Harar Water Supply

Feasibility Study and Engineering Design Report Holeta Genet Town 2-1
Chapter 2
SOCIO-ECONOMIC BACKGROUND
2.1 LOCATION
Harari lies 51 kilometers to the south east of Dire Dawa. It is located in the
eastern wall of the Great Rift Valley looking over the vast Danakil desert to the
north, the cattle rich savannas to the south and fertile lands of the Harar
mountains to the east. It lies between two rivers, tributaries of the Erer, on the
southern edge of a vast plateau. The surrounding mountains divide the Great Rift
Valley from the plains of the Ogaden. Latitude: 9.12 Deg. (North) and
Longitude: 42.07 Deg. (East)
Harari Region has no Administrative zones or Woredas. The total number of

kebeles of the city of Harar are 19, while the rural parts of the region has 17
farmers' association localities. The capital city of the region is Harar. H.E.
Abdulahi Idiris Ibrahim is the President of the Regional State.
Ethnic composition and Languages The Harari region is characterized by the

following ethnic groups, Oromo 52.3%, Amhara 32.6%, Harari 7.1%, Guragies
3.2%. The Harari language is the official language of
Religions
According to the 1994 census result the

composition of the population of the
Harari region indicates that 60.3% are
Muslims, 38.2% are Orthodox Christian,
0.9% Protestants, 0.5% Catholics, and
0.1% followers of other religion groups.
2.2 CLIMATE
The Climate The climate of Harari region is one of the most pleasant in the
country.
Temperature is even - between 17.1oc-20.2oc throughout the year. The coolest

season (18.7oc) is between June and September, and coincides with large rains
accompanied by storms and strong electrical discharges.
The average annual intensity of precipitation is about 750-1,000 mm. The mean
amount of rain-fall over three year as registered 10 years ago was 1,509 mm.
Harar Town is located at an average altitude of 2,400 masl.
Harar is one of the most popular historical towns in the eastern part of
Ethiopia.
2.3 SOCIO-ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS
2.3.1 Socio-Economic Survey

The socio-economic survey was conducted through review of available
documents, collecting and analyzing recorded data and by conducting
house to house survey of the sampled households. For collecting field
data, a questionnaire was prepared and first tested at Holeta Genet
town. The questionnaire was then updated following the findings at
Holeta. The updated questionnaire was used to collect data from each
town. To conduct the field survey, 2.5% of the households of the town
were selected as sample households to be surveyed. During the
survey, the sample households were also distributed for each kebele
with different water supply coverage, service level and new residential
areas. The distribution was done in consultation with the WSS, the
kebele and the municipality officials of the town. This was done to get
good representation of the community under the study.
The study has revealed that in Holeta Genet town water drudgery is
the responsibility of women and children. In the discussion with the
community representatives and school officials, it was said that the
implementation of this Project greatly enhances the participation of
this group of society in other development activities and in schooling,
respectively. This is because substantial time is spent in fetching water
and thereby affecting school aged children in attending their education
and the women spending their time which otherwise would have been
used for development activities.
2.3.2 Population
The population size of Holeta Genet, according to the CSA Population

and Housing Census of 1984, was 13,030 and in 1994 it increased to
16,785. The growth rate between 1984 and 1994 was 2.53 percent,
which is less than the national average urban growth rate of 4.11
percent. The population of Holeta Genet, as per the population count
conducted by the Municipality of the town in 1998, is 29,421. If the
1994 CSA census, which is 16,785, is projected to year 1998, with the
average urban growth rate of 4.11 percent, it will come to 19,719. This
is less by 9,702 compared with the count of the Municipality. The
reason for such considerable variation could be due to the counting of
floating population, such as trainees in the Military Training Center,
high school students and employee of the IAR who are not permanent
residents of the town.
In the 1998 CSA Analytical Report, the urban growth rate for Oromia
Region has been determined in three variants for seven population
projection scenarios starting from year 1995 up to year 2030 Table 2.1
refers. The population projections for the design period have been
determined with the growth rate indicated in the 1998 CSA Analytical
Report as shown in Table 2.2. The 1994 CSA population data of the
town has been projected to 1995 base year with a medium variant
using the exponential method.
Table 2.1: Urban Growth Rate for Oromia under Three Variants
(CSA 1998 Analytical Report).
Varia 1995- 2000- 2005- 2010- 2015- 2020- 2025
nt 2000 05 10 15 20 25 -30
Low 5.00 4.30 4.20 4.10 4.00 3.80 3.50
Mediu 5.10 4.70 4.60 4.40 4.20 4.00 3.80
m
High 5.30 5.20 5.00 4.80 4.70 4.50 4.40
Table 2.2: Projected Population of Holeta Genet Using the

Above Growth Rates
Varia YEAR
nt 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025
Low 17,66 22,680 28,120 34,691 42,584 52,013 62,896
3
Mediu 17,66 22,794 28,832 36,288 45,218 55,784 68,135
m 3
High 17,66 23,023 29,859 38,340 48,739 61,651 77,207
3
As can be seen from the above table, the population of Holeta Genet
town in the year 2025 will increase by a factor of 3.6, 3.9 and 4.4
compared with the 1995 population in the low, medium and high
variant, respectively. In the high variant the assumption is that the
government will make some attempt to reduce the current high rate of
fertility through introduction of different alternative approaches of the
national population programme. It is expected that in this variant the
effectiveness of the programs will be very limited and hence the
growth rate will decrease very slowly. In the medium variant, it is
assumed that the different approaches of the national population
programme will be moderately effective and the current growth rate
will decrease at a faster pace than the high variant. For the low variant,
the assumption is that the government will be successful in the
implementation of the different alternative approaches for reducing the
current high growth rate.
Considering the above assumptions, it is assumed that the government

will be moderately successful in implementing the different alternative
approaches for reducing the current high growth rate. Pertinent to the
above mentioned assumptions, the design of the water supply and
sanitation scheme for the town has been based on the population
projected under the medium variant.
2.3.1 Household Size
According to the results of the socio-economic baseline survey, the

average household size of the sampled households is 6.1 of which 60
and 40 percent are over 15 and under 15 years of age, respectively.
The average household size for urban and rural areas in Oromia as per
CSA Analytical Report of 1998, is 4.5 and 4.9, respectively. The CSA
report value is an average value for all urban areas in the Oromia
Region. Therefore, for most of the households of the town, the
household size is assumed to be similar to the household size of the
sampled households.
2.3.2 Occupation
Regarding the occupation of the households surveyed, 23 percent are

government employees, 21 percent are on pension and 33 percent are
engaged in daily labour. The 1998 CSA Analytical Report, has indicated
unemployment rate in percentage for urban areas in Oromia. As per
the report the total unemployment rate for Holeta Genet town is 6.1
percent during the 1984 census and in the 1994 census it increased to
31.5 percent. The socio-economic baseline survey on the sampled
households revealed similar conditions. The reason for such high
percentage of unemployment could be related to ex-soldiers who are
sacked from the military after the change of government in May, 1991.
2.3.3 Income
Out of the sampled households surveyed 81 percent earn less than 500
Birr per month, 11 percent earn in the range of 501 – 1000 Birr per
month while only 8 percent earn more than 1,000 Birr. This low level of
income combined with high average household size of 6.1, indicate low
standard of living. From the survey results it can be assumed that the
condition is similar for most of the households in the town.
2.3.4 Monthly Expenditure
It is understood that a household with low monthly income, spends a

larger share of their income on basic needs. Pursuant to this
assumption, the survey revealed that 71 and 16 percent of the income
are spent on food and clothing items, respectively. The expense on
electricity and water is 4 and 3 percent, respectively. The reason for
such low expense for water could be that most of the sample
households use traditional sources for domestic consumption, which
they get free of charge.
2.4 URBAN INFRASTRUCTURE AND SOCIAL SERVICES
The town is divided into four kebeles. The kebeles are the smallest
administrative units under the municipality. There are kiosks, hotels,
bars, and an open market area, one bus station and different
government and none-government offices in the town.
2.4.1 Development Plans and Targets
The development potential of Holeta Genet is mainly related to agro-

industry, in particular related to animal husbandry, which can be due to
the presence of the Institute of Agricultural Research.
2.4.2 Housing
Holeta Genet town is divided into two parts, the old and the new and it
is administered by four kebeles. Most of the housing units of the old
part of the town as compared with the new part are in a poor condition,
and living standard of most of the households of this part is also
relatively low. During the field survey condition of the housing units of
the surveyed households was inspected and ranked pertinent to the
overall condition of the houses in the town. Out of the total houses
surveyed 47 percent ranked fair, 20 percent ranked good, while the

remaining 33 percent were ranked bad. The survey also revealed that
most of the houses are made of wood and plastered with mud except
the newly built hotels, government buildings and non-government
institutes. Regarding ownership, out of the sample households
surveyed, 71 percent of the houses are privately owned while the
remaining 29 percent are kebele owned.
2.4.3 Power Supply and Communication
Holeta town has 24 hours power supply from the national power grid
system. The main asphalt road from Addis Ababa to Nekemt passes
through the town. Concerning road transport, the town is linked with
Addis Ababa and other nearby towns by buses and mini buses daily. It
has one post office and a semi-digital telephone service.
2.4.4 Education and Health
Education
There are 3 primary schools having 4,099 pupils and 139 staffs and
one high school having 1,914 pupils and 64 staffs. It has one
agricultural training center having 148 trainees, 28 staffs, and also one
technical school specifically for military personnel and military training
center having 2,750 trainees with 170 staffs. Concerning water supply,
all are connected to the town’s water supply system.
Health
At Holeta, there is one missionary owned health center, one private
clinic, and two drug vendors. The health center reported that the top
ten diseases, although not specifically for the town, indicate
prevalence of water and sanitation related diseases.
2.4.5 Water Supply and Sanitation
Water Supply
Holeta town water supply is from four boreholes that are pumped to
two reservoirs; one of reinforced concrete and one of steel. The
reinforced concrete and the steel reservoirs are of 50 m 3 and 25 m3
capacity, respectively. From the two reservoirs, water is distributed by
gravity to the community through 14 public fountains and 666 yard
connections.
Community Advisory Committee

To bridge the gap between planners and implementers of the project
and to enhance sustainability of the proposed Project, a Community
Advisory Committee (CAC), that comprises members from all groups,
was established on October 22, 1999. Water drudgery and basic
household sanitation is the responsibility of women. Hence, the water
supply and sanitation project of a town is anticipated to primarily
benefit women. Accordingly, the following points are considered as the
basic benefits that the women get from the Project.
1. Time and energy saving hence, participating in other development

activities,
2. Adequate and clean water for cooking and sanitation hence, better
health,
3. Better income,
4. Appropriate type of public fountains that fit the type of water
container they use.
Therefore, to properly address the problem of water and sanitation, the

participation of women is of vital importance. In view of this and to
enhance women participation in this Project, the CAC comprises 10
members of which 2 are women. The immediate objective of the CAC is
to participate in selecting location of public fountains, in collaboration
with the municipality to settle disputes that may arise due to
ownership of land and to liaise the community with the project
planners and implementers. Besides, the CAC will organize and
mobilizes the community for participation when the need arises.
Sanitation
The sanitary condition of the town is poor. Defecation and domestic
solid waste disposal in any available open field are common. This has
been observed during the survey. Most of the pit latrines are in poor
condition as observed during the survey. The socio-economic survey
revealed that 82 percent of the sampled households use dry pit latrine
while 15 percent use open field. As to usage of latrine, 86 percent use
private facilities while the remaining 14 percent use shared facilities.
Households Satisfaction with their Pit Latrines

The survey indicated that 16 percent of the sampled households are
satisfied and 84 percent are dissatisfied with the type of latrines they
use. The reasons for dissatisfaction, as pointed out by the surveyed
households, are mainly poor sanitary conditions.
2.5 ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES
In Holeta Genet the major economic activities are mainly related to

selling and buying agricultural products and retail trade of consumable
goods.
2.5.1 Industries
At present there is no major type of industry in Holeta Genet apart

from the privately owned cottage industries such as small metal and
wood workshops. In the future, due to good potential of the area in the
agricultural sector, it is anticipated that agro-industry such as dairy,
flourmill and edible oil mills could be developed.
2.5.2 Commerce
The commercial activity in Holeta Genet is mainly concentrated in the

retail trade of goods, which is carried in shops and the open market
area. There are two banks; the Commercial Bank of Ethiopia and the
Ethiopian Development Bank, which are both government owned.
There are also hotels, restaurants and bars.
2.5.3 Recreation
There is one recreation center adjacent to the main road to Addis Alem
where people are entertained for payment and this center is also used
for the arrangement of wedding ceremonies.
2.5.4 Agriculture
There is one government owned dairy farm in Holeta Genet town.

There is also an Institute of Agricultural Research (IAR), which conducts
research on crops and cattle. The IAR also provides agricultural training
for farmers.
Feasibility Study and Engineering Design Report Holeta Genet Town
LIST OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER 2
SOCIO-ECONOMIC BACKGROUND................................................2 - 1
2.1 LOCATION.....................................................................2 - 1
2.2 CLIMATE........................................................................2 - 1
2.3 SOCIO-ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS..........................2 - 1
2.3.1 Socio-Economic Survey................................................2 - 1
2.3.2 Population....................................................................2 - 2
2.3.1 Household Size.............................................................2 - 3
2.3.2 Occupation...................................................................2 - 3
2.3.3 Income.........................................................................2 - 3
2.3.4 Monthly Expenditure....................................................2 - 3
2.4 URBAN INFRASTRUCTURE AND SOCIAL SERVICES........2 - 3
2.4.1 Development Plans and Targets...................................2 - 3
2.4.2 Housing........................................................................2 - 4
2.4.3 Power Supply and Communication...............................2 - 4
2.4.4 Education and Health...................................................2 - 4
2.4.5 Water Supply and Sanitation........................................2 - 4
2.5 ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES..................................................2 - 5
2.5.1 Industries.....................................................................2 - 5
2.5.2 Commerce....................................................................2 - 5
2.5.3 Recreation....................................................................2 - 5
2.5.4 Agriculture...................................................................2 - 5
Chapter 3
EXISTING WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION SYSTEM
3.1 WATER SOURCE
3.1.1 General
The present water supply source of the Holeta Gent town is from four
boreholes that are located in the town. Three of the boreholes are
located at the southern side of the town at about 200 m interval. The
fourth borehole that was drilled in 1997 is located at the eastern end of
the town near the bridge across the Holeta River, adjacent to the Addis
Nekemt road.
Two of the four boreholes, which are located at the backyard of the
Mulugeta Bulli Technical School, were drilled by the Ethiopian Water
Works Construction Authority in 1976. The third borehole, previously
owned by the school, is located between the above two boreholes. This
borehole was later handed over to the Water Supply Service (WSS).
These boreholes were rehabilitated in 1994 by the Central Region
Water Works but there was no improvement in yield.
The fourth borehole drilled in 1997, was reported by the WSS to have a
yield more than 5 l/s. Due to the undersized transmission main (2"),
the well is now pumped at a rate of 3 l/s.
Water from these boreholes is pumped to two reservoirs; one of

reinforced concrete and one of steel with a combined capacity of 70
m3. Water from the reservoirs is distributed to consumers through 666
yard and house connections and 14 public fountains.
3.1.2 Primary and Secondary Sources
For most of the surveyed households the primary source is a piped

system and the secondary sources are rivers, hand dug wells and
unprotected springs.
The frequency of using a secondary source mainly depends on

availability of the primary source with water being available at the
required time and as per the required quantity. Most of the households
surveyed use a secondary source as frequent as the primary source is
not in operation or cannot yield sufficiently.
3.1.3 Mode of Use
Mode of use describes the service level of the existing water supply
system. Out of the total surveyed households, 44 percent use public
fountains, 39 percent use private yard connection, 6 percent get water
from vendors or share from their neighbors, 4 percent use shared yard
connection and the remaining part of the population uses other
sources. These figures indicate how low the service level of the existing
water supply system is.
3.1.4 Consumer Responses
The study has assessed consumers responses to different questions

regarding the existing water supply system. Brief descriptions of the
responses on the main items are given below.
Time Wasted Queuing at Public Fountains

74 percent of the surveyed households responded that they spend
some time queuing at the public fountains. Public fountain users spent
their time in queuing on an average 70 minutes per day, which
otherwise could have been used on development activities.
Distance Taken to Fetch Water

The distance of water sources from the individual households varies
depending upon the source they use and location of the public
fountains. For most of the sampled households, the distance to source
of water is less than 200 meters. In this context the overall distance
traveled to fetch water for most of the households is within acceptable
walking distance, which is 500 m, set for rural towns like Holeta Genet.
Time to Fetch Water

The average time spent by surveyed households for collecting water is
43 minutes. The reason for relatively less time spent overall to fetch
water compared to the time spent to fetch water from public fountains
only is the fact that a considerable number of households collect water
from another type of source; house connection, yard connection,
traditional sources, etc.
Satisfaction with Quantity of Water Supplied

Only 6 percent of the households are satisfied with the quantity of
water supplied. From this result, one can conclude that water is a felt
need of the community. Hence, willingness to pay for the service is
assumed to be high.
Average Household Water Demand

The average water consumption for a family per day is 153 liters out of
which 48 liters for cooking, 33 liters for personal washing and bathing;
38 liters for toilet and 34 liters for washing clothes.
The findings of the survey indicate that a family, on average,

consumes 92 liters per day for different purposes. The demand of 92
liters is equivalent to 15.1 liters per day for the 6.1 family size of the
sample households. This is more than the amount distributed by the
WSS. Hence, one can realize that, due to the prevailing shortage of
water, people use other unprotected water sources to fulfill their
demand.
3.2 WATER QUALITY
The socio-economic survey indicated that 55 percent of the sampled

households are not satisfied with the quality of the distributed water.
Water related diseases are common in the Holeta Genet area. The
sources of the diseases are difficult to trace as most of the consumers

opt for unprotected sources in time of shortage.
There is neither a treatment process nor chlorination in the Holeta

Genet water supply system. Physical and chemical water quality
analyses are made annually by the Water Quality Control Team of the
Bureau of Water, Mines and Energy Resources Development in Addis
Ababa. The test results, however, are never sent to the WSS for
recognition and follow-up.
Water samples from the existing water supply system have been
properly collected, preserved and analysed in the Water Works Design
and Supervision Enterprise Laboratory and the results are tabulated in
Table 3.1.
The collected samples are found to be chemically and physically

within the WHO guidelines. Bacteriological water quality analyses
of the samples collected at the reservoir and at a public fountain
located close to the market indicate that the water at the reservoir
is free from pathogens of faecal origin while at the public fountain
traces of pathogenic bacteria of fecal origin are observed but is
within the WHO recommendation for such bacteria. Hence,
according to the WHO guidelines, the water is safe for drinking
purposes.
Table 3.1: Water Quality of Holeta Genet Town Water

Supply
Parameter Unit Observed Values At WHO Guideline
BH4 Distribution Reservoir PF Max Value
System
Color (app.) TCU Nil Nil 15.0
Turbidity NTU Nil Nil 5.0
Total Diss. Solids, Mg/l 172.0 164.0 1000
1500C
µs/cm
Electrical Conductivity 262 243
PH 6.84 7.18 6.5 to 8.5
Ammonia (NH4+) Mg/l 0.1 Nil
Sodium(Na ) +
Mg/l 20.0 20.0 200
Potassium (K+) Mg/l 0.9 0.7
Total Hardness Mg/l102.44 90.62 500
(CaCO3)
Calcium (Ca2+) Mg/l 27.58 26.0
Magnesium (Mg2+) Mg/l 8.14 6.23
Total Iron (Fe) Mg/l 0.02 Nil 0.3
Manganese (Mn) Mg/l Nil 0.2 0.3
Fluoride (F-) Mg/l 0.38 0.35 1.5
Chloride (Cl-) Mg/l 8.95 8.45 250
Nitrite (NO2-) Mg/l 0.01 0.02
Nitrate (NO3-) Mg/l 6.6 3.52 45
Alkalinity (CaCO3) Mg/l128.05 110.32
Carbonate (CO32-) Mg/l Nil 4.8
Bicarbonate (HCO3-) Mg/l156.22 128.73
Sulphate (SO42-) Mg/l Nil Nil 400
Phosphate (PO43-) Mg/l 0.17 0.15
Total Coliforms per N 0 10 10
100 ml o
Faecal Coliforms per N 0 0 0

100 ml o
3.3 UNACCOUNTED-FOR WATER
According to the available records, excluding the borehole near the

Holeta river, the amount of water produced and sold per annum is
5,550 and 4,825 m3, respectively. Hence, the difference, which is about
13% of the produced water during that period, is unaccounted for. But
from field observation of the system including the age and condition of
the pipes, it can be deduced that unaccounted-for water percentage
could be higher than this.
3.4 WATER TARIFF AND WILLINGNESS TO PAY
3.4.1 Water Tarif
Prior to mid 1997, the water tariff for Holeta Genet used to be a flat
rate of 1.00 Birr/m3 for house and yard connections and 0.50 Birr/m 3 for
public fountains. Since mid 1997, the Oromia Water Mines and Energy
Resources Development Bureau, upon approval by the Regional
Council, has introduced a new tariff system. The breakdown of the tariff
for house and yard connections in Holeta Genet town is as presented
below:
Monthly Consumption, m3 Rate, Birr/m3

0-5 1.50
5-10 1.80
11-30 2.15
>30 2.60
For public fountains the tariff is Birr 1.0 per m 3 of water.
3.4.2 Willingness to Pay
The socio-economic survey has assessed the average monthly

household expenses for water. Of the sampled households 24 percent
pay 5-10 Birr, 14 percent pay 10-15 Birr and the remaining pay either
less than 5 Birr or more than 15 Birr per month.
Willingness to pay for consumption is based on the perception of

individual household towards the health benefit of safe drinking water
and its availability in the immediate vicinity. According to the
conducted survey, 69 percent of the respondents are willing to pay for
domestic consumption. This survey also revealed that the respondents'
ability to pay for consumed water varies between 1 and 10 Birr per m 3
with the majority affording from 3 to 5 Birr per m3.
The study has also assessed the availability of water vendors in the
town and the rates at which they are selling water as this may give
another indication of the consumers' ability to pay for water. The water
vendors in Holeta Genet town sell water at rates higher than the
present water tariff in the town. Hence, it can be concluded that most
of the beneficiaries are willing and able to pay for a good water service.
3.5 SCHEME FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE
The WSS is limited to a current balance of 5,000 Birr. When the balance
exceeds this amount, the excess will automatically be transferred to
the Bureau account. The WSS is authorized to pay not more than 50
Birr per receipt. This has crippled the WSS from getting the necessary
equipment in time and hence there is no procurement procedure
acclaimed by the WSS. No regular budget is allocated for the WSS,
rather it relies on the very low income it generates.
The satellite water supply stations, at Addis Alem and Burayu, are also
operating with the same personnel and account.
3.6 SCHEME ORGANIZATION AND OPERATION
3.6.1 Scheme Organization
The Holeta Genet town WSS is responsible for properly operating,

maintaining and managing the water supply system of the town. This
office is under the Zonal Office of Water, Mines and Energy Resources
Development which is located at Ambo. Currently there are 27 staff in
the WSS as shown in Table 3.2.
Table 3.2: Staff Allocation of Holeta Genet WSS

Position Qualification No
Head of WSS 6 months technical school training 1
Head of Finance Commercial School Certificate 1
Head of O and M Electrician, Technical School 1
Diploma
Head of 12th grade complete 1
Administration
O and M Staffs _ 5
Finance Staffs _ 10
Administration _ 8
Staffs
Total 27
The existing organizational structure of the WSS is shown in

Figure 3.1.
Operation and Administration Satellite Station

M  Addis Alem
a  Burayu
n
Fig 3.1 Organizational Structure of Holeta Genet WSS
In addition to running the Holeta Genet’s water supply system, the

WSS office is responsible for operating, maintaining and managing the
Addis Alem and the Burayu satellite stations.
3.6.2 Operational Problems of the WSS

Distribution System
1. Lack of skilled labor, spare parts, hand tools and welding

equipment;
2. There is no exercise on leak detection and control in the
system; and
3. Inefficiency and insufficiency of the network.
Facilities
Though after the Institutional Capacity Building study the WSS

has acquired one four-wheel drive vehicle the WSS needs also
either a motor bicycle or bicycles for efficient operation and
maintenance.
Finance
1. The system is not subsidized and hence it relies on the very low
income it generates from water sales; and
2. It has a limited power on financial transactions.
Store and Recording
1. There is no adequate space for record keeping; and

2. There is no room allocated for storing spare parts and materials.
3.7 SANITATION
3.7.1 General
Holeta Genet town does not have a sewerage system. Pit latrines are
most commonly used in these towns. In 1994 a house to house survey
was conducted by CSA. The results of this survey revealed that 32.5%
of the households at that time in Holeta Genet did defecate in open
fields or forest, 62.8% used either private or shared pit latrines and
4.3% used either private or shared toilet facilities.
The socio-economy survey conducted under this project indicates that

82 percent of the sampled households use dry pit latrines while 15
percent defecate in open fields.
There are garbage pits in some parts of the town where some of the
residents of the town dispose and incinerate solid wastes.
Some service-giving institutions, in cooperation with the municipality,

has tried to organize themselves in renting a vacuum truck either from
Ambo or from Addis Ababa on a contract basis. However, this was
found to be expensive and they may have to wait for a long period of
time for such an arrangement.
3.7.2 Pit Latrines
Pit latrines provide the main latrine facility in the town. According to
the socio-economic survey conducted by this Project the respondents
indicated dissatisfaction on the type of latrines they are using. Some of

the reasons are:
 It is not appropriate for children and aged people;

