Thesis Format Biostatistics

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[The title should be as concise as possible. It should indicate: the variables of the study, the
relationship of the variables, and the target population. Twenty substantive words is the
maximum allowable length, and arranged in an inverted pyramid]
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LOREM IPSUM DOLOR SIT AMET, CONSECTETUER ADIPISCING ELIT MAECENAS
PORTTITOR CONGUE MASSA FUSCE POSUERE MAGNA
SED PULVINAR ULTRICIES PURUS LECTUS
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A Thesis Presented to the
College of Rehabilitative Sciences
Southwestern University PHINMA
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In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
for the Degree of Bachelor of Science
in Physical Therapy
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Juan Y. Dela Cruz
Antonio Z. Delos Santos
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May 2017
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Approval Sheet
In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of the Bachelor of Science in Physical
Therapy, this thesis entitled “Lorem Ipsum Dolor Sit Amet, Consectetuer Adipiscing Elit
Maecenas Porttitor Congue Massa Fusce Posuere Magna Sed Pulvinar Ultricies Purus
Lectus” has been prepared and submitted by Juan Y. Dela Cruz and Antonio Z. Delos Santos
and is recommended for Oral Examination.
Raul A. Cruz, PTRP

Adviser
Oral Examination Committee
[remind everyone who will sign here that it should be signed in black ink only]
Maria B. Santos, PTRP Mario C. Santos, PTRP

Panelist, Ethical Review Panelist, Technical Review
Sergio T. Sarza Jr., PTRP

Research Coordinator
Acceptance
This thesis entitled “Lorem Ipsum Dolor Sit Amet, Consectetuer Adipiscing Elit Maecenas
Porttitor Congue Massa Fusce Posuere Magna Sed Pulvinar Ultricies Purus Lectus” upon
approval of the Oral Examination Committee on September 24, 2016 with a grade of
PASSED is hereby accepted in partial fulfillment for the degree of the Bachelor of Science in
Physical Therapy.
Lohindren V. Adorable, MD, DPBRM, FPARM

Dean
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Acknowledgments
The researchers would like to express their heartfelt gratitude to the following:
To their adviser, Mr. Raul A. Cruz, PTRP, panelists Ms. Maria B. Santos, PTRP, and Mr. Mario C.
Santos, PTRP, the Research Coordinator Mr. Sergio T. Sarza Jr., PTRP, and the Dean Lohindren V.
Adorable, MD, DPBRM, FPARM, for generously imparting their knowledge and efforts in guiding
the researchers in completing the study;
To their respondents for committing their time to cooperate and complete the study;
To their respective families for supporting this thesis whether financially, emotionally,
physically, and spiritually.
[improvise on your own, but don’t make it into a comedic or sarcastic anectode of gratitudes.]
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Abstract
Title: Lorem Ipsum Dolor Sit Amet, Consectetuer Adipiscing Elit Maecenas Porttitor
Congue Massa Fusce Posuere Magna Sed Pulvinar Ultricies Purus Lectus
Authors: Juan Y. Dela Cruz, Antonio Z. Delos Santos
In one paragraph, briefly summarize the following parts of your thesis: (1) problem under
investigation, (2) participants or subjects, specify pertinent characteristics, (3) study method,
including sample size, apparatuses or instruments used, outcome measures, data gathering
procedures, research design (e.g. experiment, observational study), (4) findings, including
effect sizes and confidence intervals and/or statistical significance levels, and (5) conclusions
and the implications or applications. DO NOT EXCEED 300 WORDS IN THIS PARAGRAPH. DO
NOT EXCEED ONE PAGE FOR THE ABSTRACT.
Keywords: [5 keywords maximum taken from the MeSH headers]

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Table of Contents
Approval Sheet ............................................................................................................................................................... ii

