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An Undergraduate Thesis
College of Engineering
Campani, Jessavil O.
Santiago, Geremy S.
2018
APPROVAL SHEET
ADVISORY COMMITEE
Member
ACOL
Member
Approved and accepted as partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The authors would like to express their whole-hearted thanks and gratitude to
the following people, who contributed a lot for the success of fulfilling this study.
thesis adviser, for his support and exemplary supervision given on the
researchers.
To Dr. Grace O. Manlapas, their thesis instructor, for her full assistance and
Department, for her constant guidance and concern shown to the researchers.
To the faculty of Land Transportation Office, for their warm approach and
hospitality, for sharing their support and assistance throughout the study.
To their families, who shared their support, either morally, financially and
To the Great Almighty, the author of knowledge and wisdom, for His
countless love.
The Researcher
DEDICATION
The researchers would like to dedicate this humble work to their beloved
families and friends for their unconditional love, constant encouragement and
support, and to the Lord Almighty, for the wisdom and blessings given upon them.
The Researchers
ABSTRACT
Traffic congestion has been one of the major issues that most metropolises
are facing in spite of measures being taken to mitigate and reduce it. In the recent
past, traffic congestion has emerged as one of the main challenge for engineers,
planners and policy makers in urban areas. Modern social and economic
urban air quality besides other adverse effects on quality of urban living. The
reveals some interesting insights. One of the important outcome was that there is
mentioned earlier, due to the lack of a unified definition for the measurement of
congestion, several metrics are in use. These include speed, travel time, delay,
volume and level of service. These metrics are evaluated in terms of their
metric becomes an important part of this study. Speed has emerged as the
for the study. The choice of this urban road was based the fact that it has a well
pronounced recurrent congestion on certain sections over the past several years.
measure all the traffic characteristics. Video data collection method was used to
measure the volume of traffic. Volume data and speed data were also collected.
survey would be conducted to fully identify the problem and to come up with
possible solutions.
better one in terms of increased travel speeds, reduction in travel times and
This study primarily aims to identify the actual causes behind the traffic
congestion and provided the practical solutions for Borongan City Proper to
area.
To the Commuters - This will enable them to have an accessible and safe
To Drivers - This will help them provide fast and better earnings on their
livelihood.
To the Traffic Enforcers - This will provide them a solution to easily enforce their
regulations.
To the Environment – The study will help reduce the air pollution in conserving
the nature.
construction.
Road – Real Intersection, Real - Cinco Street Intersection, and Real – Abenis -
Cinco Street Intersection in Borongan City Proper. The data gathered is during
the peak hour of the day between seven (7) to nine (9) in the morning and four (4)
to six (6) in the afternoon. The traffic count conducted is a 2-hour traffic
observation with a 15-minute time interval. The traffic flow parameters concerned
INTRODUCTION
Census (2015), is a 5th class city and a capital of the province of Eastern Samar.
With a 632 square km of land, the city has been developing with continuously
rising industries, and increasing number of transports. One of the major problems
Borongan City has facing today is the traffic congestion. Cited in (Traffic on
conveyances in an area, either singly or together, while using the public way for
as use increases, and is characterized by slower speeds, longer trip times, and
generates demand for space greater than the available road capacity. There are
of them reduce the capacity of a road at a given point or over a certain length, or
increase the number of vehicles required for a given volume of people or goods.
health and the economy. Pollution, as one of the most harmful effects of traffic
hybrid vehicles on the road, cars stopped in traffic still produce a large volume of
emissions can cause more short-term and localized problems, such as smog and
increased respiratory problems in a community due to poor air quality. Economic
unexpected traffic may be late for work or other appointments, causing a loss in
productivity for businesses and in the drivers' personal lives. Traffic delays may
also slow down the shipping of cargo if delivery trucks can't remain on schedule
Chapter II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES
This chapter consists of the review of related literature and related studies
providing concepts and ideas of authorities that will support the proposed study.