 There is lack of privacy;
 There is offensive smell; and
 Most of the pit latrines are sealed after they are full and the
residents have to dig another pit. This has posed a serious problem,
as it will eventually cover a considerable accumulated area for this
purpose.
Since getting a vacuum truck is expensive and takes a long time to

arrange for, pit latrines are rarely desludged. Hence, most of the
households are obliged to dig another pit when the one in service is
filled up.
3.7.3 Solid Waste and Storm Water Disposal
Residents dispose of sullage either on open fields or in pits dug at the

backyard of their residential places. As there are no specific places in
the town for waste disposal, some of the residents have allocated a
corner in their vicinity to dispose of and burn solid wastes while others
dump the waste elsewhere. Among the total surveyed households, 77
percent use open fields, 10 percent use garbage pits for solid waste
disposal and 6 percent use open channels draining into open fields and
gullies for disposal of storm water. The town repeatedly experiences
floods during the rainy season.
3.8 IMMEDIATE WATER SUPPLY WORKS
The Ministry of Water Resources has studied the problems in the WSS
of Holeta Genet town as outlined in Section 3.6.2 and decided to fully
solve them. This is planned to be achieved in two terms. The short
term is meant to improve the existing conditions until the long term
solution is implemented. The long term solution incorporates all the
necessary activities in order to solve the problems in relation to access
to pure and ample quantity of water to year 2025.
The first term which otherwise is known as Immediate Rehabilitation

and Extension (IRE) Phase incorporates rehabilitation and extension
works on source abstraction, treatment, distribution and the like so
that the improved system supplies the demand expected to year 2005.
The study and contract documents preparation for the IRE Phase have
been completed. Table 3.3 shows the salient features of the
recommendations given in the IRE Phase documents.
Table 3.3: Salient Features of the Immediate Rehabilitation and

Extension Phase Works
Item Description Remark
2005 Demand(m3/hr)61.2
Service Level 1999 2005
House Connection (%) 0.6 5.1
Yard Connection (%) 10.9 22.2
Public Fountain (%) 88.5 72.7
Source
Type Borehole
Location Flood plain of Holeta river close to the bridge
Treatment Drip method with calcium hypochlorite solution
Pump requirementsSubmersibleSurface Standby
Number 4
Q (m3/hr) 18
H (m) 230
Motor (kW) 18.5
Generator (kVA) 80; 26* * for the existing
source
Storage (m3) Required Available Recommended
New
355 75 300
Public Fountains Existing RehabilitatedRecommended
New
14 13 8
LIST OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER 3 EXISTING WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION SYSTEM.....3 - 1

3.1 WATER SOURCE............................................................3 - 1
3.1.1 General........................................................................3 - 1
3.1.2 Primary and Secondary Sources..................................3 - 1
3.1.3 Mode of Use.................................................................3 - 1
3.1.4 Consumer Responses...................................................3 - 2
3.2 WATER QUALITY............................................................3 - 2
3.3 UNACCOUNTED-FOR WATER.........................................3 - 3
3.4 WATER TARIFF AND WILLINGNESS TO PAY....................3 - 4
3.4.1 Water Tarif..................................................................3 - 4
3.4.2 Willingness to Pay........................................................3 - 4
3.5 SCHEME FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE.............................3 - 4
3.6 SCHEME ORGANIZATION AND OPERATION....................3 - 5
3.6.1 Scheme Organization...................................................3 - 5
3.6.2 Operational Problems of WSS.......................................3 - 5
3.7 SANITATION..................................................................3 - 6
3.7.1 General........................................................................3 - 6
3.7.2 Pit Latrines...................................................................3 - 6
3.7.3 Solid Waste and Storm Water Disposal........................3 - 7
3.8 IMMEDIATE WATER SUPPLY WORKS..............................3 - 7
Chapter 4
POPULATION AND WATER DEMAND
4.1 GROWTH POTENTIAL
Holeta Genet town is located in the central part of the country

along the main route connecting the capital with the western parts
of the country. The town and its surroundings have favorable
conditions for dairy farming, animal fattening and crop cultivation.
The presence of research centers such as the Institute of
Agricultural Research (IAR), Holeta Bee Research and Training
Center and Community Skill Development Center and big dairy
development enterprises, both government and privately owned,
indicate that the area has a high potential for agricultural
development.
Its relative proximity to Addis Ababa also provides an attractive site for
industrial developments and hence its potential for economical
development is seen in accordance with the above.
4.2 LAND USE PLANNING
The current Master Plan of Holeta Genet town is prepared by the then
Ministry of Housing and Urban Development. Comparison of this Master
Plan with on-site observation revealed that the town is not expanding
as per the Master Plan
The Master Plan shows that there are areas allocated for commercial,
industrial and service-giving institutions. With the growth of the private
sector in the economical activity of the town, there will be a high
demand for basic services among which water is the prime necessity.
The basis for the design of the water supply system is the existing
Master Plan complemented with on-site observation, topographic maps
and consultation with the local community, governmental and non-
governmental organizations and institutions.
In view of this, the water supply system for the Holeta Genet town is
designed to satisfy the demand in two development stages. Stage I
targets expected development of the town by the year 2015 and Stage
II targets the year 2025.
4.3 POPULATION PROJECTION
The Central Statistical Authority (CSA) conducted a national census in

1994 and reported that the census population of the Holeta Genet
town was 16,785. The total population of Holeta Genet as per the
population count conducted by the Holeta Genet Municipality in 1998
was 29,421. If the 1994 CSA population census is projected to year
1998, with a growth rate of 5.1 percent, it will be 21,660. This figure is
less by more than 7,700 compared with the Municipality count. The
reasons for such a variation could be the counting of non-permanent
residents such as trainees in the military center, students coming from
surrounding countryside and employees of the agricultural institute.
The Municipality count is less reliable than that of the CSA census
because the Consultant doesn’t expect the Municipality to follow

standard procedures in taking statistical information. In addition, the
Consultant cannot find specific growth potential or land use trends in
order to recommend either a higher or a lower population projection
than what can be deducted from the official CSA data. Hence, the 1994
CSA population census is used as the base population for future
projections. Besides, the water demands of such non-resident
population is considered under institutional water demands.
CSA has also produced regional growth rates for different periods up to
year 2030 and for three alternative scenarios with high, medium and
low growth rates. The efforts of implementing government policies on
population regulation in the Holeta Genet town are anticipated to be
successful to a moderate extent. Hence, the population of the town is
expected to show medium growth rate. Table 4.1 shows the projected
population for the Holeta Genet town for different years.
Table 4.1: Projected Population of Holeta Genet Town

Year Growth Projected
Rate Population
200 5.1 22,793
0
200 4.7 28,832
5
201 4.6 36,287
0
201 4.4 45,216
5
202 4.0 68,134
5
4.4 POPULATION DISTRIBUTION
According to the 1994 CSA census, the population and household

distribution in the four kebeles of the town are presented in Table 4.2.
Table 4.2: Population Distribution in Holeta Genet Town.

Kebel Populatio No of
e n Households
01 6,619 1,547
02 4,347 1,018
03 2,924 650
04 2,895 676
4.5 DOMESTIC WATER DEMAND
Domestic water demand includes water for drinking, for food

preparation, for washing and cleaning and miscellaneous domestic
purposes. The amount of water used for domestic purposes varies
depending on the lifestyle, living standard, climate, mode of service
and above all on the affordability of the users.
4.5.1 Mode of Service

The Institutional Capacity Building Study and the sample survey carried
out under this Project have identified three major mode of services for
domestic water consumers. Accordingly, these three services have
been adopted for the water demand study of the Holeta Genet town
and are as follows:
 house connections (HC)

 yard connections (YC)
 public fountains (PF)
4.5.2 Projection of Service Level
In the socio-economic survey the present service level has been

studied. Based on this study and the town's future development trend,
the target service level has been determined for the year 2025. The
present and projected service levels are presented in Table 4.3.
Table 4.3: Projection of Service Level in Percentage

Mode of Service Year
1999 2005 2015 2025
House Connection 0.6 3.9 9.5 15.0
Yard Connection 10.9 23.4 44.2 65.0
Public Fountain 70.8 59.1 39.5 20.0
Figure 4.1 shows how the service level varies for different mode of
services from 1999 to 2025.
4.5.3 Domestic Demand Adjustment Factors
In determining the socio-economic and climatic factors for the Holeta

Genet town, the design criteria have presented the following
guidelines. In the case of socio-economic factor determination it is
more of a personal judgment while in the latter case the mean annual
precipitation is the governing factor.
Table 4.4: Socio Economic Factors

Group Description Factor
A Towns enjoying high living standards 1.10
and with high potential for development
B Towns having a very high potential for 1.05
development, but lower living standards
at present
C Towns under normal Ethiopian 1.00
conditions
D Advanced rural towns 0.90
Table 4.5: Climatic Efects Factors

Group Mean Annual Precipitation - mm Factor
A 600 or less 1.10
B 601-900 1.00
C 901 or more 0.90
The development potential is considered 3 in a scale of 1 to 5 relative

to other Project towns. Accordingly, a socio-economic factor of 1.00 is
utilized. The town has a mean annual rainfall of 1,367 mm and a period
of 4 dry months in a year which makes its climatic factor 1.00.
4.5.4 Per Capita Demand and Its Projection
For determining the present domestic demand the Consultant has

carried out a consumer survey on selected households in the project
towns of Dembidollo, Gebregurecha, Holeta Genet, Sebeta/Alemgena,
Shambu, Fitche, Kibre Mengist, Assosa and Gambella. During these
surveys two items were experienced. The first is the estimates of their
actual needs are biased by the present status of water availability in
the specific town and the second is their estimates are biased by the
amount they can afford for the service they may get. After considering
the effects of these two factors on the estimation of domestic
demands, the Consultant has adopted correction factors to determine
the water needs for domestic uses. The results of the analysis for the
Holeta Genet town is presented in Table 4.6
Table 4.6: Consumption of Water for Diferent Purposes

(lpcd) in 1999
Activity HC YC PF
Drinking 1.5 1.5 1.5
Cooking 6 6 6
Ablution 2 2 1
Washing 4 3 2
Utensils
Laundry 8 8 3
House 4 2.5 1.5
Cleaning
Bath or 15 8 2
shower
Toilet 6.5 4 1
Total 47 35 18
It is expected that as the people get more and more education and
enjoy higher living standard, their water demand will increase. Previous
studies indicate that a demand growth rate of 1% for public tap users
and 2% for yard and house connections were assumed realistic. The
Terms of Reference of this Project state that the beneficiaries should
decide on the service level that they want and can afford.
The estimated average domestic water demand at various stages,

taking the living standard of all the towns under consideration to be
similar, is as shown in Table 4.7.
Table 4.7: Consumption of Water for Different Purposes (lpcd)

Year
Mode of 2005 2015 2025
Service HC YC PF HC YC PF HC YC PF
Drinking 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5
Cooking 6 6 6 7 6 6 7 6 6
Ablution 4 3 2 10. 7 4 13. 8 5
5 5
Washing 4 3 2 6 5 2 8 6 3
Utensils
Laundry 12 9 3.5 13 11 4.5 18 13 6
House Cleaning 4 2.5 2 5 3.5 2 6 5 2
Bath or shower 20 8 2 20 12 3 24 14. 3.5
5
Toilet 8.5 6 1 12 4 2 12 6 3
Total 60 40 20 75 50 25 90 60 30
These figures have to be modified, first by considering the socio-

economic factors and the climatic effects and then the final service
level is to be determined by the stakeholders, in accordance with the
Demand Responsive Approach.
4.5.5 Consumption by Mode of Service
Following the above procedure the projected per capita water demand,
for the three mode of services in the three Project stages, is shown in
Table 4.8.
Table 4.8: Projected Per Capita Water Demand by Mode of

Service (lpcd)
Mode of Year
Service 2005 2015 2025
HC 60 75.0 90.0
YC 40 50.0 60.0
PF 20 25.0 30.0
Average 27.2 41.93 58.5
4.6 NON-DOMESTIC WATER DEMAND
Non-domestic water demand can be broadly divided into two main

categories:
 Public water demands; and

 Industrial water demands.
4.6.1 Public Water Demand
The water required for schools, hospitals, hotels, public facilities,

offices, commercial establishments, military camps and other public
purposes is classified as public water demand.
Educational Water Demand

The number of students attending schools is expected to grow faster
than the total population. The assumptions adopted in the
determination of the school water demand in Holeta Genet town
include:
1. 90 percent of the students in the age group of 7 to 12 will attend

school by the year 2015 and 100 per cent by year 2025;


4. Factors of 10% and 5% are adopted in order to include the demand

of staff and pupils, respectively, from the surrounding areas; and
5. The ratio of school age children to the total population of the Holeta
Genet town is considered to be same as the ratio of school age
children to the total population in the Oromia Region.
The above assumptions are based on the 1994 Population and Housing
Census Report and the Analytical Report of the same published in
1998.
It is considered that 5 liters to be the normal daily demand per pupil in

a day school. The working day demand of the teachers and other
workers in day schools is taken to be equal to 5 l/day. From the total
number of students, and allowing for teachers and administrative staff,
the day school demand for the Holeta Genet town is estimated as
shown in Table 4.9.
Table 4.9: Day School Demand For Holeta Genet Town

2005 No of Staff and Students 4,954
Demand in m3/day 24.77
Health Water Demand

Health, together with education and agriculture, is the sector expected
to develop in the near future. It is expected that there will be one
hospital and another health center before 2015. The average daily
consumption per bed has been taken as 100 liters. As there are some
staff members residing on the premises of the health center, a daily
water demand of 80 liters is allocated for a resident. The total daily
water demand for health institutions in the Holeta Genet town is
estimated at 12.77 and 14.88 m3/day for years 2015 and 2025,
respectively.
Commercial Water Demand

Hotels, bars, restaurants, traditional winery houses, small shops, and
workshops are among the commercial activities at present in the
Holeta Genet town. The adopted commercial demands are 10 l/seat for
a restaurant and 100 l/bed for a hotel. For other uses percentages of
these values have been adopted. It is assumed that the water demand
of the commercial sector will develop at an average rate of 11 percent.
The total daily water demand for commercial sector in year 2015 is
estimated to 117.61 m3/day.
Domestic Animals Water Demand

Rivers or streams provide the main water sources for livestock and the
other sources are springs, piped water and hand dug wells.
The livestock maintained by a resident in the Project towns are a

mixture of various types to meet his/her different needs for
having the animal. A typical herd contains cattle, sheep, goats,
equine and poultry. In determining the water requirements, these
animals are normally expressed in terms of a weight equivalent
name called Tropical Livestock Unit (TLU). The average body
weight of one TLU is 250 kg and on average, an animal
consumes one liter of water per day for each 10 kg of body
weight. Therefore, about 25 liters of water is required daily for
each livestock unit. Hence, the daily water demand is estimated
by calculating the equivalent TLU estimate of the domestic
animals in the Holeta Genet town and multiplying the result with
25 liters.
However, since the cattle population in the Holeta Genet town is not
known, the domestic animal water demand is calculated as part of the
dairy farm water demand, Table 4.10, refers.
Other Public Uses

Other public uses include water demand for public offices, mosques,
abattoirs, and prison houses. Projections of these demands are made
from the 1999 socio-economic survey. The values for different years
are given in Table 4.10.
Table 4.10: Other Public Demands in Holeta Genet Town

Demand type Demand in m3/day
2005 2015 2025
Hostel 91.75 105.13 123.80
Research Institute 16.03 20.16 24.13
Public Office 6.34 9.95 14.97
Mosques 1.20 1.88 2.84
Public Baths 2.28 3.58 5.40
Bus Station 3.08 4.84 7.31
Military Camp 115.17 116.23 118.87
Cinema Houses/ 0.79 1.23 1.76
Halls
Abattoir 3.79 5.99 8.98
Recreation 10.13 15.94 24.04
Dairy Farm 6.34 9.95 14.97
Fire Requirements
The annual volume required for fire fighting purpose is small. However,
during periods of need, the demand may be exceedingly large and in
many cases govern the design of distribution storage and pumping
requirements. In this case the fire fighting water requirements is
considered to be met by stopping supply to consumers and directing it
for this purpose. This demand is taken care of by increasing the volume
of storage tanks by 10 %.
4.6.2 Industrial Water Demand
There are no industries in the Holeta Genet town. However, during the
project period some small to medium scale industries are expected to
be established in the town. Factors as potential for development,
proximity to market and availability of resources are considered in
determining the potential for possible industries to be established in
the future. To meet their water demands, an industrial water demand
of 4 percent of the net average day water demand has been used.
Large scale industries are expected to have their own water supply
system.
4.7 ON-LINE COMMUNTY WATER DEMAND
Water supply to the communities residing around the source and along
the transmission main has been assessed. There are two villages
around the source that are planned to be supplied from the proposed
source. It was found appropriate to take a percentage of the domestic
water demand of the Holeta Genet town water supply. Accordingly, 3
percent of the average day water demand is allocated for on-line
communities.
4.8 UNACCOUNTED-FOR WATER
Unaccounted-for water includes water losses in the water supply

system, illegal connections, overflow from reservoirs and improper
metering and losses in treatment plants. The amount is expressed as a
percentage of the sum of domestic demand, public demand, and the
industrial demand covered from the water supply system. The
percentage usually varies from 15 to 50% depending on the age of the
pipes and the complexity of the system. Here, the percentage is fixed
based on the expected condition of the system in each stage of
development, the contribution of the existing system to the new
development being the main factor. Hence, unaccounted-for water
varying from 20% to 32% has been adopted.
4.8 AVERAGE DAY WATER DEMAND
The average day demand is the sum of the domestic demand, public
demand, industrial demand and unaccounted-for water.
The water demand in a day varies with time according to the

consumers' life style which is expected to improve with time. Hence,
the adopted hourly flow factors, fractions of average daily demand, for
the two stages are presented in Table 4.11.
Table 4.11: Recommended Hourly Demand Factors

Time Long Term Stage Long Term Stage
I II
00-01 0.3 0.3
01-02 0.3 0.3
02-03 0.3 0.3
03-04 0.3 0.3
04-05 0.3 0.3
05-06 0.7 0.6
06-07 1.1 1.1
07-08 1.9 1.7

08-09 1.7 1.6
09-10 1.5 1.5
10-11 1.5 1.5
11-12 1.4 1.4
12-13 1.4 1.4
13-14 1.3 1.4
14-15 1.2 1.3
15-16 1.5 1.4
16-17 1.6 1.5
17-18 1.5 1.5
18-19 1.3 1.2
19-20 1.0 1.1
20-21 0.7 1.0
21-22 0.5 0.6
22-23 0.4 0.4
23-24 0.3 0.3
Total 24.0 24.0
4.9 MAXIMUM DAY WATER DEMAND
The water consumption varies from day to day. The maximum day
water demand is considered to meet water consumption changes with
seasons and days of the week. The ratio of the maximum daily
consumption to the mean annual daily consumption is the maximum
day factor. The maximum day factors used in similar projects in
Ethiopia vary from 1.25 to 1.5. In this study the maximum day factor
adopted is 1.3 for Stage I and 1.2 for Stage II.
4.10 PEAK HOUR WATER DEMAND
Peak hour demand occurs particularly when all the water taps are
opened at a particular rush hour. Such an event is likely to happen
during morning hours when most people use water for bathing, cooking
and it could also occur towards the end of the day due to peoples' need
for water for the same purpose after working hours. It is greatly
influenced by the size of the town, mode of service and social activity
pattern. The peak hour factor for Holeta Genet town in a day is set at
1.9 for Stage I and 1.7 for Stage II.
4.11 SUMMARY OF WATER DEMAND
The total demand projections of the Holeta Genet town for each
demand category are summarized in Table 4.12.
Table 4.12: Summary of Projected Water Demand

Item Unit Year
2005 2015 2025
Population to be served No 28,832 45,216 68,134
Domestic water
demand
 Holeta Genet WSS m3/d 678.2 1766.7 3985.9
 On line communities m3/d - 72.5 163.5
Non-domestic water
demand
 Public demand m3/d 352.4 480.7 609.6
 Industrial demand m3/d - 96.7 198.7

Average day demand m3/d 1030.6 2416.6 4957.7
Unaccounted for water % 20 28 32
Total average day m3/d 1236.7 3093.3 6544.3
demand
Total average year m3/yea 451,395 1,129,054. 2,388,669.
demand r .5 5 5
Maximum day factor 1.5 1.3 1.2
Maximum day demand m3/d 1855.1 4021.3 7853.2
Max. day flow l/s 21.5 46.5 90.9
Peak hour factor 2 1.9 1.7
Peak hour flow l/s 43.0 88.4 154.5
Feasibility Study and Engineering Design ReportHoleta Genet Town 5-1
LIST OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER 4
POPULATION AND WATER DEMAND.............................................4 - 1

4.1 GROWTH POTENTIAL....................................................4 - 1
4.2 LAND USE PLANNING....................................................4 - 1
4.3 POPULATION PROJECTION.............................................4 - 1
4.4 POPULATION DISTRIBUTION..........................................4 - 2
4.5 DOMESTIC WATER DEMAND.........................................4 - 2
4.5.1 Mode of Service............................................................4 - 2
4.5.2 Projection of Service Level...........................................4 - 2
4.5.3 Domestic Demand Adjustment Factors........................4 - 3
4.5.4 Per Capita Demand and Its Projection..........................4 - 3
4.5.5 Consumption by Mode of Service.................................4 - 5
4.6 NON-DOMESTIC WATER DEMAND.................................4 - 6
4.6.1 Public Water Demand...................................................4 - 6
4.6.2 Industrial Water Demand.............................................4 - 8
4.7 ON-LINE COMMUNTY WATER DEMAND..........................4 - 8
4.8 UNACCOUNTED-FOR WATER.........................................4 - 8
4.8 AVERAGE DAY WATER DEMAND....................................4 - 9
4.9 MAXIMUM DAY WATER DEMAND...................................4 - 9
4.10 PEAK HOUR WATER DEMAND........................................4 - 9
4.11 SUMMARY OF WATER DEMAND...................................4 - 10
Chapter 5
BASIC UNIT COST CONSIDERATIONS
5.1 INTRODUCTION
The estimation of costs of water supply schemes and their component

for each of the nine Project towns require considering a number of
factors including the implementation time, the available infrastructural
facilities, availability and cost of labor and the distance of the specific
town from Addis Ababa. To facilitate and standardize the task of
estimating costs for alternative schemes a systematic approach has
been used.
In this section the methodology followed in deriving a standard cost

estimation for excavation, pipes and pipe laying, concrete of various
classes, form work, reinforcement and block work together with
composite rates for items such as boreholes, pumping equipment,
storage reservoirs and treatment plants is described.
The basis for the unit costs is recent contracts of a similar nature
carried out by WSSA, Addis Ababa Water and Sewerage Authority
(AAWSA), Oromia Water, Mineral and Energy Resources Development
Bureau (OWMERDB) and Ministry of Water Resources (MWR),
supplemented by quotations from various local and overseas
manufacturers and suppliers. The unit costs derived here are primarily
for the purpose of comparing the capital and running costs of
alternative water supply schemes at the planning stage.
5.2 UNIT COSTS FOR CAPITAL WORKS
5.2.1 Basis
The unit costs have been determined from an examination of the most
recently available water supply tender issued by the WSSA, OWMERDB
and MWR backed up by estimates based on recent quotations from
suppliers and manufacturers and information from local contractors.
The base date for the costs shall be January, 2000. The following are
the reasons for fixing the said date:
 The Assela and Shashemene tender prices are for September 1993;
 Zuway - Gore - Adama tender prices are for July 1996; and
 Price quotes obtained from various suppliers/manufacturers range

from 1994 to 1999 hence the adoption of January 2000 as the base
date is more appropriate.
For the update of the cost estimates applicable for the Detailed Design
Stage, the date of the anticipated mid construction period will be
applied.
All costs have been calculated in equivalent Birr which is defined as

the sum of the cost in Birr for the local component plus the cost of the
foreign component converted into Birr at the January 2000 exchange
rate, US $ 1.00 = Birr 8.135. Other currencies were converted
according to their official rate with the dollar.
The following inflation factors have been used in order to update costs
to the base date:
for local costs - 8% per year

for foreign cost - 3% per year
5.2.2 Unit Costs
As stated in Section 5.1, the unit costs presented here are primarily for
the purpose of comparing alternative water supply schemes at the
Feasibility Study planning stage. The costs developed have been
summarized on the following pages and have been divided into a
number of general categories; Appendix A refers:
A General
B Excavation and Site Clearance
C Trench Excavation, Reinstatement and Bedding
D Supply of Pipes and Laying
E Reservoirs
F Treatment Plants
G Pumping Stations
H Boreholes
I Power Supply
J Basic Construction Elements
K Miscellaneous
The cost estimates made in this phase, Phase III, will be updated at the
Detailed Design phase, Phase IV.
5.2.3 Cost Factors for Individual Towns
The unit costs that have been derived for capital works are based on
works carried out in Assela and Shashemene, and works presently
being undertaken in Zuway, Gore and Adama towns all of which are
easily accessible from Addis Ababa. Supplier prices and contractor
quotes are based on delivery to Addis Ababa for Assela and
Shashemene and to the project towns for Zuway, Gore and Adama.
Several of the 9 towns , which are part of this Project, are in locations
where access and infrastructure are more difficult. Therefore, an
individual cost factor should be applied to the base calculated prices in
order to give a more realistic basis of the cost for each town.
The following are the factors adopted for each of the Project towns and
the individual sub-factors on which the overall cost factors have been
set:
 Distance from Addis Ababa where unit rates of material and labor
can easily be known;
 The standard of the roads leading to each town;
 Existing infrastructure in each town; and
 The possibility of hiring skilled labors locally.
Following an assessment of each of the above considerations, the

following cost factors are proposed, Table 5.1 refers.
Table 5.1: Town Cost Factors

