
 Actual power flows through the entire network
according to the impedance of the transmission
lines.
 Flow through other areas is known as “parallel
path” or “loop flows.”

33
 Seven Bus Case: One-line

System has
44 MW -42 MW -31 MW 31 MW 80 MW
three areas 1.05 PU
3
0.99 PU
4
30 MVR Area top
1 1.00 PU
62 MW 106 MW -37 MW 110 MW -32 MW
has five
AGC ON 40 MVR
94 MW
buses
Case Hourly Cost AGC ON
38 MW 16933 $/MWH
-14 MW
-61 MW
32 MW
1.04 PU 79 MW -77 MW 1.01 PU
2 Top Area Cost 5
8029 $/MWH
40 MW -39 MW 130 MW
40 MW
20 MVR 40 MVR
168 MW AGC ON
-40 MW 40 MW
20 MW -20 MW
1.04 PU 1.04 PU
6 20 MW 7
-20 MW
200 MW 200 MW
0 MVR Left Area Cost Right Area Cost
Area left 200 MW AGC ON
4189 $/MWH 4715 $/MWH 0 MVR
201 MW AGC ON
has one
Area right has one
bus
bus
34
 Seven Bus Case: Area View

Area Losses
Top 7.09 MW

Actual
40.1 MW
flow
-40.1 MW
0.0 MW
0.0 MW between
System has areas
40 MW of
Scheduled
“Loop Flow”
Left Right flow
Area Losses 40.1 MW Area Losses
0.33 MW 0.0 MW 0.65 MW

Loop flow can result in higher losses

35
Seven Bus - Loop Flow?

Area Losses
Top 9.44 MW

Note that
4.8 MW
0.0 MW
-4.8 MW Top’s
0.0 MW
Losses have
increased
from
7.09MW to
Left Right
9.44 MW
Area Losses 104.8 MW Area Losses
-0.00 MW 100.0 MW 4.34 MW

100 MW Transaction Transaction has

between Left and Right actually decreased
the loop flow 36
Pricing Electricity

 Cost to supply electricity to bus is called the

locational marginal price (LMP)
 Presently some electric makets post LMPs on the
web
 In an ideal electricity market with no transmission
limitations the LMPs are equal
 Transmission constraints can segment a market,
resulting in differing LMP
 Determination of LMPs requires the solution on an
Optimal Power Flow (OPF)
37
 3 BUS LMPS - OVERLOAD IGNORED
60 MW 60 MW
Bus 2 Bus 1
10.00 $/MWh
Gen 2’s Gen 1’s
cost cost
0 MW 10.00 $/MWh
is $12 is $10
120 MW 180 MW
per 120% per
MWh 0 MW MWh
60 MW
120% 120 MW
Total Cost 60 MW
1800 $/hr
Bus 3 10.00 $/MWh
180 MW

0 MW

Line from Bus 1 to Bus 3 is over-loaded; all

buses have same marginal cost

38
LINE OVERLOAD ENFORCED

20 MW 20 MW
Bus 2 Bus 1
10.00 $/MWh

60 MW 12.00 $/MWh
100 MW 120 MW
80% 100%
0 MW
80 MW
80% 100% 100 MW
Total Cost 80 MW
1921 $/hr
Bus 3 14.01 $/MWh
180 MW

0 MW

Line from 1 to 3 is no longer overloaded, but now

the marginal cost of electricity at 3 is $14 / MWh 39
MISO and PJM

MISO and
PJM are
the reliability
coordinators
covering the
electric grid
in Illinois.
ComEd is in
PJM, and
Ameren is in
MISO.
40
 MISO ACE Chart from Aug 31, 2011

https://www.midwestiso.org/MarketsOperations/RealTimeMarketData/Pages/ACECh
art.aspx
41
MISO LMPs 8/31/11 at 11:05 AM

www.midwestmarket.org
42