Related Literature
increased vehicular queuing. When traffic demand is great enough that the
interaction between vehicles slows the speed of the traffic stream, this results in
the road), extreme traffic congestion sets in. When vehicles are fully stopped for
periods of time, this is colloquially known as a traffic jam or traffic snarl-up. Traffic
congestion can lead to drivers becoming frustrated and engaging in road rage.
pass through a point in a window of time, or a flow. Congestion flow lends itself to
Road Congestion Impacts (Dr Susan Grant-Muller and Mr. James Laird, ITS,
impacts on travelers, the environment and economy as a whole, but there is little
evidence on what the full costs of congestion are. This research has involved an
summary was made of different definitions of congestion and how it has been
measured. The main focus was to report on the different methods used to
This guideline considers the fact that traffic flow data is important in planning
of a particular section of the road network and for its subsequent maintenance.
under varying environmental conditions. It follows then that data being collected
distribution. Despite such complexities, it does follow fairly and clearly defined
patterns that are possible to classify and analyze. Thus, traffic data collection and
analysis follows varying trends and plays an important role in the evaluation and
While taking cognizance of the above, traffic flow data is needed for different
areas for which this data is required are: planning prioritization and project
Road Accident at Urban Center, the loss of life is so severe that a person
going out for work is doubtful of returning. The traffic jam is frequently referred as
large vehicular exhaust causing ailments and there are reports that people dye
are ‘biggest killer of young people worldwide’, “Roads are now the biggest killer of
young people over the age of 10, with road traffic deaths contributing a global
health epidemic that has reached crisis proportions,” according to Safe and
Sustainable Roads report, launched by Campaign for Global Road Safety. The
report blames the high numbers of fatalities on transport policies that put
vehicles, highways and speed before people and road safety. The vast majority
of those who die are in developing countries, with 20 countries accounting for
of road congestion considers average cost pricing. Travel cost on the road is
travel times along both routes because it attracts more users to the road. Change
in route design resulting coordination problem is amplified even further when the
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Flow rate is the number of vehicles counted divided by the elapsed time.
q = N/T
where q is the value of flow rate in vehicle per hour or vehicle per minute; N is the
Traffic Concentration
over time. The first is a measure of concentration over space and the second is a
k = q/u
where k is the traffic concentration, q is the flow rate and u is the length of
concentration.
Vehicle Speed
The vehicle speed is the measure of the length of concentration over time.
s = d/T
where s is the amount of vehicle’s speed in meter per hour, d is the length of
Traffic Control
help vehicles to safely share the same roads. Traffic control establishes a set of
rules and instructions that drivers, rely on to avoid collisions. Safe travel for
include signs, lights and other devices that communicate specific directions,
of daily life.
physical devices such as markers, signs and signals, and people such as vehicle
operators and traffic controllers. The system varies depending on its location and
the type of transportation it controls. For example, cities have complex traffic
safely to their destinations. Traffic control devices for highway travel include
signs, signal lights, pavement markings, and a variety of devices placed on, over,
Traffic Signs
Traffic signs are the most extensively used form of traffic control. They
provide information about speed limits and road conditions. They direct traffic
along certain routes and to specific destinations. By using signs, traffic control
planners tell drivers what to do, what to watch for, and where to drive.
Pavement Markings
vehicles into proper positions on the roadway. For example, pavement markings
delineate turn lanes at intersections and establish no-passing zones. White and
yellow paint is customarily used for pavement markings. Reflective devices are
more visible at night and are used in some locations to mark lanes and other
Traffic Signals
The signal light is probably the most easily recognized traffic control
device. At a busy intersection in a large city, a traffic signal may control the
movements of more than 100,000 vehicles per day. More than 60 percent of all
Priority Control
and high-occupancy vehicle lanes exist in many urban areas. Only specified
types of vehicles primarily those carrying several occupants can use these lanes.
Restraints
discourage heavy use of a route. Islands built in the centres of intersections force
drivers to proceed slowly. Speed bumps discourage high-speed commuting
Questionnaire Survey
provides a fast and efficient means of gathering information with regards to the
using the Likert Scale. The Likert Scale is easy to construct and could be easily
were assign to each anchor, the anchors used are: Strongly Agree (5), Agree (4),
Neutral (3), Disagree (2), Strongly Disagree (1). Detailed instructions on how to
fill up the questionnaires were given at the beginning. The following are the
Slovin’s Formula
Slovin’s Formula is used to calculate the sample size (n) given the population
N
n=
1 + Ne2
Mean
The mean is the summation of the product of the frequencies and midpoints
midpoint.
∑FM
m=
F
Percentage
percentage of observations that exist for each data point or grouping of data
frequency
%= x100
number of cases in all categories
Rating Scale
Table 1.0
Survey questionnaire
Conclusion and
Recommendations