Town Factor
Dembidollo 1.2
Gebregurecha 1.1
Holeta Genet 1.0
Sebeta/Alemgena 1.0
Shambu 1.1
Fitche 1.1
Kibre Mengist 1.1
Assosa 1.25
Gambella 1.3
5.2.4 Other Cost Factors
Economy of Scale
At this stage of the study it is not clear how the construction phase of
the Project will be implemented. While it is feasible that all works will
be included under one single contract, it is also possible that the work
will be divided into a number of separate contracts.
Here it has been assumed that all construction will be carried out
under one single contract and hence there is a certain economy of
scale on cost items such as the supply of pipes and fittings and site
supervision costs.
Management Cost
The Regional Water, Mineral and Energy Resources Development
Bureaus will be responsible for the overall project implementation. For
this purpose 0.5 per cent of the total project capital cost is proposed to
be allowed for such costs.
Engineering Services for Construction Supervision

The costs for engineering services for construction supervision for both
stages and design for Stage II are proposed at 5 per cent of the total
Project capital cost.
Breakdown into Foreign and Local Components

In order to compare alternative schemes for each project town, it is
necessary to break down the total cost into local and foreign
components. At this stage, it is proposed to divide the costs involved
for each category into the following percentage shares, Table 5.2
refers.
Table 5.2: Foreign and Local Cost Components

Category Local(%) Foreign (%)
Land acquisition 100 0
Civil structures 60 40
Mechanical and 20 80
electrical
Pipes and fittings 10 90
Boreholes 20 80
Tools and spare parts 5 95
Construction 70 30
supervision
Contingencies
In order to make an allowance for the less accurate pricing of items,
physical and price contingencies are included. The values utilized are:
 Physical contingencies - 10 per cent of the capital cost

 Price contingencies - 5 per cent of the capital
cost
5.3 UNIT COSTS FOR OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE
In the task of comparing different options operation and maintenance

costs make an essential component of a water supply scheme These
include costs needed for personnel, chemicals, energy and
maintenance and repair.
5.3.1 Personnel Costs
The number and category of personnel necessary to operate and

maintain a water supply system will depend on the size and complexity
of the system in question. The OWMERDB has graded the towns' water
supply service according to the size of the water supply system and
the population served. The Bureau has generally graded the towns into
five grades. The grades of the Project towns are given below:
Grade 3: Fitche, Dembidollo, and Sebeta/Alemgena
Grade 4: Shambu, Kibre Mengist and Holeta Genet
At present Gebregurecha is a satellite town under Fitche WSS. But in

the future it is proposed to be an independent service. It is assumed
this WSS will have Grade 4 status.
The water supply systems of Assosa and Gambella towns are not
graded.
Table 5.3 shows the current annual salaries for different categories of
workers (source OWMERDB)
Table 5.3: Current Annual Salary for the Two Grades

Grade 3 Grade 4
Category No Annual No Annual
Salary Salary
(Birr) (Birr)
Head, Water Supply 1 8,520 1 7,200
Service
Head, Administration 1 6,000 1 5,040
and Finance
Administration 1 4,164
Secretary
Head, Operation and 1 7,200 1 6,000
Maintenance
Typist I 1 2,760 1 2,760
Assistant Auditor I 1 4,164
Assistant Accountant II 1 3,420
Assistant Accountant I 1 2,760 1 2,760
Archive Service 1 2,760 1 2,760
Store Keeper 2 5,520 1 2,760
Cashier 1 2,760 1 2,760
Revenue Collector 2 3,048 1 1,524
grade 1
Water Meter Reader I 1 1,524 1 1,524
Water Meter Reader II 1 1,836
Water Seller at PT's n 1,,524 n 1,524
Plumber III 1 3,420
Plumber II 1 2,760 1 2,760
Plumber I 2 4,368 1 2,184
Laboratory Technician 1 3,420
Electrician I 1 6,000
Operators (Generators 2 4,164
and Pumps)
Guard n 1,524 n 1,524
Janitor 1 1,260 1 1,260
Rural Water Supply 1 4,164
Operation and
Maintenance
Note: n stands for varying number of workers for the category and
the annual salary given is for a single worker.
The assumptions used in the determination of the annual personnel

costs in each town for the project period are:
1. The present annual salary is taken as the basis;

2. The additional personnel costs, due to expansion of the system,
are taken as 30% of the existing annual salary;
3. Pension is fixed at 6% of the total annual salary;
4. 20% of the above personnel costs are fixed for other personnel
expenses as per diem;
5. 25% of the above personnel costs excluding item 4 are fixed for
office utility costs; and
6. Annual increase of 3% of the total personnel costs (from item 1
to item 5) is assumed for salary increments.
The above costs are common for each alternative but Table 5.4 shows
the annual costs for personnel required for pumping stations,
treatment plants and other components in ground and surface water
schemes.
Table 5.4: Annual Personnel Costs for Different Types of Treatments

Scheme Category Annual
Salary
(Birr)
Groundwater Pump operator 10,440
Scheme
Plant operator (chemical 5,040
dosing)
Guard 3,000
Total 18,480
Surface Water
Scheme
Chemical TP Superintendent 11,640
Plant operator - unskilled 5,040
Gangster 3,000
Pump operator 10,440
Guard 3,000
Total 33,120
Biological TP Superintendent 11,640
Plant operator - skilled 7,200
Plant operator - unskilled 5,040
Laboratory technician 5,040
Gangster 3,000
Pump operator 10,440
Guard 3,000
Total 45,360
5.3.2 Chemical costs
The chemicals required for each water supply system will depend on
the raw water quality and the type of treatment required. The
necessary chemicals can be broken down into two categories:
chemicals for disinfection and chemicals for flocculation.
At this stage it is anticipated that, in general, disinfection will be

carried out using calcium hypochlorite. Assuming that a residual
chlorine concentration of 0.5 mg/1 will be required at the extremities of
the distribution network and allowing for losses, a dosing rate of 1.5
mg/1 should be sufficient. The bulk calcium hypo-chlorite contains 70%
available chlorine.
Surface water treatment will, in general, require aluminum sulphate for

flocculation and lime for PH adjustment. The dosing rate for aluminum
sulphate should be a maximum of 60 mg/1 and for lime, 40 mg/1.
The relevant tax free unit costs are summarized in Table 5.5.
Table 5.5: Chemical Unit Costs

ITEM Ca(OCl)2 Al2(SO4) Ca(OH) Caustic
3 2 Soda
Dosage 1.5 mg/1 60 mg/1 40 mg/1
Cost - Birr per kg 43.61 3.73 0.75 2.60
Total Cost/1000 m3 65.42 223.51 30.00

flow
5.3.3 Energy Costs
National Grid Connections

The current tariff charged by the Ethiopian Electric and Power
Corporation for supplying electrical power under the general category
is:
 Birr 0.4990 per kilowatt-hour for the first 50 kWh for systems
connected to the hydropower grid, and
 Birr 0.5691 per kilowatt-hour for consumption exceeding 50
kWh for systems connected to the hydropower grid.
Where electricity costs are calculated for water pumping the following
efficiency factors will be adopted:
 a pump efficiency of 75%

 a motor efficiency of 85%.
Standby Generator
The Project towns, except the Assosa town, are connected to the local
or national grids and a standby generator with a capacity to allow the
pumps in the overall pump configuration to operate in accordance with
at least 50% service level is provided. The costs for diesel generator
operation will be based on 0.25 liters diesel/kilowatt-hour.
However, it is difficult to accurately determine the fuel requirements

for standby generators because their operation is not related to the
production of water. Hence, the fuel cost for the generator is included
in the utility costs that are calculated by taking the past performance
and expenses of the water service.
5.3.4 Maintenance and Repair Costs
Proper evaluation of alternative schemes requires that all routine and

unexpected maintenance be taken into account. In the absence of
detailed historical records the best method of estimating the
maintenance and repair costs of the components of the water supply
system is as a percentage of the initial capital cost.
These percentages will vary depending on the element in question. For

example, electro-mechanical equipment will require more maintenance
over time than other components. The percentages of initial capital
cost, given in Table 5.6, are proposed for annual maintenance costs.
Table 5.6: Annual Maintenance Costs as Percentage of Initial Capital Costs

Category Percentage
Civil engineering structures 0.5
Pipelines 0.2
R.C. service reservoirs 0.75
Electro-mechanical equipment
 Diesel 5.0
 Electric 3.0
Public fountains and water meters 5.0
5.3.5 Cost Factors for Individual Towns
Personnel and Energy costs are common to all the project towns. But
chemical, maintenance and repair costs are multiplied by the town
factors developed in Section 5.2.2.
5.3.6 Breakdown into Foreign and Local Components
As applied for capital cost, it is necessary to break down the total

operation and maintenance cost into foreign and local components.
The following percentages are proposed to be applied, Table 5.7 refers.
Table 5.7: Foreign and Local Components of O and M Costs

Category Local Foreign
% %
Personnel Costs 100 0
Chemical Costs 80 20
Energy Costs 100 0
Maintenance Costs 30 70
LIST OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER 5 BASIC UNIT COST CONSIDERATIONS.............................5 - 1

5.1 INTRODUCTION.............................................................5 - 1
5.2 UNIT COSTS FOR CAPITAL WORKS................................5 - 1
5.2.1 Basis............................................................................ 5 - 1
5.2.2 Unit Costs.....................................................................5 - 2
5.2.3 Cost Factors for Individual Towns.................................5 - 2
5.2.4 Other Cost Factors.......................................................5 - 3
5.3 UNIT COSTS FOR OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE........5 - 4
5.3.1 Personnel Costs............................................................5 - 4
5.3.2 Chemical costs.............................................................5 - 6
5.3.3 Energy Costs................................................................5 - 6
5.3.4 Maintenance and Repair Costs.....................................5 - 7
5.3.5 Cost Factors for Individual Towns.................................5 - 7
5.3.6 Breakdown into Foreign and Local Components...........5 - 8
Chapter 6
IDENTIFICATION OF POTENTIAL WATER SOURCES
6.1 INTRODUCTION
In assessing sources of water supply for the Holeta Genet town, a

number of possible sources surrounding the town within a radius of 24
km have been investigated. The following are the salient features in
selecting the better options, Figure 6.1 refers.
 The existing borehole (BH4) located close to the bridge on the

highway connecting Holeta Genet and Addis Ababa and other
boreholes drilled for the IRE Phase will supply the year 2005
maximum day raw water demand of 22.1 l/s. Hence, any other
source to be assessed is for the purpose of supplying the deficit
only.
 The Groundwater Resources Review and Assessment Report of this

Project has identified potential groundwater resources around
areas called Holeta and Gudo, located east and northeast of the
town, respectively.
 It is anticipated that the success rate of getting boreholes having

an optimum yield of more than 10 l/s in the Holeta wellfield is
67%.
 Pump test results obtained from partially penetrated boreholes

indicated that the Holeta wellfield has a potential to supply 77% of
the year 2025 demand. Hence, it is recommended to fully
penetrate the aquifer during the future drilling activities.
 The Gudo wellfield is located about 14 km from the town. Though

no test wells are drilled in the Gudo wellfield, preliminary studies
conducted in this site indicated that this could be supplementary
to a major source.
 The Surface Water Review and Assessment Report of this Project

has identified the Holeta river as the only possible surface water
source for the town. Since the low flow observed is more than the
year 2025 water demand, simple diversion will suffice.
 Conjunctive use of water from the Holeta wellfield and the Holeta
river is another alternative to be considered.
In this Chapter are presented a brief overview of the possible water

supply sources followed by a preliminary screening of these sources.
Figure 6.1 General Layout of Possible Water Sources

6.2 GROUNDWATER
Geophysical and hydrogeological investigations at possible

groundwater potential sites that have been selected from remote
sensing and aerial photography interpretation around the Holeta Genet
area have been conducted. Based on the findings of the investigation,
the following possible groundwater potential sites have been identified.
The detailed geological, hydrogeological and geophysical investigation
results are detailed in the Groundwater Resources Review and
Assessment Report.
6.2.1 Holeta Wellfield
Hydrogeology
The Holeta wellfield is located at the eastern side of the town and
situated on the flat flood plain of the Holeta river. The river is
meandering on the flat flood plain and the river morphology favours
the deposition of thick sediments along its course. As a result, thick
alluvial sediment deposits are observed in the valley. About 1.5 km
downstream of the bridge on the Holeta river, the riverbed is covered
by sub-rounded gravely sand. Exposed rock is not observed except at
the valley slopes. However, assessed from the geology of the area, the
underlying rock is assumed to be basalt, similar to the rock that covers
the valley slopes. This rock formation is assumed to be highly
weathered and fractured due to various direction faults and fractures
that are observed in the field. The area is affected by NS, NE and EW
trending fractures and faults and cross-joints.
Geophysical survey
The geophysical survey conducted indicates saturated alluvial
deposits, fractured and weathered basaltic rock formation. Therefore,
the area is considered as a promising site in the identification of
groundwater resources potential.
Groundwater Potential Evaluation
Groundwater Recharge
Groundwater recharge in the area is expected to occur from the
surrounding elevated lands and the flat plateau area. The rainfall in the
area is high and considerable amount of precipitation is assumed to
recharge the groundwater of the area.
As it has been stated in the Groundwater Resources Review and

Assessment Report, the annual recharge to groundwater is estimated
at about 187 mm. The catchment area of the Holeta river at the
potential diversion site is about 175 km 2 and the recharge to the deep
groundwater is estimated at about 32.7 Mm 3/year. This is about 14% of
the rainfall of the area.
Considering only 30% of the recharge flow through the selected

potential site, about 9.8 Mm3 of groundwater can be available at this
site each year. This is about 311 l/s and the estimate shows that there
are sufficient renewable water resources in the basin that could be
developed for water supply.
Groundwater flow
Groundwater flow through a section of an aquifer downstream of a
recharge area can be estimated using the Darcy’s formula.
Accordingly, using the average transmissivity value of the HT1, BH4
and IAR borehole data, about 6,250 m3/day groundwater is expected to
flow through the site. This indicates that sufficient groundwater can be
exploited from the Holeta wellfield for Stage I.
6.2.2 Gudo Wellfield
Hydrogeology
This site is located in the Gerbi catchment. It is about 14 km NE of the
Holeta Genet town. The area is covered by highly fractured and
colluminarly jointed vesicular basalts and aphanitic basalts. NE and EW
faults and fractures also affect this area. The fractured and weathered
basalt rocks and the alluvial sediment are assumed to be the aquifer.
For further verification, test well drilling at this site was proposed,
provided that estimated yield based on the test well results of the
Holeta wellfield were found inadequate to supply the demand of the
town to year 2025. As per the studies conducted in the Holeta
wellfield, the Holeta aquifer can supply the 2025 maximum water
demand if it is fully penetrated. The wellfield can supply about 77% of
the Stage II maximum water demand if the aquifer is not fully
penetrated. In this Project it is proposed that if information after Stage
I implementation reveals that groundwater potential in the Holeta
wellfield is not sufficient for Stage II, the remaining amount of about
23% may be obtained from the Gudo wellfield, Groundwater Review
and Assessment Report refers.
6.3 SURFACE WATER
6.3.1 Holeta River
Holeta is the only reliable surface water source in the vicinity of the
town. This river has 20 years of data with recorded average minimum
flow discharge of 0.25 m3/sec. The reliable discharge at 90%, 95%
probability are 0.3 m3/sec and 0.15 m3/sec, respectively. The possible
intake site is located at about 1 km downstream of the bridge near test
well number one. The flow of the river at the proposed intake site was
measured on March 9, 2000 to be about 137 l/sec. This flow is taken as
the minimum dry period flow. The 50 and 100 years respective return
period floods are computed to be 143 and 167 m 3/sec, Surface Water
Review and Assessment Report refers.
6.3.2 Gilgel Holeta Shet
There is a small seasonal and ungauged stream locally known as Giligel

Holeta which could be considered as a water source for Holeta Genet
area.
It is a small stream with a catchment area of about 6 km 2 at the road

crossing. The stream crosses the road at about 5 km from Holeta Genet
on the way to Addis Alem. The geographical coordinate for the possible
water abstraction site is 09003' N and 38027' E.
During the time of visit, i.e. rainy season, the discharge was estimated
as 2 m3/s. The flow was a flush flood coming just after the rains.
However there is a low flow for most part of the year. The local people
use the same for watering their cattle and other uses.
There is no good reservoir site to store flood water; this limited the use
of this river as dependable water supply source for the town. The low
flow discharge, estimated from water balance of the area, is about 1
l/sec. However, it may be completely dry if little rain falls in the area.
The 50 and 100 year return period discharges are computed and the
respective values are 28 and 32 m 3/sec, Surface Water Resources
Review and Assessment Report refers.
6.4 SCREENING OF POSSIBLE SOURCES
6.4.1 Comparison of Possible Sources
The sources that are expected to provide, alone or in conjunction with

another source, the town's demand are preliminarily identified by the
surface water and groundwater resources review and assessment
studies of this Project. Furthermore, these sources are subjected to a
multi-criteria screening analysis. Each criterion has a rating ranging
from 1 to 5. One is given to the least favorable and 5 to the most
favorable option.
The evaluation has four comparison criteria; yield, quality,

distance/accessibility and social and environmental implications
provided the project is implemented. Each potential source is
compared with others with respect to each criterion. A source will have
a higher rating if it has a yield that can satisfy the demand with less
number of boreholes, if it is a wellfield; and will not require storage, if it
is a surface water scheme. If the quality is going to be affected by the
nearby development activities, this source will have the least rating.
Also, a source will get the highest rating if it is easily accessible and
requires short length of access road construction. The environmental
and social implications of one project are also compared with another.
As a preliminary screening process, the above comparison factors are
assumed to have equal importance. The rating is more of a subjective
nature after considering the negative factors under the development of
each source. Table 6.1 presents the details of the screening analysis.
6.4.2 Alternative Development Scenarios
As per the indicated comparison criteria, the following sources are

preliminarily selected as possible potential water supply sources for
the Holeta Genet town.
Alternativ 1:- Groundwater from the Holeta Wellfield and

e Surface Water from the Holeta River (Conjunctive
Water Source);
Alternativ 2:- Surface Water from the Holeta River; and
e
Alternativ 3:- Groundwater from the Holeta Wellfield.
e
Table 6.1 Preliminary Screening of Alternative Water Sources

LIST OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER 6 IDENTIFICATION OF POTENTIAL WATER SOURCES........6 - 1

6.1 INTRODUCTION.............................................................6 - 1
6.2 GROUNDWATER............................................................6 - 3
6.2.1 Holeta Wellfield............................................................6 - 3
6.2.2 Gudo Wellfield..............................................................6 - 4
6.3 SURFACE WATER...........................................................6 - 4
6.3.1 Holeta River.................................................................6 - 4
6.3.2 Gilgel Holeta Shet........................................................6 - 4
6.4 SCREENING OF POSSIBLE SOURCES.............................6 - 5
6.4.1 Comparison of Possible Sources...................................6 - 5
6.4.2 Alternative Development Scenarios.............................6 - 5
Chapter 7
WATER SUPPLY DEVELOPMENT SCENARIOS
7.1 INTRODUCTION
In this Chapter the preliminarily selected water supply sources for the
Holeta Genet town are to be analysed alone or in combination with
other source/s to meet the maximum treated water demand of 2,160
m3/day and 3,837 m3/day for Stage I and Stage II, respectively.
7.2 DESIGN FLOWS
The design flows for the two Stages of the water supply system with
other important factors adopted in reaching the indicated flow
characteristics are presented in Table 7.1.
Table 7.1: Design Flow Computation Table

Year
Item Unit Remarks
2005 2015 2025
Population to be served no 28,832 45,216 68,134
Domestic water demand
 Holeta Genet WSS m3/d 678.2 1,766.7 3,985.9
 On line communities m3/d - 72.5 163.5
Non-domestic water demand
 Public demand m3/d 352.4 480.7 609.6
 Industrial demand m3/d 96.7 198.7
Average day demand m3/d 1,030.6 2,417.4 4,957.7
Unaccounted for water % 20 28 32
Total average day demand m3/d 1,236.7 3,093.3 6,544.3
Total average year demand m3/yea 451,395 1,129,05 2,388,669
r .5 4.5 .5
Maximum day factor 1.5 1.3 1.2
Maximum day demand m3/d 1,855.1 4,021.3 7,853.2 pumps
Max. day flow l/s 21.5 46.5 90.9 transmission main
Peak hour factor 2 1.9 1.7
Peak hour flow l/s 43.0 88.4 154.5 distribution
network
Abstraction and treatment % 7 7 7
loses (SW)
Abstraction and treatment % 3 3 3
loses (GW)
Max. day demand for raw m3/d 1,984.9 4,302.7 8,402.9 treatment plant
water (SW)
Max. day demand for raw m3/d 1,910.7 4,141.8 8,088.7 treatment plant
water (GW)
Max. day flow (SW) l/s 23.0 49.8 97.3
Max. day flow (GW) l/s 22.1 47.9 93.6
7.3 OUTLINE DESIGN OF ALTERNATIVE 1: HOLETA

WELLFIELD AND HOLETA RIVER (CONJUNCTIVE WATER
SOURCE)
7.3.1 Brief Description of Alternative 1
A combination of groundwater from the Holeta wellfield and surface

water from the Holeta river is another alternative water source for the
Holeta Genet town. The existing borehole (BH4), the test borehole
(HT1) drilled during the hydrogeological investigation under this Project

and other boreholes to be drilled for IRE Phase are expected to supply
the year 2005 maximum day raw water demand of 22.1 l/s. Comparing
this value with the town's maximum day raw water demand which is
47.9 l/s in 2015 and 93.6 l/s in 2025, the conjunctive water use
considered as an alternative which is expected to supply the difference
of 25.8 l/s during Stage I and an additional 45.7 l/s during Stage II. For
surface water the additional raw water requirement is 47.5 l/s whereas
for groundwater it is 45.7 l/s. Hence, the conjunctive water use is
arranged in such a way that the Stage I demand deficit is to be
supplied from the Holeta wellfield and the additional demand during
Stage II is to be supplied from the intake at the Holeta river.
During Stage I, the raw water from the boreholes will be conveyed to
the service reservoir (HGSR) via a 1.85 km long transmission main.
Whereas, during Stage II, treated water will be conveyed to the service
reservoir through a 1.8 km long transmission main.
The Holeta river is gauged and the 95% dependable low flow is 150 l/s.
The Consultant has measured it during dry season to get a guiding
value on its low flow. This has resulted in a flow of 137 l/s at the
proposed intake weir site. Comparing these values with the deficit
demand for Stage II, a simple diversion will suffice.
The diversion weir is located at 9 004'57"N and 38030'52.8"E about 1

km south of the Holeta river bridge and inside the Holeta wellfield. The
river has a catchment area of about 119 km 2 at the gauging station
about 1 km upstream of the proposed weir site and the catchment
elevation varies between 3,255 masl and 2,380 masl.
To create the necessary head to enable the water to gravitate into the
wet well, a 2.5 m high masonry vertical drop type diversion weir has
been designed. A simple pipe side intake is provided at the right
abutment to divert the flow. The diverted raw water will gravitate to
the wet well located next to the intake. From here it will be pumped to
the treatment plant located some 1,000 m upstream of the intake and
at an elevation of about 2,420 masl.
The treated water will gravitate to the central pumping station (CWPS)
located at an elevation of 2,415 masl. From CWPS it will then be
pumped to the reservoir (HGSR) located at an elevation of 2,463 masl.
The length of the transmission main is about 1.8 km. Once the water
gets into the reservoir, it will gravitate to the distribution system.
The Holeta wellfield site, the Holeta diversion weir site and the general
layout of the proposed scheme are shown in Figure 7.1. The schematic
flow profile of the proposed conjunctive water source scheme is also
shown in Figure 7.2.
7.3.2 Well Development
General
Hydrogeological and geophysical investigations were conducted under
this Project at the Holeta Wellfield in February, 1999. The surrounding
area, including the slope of the valley, is mainly covered with basalt.
The valley bottom of the Holeta river is mainly covered with alluvial
deposits and basalt below which thick gravel deposits of an old river
exist.
Six VES surveys were conducted at the Holeta wellfield. All the values
show low to moderate resistivity at the top, followed by low resistivity
value and followed by moderate resistivity value at depth.
Figure 7.1
Figure 7.2
It was planned to drill four boreholes at the Holeta site as test

boreholes. However, only one borehole has been drilled by the
OWMERDB.
Test Wells
Table 7.2: Characteristics of the Wells at and around Holeta Wellfield
Designat Location Coordina Elev Dept SWL Aquifer type
ion te . hm m
m BGL BGL
HT1 Holeta 90422E 2,37 147.5 2.2 Highly fractured
38035N 4 basalt, gravel and
sand
I.A.R Holeta 90436E 2,38 74.5 30.4 Highly fractured
(IAR) 38024N 4 basalt
BH4 Holeta 9053E 2,38 90* 7*
bridge 38040N 0 82** 16.5*
(WSS) *
*Holeta Water Supply Service
**Information from the Contractor
Test Pumping Results

Step drawdown and continuous drawdown pumping tests were
conducted for 8 and 72 hours at the newly drilled borehole (HT1) and
on the existing borehole (BH4) in the Holeta wellfield, respectively. At
the end of continuous pumping the drawdown was about 84.8 meters
for Holeta test borehole (HT1) and 48.75 meters for the old borehole
(BH4). The recovery of HT1 is relatively slow, i.e. 50% of the recovery
was achieved after 5 hours while 95% recovery took 72 hours. The
recovery of BH4 was faster, 50% recovery was achieved in about 16
minutes and 100% recovery was achieved in 42 hours. The recovery of
IAR borehole was also faster, 50% recovery achieved in about 9
minutes and 89% recovery was achieved in 200 minutes.
Table 7.3: Test Pumping Results

Designat SWL Drawdown Pumpin Discharge Potenti
ion m m g l/sec al Yield
BGL BGL Duratio l/sec
n
h
HT1 2.26 84.8 72 8.3 11
IAR 30.4 6.9 42 3.0 13
BH4 16.5 48.8 72 5.7 6
Wellfield Evaluation and Development Proposal

The success rate of developing a borehole with more than 10 l/sec is
67% and the success rate of developing a borehole with more than 5
l/sec is 100%. If IRE Phase demand is attained, drilling of 3 boreholes
with optimum yield of about 10 l/sec is sufficient for Stage I, Ground
Water Resources Review and Assessment Report refers.
7.3.3 Collector Pipes
The collector pipes will convey water from each borehole to the
transmission main. The collector pipes are sized for a discharge of 10
l/s. A total of 3.5 km DN 150 DCI collector pipes are required. The
borehole outlets shall be equipped with a bulk water meter.
7.3.4 Borehole Pumps
Each productive borehole shall be equipped with a submersible pump.

The pump will lift water from the borehole to the Holeta Genet service
reservoir located close to St. Gabriel Church at elevation 2,463 masl.
The average depth of the boreholes is estimated to be 180 m. Thus,
the characteristic of the submersible pumps shall be:
Number Discharge, Head, H Standby

Q
l/s m
Stage 3 10 220 1
I
Stage 10 220 1
II
7.3.5 Holeta Diversion Weir
The Holeta diversion weir site is located about 1 km downstream of the

bridge over the Holeta river on the Addis-Holeta road and inside the
Holeta wellfield. This weir is a vertical drop type having a height of 2.5
m, crest length of 16 m, crest width of 1.9 m and a bottom width of 2.5
m. The discharge capacity of the weir is taken as 133.6 m 3/sec, a 100
year return period flood. The control structure is to be built of masonry
while the impervious apron is to be built of concrete.
The silt depositsed at the intake shall periodically be flushed out

through a sluice gate. The gate has the following details:
Type of gate : fixed wheeled gate manufactured from

carbon steel with minimum yield point of
320 Mpa.
Height : 2,000 mm
Width : 2,000 mm
Skin plate thickness : 6 mm
Hoisting type and capacity : power screw with level reduction
and shall have a minimum of 10 kN
hoisting capacity. The gate should be
capable of closing by its own weight.
The upstream portion of the weir is provided with a 9 m long

impervious apron, a 3 m long block protection consisting of 1 m thick
stone blocks laid on 0.5 m thick layer of loosely packed stones and a
4.5 m long launching apron constructed of 1.5 m thick gabions.
The downstream portion of the weir is provided with a 20 m long

impervious apron, followed by a 1 m thick inverted filter underneath a
15 m long block protection consisting of 0.9 m thick stone blocks.
Finally a 19.1 m long launching apron shall be provided constructed
from a 1 m thick gabions.
This arrangement is provided to guarantee full energy dissipation

downstream of the weir before the water reaches its original course.
Wing walls of height 5.6 m extending upstream for about 20 m and

made of gabions are provided on both the left and the right abutment.
The downstream wing walls vary in height from a maximum of 5.6 m to
a minimum of 2 m and extend for about 38 m.
7.3.6 Intake
To prevent entrance of silt and debris into the raw water wet well, the
intake pipe is installed 60 cm above the bottom level of the sluiceway
and vertically placed steel rods near the bell-mouth shaped intake shall
be provided.
A 200 mm DCI pipe is provided to convey the raw water from the
intake to the wet well where it is pumped to the treatment plant.
7.3.7 Treatment Requirement
The selection of appropriate treatment processes is facilitated by field

and laboratory investigations. Table 7.4 indicates the treatment
necessary for raw waters of a variety of bacteriological, physical and
chemical characteristics. Local constraints as limitations of capital;
availability of skilled and unskilled labor; availability of major
equipment items; construction materials and water treatment
chemicals; applicability of local codes, if any; and country experience
are considered to appropriately localize the standard
recommendations.
Holeta Wellfield
Water sample has been collected from the test borehole drilled for
hydrogoelogical investigation in the Holeta wellfield. The physical and
chemical analyses of this water sample was analysed in the Addis
Ababa Water and Sewerage Authority Central Laboratory. The water
quality analyses, Appendix F refers, shows that the raw water from the
test borehole is suitable for human consumption and other domestic
uses. Thus, except for disinfection further treatment is not required.
Holeta River
Water samples have been collected from the Holeta river for physical
and chemical analysis. The samples were analysed in the Central
Laboratory of Addis Ababa Water and Sewerage Authority (AAWSA).
The water quality analysis shows that the raw water from the Holeta
river has a turbidity of 160 NTU. Except for the turbidity, most of the
chemical constituents in the raw water are within the WHO guidelines,
Appendix F refers.
Two water samples were collected and analysed; one during dry season
and the other during the wet season. According to the analyses
conducted by the Addis Ababa Water and Sewerage Authority Central
Laboratory, the turbidity values show wide variation, Appendix F refers.
For design purpose, the higher of the two is considered. Hence, the
Holeta river has turbidity of 160 NTU. In addition to the above, in order
to choose appropriate unit operations in the proposed treatment
arrangement, the following bench scale experiments were conducted.
1. Turbidity;
2. Filterability;
3. Settleable Solids; and
4. Suspension Stability.
Turbidity and the suspended solids concentration are the main

parameters which determine the physical filter performance. In
addition, the volume of settleable matter might be of interest if no
pretreatment system is available prior to the filters. Finally, the
suspension stability has an influence on the settling characteristics of
the suspended matter.
Turbidity
The turbidity was measured by a test tube that has been originally
developed by DelAgua and later modified by an organization called
SANDEC (Water and Sanitation in Developing Countries). Six tests were
conducted to determine the turbidity of the raw water and the average
result of the analysis is 202 NTU. The maximum turbidity value as
obtained by AAWSA Central Laboratory, as indicated above, is 160
NTU. The variation in the two results could be attributed to the
different sampling time, use of different apparatus and the human
factor in conducting the test.
Feasibility Study and Engineering Design Report Assosa Town
7-33
Table 7.4: Guideline on the Selection of Unit Operations in the Treatment Process
Average Colour
Turbidi Total Chlorid Hardne
Class Coliform Platinum- Iron
ty Solids es ss Minimum Treatment Possible
es MPN/100 Cobalt mg/l
NTU mg/l mg/l mg/l
ml Scale
I <1 <25 <50 <1.0 <1,500 <600 <250 None
II <2 <25 <50 <1.0 <1,500 <600 <250 Chlorination
III <2 <25 <50 <1.0 <1,500 <600 <250 Chemical pretreatment and chlorination
IV <50 <25 <50 >1.0 <1,500 <600 <250 Iron removal and chlorination
V <50 <25 <50 <1.0 <1,500 <600 >250 Hardness reduction and chlorination
VI <1,000 <50 <70 <2.5 <1,500 <600 <250 Slow sand filtration and chlorination
VII <5,000 <75 - <2.5 <1,500 <600 <250 Pretreatment - slow sand filtration-chlorination
VIII <20,000 <250 - <2.5 <1,500 <600 <250 Coagulation - sedimentation - filtration -
chlorination
IX <20,000 <250 - >2.5 <1,500 <600 <250 Aeration - coagulation - sedimentation - filtration -
chlorination
X <20,000 <250 - <2.5 <1,500 <600 <250 pretreatment - coagulation sedimentation filtration
chlorination
XI <20,000 <250 - <2.5 <1,500 <600 >250 Coagulation - sedimentation - filtration - hardness
reduction - chlorination
Feasibility Study and Engineering Design Report Holeta Genet Town 8- 34
Filterability
This test is used to check the compatibility of a slow sand filter (SSF) to
treat this source. The recorded filterability values of the two water
samples collected from Holeta river in relation to time is plotted on a
graph, Figure 7.3 refers. This enables the Consultant to determine the
solids removal efficiency of the SSF. Water to be treated by slow sand
filtration should have a filterability value of at least 200 ml/3 min. The
result indicated that the average filterability value for 3 minutes is 78
ml. This indicates that if slow sand filtration is provided, the anticipated
100
Filtered Water Volume[ml]
80
60
40
20
0
30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240
Filtration rate [sec]
Fig. 7.3 Filterability of Holeta River Water
performance will not be attained. Therefore, it is recommended to
introduce rapid sand filtration.
Settleable Solids
An adapted Imhoff cone is used here to measure small quantities of
settleable matters. This test shows the amount of solids removed by
sedimentation. Besides, the test provides information on the settling
characteristics and suspension stability of the solid matters. The water
samples collected have a very limited quantity of settleable solids.
After a period of 24 hours not more than 0.2 ml/l of settleable matters
were observed. This is an indication that this source is not treatable
using plain sedimentation, hence calling for the use of chemical
coagulants.
Suspension Stability
The stability of a suspension and settling properties of the suspended
matters is determined by a sedimentation test. Turbidity decrease in
relation to time is recorded. The ratio of turbidity at different times to
the initial turbidity is plotted against the corresponding time. If this plot
shows a rapid drop in turbidity for the first few hours, then the
suspension is unstable and has a large amount of settleable solids.
However, if the decrease in turbidity is gradual then the suspension is
very stable and has some settleable solids. Therefore, from the plot,
Fig. 7.4 refers, it can be seen that the raw water requires coagulants to
activate the suspended matters to settle.
120
Relative Turbidity [T/T0] x100

100
80
60
40
20
0
0 0.25 0.50 1 2 4 8 24
Time [hrs]
Figure 7.4: Suspension Stability of Holeta River Water
Treatment Processes
Stage I
The physical and chemical water quality analysis of the raw water
collected from the test borehole in the Holeta wellfield indicates that
the raw water is physically and chemically with in WHO guidelines.
Hence, only disinfection at the Holeta Genet service reservoir, HGSR, is
provided.
Stage II
From the above analysis, the unit operations in the proposed treatment
arrangement consists of balancing chamber, chemical
coagulation/flocculation, horizontal flow sedimentation tank (SEDI T),
rapid sand filtration (RSF), disinfection and clear water reservoir (CWR).
The treatment plant components will be designed for flow conditions

during Stage II. Hence, the treatment components will be designed for
a maximum day deficit flow of 47.5 l/s (including surface water
treatment losses). The treatment process is shown schematically in
Figure 7.5. To Pumping
Station
From Balancing Coagulation/ SEDI T RSF Disinfection CWR
Diversion Chamber Flocculation
Site
Figure 7.5: Layout of Conceptual Treatment Process
Treatment Units
Balancing Chamber
To normalize the flow of raw water to the treatment plant a 200 m 3
capacity balancing chamber is provided.
Coagulation/Flocculation
Aluminum sulphate, the coagulant, will be mixed in a mixing chamber,
which is provided with a stirrer. The mixed coagulant will gravitate via
a controlled hose to the partial flume where rapid mixing takes place.
Then, the coagulated water will be conveyed to a flocculator.
Horizontal Flow Sedimentation Tank (SEDI T)

The horizontal flow sedimentation tank is proposed to serve as a pre-
treatment unit. The SEDI T is designed to have the following
parameters.
Unit Stage II
Number: 2
Capacity: m3/h 171 (total)
Retention time: hours 3
Surface loading rate: m3/m2/day 30
Length of the tank: m 16
Width of the tank: m 4
Depth of the tank: m 3.75
Rapid Sand Filter (RSF)

Once the filterability of the raw water is improved in the SEDI T, the
water will then gravitate to the RSF where filtration will take place. The
designed RSF consists of a layer of graded sand through which water is
filtered at a rate of 4 m/hr. The type of RSF adopted for this alternative
is the declining-rate filter. The dimension of a RSF unit is equal to 3.5 x
6 m.
Other important recommended parameters of the designed RSF are

shown in Table 7.5.
Table 7.5: Characteristics of the RSF

Description Uni Stage II
t
Area per filter bed m2 21
No of filters no 2
Filtration rate m/hr 4
Back washing rate m/hr 36
Back washing period min. 6
Layer height m 0.75
Sand effective size mm 0.5-0.6
Sand uniformity - 1.0-1.5
coefficient
Chlorination
In order to make sure that the water is free from any bacteria, it should
be disinfected after it leaves the RSF and before it enters the clean
water reservoir. For disinfection, Calcium Hypochlorite compound with
commercial strength of 65-70% shall be used. A solution with strength
of up to 2% shall be prepared at the site and fed into the clear water
tank at the pumping station.
The Calcium Hypochlorite compound is mixed with water in a mixing

tank where impurities and un-dissolved chemicals settle at the bottom
and the clear solution is transferred to a solution tank with a plastic
pipe. From the solution tank with a chemical feed pump

(hypochlorinator) it is fed into the clear water tank. The mixing tank
and the clear solution tank shall be made of plastic material. For Stage
I, one of each tank is assumed to be adequate while for Stage II, one
additional clear solution tank with a hypochlorinator shall be provided.
The capacity of the mixing tank and the clear solution tank is
estimated at 200 liters each. To the mixing tank a stirrer is provided to
properly mix the Calcium Hypochlorite compound with water and to
allow impurities to settle for sometime. This ensures that clogging
material will not be taken into the clear solution tank and create a
problem for the hypochlorinator.
The solution could be prepared by adding the compound into a

predetermined volume of water for adequate dissipation of the heat
that could be generated during the reaction of the compound with the
water. To maintain residual chlorine concentration of 0.5mg/l at the
extreme points in the distribution system, a dosing rate of 1.5mg/l is
estimated to be adequate, but this should be regularly monitored. In
case of the failure of the hypochlorinator, a gravity fed system with a
plastic hose that could drip into the clear water shall also be provided.
The proposed chlorination flow diagram is shown in Figure 7.6.
To clear
water tank
Mixing tank with Clear solution Hypochlorinator

stirrer tank (day tank)
Figure 7.6: Proposed Chlorination Flow Diagram
Clear Water Reservoir (CWR)

The clear water reservoir is designed in order to provide sufficient
contact time between the water and the disinfectant and to serve as a
wet well for the pumps. Thus, accordingly a 200 m 3 concrete circular
reservoir shall be constructed during Stage II construction.
7.3.8 Pumping Station
Stage I
Since the borehole pumps directly pump the raw water to the service
reservoir, there is no pumping station required during this Stage of
development.
Stage II
Two pumping stations are needed during Stage II. The first is the raw
water and the second is the clear water pumping stations.
Raw Water Pumping Station (RWPS)
Wet Well
The diverted water will be pumped to the treatment plant from the raw
water wet well. The raw water wet well shall have a depth of 6 m and a
diameter of 3 m. The wet will be provided with an overflow to spill the
excess water that may come during flood.
Pump House
The pump house shall be sized in order to house pumps required to
pump the raw surface water from the intake to the water treatment
plant. Thus, two centrifugal pumps, one as a standby, each with a
discharging capacity of 48 l/s against a delivery head of 40 m are
required during Stage II. The pump house shall be 5 m by 6 m (30 m 2).
Clear Water Pumping Station (CWPS)

The treated water conveyed to the clear water reservoir will be
pumped to the reservoir HGSR. Thus, the pumping station CWPS shall
have a wet well, pump house, standby generator house, centrifugal
pumps, generators and transformers for facilitating the pumping
operation.

A 200 m3 capacity clear water reservoir, provided as part of the
treatment process (Section 7.3.7 refers), shall act as a wet well from
which treated water is pumped to the Holeta Genet service reservoir
(HGSR). During the Detail Design Stage it shall be ensured that, in
accordance with the design of the CWR and pump house
arrangements, negative pumping head shall not occur. This is to avoid
possible cavitation damage to the pump impellers. The chemical
mixing chamber, container and dosing pumps shall be placed on top of
the CWR.
Pump House
The pump house shall be sized in order to house pumps required for
Stage II. Three centrifugal pumps, one as a standby, each with a
discharging capacity of 23 l/s against a delivery head of 70 m are
required. The pump house shall be 8 m by 9 m (72 m 2).
7.3.9 Transmission Main
The transmission main of this scheme will have three parts. The first
part conveys water from the wellfield to the service reservoir during
Stage I. The second part conveys raw water from the intake to the
water treatment plant and the third part conveys water from the clear
water pumping station (CWPS) to the reservoir during Stage II. The
transmission mains are sized assuming the transmission main that has
been proposed during the IRE Phase will be used. Cost comparison of
the different transmission main arrangement for the two Stages of
development is not done as the sources of the two stages are different
and their respective transmission mains follow different routes. Tables
7.6, 7.7 and 7.8 show the details of the proposed transmission mains in
the two Stages.
Table 7.6: Details of the Transmission Main from Holeta

Wellfield to Service Reservoir - Stage I
Descript Leng Flo Diame Nomin Flow Fricti Materi Fricti

ion th w ter al Veloci on al on
Press ty Loss Facto
ure r
Unit km l/s mm PN m/s m/km
Quantity 1.85 25. 200 16 0.82 3.819 DCI 130
8
Table 7.7: Details of the Transmission Main from RWPS to WTP - Stage II
Press ty Loss Facto
ure r
Quantity 1.0 47. 250 10 0.97 3.985 DCI 130
5
Table 7.8: Details of the Transmission Main from CWPS to

Service Reservoir - Stage II
Press ty Loss Facto
ure r
Quantity 1.8 44. 250 10 0.90 3.517 DCI 130
4
7.3.10 Reservoirs
The raw water from the boreholes and the treated water from the clear
water pumping station (CWPS) will be pumped to the service reservoir
(HGSR) that will be located next to Adom Gabriel Church at an
elevation of 2,463 masl. In order to determine the required storage in
the town, reservoir routing has been performed by using the hourly
peak factors, Table 4.11 refers. As per the analysis, Appendix C refers,
the required volume, including 10% for fire requirements, is 836 m 3
and 1,680 m3 for Stage I and for Stage II (total), respectively. These
volumes are equal to 5.9 and 5.6 hours of average day demand for
Stage I and Stage II, respectively. The 300 m 3 capacity concrete
reservoir that will be constructed during the Immediate Rehabilitation
and Extension (IRE) Phase and the 75 m 3 existing reservoir are
recommended to be used for the long term solution. Hence, the
required additional reservoir volume for Stage I will be 500 m 3 and for
Stage II an additional reservoir with a capacity of 800 m3 shall be
constructed.
7.3.11 Auxiliary Buildings
Auxiliary buildings required for this alternative are:
 Three 24 m2 generator houses at Holeta wellfield;

 84 m2 chemical storage and dosing house;
 Five 8 m2 guardhouses; one at the reservoir site, three at the
boreholes and one at the water treatment plant;
 Three 4 m2 control rooms one at each borehole;
 45 m2 Operator's building;
 42 m2 Operator's dwelling; and
 24 m2 Operator's building at the service reservoir location.
The layouts of the buildings are shown in Appendix E.
7.3.12 Power Supply
The Holeta diversion site and some of the boreholes in the Holeta
wellfield are located about 1 km from BH4 (existing source) which is
connected to the main hydropower grid line. Thus, a 1.0 km power
transmission line with a transformer has to be provided. The power
requirement estimate for the wellfield submersible pumps, for the
centrifugal pumps at the two pumping stations and illumination are
presented in Table 7.9.
Table 7.9. Additional Power Requirements (kW) for Alternative

I
Requirement Stage I Stage
II
For Holeta Genet wellfield submersible pumps 111 0
For centrifugal pumps in the RWPS 0 30
For centrifugal pumps in the CWPS 0 60
For dosing and illumination 4 34
Total 115 kW 124 kW
7.3.13 Access Road
In order to connect boreholes and diversion and treatment sites with

the all weather roads about 2.0 km long all-weather access road shall
be constructed during Stage I and 1.0 km long all weather access road
shall be constructed during Stage II.
7.3.14Cost Estimate
In estimating costs for comparison purposes, items that are common

for all alternatives are not considered. These items include, costs
involved with distribution main, public fountains, office facilities and
other personnel costs except those required for treatment plants.
Capital Cost
The capital cost required to implement Alternative 1 in two stages has
been computed. The investment required for Stage I is about Birr
11.405 million. In computing the Stage II investment costs,
compensation cost, for the loss of farm and grazing lands of the local
farmers, equal to 10 per cent of the treatment plant, pumping house
and access road construction costs is fixed. Thus, the total investment
cost required for Stage II is about Birr 12.819 million. The detail cost
breakdown is shown in Table 7.10 and Table 7.11 for Stage I and Stage
II, respectively.
Operation and Maintenance Costs

The operation and maintenance costs associated with the
implementation of Alternative 1 excluding costs involved in land
acquisition, both for Stage I and Stage II, have been computed and are
Table 7.10 CAPITAL COST ESTIMATE STAGE I

Table 7.11 CAPITAL COST ESTIMATE STAGE II

Table 7.12: Operation and Maintenance Costs

7.4 OUTLINE DESIGN OF ALTERNATIVE 2: INTAKE AT HOLETA

RIVER
The possible surface water supply source for Holeta Genet town, as
discussed earlier, is the Holeta river. The diversion weir is located at
9004'57"N and 38030'52.8"E about 1.0 km south of the Holeta river
bridge and inside the Holeta wellfield. The river has a catchment area
of about 119 km2 at the gauging station, located about 1.0 km
upstream of the proposed weir site and the catchment elevation varies
between 3,255 masl and 2,380 masl.
The Holeta river is gauged and the 95% dependable flow is 150 l/s. The
Consultant has measured it during the dry season to get a guiding
value in its low flow. This has resulted in a flow of 137 l/s at the
proposed intake weir site. Comparing this value with the town's
maximum day raw water demand deficit of 26.8 l/s for Stage I and 47.5
l/s for Stage II there is no need to impound water. Simple diversion will
be adequate.
To create the necessary head to enable the water to gravitate to the

wet well, a 2.5 m high masonry vertical drop type diversion weir has
been designed. A simple pipe side intake is provided at the right
abutment to divert the flow. The diverted raw water will then gravitate
to a wet well located close to the intake. From here water will be
pumped to the treatment plant located some 1,000 m upstream of the
intake and at an elevation of about 2,420 masl.
The treated water will gravitate to the clear water pumping station
(CWPS) located at an elevation of 2,415 masl. From CWPS water will be
pumped to the reservoir (HGSR) located at an elevation of 2,463 masl.
The length of the transmission main from the CWPS is about 1.8 km.
Once the water gets into the reservoir, it will gravitate to the
distribution system.
The Holeta diversion weir site and the layout of the proposed scheme
are shown in Figure 7.7. The schematic flow profile of the proposed
surface water scheme is also shown in Figure 7.8.
7.4.2 Holeta Diversion Weir
The Holeta diversion weir site is located at about 1.0 km downstream

of the bridge over the Holeta river on the Addis Ababa-Holeta road and
inside the Holeta wellfield. This weir has a height of 2.5 m, crest length
of 16 m, crest width of 1.9 m and bottom width of 2.5 m. The discharge
capacity of the weir is taken as 133.6 m 3/sec, a 100 year return period
flood. The control structure is to be built of masonry while the
impervious apron is to be built of concrete.
The silt deposited at the intake shall periodically be flushed through a

sluice gate. The gate has the following details:
Type of gate : fixed wheeled gate manufactured from

carbon steel with minimum yield point of
320 Mpa.
Height : 2,000 mm
Width : 2,000 mm
Skin plate thickness : 6 mm
Hoisting type and capacity : power screw with level reduction
and shall have a minimum of 10 kN
hoisting capacity. The gate should be
capable of closing by its own weight.
Figure 7.7
Figure 7.8
The upstream portion of the weir is provided with a 9 m long

impervious apron, a 3 m long block protection consisting of 1m thick
stone blocks laid on a layer of 0.5 m thick loosely packed stones and a
4.5 m long launching apron constructed of 1.5 m thick gabions.
The downstream portion of the weir is provided with a 20 m long

impervious apron, followed by a 1 m thick inverted filter underneath a
15 m long block protection consisting of a layer of 0.9 m thick stone
blocks. Finally a 19.1 m long launching apron is provided constructed
of 1 m thick gabions.
This arrangement is provided to guarantee full energy dissipation

downstream of the weir before the water reaches its original course.
Wing walls of height 5.6 m extending upstream for about 20 m and

made of gabions are provided on both the left and the right abutment.
The downstream wing walls vary in height from a maximum of 5.6 m to
a minimum of 2 m and extend for about 38 m.
7.4.3 Intake
To prevent entrance of silt and debris into the raw water wet well, the
intake pipe is installed at 60 cm above the bottom level of the
sluiceway and vertically placed steel rods are provided near the bell-
mouth shaped intake.
A 350 mm DCI pipe is provided to convey the raw water from the
intake to the wet well where it is pumped to the treatment plant.
7.4.4 Treatment Requirements
Water samples have been collected from the Holeta river for physical
and chemical analysis. The samples were analysed at the Central
Laboratory of Addis Ababa Water and Sewerage Authority (AAWSA).
Bench scale experiments were conducted on the samples collected
from Holeta river to help select the appropriate treatment
arrangement. The tests conducted and the results obtained are
discussed to a sufficient detail in Section 7.3.7. Discussed below is the
designed unit operations in the whole treatment set up.
Treatment Processes
The treatment plant components will be designed for flow conditions of

Stage I and Stage II. First, for Stage I maximum day raw water demand,
which is 26.8 l/s (including abstraction and treatment losses) and
additional units will be designed for the additional Stage II maximum
day raw water demand, which is 47.5 l/s. The treatment process is
shown schematically in Figure 7.9
From Hoha Balancing Aeration Coagulation/ SEDI T RSF Disinfection CWR To Pumping
Reservoir Chamber Flocculation Station
Figure 7.9: Layout of Conceptual Treatment Process

Treatment Units
Balancing Chamber
To normalize the flow of raw water to the treatment plant a 200 m 3
capacity balancing chamber is provided.
Coagulation/Flocculation
Aluminum sulphate, the coagulant, will be mixed in a mixing chamber,
which is provided with a stirrer. The mixed coagulant will gravitate via
a controlled hose to the partial flume where rapid mixing takes place.
Then, the coagulated water will be conveyed to a flocculator.
Horizontal Flow Sedimentation Tank (SEDI T)

The horizontal flow sedimentation tank is proposed to serve as a pre-
treatment unit. The SEDI T is designed to have the following
parameters.
Unit Stage I Stage II

Number: 2 2
Capacity: m3/h 96.5 171 (total)
Retention time: hours 3 3
Surface loading rate: m3/m2/day 30 30
Length of the tank: m 16 16
Width of the tank: m 4 4
Depth of the tank: m 3.75 3.75
Rapid Sand Filter (RSF)

Once the filterability of the raw water is improved in the SEDI T, the
water will then gravitate to the RSF where filtration will take place. The
designed RSF consists of a layer of graded sand through which water is
filtered at a rate of 4 m/hr. The type of RSF adopted for this alternative
is the declining-rate filter. The dimension of a RSF unit is equal to 3 x 8
m.
Other important recommended parameters of the designed RSF are

shown in Table 7.13.
Table 7.13: Characteristics of the RSF

Description Uni Stage I Stage II
t Additiona
l
Area per filter bed m2 24 24
No of filters No 2 1
Filtration rate* m/h 4 4
r
Back washing rate m/h 36 36
r
Back washing period min. 6 6
Layer height m 0.75 0.75
Sand effective Size mm 0.5 - 0.6 0.5 - 0.6
Sand uniformity - 1.0 - 1.5 1.0 - 1.5
coefficient
Chlorination
be disinfected after it leaves the SSF and before it enters the clean
water reservoir. For disinfection, Calcium Hypochlorite compound with
commercial strength of 65-70% shall be used. A solution with strength
of up to 2% shall be prepared at the site and fed into the clear water
tank at the pumping station.

and the clear solution is transferred to a solution tank through a plastic
(hypochlorinator) the solution is fed into the clear water tank. The
mixing tank and the clear solution tank shall be made of plastic
material. For Stage I, one of each tank is assumed to be adequate
while for Stage II one additional clear solution tank with
hypochlorinator shall be provided. The capacity of the mixing tank and
the clear solution tank is estimated at 200 liters each. To the mixing
tank a stirrer is provided to properly mix the Calcium Hypochlorite
compound with water and to allow impurities to settle for sometime.
This ensures that clogging material will not be taken into the clear
solution tank and create a problem for the hypochlorinator.

water. To maintain residual chlorine concentration of 0.5 mg/l at the
extreme points in the distribution system, a dosing rate of 1.5 mg/l is
case of failure of the hypochlorinator, a gravity fed system with a
The proposed chlorinating flow diagram is shown in Figure 7.6.

The clear water reservoir is sized in order to provide sufficient contact
time between the water and the disinfectant and to serve as a wet well
for the pumps. Thus, for Stage I a 150 m 3 and for Stage II an additional
200 m3 concrete circular reservoir shall be constructed.
7.4.5 Pumping Stations
Raw Water Pumping Station (RWPS)

This pumping station pumps raw water from the intake to the
treatment plant.
Wet Well
The wet well shall be sized for a detention time of 10 to 15 minutes.
The 15 minute maximum day deficit flow for the year 2025, including
treatment losses is about 70 m 3. Thus, the wet well size shall be 5 x
4.5 x 3.5 m and shall be constructed for both the two stages at the
Stage I construction. During the Detailed Design Stage it shall be
ensured that, in accordance with the design of the wet well and pump
house arrangements, negative pumping head shall not occur. This is to
avoid possible cavitation damage to the impellers.
Pump House
The pumping station RWPS, located at an elevation of 2,380 masl, shall

be equipped with two centrifugal pumps for Stage I, one as a standby,
each with discharging capacity of 27 l/s against a delivery head of 40
m. For Stage II, one additional centrifugal pump with a discharging
capacity of 43 l/s against a delivery head of 40 m is required. The
pump house shall be 8 m by 9 m (72 m2).
Clear Water Pumping Station (CWPS

The treated water conveyed to the clear water reservoir will be
pumped to the reservoir HGSR. Thus, the pumping station CWPS shall
have a wet well, pump house, standby generator house, centrifugal
pumps, generators and transformers for facilitating the pumping
operation.

A 150 m3 reservoir for Stage I and an additional 200 m 3 capacity clear
water reservoir, provided as part of the treatment process (Section
7.4.4 refers), shall act as a wet well from which treated water is
pumped to the Holeta Genet reservoir (HGSR). The chemical mixing
chamber, container and dosing pumps shall be placed on top of the
CWR.
Pump House
The pumping station CWPS, located at an elevation of 2,420 masl, shall
be equipped with two centrifugal pumps for Stage I, one as a standby,
each with discharging capacity of 25 l/s against a delivery head of 70
m. For Stage II, two additional centrifugal pumps with a discharging
capacity of 23 l/s against a delivery head of 70 m are required. The
pump house shall be 9 m by 11 m (99 m2).
There are two alternative arrangements of the transmission main;

either parallel pipes, one at each Stage of development or a single pipe
for the two Stages to be laid during Stage I. The optimum pipe sizes for
each alternative arrangement was determined by considering the
investment and operational costs as indicated in the design criteria.
The discounted present (year 2005) value (PV) of the two alternative
arrangements are computed using discount rates of 6% and 8%.
Imported and local items price escalation rates of 3% and 8%,
respectively, have been used, Table 7.14 refers.
Table 7.14: Transmission Main Cost Comparison - Alternative 2

Parallel Pipes Single Pipe
Pipe Lengt Pipe Lengt
PV PV
Stage Size h Size h
mm m x106 Birr mm m x106 Birr
6% 8% 6% 8%
Stage I 200 2,800 300 2,800
Stage 3.42 3.01 2.41 2.31
250 2,800 250 1,000
II
Since a single transmission main is the better alternative, Table 7.14

refers, its design details are presented below.
The proposed transmission main of the surface water alternative has

two parts. One is a short one conveying raw water from the RWPS to
the treatment plant and the other conveys treated water from the
CWPS to the service reservoir located adjacent to the Adom Gabriel
Church. It is sized assuming that the transmission main that has been
proposed during the IRE Phase will be used. Table 7.15 and 7.16 show
the details.
Table 7.15: Details of the Transmission main from RWPS to

Treatment Plant
Press ty Loss Facto
ure r
Quantity 1.00 74. 300 10 1.05 3.752 DCI 130
3
Table 7.16: Details of the Transmission main from CWPS to

HGSR
Press ty Loss Facto
ure r
Quantity 1.80 69. 300 10 0.98 3.307 DCI 130
4
7.4.7 Reservoirs
The raw water from the boreholes and the treated water from the clear
water pumping station (CWPS) will be pumped to the service reservoir
(HGSR) that will be located next to Adom Gabriel Church at an
elevation of 2,463 masl. In order to determine the required storage in
the town, reservoir routing has been performed by using the hourly
constructed.
 Two 24 m2 generator houses; one at RWPS and the other at

CWPS;
 84 m2 chemical storage and dosing house;
 Two 8 m2 guardhouses; one at the reservoir site and one at the
water treatment plant;
 45 m2 Operator's building;
 42 m2 Operator's dwelling; and
 30 m2 Operator and guardhouse at the RWPS.
7.4.9 Power Supply
The pumping stations (RWPS and CWPS) are located about 1.0 and 0.5
km from the main hydropower grid line, respectively. Thus, a 1.5 km
power transmission line with a transformer has to be provided. The
power requirement for the centrifugal pumps at the surface pumping
stations and illumination has been estimated and is presented in Table
7.17.
Table 7.17: Power Requirements (kW) for Alternative II

Requirement Stage I Stage II
Additional
For RWPS 18.7 30
For CWPS 30 60
Total 82.5 124 kW
kW
7.4.10 Access Road
The raw water pumping station is located about 1.0 km from the
highway and the water treatment plant is located about 0.5 km from
the highway. Therefore a 1.5 km long all-weather access road shall be
constructed during Stage I.
7.4.11 Cost Estimate

Capital Cost
13.863 million. In computing the Stage II investment costs,
compensation cost, for the loss of farm and grazing lands of the local
farmers, equal to 10 per cent of the treatment plant, pumping house
and access road construction costs is fixed. Thus, the total investment
cost required for Stage II is about Birr 6.130 million. The detail cost
breakdown is shown in Table 7.18 and Table 7.19 for Stage I and Stage
II, respectively.

implementation of Alternative 2 excluding costs involved in land
acquisition, both for Stage I and Stage II, have been computed and are
Table 7.18 CAPITAL COST ESTIMATE STAGE I

Table 7.19 CAPITAL COST ESTIMATE STAGE II

Table 7.20 Operation and Maintenance Costs

7.5 OUTLINE DESIGN OF ALTERNATIVE 3: HOLETA

WELLFIELD
A wellfield located about 1.5 km east of Holeta Genet town is one of

the alternative water sources for the town. The existing borehole
(BH4), the test borehole (HT1) drilled during the hydrogeological
investigation under this Project and other boreholes to be drilled for
IRE Phase are expected to supply the year 2005 maximum day treated
water demand of 22.1 l/s. Comparing this value with the town's
maximum day demand of 47.9 l/s in 2015 and 93.6 l/s in 2025, this
alternative is expected to supply the difference of 25.8 l/s during Stage
I and an additional 45.7 l/s during Stage II.
The boreholes in this wellfield are expected to yield an average of 10

l/s. Thus, for Stage I, 3 production boreholes will have to be developed.
For Stage II, 4 additional production boreholes will have to be
developed. Since the success rate of Holeta wellfield is 67%, the
number of boreholes to be drilled to get the required number of
production wells is 5 during Stage I and 6 during Stage II.
The raw water from the boreholes will be conveyed, via a transmission
main of 1.85 km length, to the service reservoir (HGSR) located next to
Adom Gabriel Church. Once the water gets into the reservoir, it will
gravitate to the distribution system.
The Holeta wellfield site and the general layout of the proposed
scheme are shown in Figure 7.10. The schematic flow profile of the
groundwater scheme is also shown in Figure 7.11.
7.5.2 Well Development
Section 7.3.2 refers.
7.5.3 Collector Pipes
The collector pipes will convey water from each borehole to the
transmission main. The collector pipes are sized for a discharge of 10
l/s. A total of 3.5 km during Stage I and 4.0 km during Stage II 150 mm
dia. DCI collector pipes are required. The borehole outlets shall be
equipped with a bulk water meter.
7.5.4 Borehole Pumps
Each productive borehole shall be equipped with a submersible pump.

The pump will lift water from the borehole to the Holeta Genet service
reservoir located next to St. Gabriel Church at 2,463 masl. The average
depth of the boreholes is estimated to be 180 m. Thus, the
characteristic of the submersible pumps shall be:
Number Discharge, Head, H Standby

Q
l/s m
Stage 3 10 220 1
I
Stage 4 10 220 1
II
Figure 7.10
Figure 7.11
7.5.5 Treatment Requirement
The selection of appropriate treatment processes is facilitated by field

and laboratory investigations. Table 7.4 indicates the treatment
necessary for raw waters of a variety of bacteriological, physical and
chemical characteristics. Local constraints as limitations of capital;
availability of skilled and unskilled labor; availability of major
equipment items; construction materials and water treatment
chemicals; applicability of local codes, if any; and country experience
are considered to appropriately localize the standard
recommendations.
Water sample has been collected from the test borehole drilled for
hydrogoelogical investigation in the Holeta wellfield. The physical and
chemical analyses of this water sample was analysed in the Addis
Ababa Water and Sewerage Authority Central Laboratory. The water
quality analyses, Appendix F refers, shows that the raw water from the
test borehole is suitable for human consumption and other domestic
uses. Thus, except for disinfection further treatment is not required.
Disinfection
be disinfected before it enters the Holeta Genet service reservoir. For
disinfection, Calcium Hypochlorite compound with commercial strength
of 65-70% shall be used. A solution with strength of up to 2% shall be
prepared at the site and fed into the clear water tank at the pumping
station.

and the clear solution is transferred to a solution tank with a plastic
(hypochlorinator) it is fed into the clear water tank. The mixing tank
and the clear solution tank shall be made of plastic material. For Stage
I, one of each tank is assumed to be adequate while for Stage II, one
additional clear solution tank with a hypochlorinator shall be provided.
The capacity of the mixing tank and the clear solution tank is
estimated at 200 liters each. To the mixing tank a stirrer is provided to
properly mix the Calcium Hypochlorite compound with water and to
allow impurities to settle for sometime. This ensures that clogging
material will not be taken into the clear solution tank and create a
problem for the hypochlorinator.

water. To maintain residual chlorine concentration of 0.5mg/l at the
extreme points in the distribution system, a dosing rate of 1.5mg/l is
case of the failure of the hypochlorinator, a gravity fed system with a
The proposed chlorination flow diagram is shown in Figure 7.6.
There are two alternative arrangements of the transmission main;

either parallel pipes, one at each Stage of development or a single pipe
for the two Stages to be laid during Stage I. The optimum pipe sizes for
each alternative arrangement was determined by considering the
investment and operational costs as indicated in the design criteria.
The discounted present (year 2005) value (PV) of the two alternative
arrangements are computed using discount rates of 6% and 8%.
Imported and local items price escalation rates of 3% and 8%,
respectively, have been used, Table 7.21 refers.
Table 7.21: Transmission Main Cost Comparison - Alternative 3

Parallel Pipes Single Pipe
Pipe Lengt Pipe Lengt
PV PV
Stage Size h Size h
mm m x106 Birr mm m x106 Birr
6% 8% 6% 8%
Stage I 200 1,850
Stage 1,850 2.48 2.17 300 1850 1.59 1.52
300
II
Since a single transmission main is the better alternative, Table 7.21

refers, its design details are presented below.
The transmission main of this scheme conveys water from the wellfield
to the service reservoir. The transmission main is sized assuming the
transmission main that has been proposed during the IRE Phase will be
used. Table 7.22 shows the details of the proposed transmission main.
Table 7.22: Details of the Transmission Main from Holeta

Wellfield to Service Reservoir
Press ty Loss Facto
ure r
Quantity 1.85 71. 300 10 1.01 3.495 DCI 130
5
7.5.7 Reservoirs
The raw water from the boreholes will be pumped to the service
reservoir (HGSR) that will be located next to Adom Gabriel Church at
an elevation of 2,463 masl. In order to determine the required storage
in the town, reservoir routing has been performed by using the hourly

constructed.
 Three 24 m2 each generator houses at Holeta wellfield;

 Four 8 m2 guardhouses; one at the reservoir and three at the
boreholes;
 Seven 4 m2 control rooms one at each borehole; and
 24 m2 operator house at the service reservoir.
7.5.9 Power Supply
The boreholes in the Holeta wellfield are sparsely located. A power

transmission line of about 1 km is estimated to be required.
Transformers and other accessories are also needed. The power
requirement estimate for the wellfield submersible pumps and
illumination are presented in Table 7.23.
Table 7.23. Additional Power Requirements (kW) for

Alternative 3
Requirement Stage I Stage
II
For Holeta Genet wellfield submersible pumps 111 0
For centrifugal pumps in the RWPS 0 30
For centrifugal pumps in the CWPS 0 60
Total 115 kW 124 kW
7.5.10 Access Road
In order to connect boreholes with all weather roads about 2.0 km long
all weather access road shall be constructed during Stage I and
additional 1.0 km long all weather access road shall be constructed
during Stage II.
7.5.11Cost Estimate

Capital Cost
12.012 million and the total investment cost required for Stage II is
about Birr 9.380 million. The detail cost breakdown is shown in Table
7.24 and Table 7.25 for Stage I and Stage II, respectively.

implementation of Alternative 3, both for Stage I and Stage II, have
been computed and are presented in Table 7.26.
Figure 7.24 Detailed Cost Estimates - Stage I

Figure 7.25 Detailed Cost Estimates - Stage II

Figure 7.26 Operation and Maintenance Costs

7.6 COMPARISON OF ALTERNATIVES
The capital and running costs for each alternative are presented on a
year by year basis in Table 7.27. The discounted present values (PV) of
the works have been calculated for a range of discount rates. It should
be noted that common elements such as distribution systems have
been excluded from the comparison process.
The capital and running costs, based on year 2000 prices, have been
computed and are scheduled through year 2025.
The costs from year 2003, the first year of project construction, to year
2025 have been discounted to obtain the present value of each
alternative scheme. The discount rates used for evaluation are 6%, 8%,
10%, 12% and 14%. The summary of the present values of the
alternatives at different discount rates is presented in Table 7.28.
Table 7.28: Summary of the Discounted Present Values (PV)

Alternative NPV in million Birr at discount
rate of
6% 8% 10% 12% 14%
1 Groundwater from Holeta 32.1 27.47 23.89 21.10 18.91
Wellfield and Surface Water 4
from Holeta River
2 Surface Water from Holeta River 30.6 26.72 23.71 21.35 19.46
1
3 Groundwater from Holeta29.5 25.33 22.08 19.55 17.55
Wellfield 6
Thus in all discount rates Alternative 3, Groundwater from Holeta

wellfield, is the preferred scheme and will be considered for further
preliminary design.
Table 7.27: Comparison of Alternatives

Table 7.27: Comparison of alternatives - Continued

LIST OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER 7 WATER SUPPLY DEVELOPMENT SCENARIOS.........................7 - 19

7.1 INTRODUCTION...................................................................7 - 19
7.2 DESIGN FLOWS....................................................................7 - 19
7.3 OUTLINE DESIGN OF ALTERNATIVE 1: HOLETA WELLFIELD AND
HOLETA RIVER (CONJUNCTIVE WATER SOURCE)......................................7 - 19
7.3.1 Brief Description of Alternative 1........................................7 - 19
7.3.2 Well Development...............................................................7 - 20
7.3.3 Collector Pipes....................................................................7 - 23
7.3.4 Borehole Pumps..................................................................7 - 23
7.3.5 Holeta Diversion Weir.........................................................7 - 24
7.3.6 Intake..................................................................................7 - 24
7.3.7 Treatment Requirement......................................................7 - 25
7.3.8 Pumping Station....................................................................7 - 4
7.3.9 Transmission main................................................................7 - 5
7.3.10 Reservoirs.............................................................................7 - 5
7.3.11 Auxiliary Buildings.................................................................7 - 6
7.3.12 Power Supply........................................................................7 - 6
7.3.13 Access Road..........................................................................7 - 6
7.3.14 Cost Estimate........................................................................7 - 6
7.4 OUTLINE DESIGN OF ALTERNATIVE 2: INTAKE AT HOLETA RIVER7
- 12
7.4.2 Holeta Diversion Weir.........................................................7 - 12
7.4.3 Intake..................................................................................7 - 15
7.4.4 Treatment Requirements....................................................7 - 15
7.4.5 Pumping Stations................................................................7 - 17
7.4.6 Transmission main..............................................................7 - 18
7.4.7 Reservoirs...........................................................................7 - 18
7.4.8 Auxiliary Buildings...............................................................7 - 19
7.4.9 Power Supply......................................................................7 - 19
7.4.10 Access Road........................................................................7 - 19
7.4.11 Cost Estimate......................................................................7 - 19
7.5 OUTLINE DESIGN OF ALTERNATIVE 3: HOLETA WELLFIELD. .7 - 26
7.5.2 Well Development...............................................................7 - 26
7.5.3 Collector Pipes....................................................................7 - 26
7.5.4 Borehole Pumps..................................................................7 - 26
7.5.5 Treatment Requirement......................................................7 - 29
7.5.6 Transmission main..............................................................7 - 29
7.5.7 Reservoirs...........................................................................7 - 30
7.5.8 Auxiliary Buildings...............................................................7 - 30
7.5.9 Power Supply......................................................................7 - 30
7.5.10 Access Road........................................................................7 - 31
7.5.11 Cost Estimate......................................................................7 - 31
7.6 COMPARISON OF ALTERNATIVES..........................................7 - 36
Chapter8
PRELIMINARY DESIGN OF THE PREFERRED ALTERNATIVE
INTRODUCTION
As discussed in Chapter 7, Alternative 3 is recommended to be adopted

for the supply of water to Holeta Genet town. The future water supply
system should therefore consist of the following main elements:
Stage I
 Boreholes drilled in the Holeta wellfield for the IRE Phase to supply
the year 2005 maximum water demand.
 The deficit maximum day demand for year 2015 will be supplied
from three boreholes in the Holeta wellfield.
 Treatment facilities consisting of disinfection applied at the service

reservoir.
 Collection and Transmission pipeworks that will convey water from

the boreholes to the service reservoir located near the St. Gabriel
Church.
 Office, store and workshop for the proper operation and

maintenance of the system.
 A distribution system which will cover the anticipated settlement

areas by year 2015.
Stage II
 The deficit maximum day demand for year 2025 will be supplied
from four boreholes in the Holeta wellfield.
 Additional collection and transmission pipework to convey water

from the source to the service reservoir.
 Increased capacities of reservoirs together with extension of

distribution systems.
The design flows for the years 2005, 2015 and 2025 were given in
Table 7.1. These flows are presented in graphical form in Figure 8.1.
While assessing distribution losses, it was considered appropriate to

relate the percentage of losses to both the age of the distribution
system and the percentage of the lengths of the currently utilized pipes
in the proposed system.
For Holeta Genet town, it is expected that 43% of the distribution

mains used for the Immediate Rehabilitation and Extension (IRE) Phase
shall be utilized in the proposed distribution system during Stage I. The
anticipated losses in 2005, 2015 and 2025 expressed as a percentage
of the water demand are 20%, 28% and 32%, respectively.
Figure 8.1 Design Flow Curves

HOLETA WELLFIELD
The year 2005 maximum day demand is expected to be supplied from

boreholes drilled in the Holeta wellfield area. At present there are three
boreholes drilled in this area: HT1, IAR and BH4. HT1 is a test well
drilled as part of the hydrogeological investigations under this Project
in March, 2000, IAR is drilled by Water Well Drilling Enterprise and is
owned by Institute of Agricultural Research and BH4 was drilled in 1997
by the OWMERDB and has been the reliable water source for the town
since then.
The characteristics of each new Stage I production well are expected to

be as follows:
 10" diameter borehole cased with 8" steel casing;

 180 meter depth;
 Static water level of 3 mbgl;
 Dynamic water level of 130 mbgl;
 Optimum yield of 10 l/s;
One test borehole was drilled as part of the hydrogeological

investigations carried out under this Project and although, for test
drilling purposes, the casing/screen diameter was limited to 6", it is
considered that the boreholes can be utilized as part of the future
water supply system. The success rate of getting a borehole yielding
10 l/s is 67%. For this success rate five new boreholes shall be drilled
during Stage I and six additional boreholes shall be drilled during Stage
II. A casing diameter of 8" has been proposed to allow for maximum
flexibility in pump selection for Stage II. For these wells appropriate
wellheads will be constructed..
The optimum average yield of the boreholes in this wellfield is

estimated to be 10 l/s. Typical design of wells is shown in Figure 8.2.
The distance between two consecutive boreholes is considered to be

between 500 and 800 meters.
WATER TREATMENT
The arrangement and capacity of the treatment system provided for

the raw water from the boreholes has been carried out as part of the
alternative comparison process described in Section 7.5.5.
BOREHOLE PUMPS
The preliminary design of the submersible pumps proposed for the

borehole has been carried out as part of the alternative comparison
process presented in Section 7.5.4. The characteristics of these pumps
are as shown in the same Section.
TRANSMISSION MAIN AND COLLECTOR PIPES
Economical sizes of transmission main and collector pipes have been

determined as part of the alternative comparison process presented in
Sections 7.5.3 and 7.5.6. Hence, it is not repeated here. The main
aspects of the design are shown in Figures 7.10 and 7.11 and the
technical details relevant to the transmission main is tabulated in Table
8.5.
Figure 8.2
RESERVOIRS
As discussed in Chapter 7, the Holeta Genet town shall be served by a

service reservoir (HGSR) located next to the IRE Phase reservoir.
Details on how the capacities of the service reservoirs are determined

are presented in Section 7.5.7 as part of comparison of alternatives.
The key parameters of the service reservoirs are presented in Table
8.1.
Table 8.1: Reservoir (HGSR) and Its Key Parameters

Stag Required Availabl Recommen Dia Height
e Capacity e ded .
m3 m3 m3 m m
I 836 375 500 12 3.5
400 10 3.0
II 1,680 875
400 10 3.0
DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
The distribution network of the town has been analysed for two
different year 2015 demand scenarios:
1. Peak hour water demand

2. Minimum water demand
However, the peak hourly demand requirements are used as a basic

parameter for sizing the pipelines.
Service Area
The service area elevation ranges from 2,338 to 2,467 masl. The
existing reservoir is located at an elevation of 2,467 masl and the
proposed reservoir will be constructed adjacent to it. Thus, the
distribution network will be fed by gravity flow from these reservoirs.
The distribution network in the Holeta Genet town consists of a

combination of both looped and branched lines. In both systems the
pipelines have a DN 50 mm diameter as the smallest pipe size. Public
fountains and private lines will be connected to the network.
Simulations of the systems were performed using the software

“MIKENET”, a water distribution modeling software. MIKENET is based
upon the same principle as, and is a further development of, EPANET,
which is presented in the Contract, Appendix IV refers.
Nodal Demand Computation

After computing the total average day demand, which is the sum of
public demand, domestic demand, industrial demand and
unaccounted-for water, the nodal demands are assigned based on the
spatial distribution of existing and future infrastructure, existing and
future settlement and the town's development plan. The basis upon
which the nodal demands are computed and the computed nodal
demands are presented in Appendix B.
Computer Analysis
The network simulations have been performed for each scenario and
are presented in Appendix D. The simulation outputs show, under
junction result: node demand, node pressure, and reservoir location
and under pipe result: pipe diameter, length, flow rate, velocity, head
loss and pipe roughness.
Distribution Network Layout

The layout of the distribution network is presented on Figure 8.3. 43%
of the future distribution system in Stage I comprise existing pipes.
Table 8.2 shows the pipes and their parameters in the future
distribution system.
Table 8.2: Pipelines in the Future (Stage I) Distribution

Network
Diamet Leng Materi Type Remarks
er th m al
mm
50 2,971 uPVC PN 10 New
50 180 uPVC PN 16 New
80 1,232 uPVC PN 10 New
80 338 uPVC PN 10 Existing
80 444 uPVC PN 16 Existing
100 2,659 uPVC PN 10 New
100 1,760 uPVC PN 10 Existing
PUBLIC FOUNTAINS
The water distribution coverage in the Holeta Genet town is

expected to be through house and yard connections and public
fountains. The analysis of the number of required public fountains
in the town, the service coverage, as discussed in Section 4.5,
resulted in a total of 28 public fountains at the end of Stage I.
Since there will be 22 public fountains in the town after the IRE
Phase construction, 6 new public fountains are to be constructed
during Stage I. No additional PF is needed for Stage II.
ANCILLARY BUILDINGS
Administration and Housing Facilities
To cater for expected level of staffing, Chapters 7 and 10 refer, it is

considered that the following buildings should be constructed:
 1 Office;
 1 Workshop;
 1 Store;
 3 Generator houses;
 1 Operator and guard house;
 4 Guard houses; and
 7 Control rooms.
Figure 8.3 Distribution Network Layout

The store constructed under the IRE Phase will be used as a

workshop and a store with some modifications as per the layout
presented in Appendix E. Included in the same Appendix are the
layout designs of the above housing facilities.
Access Roads
The required access road for this town is only from the Addis-Holeta
Genet asphalt road to the boreholes in the Holeta wellfield, a total
length of about 3 km. 2 km of this road is to be constructed in Stage I
and the remaining to be constructed in Stage II.
COST ESTIMATE
Investment Costs
Introduction
The Investment costs of the preferred alternative includes more
than what was discussed in Section 7.5. These extra items are the
following:
 Distribution mains;
 Public fountains;
 Full staff of the WSS; and
 Civil works such as office, store and workshop.
In this section the basic costs associated with each component of the
proposed system are presented. The estimates are based on the unit
costs presented in Chapter 5 of this report.
Boreholes
As discussed in Section 8.2, the anticipated success rate of the Holeta
wellfield is 67%. It is estimated that the cost of accomplishing
production wells that includes all activities stated in the well
specification is about 2,650 Birr per meter depth. And the cost of one
dry or low yielding well is 979 Birr per meter depth. Five boreholes
should be drilled inorder to get three production boreholes in Stage I
and other six boreholes should be drilled in order to obtain four
productive wells in Stage II. One borehole has already been drilled and
developed as part of the hydrogeological investigations for this Project.
Tables 8.5 and 8.6 present the number of production and dry boreholes
with corresponding cost estimates. The cost estimates include costs
involved in well testing and wellhead construction.
Treatment
The treatment arrangement proposed for the preferred alternative is
only disinfection, hence an allowance of 70,000 Birr has been made for
disinfection facilities at the service reservoir. This cost includes
disinfection accessories and chemical storing and mixing room
construction.
Borehole Pumps
The total cost of three submersible pumps (Q = 10 l/s versus H = 220
m) to be installed under Stage I has been estimated at Birr 511,011,
Table 8.5 refers. This cost includes cost of pump complete with riser
pipe, fittings and flow meter, control panel and electric cables.
During Stage II four submersible pumps (Q = 10 l/s versus H = 220 m)

are needed, the total year 2005 cost of supply and installation is Birr
681,348 Table 8.6 refers. One submersible pump for each Stage of
development is proposed as a spare. The cost of one spare submersible
pump (Q = 10 l/s versus H = 220 m) is estimated to be Birr 151,600.
Power Supplies
The investment cost estimated for power supplies includes cost
estimates for supply and installation of overhead 3 phase low voltage
line, transformers, standby generators and underground cables to the
boreholes. The total cost as shown in Table 8.5 and Table 8.6 has been
estimated at Birr 2,713,353 for Stage I and Birr 1,786,349 for Stage II.
Transmission Mains
The total cost of transmission main to be laid has been estimated to be
Birr 1,377,161, Table 8.5 refers. The transmission main, with capacities
to convey the Stage II demand, are to be laid only during Stage I
construction
Service Reservoirs
The storage capacities required for the two stages are given in Table
8.1. The investment costs for the reservoirs are given in Tables 8.5 and
8.6.
Distribution System
As shown in Table 8.2, the diameter of pipelines in the distribution
network varies between 50 mm and 300 mm. For the purpose of the
preliminary cost estimate, all pipes are considered to be of uPVC. The
unit costs of these pipes are given in Table 8.3. To estimate the
investment costs of distribution lines, 50 mm diameter uPVC pipes of
2,000 m length for Stage I are proposed.
Table 8.3: Unit Costs of Distribution Pipelines

Item Unit Pipe Diameter (mm) Remarks
50 65 80 100 200 250 300
Clearance Birr/m 6.35 6.35 6.35 6.35 6.35 6.35 6.35
Trench depth mm 800 800 800 1000 1000 1200 1200

Trench width mm 600 600 600 900 900 1000 1000
Excavation
including
disposal
 normal 13.1 13.1 13.1 25.3 25.3 33.37 33.3 the amount
8 8 8 1 1 7 indicated in
 soft rock 10.2 10.2 10.2 19.1 19.1 21.25 21.2 these rows is
0 0 0 3 3 5 the unit cost x
 hard rock 9.36 9.36 9.36 17.5 17.5 19.50 19.5 the anticipated
5 5 0 formation per
 Total Birr/m 32.7 32.7 32.7 61.9 61.9 74.12 74.1 linear meter
4 4 4 8 8 2
Bedding and Birr/m 38.7 38.1 38.0 71.3 69.4 92.08 90.3
back filling 4 3 0 7 9 5
Pipe supply Birr/m 21.2 23.0 42.7 81.5 179. 250.0 253.
7 3 2 5 02 0 48
Sub total Birr/m 98.6 100. 119. 221. 316. 422.5 424.
0 25 81 25 84 4 29
Pipe laying Birr/m 12.3 12.5 14.9 27.6 39.6 52.82 53.0
3 3 8 6 1 4
Fittings and Birr/m 19.7 20.0 23.9 44.2 63.3 84.51 84.8
Others 2 5 6 5 7 6
Total Birr/ 130. 132. 158. 293. 419. 559.8 562.

m 65 84 74 16 82 7 19
The investment cost required for distribution lines are detailed in

Table 8.4.
Table 8.4: Future Water Distribution System Costs (Stage I)

Diameter Length Unit Total Cost Remarks
m Cost Birr
Birr
50 3,151 130.65 411,678.15 including distribution
lines
65 856 132.84
113,711.04
80 1,368 158.74
217,156.32
100 2,659 293.16
779,512.44
150 976 351.80
343,356.80
200 455 419.82
191,018.10
250 800 559.87
447,896.00
300 338 562.19
190,020.22
Sub total 2,694,349.
07
Supply of fittings and accessories 538,869.81
Sub-total 3,233,218
.88
Public Fountains
As discussed in Chapter 4, when the service level increases, the
number of consumers utilizing public fountains decreases. Hence, it is
expected that no additional public fountains are needed during Stage
II. But the number of new public fountains required in Stage I is 6. Thus
the total investment cost required for constructing these public
fountains is Birr 73,200.
Ancillary Buildings
The estimated costs of the housing facilities required under Stage I and
Stage II are summarised as follows:
 1 Office Birr 550,000 Stage I

 1 Workshop Birr 25,000 Stage I
 1 Store Birr 25,000 Stage
I
 3 Generator houses Birr 180,000 Stage
I
 1 Operator house Birr 36,000 Stage I
 4 Guard houses Birr 38,400 Stage
I
 7 Control rooms Birr 33,600 Stages I and
II
Access Roads
The total length of access road required is 3 km, 2 km during Stage I
and 1 km during Stage II. The total investment cost estimated for the
construction of 3 km long road is 1,770,000 Birr.
Summary of Investment Costs

Tables 8.5 and 8.6 show the detailed investment costs for water supply
development in Stages I and II.
Table 8.5 Detailed Capital Cost Estimate -Stage I

Table 8.6 Detailed Capital Cost Estimate -Stage II

The operation and maintenance costs of the preferred alternative

includes more than what was discussed in Section 7.5. These extra
items are the following:
 Distribution mains;
 Public fountains;
 Full staff of the WSS; and
 Civil works such as office, store and workshop.
Chemical Costs
The chemical costs required during the two stages of development
are detailed on a year by year basis in Table 8.7. The basis upon
which these estimates are made are discussed in Chapter 5.
Energy Costs
The costs associated with energy are presented in Table 8.7 on a
year by year basis. The basis upon which these estimates are
made are discussed in Chapter 5.
Operational Costs
The annual operation and maintenance costs are estimated as a
percentage of the investment costs. The details are given in Chapter 5,
but the basic guidelines are repeated here:
 Service reservoirs 0.75%

 Pipelines 0.2%
 Other civil works 0.5%
 Electro-mechanical equipment 4%
Personnel Costs
The other important component in the costing of the operation of a
water supply scheme is the personnel costs. The staffing required is
town specific as it depends on the type and quality of the water
source. Chapter 5 gives the bases upon which personnel costs are
determined. The results are shown in Table 8.7.
Summary of Operation and Maintenance Costs

Table 8.7 shows the detailed operation and maintenance costs for the
preferred alternative.
Table 8.7. Detailed Operation and Maintenance Costs.

LIST OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER 8 PRELIMINARY DESIGN OF THE PREFERRED ALTERNATIVE.....8 -

1
8.1 INTRODUCTION.................................................................8 - 1
8.2 HOLETA WELLFIELD..........................................................8 - 3
8.3 WATER TREATMENT..........................................................8 - 3
8.4 BOREHOLE PUMPS............................................................8 - 3
8.5 TRANSMISSION MAIN AND COLLECTOR PIPES...................8 - 3
8.6 RESERVOIRS.....................................................................8 - 5
8.7 DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM.....................................................8 - 5
8.8 PUBLIC FOUNTAINS...........................................................8 - 6
8.9 ANCILLARY BUILDINGS......................................................8 - 6
8.9.1 Administration and Housing Facilities..................8 - 6
8.9.2 Access Roads......................................................8 - 8
8.10 COST ESTIMATE................................................................8 - 8
8.10.1 Investment Costs................................................8 - 8
8.10.2 Operation and Maintenance Costs......................8 - 15
Chapter 9
PROPOSED SANITATION FACILITIES

9.1 BASIS FOR THE PROPOSED SANITATION FACILITIES
The proposed sanitation facilities are based on:

 The existing situation,
 Existing sanitation facilities,
 Problems encountered.
 The technical viability of the system,

 Availability of skilled manpower,
 Availability of construction material,
 Soil conditions,
 Availability of pit-emptying system,
 Water supply service level.
 The socio-economic factor,

 Affordability,
 Cultural behaviour,
 Religion,
 Infrastructure,
 Communities preference.
9.2 DOMESTIC
9.2.1 Existing Excreta Disposal Systems
Most of the excreta disposal facilities comprise pit latrines that are
poorly constructed, offensive and are over filled due to lack of a
vacuum truck to desludge when a latrine is full or lack of space in
the compound or funds to build a new one. The overall sanitation of
the township is poor and sanitation associated diseases are found
prevalent Chapter 2 refers.
The 1994 census report conducted by CSA indicated that 32.9 % of

the then households in Holeta Genet defecate in open fields or
drainage ditches, 64.3 % use either private or shared pit latrines.
The remaining 2.8 % of use water dependent toilet.
The socio-economic survey conducted under this Project indicates

that 82 percent of the sampled households use dry pit latrine, 15
percent use open field while the remaining 3 percent use water
dependent latrines. The socio-economic survey results, when
compared with the 1994 CSA results indicate that there has been
some improvement of sanitation in the town. The reason for the less
percentage of open field users than the percentage indicated in the
1994 CSA report, is mainly due to the smaller percentage of
sampled households considered under this study, which is 2.5
percent only. Otherwise regarding sanitation, as it has been
observed during the survey, there is no any improvement in the
town.
Household Satisfaction for their Pit Latrine

The survey indicated that 16 percent of the households surveyed

are satisfied while 84 percent are dissatisfied with the type latrines
they use. The reasons for dissatisfaction, as pointed out by the
surveyed households, are mainly poor sanitary conditions and
others such as inappropriateness for children and old people. This
dissatisfaction with the pit latrines leads people to go to open field
for defecation, which is hazardous to health.
9.2.2 Alternative Excreta Disposal Systems
Ventilation Improved Pit Latrines (VIP)

This latrine is superior to conventional pit latrines in that offensive
smell is substantially reduced and breeding of flies is discouraged.
This latrine is suitable for individual households. Where there is
enough space for two latrines in a compound, two pits are
constructed and used alternatively. Under such circumstances, the
super-structure of the VIP latrine can be of a removable type so that
it is relocated to the next pit when one is full. It can also be
constructed as a permanent structure if a pit-emptying system such
as vacuum tanker is made available. To facilitate desludging with a
vacuum tanker, water must be added into the pit. The water added
can be sullage from the kitchen, anal cleaning or any domestic
wastewater. If a vacuum tanker is hard to obtain, a Ventilation
Improved Double Pit latrine (VIDP) is proposed. This type of a VIP
latrine has two pits in which one pit is used at a time until it is full.
When the pit is full, it is left to compost for at least two years while
using the other. For better composting, ash and biodegradable
material are added into the pit and the pit is sealed. The compost
sludge can be removed manually and used for soil conditioning.
Reference is made to Appendices G.1 and G.2.
Pour-flush Toilets
Pour-flush pit latrine is a further improvement to the VIP latrine as
odours and flies are totally prevented from entering by a water seal.
This type of a latrine requires small amount of water (1-3 liter per
flush) for flushing as compared to a conventional cistern-flush toilets
(10-20 liter per flush). Because of the small amount of water
needed, this latrine does not require an in-house level of water
supply. Hence, it can be used along with a yard tap level of water
supply. It can also be used in conjunction with public fountains
provided that a public fountain is located close by such that the
users can and will carry adequate water home. Hence, a pour-flush
pit latrine is proposed for households with yard tap connection and
for those households who are relatively close to a public fountain
and who can transport adequate water for this purpose. The excreta
can be carried through a pipe system to a soakage pit if the soil
condition is suitable, otherwise to a septic tank. For households with
adequate plot size in their compound, two pits that can be used
alternatively are recommended. In the two pit system, one pit is
used until it is full and left to compost for about two years. The
compost sludge is removed manually and used as organic fertilizer.
Pour-flush toilets can be upgraded to a small-bore sewerage system
when the water supply service is upgraded and the economic
situation of the inhabitants has improved. Reference is made to
Appendix G.3.
Septic Tanks
A septic tank is a watertight settling tank to which wastes are
carried by water flushing down a short sewer from water dependent
latrines. The settlement process in the septic tank separates the
solid matter from the liquid. The septic tanks are generally
constructed in double-compartments and the separated solid matter
accumulates in the first compartment where it is digested. The
effluent from the second compartment can be discharged into a
soakage pit or drainfield if the soil permits and the accumulated
sludge should be removed periodically. If the soil is not suitable for a
soakage pit or drainfield, the effluent can be connected to small-
bore sewerage system. Septic tanks are proposed for housing units
with an in-house/yard water supply services, for a group of
households with pour-flush toilets and for hotels and institutions.
Reference is made to Appendices G.5 and G.6.
Communal Latrines
Communal latrines can be dry or water dependent type. The latrines
are suitable for densely populated areas where individual latrines
can not be constructed due to space problem and for market areas
where there are large number of users during market days. It is also
appropriate for an area where the municipality plans to build a
public shower and cloth washing place. Under such conditions the
service could be provided with payment. For better sanitation, this
type of a latrine should be pour-flush type or of the low-volume
cistern flush toilet type. If the latrine is for communal use in a
densely populated area, shower and cloth washing basin should be
provided. This would possibly enhance better utilization of the
system. The excreta from the communal latrines can be discharged
through a pipe system to a septic tank where the solids are
separated and digested and where the liquid part is flows to a
soakage pit if the soil condition is suitable. If the soil does not
permit soakage, the liquid part can be connected to a small-bore
system where it is conveyed for further treatment. The digested
sludge can be collected using a vacuum tanker and disposed of into
a sludge drying pond where it is further digested. Reference is made
to Appendices G.4, G.7 and G.8.
9.2.3 Collection and Treatment of Excreta and Sullage
Collection
Holeta Genet town is devoid of any system used to collect and
dispose of excreta and sullage to the final disposal site. As a result,
most of the existing pit latrines are full and are a potential health
hazard to the community. To mitigate this problem, some sort of
collection and disposal system is found mandatory. The possible
system proposed is a vacuum tanker that can desludge and dispose
of the waste to the final disposal site. The municipality can best
handle this type of facility and the benefiting community can be
charged for the service. As Holeta Genet town is only 44 km from
Addis Ababa, it is anticipated that it has high development potential
hence owning a vacuum tanker should not pose a problem.
Treatment Facilities
There are no treatment facilities for excreta at present. The
treatment facilities suitable for Holeta Genet town are composting,
infiltration ditch and sludge drying pond. The sludge ponds are
intended to receive desludged wastes from latrines and septic tanks
for further treatment. Two drying ponds are proposed where one
pond only shall be used until it is full and the other pond is utilized
when this is left for digestion and to dry-up. The treated sludge can
then be disposed of at a landfill or used as agricultural organic
fertilizer for soil conditioning.
9.2.4 Solid Waste Collection, Treatment and Disposal
It has been reported that the town is devoid of a solid waste

collection and disposal system. As a result, all solid wastes
generated by the household are dumped in any open field or
drainage ditches available which in turn causes nuisance to the
community. The current usage of plastic bags has become a
problem to the society as they are thrown anywhere after use.
Since this material is not biodegradable, it lasts long and is creating

a problem to domestic animals that feed on waste. This is because it
is not digested in the animal’s stomach and as a result it has been
reported that some animals that scavenge on this refuse have died.
To mitigate this problem, proper handling of solid wastes is found
mandatory.
Collection
For collection of refuse from densely populated area, communal bins
that can serve a group of households are the appropriate system.
For households in low-density areas each housing unit should have a
covered bin that is emptied once a week into a truck, which will
transport it to the final disposal site. The running cost for disposing
of collected refuse to a final disposal site can be included into the
taxes such as tax for ownership of a housing unit and land. Most of
the domestic solid wastes in the town under consideration are grass
and ashes that are biodegradable, but recently the use of plastic
bags is becoming common. This material is not biodegradable.
Hence, reuse and recycling of the material may be the best option.
In view of this, plastic materials should be collected separately. The
collection bins for plastic bags can be marked with colour that is
different from the ones used for collecting other refuses. The
transportation of collected refuse can be carried out with vehicles or
animal drawn carriage, depending on the availability of funds.
Disposal
For disposal of refuse for the Holeta Genet town sanitary landfill is
proposed. Disposed of wastes can be covered with soil manually or
using earth-moving machinery if this is available. As the Holeta
Genet area has high potential for agro-industrial development and
hence high biodegradable solid waste generation, simple earth
moving machinery that can be attached to a tractor should be made
available.
9.2.5 Storm Water Drains
At Holeta Genet the available storm drainage facilities are often

filled with household and street refuse and cause flooding during
the rainy season. To prevent this problem, an organized system for
cleaning the drainage ditches before the start of the rainy season
should be carried out. Such system can possibly be organized and
handled by the municipality and through active participation of the
community. Collected refuse from streets and drainage ditches
should be dumped at the landfill.
9.3 COMMERCIAL AREAS AND PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS
9.3.1 Existing Excreta Disposal Systems
In Holeta Genet town there is no excreta disposal system for

commercial areas, such as the bus station and the open market
area. The health center has water dependent toilet facility which is
in good condition. The schools have pit latrines that are in a poor
condition, and are also overfilled. The abattoir has VIP latrine, which
is in good condition.
The reasons for the poor condition of the latrines in the schools are:
 lack of proper maintenance and follow-up
 poor utilization of the system,
 lack of hygiene education,
 lack of a vacuum truck for desludging.
9.3.2 Solid Waste Collection, Treatment and Disposal
Commercial Areas
The solid wastes generated in commercial areas are mainly
vegetable and grass. As the town is devoid of any type of collecting
and disposing system, solid wastes in commercial area are dumped
in open fields and drainage ditches. This problem is clearly observed
in the open market area.
Health Institutions
The health center has a conventional incinerator, where the solid
waste generated by the center is burnt. The ash from the incinerator
is dumped in an open pit located inside the health center
compound. The possible problem in the future, from this system, is
the lack of space within the compound for dumping the ash.
Schools
There is no hazardous waste generated at the schools. Most of the
solid waste is scraped paper but this material can be recycled or
burnt in the compound. Burning of this material can be done in a
simple pit, which could be dug inside the school compound.
Abattoir
In Holeta Genet there is one recently built abattoir in which about 5
cows are slaughtered per day. The abattoir has a bone drying bed
and the other wastes are directed into a pit which is properly
constructed. In view of this the waste collection and handling
system is good compared to other Project towns.
9.4 INDUSTRY
Presently, at Holeta Genet there is no industry except for the dairy

farm and the small privately owned workshops. Therefore, possible
treatment facility for the dairy farm is considered under this Project
only.
9.4.1 Dairy
The Dairy farm in Holeta Genet has no treatment facility apart the
utilization of the animal dung as organic fertilizer. During the
survey, in the Dairy farm compound, piles of animal wastes that are
handled in unsanitary way have been observed. The wastewater
from the Dairy farm is organic material that can be treated with
biological treatment method. Such treatment can include
equalisation tank where the waste is allowed to stay for some time.
This is because the quantity of the wastewater fluctuates within the
day and hence to have continuous flow equalisation pond is used to
collect the waste before the effluent flows to the treatment units.
The waste including the animal dung can be used to produce biogas
and the digested sludge can be used for soil conditioning.
Gas outlet
Raw sewage Oxidation Ditch
Equali-
sation Sludge
tank Digeste
r
The possible treatment units are as shown in Figure 9.1.
Figure 9.1: Components of the Possible Treatment Units

for the Dairy farm
Oxidation Ditch
9.5 RECOMMENDED SANITATION FACILITIES
9.5.1 Domestic
a. Excreta Disposal Systems
The excreta disposal systems that are recommended for Holeta

Genet town are dry and water-dependent systems. The dry-system
is recommended for public fountain water supply users while the
water-dependent system is for in-house or yard tap water supply
users. For the dry-system, to mitigate the odour and breeding of
flies, which is a problem of the conventional type pit latrines that
are currently in use, the VIP latrines are recommended.
a. 1 Dry-System Latrines
Ventilation Improved Pit latrines (VIP)

The VIP latrines recommended for Holeta Genet town are of two
types. These are the single pit VIP latrine and the double pit VIDP
latrine. The VIDP latrine is recommended in areas where desludging
of pit latrines is difficult due to lack of finance or accessibility
problem. In such cases one pit is used until it is full and left to
compost for at least for two years while using the other pit. The
composted sludge can then be removed manually and used as
organic fertilizer. It is also recommended for areas where digging is
difficult due to hard rock formation. In areas of hard rock formation,
the pit depth is made shallow and the width and length of the pit
are made larger to have adequate volume. In such cases the pits
are properly lined and made water tight. From the single pit VIP
latrines the sludge is collected using a vacuum tanker and disposed
of into a sludge drying pond.
Design of the latrines:
Ve = S*P*T
where;
Ve = effective volume of pit
S = sludge accumulation rate (m3/person/year)
P = number of users
T = filling time in years
Sludge accumulation rates are taken to vary between 0.04 - 0.06

m3/person/year. (Source Environmental Health Engineering in the
Tropics, Sandy Cairncross and Richard G, Feachem, John Wiley &
Sons, 1990)
For T = 10 year, S = 0.06 m3/person/year, P = 5 persons =
Ve = 0.06 m3/person/year*10 year*5 persons = 3 m3

About 50 percent should be added to compensate for sullage from
body wash and bulky anal cleansing materials, such as old cement
bag, news paper, leafs etc.
Therefore, Ve = 4.5 m3. Freeboard of 0.5 m should be added. The

design procedure for VIDP latrine is also the same. But, the VIDP
latrine in hard rock formation is made watertight as part of the

latrine is above the ground.
A typical design of VIP and a VIDP latrine for an average household

size of 5 is shown in Appendix G.1 and G.2, respectively.
a. 2 Water-dependent System Latrines
Pour-flush Toilets
The pour-flush toilet is recommended for households with yard tap
water supply system. The excreta from pour-flush toilet is carried to
a septic tank by a pipe system. The septic tank is designed to serve
a group of households, in this case it is designed to serve 50
persons. The sludge from the septic tank is collected using a
vacuum tanker and disposed of into a sludge drying bed. The design
for pour-flush toilet is based on the per capita demand for yard tap
users which is 50.0 l/c/d for year 2015 and 60.0 l/c/d for year 2025.
Design of the sewer line to the septic tank for a household size of 6:
Q = Av
where;
Q = flow in cubic centimeter per second
A = area of pipe in centimeter squared
v = velocity in centimeter per second, = 60 cm/second in
order
to prevent settlement of swage solids
Q = 50.0*10-3*106*6/(24*3.6) = 3472.22 cm3/sec
A = *d2/4 = 0.785* d2
where d = diameter of pipe in cm
 3472.22 cm3/sec = 0.785* d2*60 cm/sec
d = 3472.22 / 47.1 = 8.59 cm. However, for practical purposes and

to prevent blockage from some bulky material, use 100 mm dia.
PVC drain pipe.
Volume of the septic tank is determined using the following formula:
V = Q*P*T,
where;
V = in m3
Q = per capita flow in m3/day
P = number of users
T = detention time in day
The detention time for a small tank is taken as 1 day and with
sludge removal interval of 2 years.
V = Q*P*T = 0.50*50*1 = 2.5 m3
Length of the tank (L) = 2 to 4 times the width of the tank,

Minimum depth of liquid (d) = 1 meter,
Freeboard = 0.30 meter
 Surface area = 2.5 m3/1 m = 2.5 m2

Take length to width ratio = 1:2.5
Therefore;
L = 2.5 meter
w = 1 meter
d = 1 meter
Total depth of the tank including freeboard = 1.30 m.
A typical design layout of pour-flush toilet with a septic tank for 50

persons use is shown in Appendix G.3.
Low-volume Cistern Flush Toilet

The low-volume cistern flush toilet is recommended for communal
latrines in market and bus stations. It is also recommended for
communal shower places. The design for low-volume cistern flush
toilet is based on the per capita demand for yard tap users which is
50.0 l/c/d for year 2015 and 60.0 l/c/d for year 2025. The design
procedure for this type of toilet is the same as that of the pour-flush
toilet. A typical design layout of low-volume cistern flush toilet for
50 persons use is shown in Appendix G.4.
Septic Tanks
The septic tank is recommended for a household or group of
households with water-dependent latrines and for institutions with
the same type of toilet facility. It is also recommended to be used
along with water dependent communal latrines. The design for a
septic tank is based on the per capita demand for in-house
connection users which is 75.0 l/c/d and 90.0 l/c/d for year 2015 and
for year 2025, respectively. The liquid part from the septic tank is
directed to drainage ditches.
Volume of the septic tank for 50 persons use, V = Q*P*T =

0.75*50*1 = 3.75 m3, say 3.8 m3.
Minimum depth of liquid (d) = 1.2 meter,
Freeboard = 0.30 meter
 Surface area = 3.8 m3/1.20 m = 3.17 m2
Take length to width ratio = 1 : 2.5
Therefore;
L = 2.8 meter
w = 1.15 meter
d = 1.20 meter
Total depth of the tank including freeboard of 0.30 m = 1.50 m.
Determination of a septic tank for 100 persons use follows the same
procedure.
The design of drainage ditches is determined using the following

formula; (Source Environmental Health Engineering in the Tropics,
Sandy Cairncross and Richard G, Feachem, John Wiley & Sons,
1990)
L = P*Q/2*D*I
where;
L = trench length (m)
P = number of users
Q = waste water flow (l/c/d)

D = effective depth of trench (m)
I = design infiltration rate (l/m2/day)
Effective depth of trench (D) is taken as 1 m and infiltration rate is

taken as 10 l/ m2/day. The minimum spacing between trenches
should be 2 m or twice the depth of the trench.
L = 50*75.0/2*1*10 = 188 m.
The drainage ditch length should be limited to 30 meters. Hence,

the number of ditches required = 188/30 = 6.27. Provide 7 drainage
ditches.
Typical septic tank design layout for 50 & 100 persons use with
desludging time of 2 years including the drainage ditches is shown
in Appendices G.5 and G.6, respectively.
Communal Latrines
The communal latrines are recommended for group of households in
a densely populated area, for bus station and for market areas. For
households in a densely populated area, the communal latrine
proposed is the dry VIP latrine while for the market area it is a
water-dependent system type. For the water dependent communal
latrine, it is recommended to include shower facility. The dry type
communal latrine recommended is a multiple pit VIP latrine and for
the water dependent type, low-volume cistern flush toilet is
recommended. The communal latrine at the market area and at the
bus station is assumed to be administered by the municipality of the
town. A typical design of a multiple pit VIP latrine and low-volume
cistern flush toilet are shown in Appendices G.7 and G.8,
respectively.
b. Collection and Treatment of Excreta and Sullage
Collection
For collection and disposing of excreta, two vacuum tankers are
recommended. The vacuum tankers are assumed to be
administered by the municipality of the town and shall also provide
service for the nearby towns.
Treatment of Excreta and Sullage

Two sludge drying ponds are recommended for the treatment of
desludged wastes from latrines. The possible site for the sludge
drying ponds is the site located at about 4 km along the road to
Muger. For sullage no treatment is proposed instead it is
recommended to dump it at the backyard. For the design of the
pond, taking nightsoil from latrines/septic tanks to contain about 10
g of BOD/person day, the following empirical formula is used.
A = 10*P/(2*T-12)
where:
A = pond area (m2)
P = population,
T = mean ambient air temperature of the coldest month (
C)
In the design, the projected population of year 2015, under the

medium variant of 45,218 is used.
For T = 220C
A = 10*45,218/[(2*22) - 12)] = 14,130.63 m 2, use 14,200 m2 or
1.42 hectare.
Depth of the pond is taken as 1.2 m.
Layout of the recommended sludge drying pond is shown in

Appendix G.9.
c. Solid Waste Collection, Treatment and Disposal
Collection
For collection of solid wastes from densely populated areas, it is
recommended to provide communal bins at appropriate places. For
households in low-density areas, each housing unit should have a
covered bin that is emptied once a week into a truck, which will
transport it to the final disposal site. The running cost for disposing
collected refuse to a final disposal site it is recommended to include
it into the taxes such as tax for ownership of housing unit and land.
Regarding plastic materials, it is recommended to burn such
material at the backyard since, recycling of such materials does not
appear to materialize in the near future.
Treatment and Disposal

The solid waste generated from households in Holeta Genet town is
mainly grass ash and dust with the exception of the recent
utilization of plastic bags. The recommended treatment and disposal
of the solid wastes is a landfill. Such a landfill can be abandoned
quarry site. The possible quarry site that can be used for this
purpose is the quarry site developed for Holeta Muger road
construction. For transporting solid wastes to the disposal site two
trucks that will be administered by the municipality are
recommended.
9.5.2 Commercial and Public Institutes
i. Excreta Disposal Systems
Commercial Areas
Water dependent communal latrines are recommended for this
areas. The operation and management of the latrines should be
administered by the municipality of the town. The finance required
to run the system can be included into the tax that is collected from
users of the commercial areas.
Health Institutions
For the health center and the clinic rehabilitating the existing latrine
is recommended. Such rehabilitation could be desludging and
maintaining the infrastructure of the toilet facility. The problems that
are resulted from lack of adequate water are assumed to be solved
when the proposed water supply system is implemented.
Schools
For schools it is recommended to rehabilitate the existing latrines.
The rehabilitation could be desludging and maintaining of the
superstructures. Besides, it is recommended to provide hygiene
education to school children as the main problem of latrines in
schools is due to misuse.
Abattoir
For the abattoir no additional latrine is needed instead proper
utilization of the existing VIP latrine is recommended.
For all the institutions, the typical design of a water-dependent

communal latrine or a VIP latrine could be adapted.
ii. Solid Waste Collection, Treatment and Disposal
The solid waste collection, treatment and disposal recommended for

domestic households will also apply for the institutions. For the
abattoir, proper follow up of the existing system is recommended as
the existing system is already appropriate.
9.5.3 Storm Water Drains
The main road and the alleys have appropriate drainage system, but
most often filled with household and street refuse and hence will
cause flooding during the rainy season.
i. The roads and the drainage ditches must be upgraded in

accordance with the master plan of the town and the drainage
ditches should be cleaned before the rainy season. Cleaning of
drainage ditches can be done, through community participation.
The municipality of the town should take the responsibility of
upgrading the drainage ditches along the roads and alleys.
ii. Solid waste collection bins/pits should be provided at appropriate

places so that people have a possibility of avoiding dumping
waste into drainage ditches. Besides, the community, through
the CAC, must be educated and informed not to dump wastes
into the drainage ditches.
9.5.4 Industries
The Dairy farm in Holeta Genet has no any type of treatment facility
apart the utilization of the animal dung as organic fertilizer for the
agricultural research farm. For composting the animal waste is
simply piled inside the Dairy compound and it has created nuisance
to the area due to bad smell. Therefore, to mitigate the pollution
problem of the area, the wastewater from the Dairy farm can be
discharged into a composting pit. From the pit the composted
sludge can be removed manually and used as organic fertilizer. The
animal dung can be used to produce biogas and the digested sludge
can be used for soil conditioning or otherwise it can be used as fuel
after drying the animal dung cake.
LIST OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER
PROPOSED SANITATION FACILITIES..............................................................9 - 1

9.1 BASIS FOR THE PROPOSED SANITATION FACILITIES......9 - 1
9.2 DOMESTIC...................................................................9 - 1
9.2.1 Existing Excreta Disposal Systems...............................9 - 1
9.2.2 Alternative Excreta Disposal Systems..........................9 - 2
9.2.3 Collection and Treatment of Excreta and Sullage........9 - 3
9.2.4 Solid Waste Collection, Treatment and Disposal..........9 - 3
9.2.5 Storm Water Drains......................................................9 - 4
9.3 COMMERCIAL AREAS AND PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS.........9 - 4
9.3.1 Existing Excreta Disposal Systems...............................9 - 4
9.3.2 Solid Waste Collection, Treatment and Disposal..........9 - 4
9.4 INDUSTRY.....................................................................9 - 5
9.4.1 Dairy............................................................................ 9 - 5
9.5 RECOMMENDED SANITATION FACILITIES.......................9 - 6
9.5.1 Domestic......................................................................9 - 6
9.5.2 Commercial and Public Institutes...............................9 - 10
9.5.3 Storm Water Drains....................................................9 - 11
9.5.4 Industries...................................................................9 - 11
C h a p t e r 10
ORGANIZATION AND MANAGEMENT

9.1 INTRODUCTION
The sustainability of water supply facilities mainly depends on the

Operation and Maintenance (O&M) of the system. However, in most
developing countries, including Ethiopia, it has been found that O & M
of water supply facilities is in a poor state of condition and hence the
sustainability of the scheme will be at stake. This condition brought
about the workshop that was conducted in the Amhara Regional State,
in Bahardar in April, 1999. In the workshop where professionals, Water
Bureau heads of the various Regions, representatives of the
beneficiaries in the Amhara Regional State, and others, attended; the
national causes for poor O & M of water supply facilities in Ethiopia
were discussed. According to the feedback gathered from the
participants, the following are the main causes for the O&M problems
in Ethiopia in the order of importance:
 Poor organizational set-up in the sector coupled with the absence of

trained manpower;
 Low community awareness regarding the importance of clean
water;
 Absence of adequate repair parts, spare parts, and hand tools;
 Financial shortage to support O&M, and the limited funds that are
available are used for new installations;
 Poor transportation infrastructure and facilities;
 Low participation of the beneficiaries in the decision making
processes;
 Sub-standard designs, poor construction quality, and inappropriate
technology;
 Absence of co-ordinated supervision and monitoring mechanisms;
 Unwillingness to pay for services;
 Low attention paid to local skills and minimal support to artisans;
 Absence of records;
 Minimal involvement of the private sector.
The Consultant has likewise identified the following adverse conditions

as problems related to O&M during this Project:
 Lack of spare parts;

 Office facilities shortage;
 Absence of laboratory equipment;
 Poor recording and record keeping;
 Poor organizational set-up;
 Lack of trained personnel who really understand how to operate the
systems;
 Poor financial management;
 Inadequate planning.
Based on the above findings, the Consultant forwards some proposals

related to a management system that could possibly mitigate the
problems somewhat. The proposals are also based on the Consultant's
experience on similar type of projects in other countries under similar
working environment. In forwarding the proposals the Consultant has

also studied the existing organizational structure of the Water Supply
Service Offices as outlined below.
9.2 OROMIA URBAN WATER SUPPLY ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE
In Oromia the urban and semi-urban water supply services are

administered by the WSS of each respective town and they are also
classified into five grades. The grading of the water supply services is
based upon the size of the scheme, service level and the unit
operations that the scheme has. The smaller water supply services are
attached to the nearby larger water supply services as a satellite town
and hence communicate with the nearby water supply service for
maintenance other than routine operational activities. Under the
existing conditions the water supply services conduct routine
maintenance work, fee collection and making connections for new
customers and regarding major maintenance the office reports to the
Zonal Water, Mines and Energy Resources Development Department.
The existing organizational structure of the water supply services in
Oromia is shown in Figure 10.1 below.
Figure 10.1: Urban Water Supply Service Existing

Organizational Structure, Oromia
Oromia Regional State Council Office
Oromia Water, Mines & Energy Resources

Development Bureau (OWMERD)
Zonal Water, Mines & Energy Resources

Development Department (WMERDD)
Zone
Zone
Urban Water Supply Services (WSS)

WSS
WSS
Satellite Towns
ST
ST
9.2.1 Holeta Genet town Water Supply Service (WSS)
The water supply service office located in Holeta Genet town

administers the Holeta Genet water supply scheme and the satellite
towns of Addis Alem and Burayu water supply schemes. The manpower
of the Addis Alem and Burayu water supply schemes are limited to a
pump attendant, a bill collector and a guard. Hence, maintenance work
of the scheme is solely carried by the WSS. The existing organization
chart of the WSS is as shown below.
Figure 10.2: Existing Organizational Structure of Holeta Genet

Town WSS
Oromia Water, Mines and Energy Resources

Development Bureau (OWM&ERDB)
West Shewa Zone Water, Mines and Energy

Resources Development Department
Holeta Genet Water Supply Service (Head)
Administration & Finance Operation and Maintenance
Addis Alem town (satellite)

Burayu town (satellite)
The WSS office is responsible for the operation, maintenance, and

management of the WSS of the Holeta Genet town as well as the Addis
Alem & Burayu towns. The WSS office does all maintenance work
except for the major ones that need special tools and skills. For major
maintenance work the WSS reports to the Zonal WMERD office.
Considering that the rehabilitation work shall be implemented, the

present water supply situation of Holeta Genet is assumed to comprise
all the units that are proposed for the Immediate Rehabilitation and
Extension (IRE) works. The manpower to operate, manage and
maintain the scheme after the implementation of the IRE works is
assumed to be the present manpower. The existing manpower
inventory and the inventory of the water supply scheme are shown on
the following pages. The purpose of this inventory is to visualise the
manpower distribution against the anticipated workload.
9.2.2 Manpower Inventory of Water Supply Service
Regional State: Oromia; Zone: West Shewa; Woreda: Wolmera;

Water Supply Service: Holeta Genet; Grade: 4; Population served by:
House/Yard connection = 7,872, Public tap = 20,959
Table 10.1: Inventory of Existing Manpower
Education
Job Classification Name
Experience
Scale
Number in post
Vacancies
establishmentApproved current
Job Category
A Mang. A&F
Head (WSS) Teshome Dinqessa 1 1
Head (A&F) Abebe Ayele 1 1
Magnta
Store Keeper Serkalem Mamo 1 1
Store Clerk 1 0 1
Typist 1 0 1
Driver 1 0 1
Guard 1 0 1
Cleaner 1 0 1
Finance Unit Head 1 0 1
Accounting Clerk
Hana Kifle 1 1 0
G/Meskele
Cashier Amsale Birhanu 1 1 0
Bill Collector Anakech Sewenet 1 1 0
Bill Collector Merawi Asefa 1 1 0
Water Meter Wudinesh Haile 1 1 0
Reader
Water Seller Asefa Kefeni 1 1 0
Water Seller Ketemash Dejene 1 1 0
Archivist Abebe Hunde 1 1 0
B O&M 0 0 0
Head (O&M) 1 0 1
Pump Operator Dawit Mulugeta 1 1 0
Pump Operator Zinash Abebe 1 1 0
Plumber Amare Feleke 1 1 0
Plumber Biruke Kebede 1 1 0
Total 22 15 7
Job Category A = Management, Administration and Finance staf

Job Category B = Operation and Maintenance staf
Legend: Mang.; = Management; A&F = Administration & Finance
A&F
9.2.3 Inventory of Present Water Supply
Regional State: Oromia; Zone: West Shewa; Woreda: Wolmera;

Water Supply Service Holeta Genet; Population served: 28,832
Source: 3 Boreholes; Source capacity m3/day: 1,920; Type of
treatment: Disinfection
Source of energy: National grid; Length of Mains in km: Transmission:
2.872; Distribution: 9.778; Number of connections: House/yard
connection: 1,789; Public tap: 22 Number of hour’s supplied/day: 24
Table 10.2: Proposed Water Supply System

Population Projection (000) Demand Projection
200 201 201 202 2025 Stage I: 2015 Stage II: 2025
5 0 5 0 Sourc Pop. m3/d Source Pop. m3/d
e Serv ay Serv ay
ed ed
28.8 36.2 45.2 55.7 68.13 3 BH 45,22 4,303 4 BH 68,13 8,023
3 9 2 8 0 0
Legend: BH = borehole
Pertinent to the identification of the current problem and the proposed

water supply services, the Consultant proposes the organizational
structure as shown in Figure 9.3 and the proposed manpower as shown
in Table 10.3.
Figure 10.3: Proposed Organizational Structure of Holeta

Genet Town WSS
OWMERD BUREAU
WEST SHEWA ZONE WMERDD
Holeta Genet Town Water Management Board
WSS (Head)
Legal & Customer Service
Operation & Administration Finance Store and Supply

Maintenance Section Section Section Section
Satellite town WSS
The sustainability of the water supply scheme is mainly dependent on

the effectiveness of the management unit to operate, manage and
maintain the implemented scheme. Besides, the scheme should be
demand responsive and hence the benefiting community should have a
great role in all matters of the project. In line with this, the Water
Management Board, that can represent the Community and enhance
community's participation, shall be established. The Water
Management Board will comprise the already established Community
Advisory Committee, the Municipality Head, the Woreda
Administration, the Zonal Administration, the Zonal WMERD head and

respected elders and clergymen.
Table 10.3: Proposed Manpower
Job Category
ManpowerExisting
Estimated Staf
Requirem
Required Qualification ent per
Job Classification Stage
Expr 200 201 202

Educational level
. 5 5 5
A Management
A1 Head WSS Advanced diploma in 8 1 0 0 1
W&S. +short term
training in
management
B Operation &
Maintenance
B1 Head, O&M Section Advanced diploma in 6 0 1 0 1
W&S
B2 Head, Maintenance Tech. School dip + 6 0 1 0 1
Shop training in water
supply eqp. maint.
B3 Mechanic II ditto 4 0 2 1 3
B4 Electrician ditto 0 1 0 1
B5 Water Meter Vocational diploma 2 0 1 0 1
Technician
B6 Chlorinator Operator Advanced certificate 2 0 1 0 1
in water quality
control
B7 Plumber Forman 10th grade + short 4 0 1 0 1
term training in pipe
line installation
B8 Plumber 8th grade + short term 2 2 3 0 5
training in plumbing
B9 Pump Attendant 8th grade + short term 2 2 3 0 5
training in pump
operation
C Administration 0 0 0 0
Section
C1 Head, Administration Diploma in 4 1 0 0 1
Section management
C2 Head, Personnel and Diploma in 2 0 1 0 1
Labour Relation Unit management
C3 Head, General Service Diploma in 2 0 1 0 1
Unit management
C4 Personnel Clerk 12th grade 4 0 1 0 1
C5 Archive Clerk 12th grade 4 1 0 0 1
C6 Secretary Typist Vocational diploma 2 0 1 0 1
C7 Guard 6th grade 0 4 0 4
C8 Gardener 6th grade 0 1 0 1
C9 Driver 3rd grade driving 0 1 0 1
license
C1 Messenger 8th grade 0 1 0 1
0
C1 Cleaner 6th grade 0 1 0 1
1
Sub total 6 26 1 33
Table 10.3: Proposed Manpower (cont'd)
Job Category
ManpowerExisting
Estimated Staf
Requirem
Required Qualification ent per
Job Classification Stage
Expr 200 201 202

Educational level
. 5 5 5
B/F 6 26 1 33
D Finance Section
D1 Head, Finance Section Diploma in accounting 6 0 1 0 1
D2 Head, Disbursement Diploma in accounting 3 0 1 0 1
Unit
D3 Head, Budgets and Diploma in accounting 3 0 1 0 1
General Accounts Unit
D4 Accounting Clerk III Comprehensive high 3 0 0 1 1
school diploma in
accounting
D5 Accounting Clerk II Comprehensive high 2 1 1 0 2
school diploma in
accounting
D6 Auditor Comprehensive high 2 0 1 0 1
school diploma in
accounting
D7 Cashier Comprehensive high 2 1 0 0 1
school diploma in
accounting
D8 Bill Collector 12th grade 2 2 1 1 4
D9 Water Meter Reader 12th grade 2 1 2 1 4
D1 Water Seller 12th grade 2 2 4 1 7
0
E Stores & Supplies
E1 Head, Stores & Supply Diploma in store & 4 0 1 0 1
Section supply management
E2 Store Keeper 12th grade 2 1 0 0 1
E3 Purchaser 12th grade 2 0 1 0 1
F Legal & Customer 0 0 0 0
Service
F1 Legal Advisor Diploma in low +short 3 0 1 0 1
term training in public
relation
F2 Clerk 12th grade 0 1 0 1
Total 14 42 5 61
For the determination of the manpower requirement for the proposed

water supply scheme, the current staffing structure has been used as a
basis for the estimate.
9.3 SUMMARY OF DUTIES AND RESPONSIBILITIES
9.3.1. Water Management Board (WMB)
The WMB monitors and evaluates the operation, management and

maintenance of the scheme and approves annual budget that is
needed to effectively run the scheme. The WMB identifies problems
encountered during the operation of the scheme and formulates
strategies to mitigate the problems, and approves the manpower
requirements. In addition, the WMB will bridge the gap between the
beneficiaries, planners and implementers of the project. The WMB also
communicates with the Zonal and Regional WMERD offices on technical
matters.
9.3.2. WSS Head
The WSS office head, as the top Management Unit, shall have full
power over the organizational sections of the WSS units to effectively
implement their duties and responsibilities. In accordance with the
policy guidelines of the Regional Council, and the guidelines set by the
WMB, the WSS Head plans, organizes, prepares annual budget, directs
and administers the overall activities of the WSS. The WSS head is
accountable to the WMB.
9.3.3. Operation and Maintenance Section
The O&M Section directs, co-ordinates and controls the water supply
operations, maintenance and water quality control. Under this Section
are the Production Unit, the Distribution Unit, the Water Quality Control
Unit and the Elctro-mechanical Equipment Maintenance Unit. The head
of this Section is accountable to the head of the WSS.
Production Unit
The production unit shall be accountable to the head of the O&M
Section and its duties and responsibilities will include:
 The operation and maintenance of springs and boreholes, pumping

and booster stations, transmission mains and disinfection unit, and
 The recording of water production, monitor static and dynamic

water level of boreholes and river intake.
Distribution Unit
This Unit shall be accountable to the head of the O&M Section and its
duties and responsibilities will include:
 To maintain distribution lines, inspect and rectify leakage and

maintain public taps and identify illegal connections,
 To maintain service reservoirs,
 To inspect and replace malfunctioning water meters,
 To construct tertiary pipelines, and

 To monitor distribution of water to all parts of the system regarding

adequate pressure.
Water Quality Control Unit

The Unit shall be accountable to the head of O&M Section and
performs the following activities:
 To conduct daily checks on good operation of the treatment

plant units and conduct routine regular maintenance of the same
including re-sanding,
 To conduct regular checks on residual chlorine levels at key points

in the distribution system,
 To conduct bacteriological water quality analyses,
 To inspect disinfection facilities and provide guidance in the dosing

of chemicals, and
 To inspect possible contaminants at the water source, transmission

mains and the distribution system and take appropriate measure, if
any.
Electro-mechanical Equipment Maintenance Unit

This Unit is also accountable to the head of O&M Section and conducts
maintenance of electro-mechanical equipment and instruments. The
duties and responsibilities will include:
 To maintain and overhaul stand-by generators, pumps, chlorinators

and water meters,
 To prepare preventive maintenance schedules and provides

guidance to pump attendants on the operation of pumps,
generators and chemical dosing pumps, and
 To prepare a list of fast moving parts that will require special

equipment maintenance.
9.3.4. Administration Section
This Section comprises the Personnel and Labour Relation Unit and the
General Service Unit. The head of the Administration Section is
accountable to the head of WSS and shall organize, co-ordinate, direct
and monitor the activities of the above mentioned Units.
Personnel and Labour Relation Unit

This Unit, which is accountable to the head of the Administration
Section shall perform the following activities:
 Keep records of anticipated vacancies and conduct recruitment,
 Keep personnel records and update the same when deemed

necessary,
 Co-operate with the line regional personnel agency in classifying

new positions and re-classifying existing positions. Provide the same
with information as required, and
 Administer all matters such as promotions, transfer, disciplinary

procedures, etc. related to the employees.
General Service Unit

The General Service Unit is accountable to the head of the
Administration Section and will perform the following activities:
 Provide security, custodial and office services including transport,
 Undertake and arrange maintenance and repair of office facilities,

equipment, buildings and take care of green areas, and
 Distribute incoming and outgoing mail.
9.3.5. Finance Section
The Section is accountable to the head of WSS and its responsibility is

to control and manage financial matters including disbursement of
funds. Under this Section are Disbursement, and Budgets and General
Accounts Units. This Section is responsible for co-ordination and
supervision of the activities conducted by these Units. Besides, the
Section is responsible for ensuring that the rules and procedures
prescribed in the financial manual of the WSS are adhered to. The
following are the activities that are conducted under each Unit:
Disbursement Unit
This Unit shall be accountable to the head of the Finance Section and
will conduct the following duties:
 Control all types of payments and submit periodic payment reports,

and
 Develop payment formats as required
Budgets and General Accounts Unit

This Unit is accountable to the head of the Finance Section and will
perform the following activities:
 Control, supervise, and formulate a system of recording of all fixed

assets of the WSS and follow-up implementation of the recording
system,
 Determine and fix prices of fixed assets of the WSS and use the
same in costing of the customer service, and
 Supervise the keeping of cost ledgers and records showing the

costing for labour, material, equipment, etc.
9.3.6. Stores and Supply Section
This Section is accountable to the head of WSS and will be responsible

for all operation of store and supply activities. The duties and
responsibilities of this Section is conducted through the Stores and
Supplies Unit and the Procurement Unit. The activities that shall be
conducted under these Units are as follows:
Stores and Supplies Unit

This Unit shall be accountable to the head of Stores and Supply Section
and will be responsible for conducting the following activities:
 Receive, check, classify and store all materials and equipment and
provide the same against properly filled in and authorised
requisition forms, and
 Maintain an inventory and keep stock records.
Procurement Unit
This Unit is accountable to the Stores and Supply Section and will be
responsible for conducting the following activities:
 In consultation with the Stores and Supplies Unit, it will identify out-
of-stock items and prepare requisitions and make all purchases for
the WSS. The purchase shall also be conducted based on approved
requests by the Sections.
 Request bids or price quotations and select the supplier based on

the rules and regulations set by the WMB.
9.3.7. Legal and Customer Service Section
This Section is accountable to the head of the WSS and will conduct the
following duties:
 Advice the WSS head on all legal matters,
 Act as liaison between the customers and the WSS,
 Receive and process customer’s application for water connections,
 Handle and control customer’s complaints and take action

accordingly, and
 Maintain customer’s file and draft contracts. Prepare and forward

legal notices against customers who do not abide by the binding
rules. Recommend appropriate legal action against those having
illegal connections.
9.4. MANPOWER AND TRAINING
Manpower training to meet the need of the O&M demand of the

proposed water supply scheme is of utmost important for sustainability
of the water scheme. Consequently, the Consultant proposes on-job
and short-term training for the WSS employees to meet the O&M
demands. It is of imperative importance that due attention be given to
using the IRE construction phase to select and train personnel who
later will be responsible for operational duties. During this phase of the
water scheme they have the opportunity to experience in detail how
the water supply system is put together and works.
The overall training exercise target should be to make the WSS
employees gradually develop the necessary management and
technical skills. They must also be made to understand the importance
of giving satisfactory service to the customers and their own role in
taking the responsibility for this. The training requirements for the
proposed water supply scheme are shown in the Table 10.4.
Table 10.4: Proposed Training for the Proposed Manpower

Ite Job Title Type of Training Duratio Training
m n Place
No.
A Water Management Workshop on 5 days OWMERD
Board Project Planning, Bureau
Monitoring &
Evaluation
A1 WSS Head Management one Managemen
week t Institute
B6 Chlorinator Operator Equipment 4 days Onsite
Familiarisation during
installation
B7 Plumber Forman Pipe Line 2 weeks Onsite
Installation during the
construction
period
B8 Plumber Pipe Laying, 1 week ditto
Treading &
Bending
B9 Pump Attendant Equipment 4 days Onsite
Familiarisation during
installation
F1 Legal Advisor Public Relation 1 week Managemen
t Institute
Feasibility Study and Engineering Design Report Holeta Genet Town 11 - 21
LIST OF CONTENTS
C H A P T E R 10 ORGANIZATION AND MANAGEMENT...........................10 - 1

10.1 INTRODUCTION...........................................................10 - 1
10.2 OROMIA URBAN WATER SUPPLY ORGANIZATIONAL
STRUCTURE..................................................................................10 - 2
10.2.1 Holeta Genet town Water Supply Service (WSS)........10 - 3
10.2.2 Manpower Inventory of Water Supply Service...........10 - 4
10.2.3 Inventory of Present Water Supply.............................10 - 4
10.3 SUMMARY OF DUTIES AND RESPONSIBILITIES............10 - 8
10.3.1 Water Management Board (WMB)..............................10 - 8
10.3.2 WSS Head...................................................................10 - 8
10.3.3 Operation and Maintenance Section..........................10 - 8
10.3.4 Administration Section...............................................10 - 9
10.3.5 Finance Section........................................................10 - 10
10.3.6 Stores and Supply Section.......................................10 - 10
10.3.7 Legal and Customer Service Section........................10 - 11
10.4 MANPOWER AND TRAINING......................................10 - 11
C h a p t e r 11
FINANCIAL AND ECONOMIC ANALYSIS
11.1 INTRODUCTION
The major purpose of the financial and economic analysis section of
this report is to ensure the sustainability of the selected alternative.
Among various alternatives, the best has been selected on the basis of
multiple criteria that include technical, economical, social as well as
environmental factors. Engineering design has been developed and
costs have been estimated for various works. Based on the engineering
design costs, an attempt has been made to calculate costs per unit
output, which is considered to be one of the major factors to determine
the tariff rates. Accordingly, tariff rates are determined on the basis of
three scenarios taking into account the socio-economic conditions of
the town as well as the revenue requirements of the entity (Water
Supply Service of the town). The implementation of the proposed tariff
rates is designed according to the national policy such that by giving
due consideration to gradual phasing out of subsidy and enabling the
entity to enjoy reliable revenue to finance operation and maintenance
costs including depreciation and the capital investment program.
11.2 OBJECTIVES OF THE PROJECT
The overall objective of the Project is to improve the living standards

and health situation of the residents of Holeta Genet town. The Project
has further the following specific objectives:
 Improving the provision of water supply in the town;

 Improving the living conditions of the residents of the town;
 Creating a better environment for investment;
 Improving the infrastructure of the town; and
 Improving the social situation of the population.
11.3 POLICIES & GUIDELINES AFFECTING TARIFF
The Ethiopian Water Resources Management Policy includes, among

others, the following finance and tariff policies:
Finance Policies
 Provide subsidies to communities who cannot afford to pay for
basic services on capital cost only; based on established criteria
and phase out subsidy gradually, and
 Ensure that all water supply undertakings will adequately address
costs associated with operation and maintenance and be based on
“cost recovery” principles.
Tariff Policies
 Ensure that tariff structures are site-specific and determined
according to local circumstances,
 Ensure that urban tariff structures are based on the basis of full
cost recovery,
 Establish a “social tariff “ that enables poor communities to cover
operation and maintenance costs, and
 Establish progressive tariff rates, in urban water supplies, tied to

consumption rates.
11.4 EXISTING TARIFF STRUCTURE
11.4.1 Connection Charges

The cost of house connection includes both material and labor costs.
The connection charge is based on full cost recovery and an average
cost of house connection is estimated to be Birr 500. The actual cost of
connection depends on the distance of the location of the customer’s
house from the distribution system.
11.4.2 Volume Charge

The tariff structure for consumption is a mixed system (flat and graded
rate). Public fountain users are charged at flat rate, i.e. the same rate
for all consumption. House and yard connection users are charged at
progressive rate, i.e. tariff rate that increases with the consumption.
There are four blocks of consumption. The blocks and the rates are
Table 11.1: Existing Tarif Structure

Block Consumption Range Tarif
m 3
Birr/m3
1 <5 1.50
2 5 – 10 1.80
3 11 – 30 2.15
4 > 30 2.60
PF All Consumption 1.00
Data on annual consumption distribution by block is not available.

Instead the percentage distribution of customers by mode of service is
Table 11.2: Existing Customers Distribution By Mode of Service

Mode of Service Percent
Yard tap (private) 39
Yard tap (shared) 4
Public Fountain 44
Water Vendors/others 13
The above distribution of consumers shows that public fountain users

are the majority. Public fountain users account for 44% of the total
consumption. This shows that household level consumption is very low
and there is no need to develop many blocks while setting the tariff
structure.
On the other hand, water vendors’ price is reported to range from 2.50
to 10 Birr/m3.
11.5 APPROACHES AND ASSUMPTIONS USED IN TARIFF

CALCULATION
11.5.1 Planning Period

The planning period for the purpose of financial and economic analysis
as well as tariff calculation has been taken to be 2006 to 2025. The
reason to start from 2006 is that this is the time when the new scheme
is anticipated to start operating. Revenue and cost projections are
made for twenty years and financial plans are forecasted for the same
period using tariff rates estimated on the basis of different scenarios.
Therefore, year 2025 is taken as the end of the planning period.
Accordingly, future costs and benefits will be discounted using the year
2006 as the base year.
11.5.2 Population
The population projection reported in the socio-economic background
chapter of this report is fully adopted for the purpose of water demand
projection. As of 1994 population and housing census of CSA the total
population of Holeta Genet in 1994 was estimated to be 16,785. Based
on the 1994 population, projection has been carried out up to year
2025 by applying different growth rates under three variants. For the
purpose of demand projection, and hence tariff determination, the
medium variant has been considered. Accordingly, the growth rates
and then the population projected on this basis, these rate are shown
in Tables 11.3 and 11.4, respectively.
Table 11.3: Population Growth Rates

Year Growth rate (%)
1995 – 2000 5.1
2000 – 2005 4.7
2005 – 2010 4.6
2010 – 2015 4.4
2015 – 2020 4.2
2020 – 2025 4.0
Table 11.4: Projected Population

Year Projected Population
2006 30,187
2010 36,287
2015 45,216
2020 55,540
2025 68,134
11.5.3 Long Run Marginal Cost Approach
The approach taken in calculating tariff rates centred on estimating

long run marginal costs. The estimation of LRMC has been aimed at
obtaining a cost per cubic meter of water under different scenarios. In
this approach a set of tariffs is determined that will generate sufficient
revenue, so that, over the financial planning period and using a 10%
discount rate, the present value of the full projected total revenue will
equal the present value of the full projected costs. The year 2006 will
be taken as a base year where future costs and benefits will be

discounted.
11.5.4 Inflation
The official inflation rate in Ethiopia is currently in the order of 3% per

annum. This is an average figure referring to the overall economy. On
the other hand an inflation rate of each sector is provided. An attempt
has been made to take a weighted average of the national and the
sectoral inflation rates and the Consultant proposes to apply an
inflation rate of 4.5% during the planning period.
A constant purchase parity (CPP) exchange rate is used in the model to

derive at the Birr equivalent of the USD denominated loan in current
prices. The CPP rate assumes that the Birr/USD exchange rate will
adjust in proportion to the changes in local and foreign inflation.
11.5.5 Per Capita Demand

The socio-economic report shows the adjusted current level of
consumption by mode of services. Accordingly the consumption, in
terms of litres/capita/day, for house connection is 47 for yard
connection is 35 and for public fountain is 18. Furthermore, future Per
capita demand for each of the three modes of service is projected
throughout the planning period. At the beginning of the planning period
daily per capita demand of house connection has been estimated to be
61.5 litres and for yard connection and Public fountain are 41 and 20.5
litres respectively. These figures are assumed to increase gradually and
will reach 90, 60 and 30 litres for house connection, yard connection
and public fountain respectively at the end of the planning period, i.e.
year 2025.
11.5.6 Unaccounted - for Water

Unaccounted - for water comprises physical and non-physical losses.
As indicated in the socio-economic report, the current level of UFW of
Holeta Genet town was estimated to about 13%. However, this figure
was commented to be very low when compared with the actual
situation. Therefore, an adjustment on UFW has been made for the
purpose of the analysis and has been assumed that UFW will reach
28% in 2015 and 33% in 2025.
11.6 COSTS THAT NEED TO BE COVERED
11.6.1 Partial Cost Coverage

This refers to that income from water sales which equals (or even
exceeds) all operating costs incurred by WSS. Operating expenses
include running costs, maintenance and repairs, and depreciation of
fixed assets.
11.6.2 Full Cost Coverage

Full cost coverage refers to that income from water sales which equals
(or even exceeds) all operating costs plus loan and interest charges
used to finance capital investment programs.
11.6.3 Operation and Maintenance Costs

Operation and Maintenance (O & M) costs for future schemes are
based on engineering estimates for different types of works and will
incur starting from year 2006.
11.6.4 Loan Repayment and Interest Rate

The cost of the future works is already known. However, the source of
funds to cover the cost is not yet known. For the purpose of calculating
tariffs, it has been assumed that funds would be made available to
finance the new water schemes at an average interest rate of 3%
redeemable in equal capital repayments over a 20 years period. It is
worthwhile to note that adjustment will be required when the actual
interest rate is known.
11.6.5 Depreciation
Depreciation on new assets is calculated on a straight line basis during
the planning period starting from year 2006.
11.7 TARIFF PROPOSAL
11.7.1 Ability and Willingness to Pay

According to the Socio-economic study report under this Project of
September,1999, in relation to payment for water, of the total
households covered by the survey, 62% pay up to Birr 10 per month,
76% pay up to Birr 15 per month 83% pay up to Birr 20 per month and
11% pay more than Birr 20 per month.
During the same survey, 67 households were asked whether they are
willingness to pay for connection and consumption charges. Out of the
total households surveyed 42 and 47 households replied that they are
willing to pay for connection and consumption costs, respectively.
Of the 47 households 26%, 30% and 30% responded that they are
willing to pay a maximum of Birr 1.00, Birr 3.00 and Birr 5.00 /m 3 for
volume charges, respectively.
In terms of connection charges 38% responded to pay a maximum of

Birr 50, 26% responded to pay a maximum of Birr 100 and 31%
responded to pay a maximum of Birr 200 for connection. In fact there
are various factors that influence the willingness to pay. Service level,
service standard, level of income, price of water, perceived benefits,
the extent water used for productive purposes as well as socio-cultural
factors can be identified as among the important factors that can
influence the willingness to pay for water. Water vending can be used
as a proxy measure or indicator of willingness to pay. The baseline
study indicated that the price of water from vendors in Holeta Genet
town was between Birr 2.50 and Birr 10.00 per cubic meter.
The baseline study revealed that of the total households surveyed 61%
earn monthly income of less than Birr 350 and 81% earn monthly
income of less than Birr 500. On the basis of household income
distribution, the weighted average monthly income per household is
estimated to be about Birr 400.
If it is assumed that no more than 5% of income should be spent on

water, then a household with an income of Birr 400 should not be
paying more than Birr 20 per month for water.
Average household size is 6.1. The average water requirement for a

family per day is reported to be 92 litres. Accordingly, the current per
capita daily consumption is estimated to be around 15 litres. This
indicates a very low level of water consumption. The low level of
consumption, as indicated in the socio- economic study, is resulted
from the periodic nature of supply of water to the town. Due to
shortage of the water supply the distribution is arranged on a shift
system. Such arrangement has an impact on the consumption pattern
of the population and under this condition the current level of
consumption is not a reliable indicator of the actual demand for water
of the households. As a result an adjustment is made on the basis of
per capita consumption under normal circumstances. The daily per
capita consumption under normal conditions is assumed to be 30 litres.
Accordingly, the daily requirement of a household is estimated as 183
litres and hence the monthly requirement will be 5,490 litres or 5.49
m3.
Therefore, to meet the requirements of the household with an income

of Birr 400 per month, the cost of water should not exceed Birr
3.65/m3. On the other hand, if the minimum wage rate, which is Birr
125, is taken as a proxy measure for the level of income of the urban
poor, then to meet the average daily requirement of this household the
cost of water should be Birr 1.15/m 3. Therefore, from the current ability
to pay point of view the tariff rates per cubic meter to be proposed for
Holeta Genet town lies between Birr 1.15 and 3.65. However, in the
future an improvement in the income of household level can be
anticipated and hence the ability to pay can increase. On the basis of
this assumption, some adjustment has been made to the tariff rates to
be implemented starting from year 2006.
11.7.2 Connection Charges

The current practice of charging connection at full cost is
recommended. As to the supply of materials (pipes and fittings), if
possible, it is preferable if the WSS provides to the customers and
charge the full cost including transport and storage costs. This
approach is advantageous from the point of view of maintaining the
quality and standard of the material that has an impact on
unaccounted - for water. However, the ability of customers to afford the
cost of a total connection is under question. One of the solutions for
this problem is to arrange payment on an instalment basis instead of
an up-front payment system.
11.7.3 Meter Rental

The water meter is part of the WSS’s reticulation network and it is
under the WSS’s ownership and control. Therefore, it is recommended
that the WSS should charge customers with private connection meter
rental. The rent of each water meter should be equal to the cost of
replacing the meter every five years.
11.7.4 Volume or Consumption Charges

The Federal Government’s Policy for urban centers requires to establish
progressive tariff structure based on full cost coverage. Furthermore,
the policy indicates to provide subsidies to communities who cannot
afford to pay and to phase out subsidy gradually. According to the
policy the “social tariff” is defined to cover operation and maintenance
cost only. Therefore, all these basic policy principles have to be taken
into consideration while developing the tariff rates for water
consumption.
Accordingly, mixed system (flat rates and graded or progressive rates)

is recommended.
The reasons to propose mixed system are:

 Offers consumers choice of service levels;
 Rates reflect level of service; and
 Poor communities can benefit from subsidized service.
Customers are classified as:

 Public Fountain users;
 Domestic customers (Yard and House connection); and
 Non-domestic customers (business, organizations etc.).
The recommended mixed system in relation to service levels is shown

as follows:
Flat rate Public Fountain users

First Block Domestic customers
Second Block Domestic customers
Third Block Domestic & Non-domestic Customers
The consumption range of the blocks and the assumed percentage

distribution of consumption by blocks is shown in Table 11.5.
Table 11.5: Assumed Consumption Distribution

Block Range/Month(m3) Assumed Distribution
(%)
2006-2015 2016 -
2025
Public Fountain All Consumption 20 15
Block 1 0-5 30 25
Block 2 6-10 30 35
Block 3 >10 20 25
On the basis of the above structure and consumption distribution by

block, tariff rates are estimated for each block for three scenarios
namely:
 Operation and Maintenance cost coverage;

 Operation and Maintenance cost + Depreciation coverage; and
 Full cost coverage (including investment cost).
The proposed tariff rates by block for each scenario are given in Table
11.6.
Table 11.6: Proposed Tarif Rates

Tarif Rates (Birr/m3) Proposed to Cover
Blocks O & M Cost O & M Cost + Full Cost
Depreciation
Public 1.00 1.40 2.00
Fountains
Block 1 1.50 1.75 2.25
Block 2 2.00 2.25 2.50
Block 3 2.50 3.00 3.25
11.7.5 Deposit
Deposits are considered as guarantees for default of payment. It is
recommended that new consumers pay a deposit in an amount
equivalent to two months of normal consumption.
11.7.6 Reconnection Charges

Reconnection fees should be charged at cost with a penalty if the
connection will be disconnected due to default of payment.
11.7.7 Phasing of Tariff Increase

The tariff policy, as stated above, recommends to gradually increase
the water tariffs in accordance with a full coverage tariff level.
Therefore, from this perspective we recommend the implementation of
the tariff rates of each scenario according to the following program:
 Year 2006 to 2010 Tariff rates based on O&M Cost

coverage;
 Year 2011 to 2015 Tariff rates based on O&M Cost +
Depreciation; and
 Year 2016 onwards Tariff rates based on Full Cost
coverage.
11.8 FINANCIAL AND ECONOMIC ANALYSIS

The purpose of this exercise is to assess the viability of the Project from
the entity’s perspective. The approach is to determine the benefit and
costs of the WSS after the Project’s intervention. However, there is a
problem of capturing and quantifying all the benefits of water supply
projects, especially health benefits. In order to simplify the matter, it is
considered that revenues from water sales, estimated on the basis of
the recommended tariff rates, are the major financial benefits.

Therefore, cost benefit analysis is carried out on the basis of three
alternatives as shown in Table 11.7.
Table 11.7: Alternatives Of Tariff Implementation Phase

Year Alternative A Alternative B Alternative C
O & M cost +
Full cost based
2006-2010 O & m cost based tariff Depreciation based
tariff
tariff
O & M cost +
O & M cost + Depreciation Full cost based
2011-2015 Depreciation based
based tariff tariff
tariff
Full cost based
2016-2025 Full cost based tariff Full cost based tariff
tariff
The results of the financial analysis of the three alternatives are

summarised as follows.
Alternative A:
 Will generate revenue above Operation and Maintenance

costs starting from year 2006,
 Will generate revenue above Operation & Maintenance costs +
Depreciation starting from year 2014, and
 Will generate revenue above full cost starting from year 2022.
Alternative B:
 Will generate revenue above Operation and Maintenance costs

starting from year 2006,
Alternative C:
 Will generate revenue above Operation and Maintenance costs

starting from year 2006,
On the other hand, the discounted cash flow for Alternative A is Birr –
12,986, for Alternative B it is Birr –12,372 and for Alternative C it is Birr
–10,950. From this point of view, of cash flow Alternative C is more
feasible than the other two Alternatives. But the difference in terms of
cash flow is not significant. Therefore, as far as social values are
concerned either Alternative A or Alternative B is preferable. Since the
tariff rates of the two alternatives are within the ranges of the
anticipated ability and willingness to pay of the communities,
Alternative B is recommended to be implemented due to its relatively
better impact on the cash flow of the entity than Alternative A.
1
LIST OF CONTENTS
C H A P T E R 11 FINANCIAL AND ECONOMIC ANALYSIS.............11 - 1

11.1 INTRODUCTION...........................................................11 - 1
11.2 OBJECTIVES OF THE PROJECT.....................................11 - 1
11.3 POLICIES & GUIDELINES AFFECTING TARIFF...............11 - 1
11.4 EXISTING TARIFF STRUCTURE.....................................11 - 2
11.4.1 Connection Charges...................................................11 - 2
11.4.2 Volume Charge...........................................................11 - 2
11.5 APPROACHES AND ASSUMPTIONS USED IN TARIFF
CALCULATION...............................................................................11 - 2
11.5.1 Planning Period..........................................................11 - 2
11.5.2 Population..................................................................11 - 3
11.5.3 Long Run Marginal Cost Approach.............................11 - 3
11.5.4 Inflation......................................................................11 - 3
11.5.5 Per Capita Demand....................................................11 - 3
11.5.6 Unaccounted - for Water............................................11 - 4
11.6 COSTS THAT NEED TO BE COVERED...........................11 - 4
11.6.1 Partial Cost Coverage.................................................11 - 4
11.6.2 Full Cost Coverage.....................................................11 - 4
11.6.3 Operation and Maintenance Costs.............................11 - 4
11.6.4 Loan Repayment and Interest Rate............................11 - 4
11.6.5 Depreciation...............................................................11 - 4
11.7 TARIFF PROPOSAL.......................................................11 - 4
11.7.1 Ability and Willingness to Pay....................................11 - 4
11.7.2 Connection Charges...................................................11 - 5
11.7.3 Meter Rental..............................................................11 - 6
11.7.4 Volume or Consumption Charges...............................11 - 6
11.7.5 Deposit.......................................................................11 - 7
11.7.6 Reconnection Charges...............................................11 - 7
11.7.7 Phasing of Tarif Increase...........................................11 - 7
11.8 FINANCIAL AND ECONOMIC ANALYSIS........................11 - 7
2.2 LOCATION
Harari lies 51 kilometers to the south east of Dire Dawa. It is located in the
eastern wall of the Great Rift Valley looking over the vast Danakil desert to the
north, the cattle rich savannas to the south and fertile lands of the Harar
mountains to the east. It lies between two rivers, tributaries of the Erer, on the
southern edge of a vast plateau. The surrounding mountains divide the Great Rift
Valley from the plains of the Ogaden. Latitude: 9.12 Deg. (North) and
Longitude: 42.07 Deg. (East)
Harari Region has no Administrative zones or Woredas. The total number of

kebeles of the city of Harar are 19, while the rural parts of the region has 17
farmers' association localities. The capital city of the region is Harar. H.E.
Abdulahi Idiris Ibrahim is the President of the Regional State.

Harar Water Supply

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Feasibility Study and Engineering Design Report Holeta Genet Town 2-1

Harari Region has no Administrative zones or Woredas. The total number of

Ethnic composition and Languages The Harari region is characterized by the

According to the 1994 census result the

Temperature is even - between 17.1oc-20.2oc throughout the year. The coolest

2.3 SOCIO-ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS

2.3.1 Socio-Economic Survey

The population size of Holeta Genet, according to the CSA Population

Table 2.2: Projected Population of Holeta Genet Using the

Considering the above assumptions, it is assumed that the government

2.3.1 Household Size

According to the results of the socio-economic baseline survey, the

Regarding the occupation of the households surveyed, 23 percent are

2.3.4 Monthly Expenditure

It is understood that a household with low monthly income, spends a

2.4 URBAN INFRASTRUCTURE AND SOCIAL SERVICES

2.4.1 Development Plans and Targets

The development potential of Holeta Genet is mainly related to agro-

surveyed 47 percent ranked fair, 20 percent ranked good, while the

2.4.3 Power Supply and Communication

2.4.4 Education and Health

2.4.5 Water Supply and Sanitation

Community Advisory Committee

1. Time and energy saving hence, participating in other development

Therefore, to properly address the problem of water and sanitation, the

Households Satisfaction with their Pit Latrines

2.5 ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES

In Holeta Genet the major economic activities are mainly related to

At present there is no major type of industry in Holeta Genet apart

The commercial activity in Holeta Genet is mainly concentrated in the

There is one government owned dairy farm in Holeta Genet town.

3.1 WATER SOURCE

Water from these boreholes is pumped to two reservoirs; one of

3.1.2 Primary and Secondary Sources

For most of the surveyed households the primary source is a piped

The frequency of using a secondary source mainly depends on

3.1.3 Mode of Use

3.1.4 Consumer Responses

The study has assessed consumers responses to different questions

Time Wasted Queuing at Public Fountains

Distance Taken to Fetch Water

Time to Fetch Water

Satisfaction with Quantity of Water Supplied

Average Household Water Demand

The findings of the survey indicate that a family, on average,

3.2 WATER QUALITY

The socio-economic survey indicated that 55 percent of the sampled

sources of the diseases are difficult to trace as most of the consumers

There is neither a treatment process nor chlorination in the Holeta

The collected samples are found to be chemically and physically

Table 3.1: Water Quality of Holeta Genet Town Water

Faecal Coliforms per N 0 0 0

3.3 UNACCOUNTED-FOR WATER

According to the available records, excluding the borehole near the

3.4 WATER TARIFF AND WILLINGNESS TO PAY

3.4.1 Water Tarif

Monthly Consumption, m3 Rate, Birr/m3

For public fountains the tariff is Birr 1.0 per m 3 of water.

3.4.2 Willingness to Pay

The socio-economic survey has assessed the average monthly

Willingness to pay for consumption is based on the perception of

3.5 SCHEME FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE

3.6 SCHEME ORGANIZATION AND OPERATION