Acknowledgments ....................................................................................................................................................... iii
Abstract ............................................................................................................................................................................. iv
Table of Contents ........................................................................................................................................................... v
List of Figures .................................................................................................................................................................. vi
List of Tables.................................................................................................................................................................... vi
Chapter I: The Problem and its Setting ................................................................................................................. 1
Introduction ................................................................................................................................................................ 1
Background of the Study ....................................................................................................................................... 4
Theoretical Framework ........................................................................................................................................... 6
Conceptual Framework .......................................................................................................................................... 8
Statement of the Problem.................................................................................................................................. 10
Hypothesis ................................................................................................................................................................ 10
Significance of the Study .................................................................................................................................... 11
Scope and Limitations of the Study ............................................................................................................... 11
Definition of Terms................................................................................................................................................ 12
Chapter II: Review of Related Literature and Studies .................................................................................. 13
Related Literature .................................................................................................................................................. 13
Related Studies ....................................................................................................................................................... 15
Synthesis .................................................................................................................................................................... 16
Chapter III: Research Methodology ..................................................................................................................... 17
Research Design ..................................................................................................................................................... 17
Research Locale ...................................................................................................................................................... 19
Research Respondents ........................................................................................................................................ 19
Instrumentation or Materials and Equipment ........................................................................................... 19
Data Collection........................................................................................................................................................ 20
Data Processing and Analysis ........................................................................................................................... 20
Ethical Considerations ......................................................................................................................................... 22
Chapter IV: Presentation, Analysis, and Interpretation of Data............................................................... 23
Chapter V: Summary, Conclusions, and Recommendations .................................................................... 25
Summary.................................................................................................................................................................... 25
Conclusion ................................................................................................................................................................ 26
Recommendations ................................................................................................................................................ 26
Bibliography .................................................................................................................................................................. 27
Appendices .................................................................................................................................................................... 28
Appendix A: Transmittal Letters and/or Certifications .......................................................................... 28
Appendix B: Informed Consent Form............................................................................................................ 28
Appendix C: Research Budget .......................................................................................................................... 28
Appendix D: Timetable of Research Activities........................................................................................... 28
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Appendix E: Sample Size Calculation ............................................................................................................ 28

Appendix F: Research Instrument................................................................................................................... 28
Appendix G: Preliminary Procedures............................................................................................................. 28
Appendix H: Duties and Responsibilities of the Research Personnel ............................................. 28
Appendix I: Tables and Figures ........................................................................................................................ 28
Appendix J: Other Documents ......................................................................................................................... 28
Appendix K: Researchers’ Profile ..................................................................................................................... 28
Curriculum Vitae.......................................................................................................................................................... 29
List of Figures
Figure 1. Conceptual Framework of the Research Study .............................................................................. 8
List of Tables
No table of figures entries found.
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Chapter I: The Problem and its Setting
This brief introductory portion provides the context of the problem. This may be the justification for
conducting the study that you propose or this may constitute some statements made by authorities
concerning the topic of the research.
Introduction
This portion explains the macro description of the study and cites situations or statement of
authorities to explain why the study is being conducted. The researcher points out that the
study is about a special problem different from other problems because the interplay of
identified variable may cause a process to be discussed.
This section is a group of paragraphs which is the start of Chapter I. it must be written carefully
to create impact and generate interest and enthusiasm to read on the part of the reader. A
good introduction can motivate the reader to continue to read the entire study. A well-written
introduction is a good starting point that sets the tone for the rest of the paper.
The researcher must bear in mind that a research paper is an objective and scientific report and
not a literary essay. It must concentrate on dealing extensively with facts and must appeal to
logic. It should contain simple and scientific words and must avoid flowery, emotional words,
and verbosity.
The introduction does allow statements of the researchers’ own opinions but these must be
logically presented and supported by facts, records, documents, widely circulated information
and statements from persons of established authority.
A good introduction must not be lengthy and should not be more than three (3) pages long. A
two-page introduction, if well-written, can be sufficient. Materials from other sources can be
included to enhance introduction but proper documentation should be strictly observed
throughout the research paper beginning with the introduction.
The introduction should contain a concise discussion of any or all of the following:
1. Presentation of the situation or problem
2. Existence of an unsatisfactory condition, or problem that needs a solution
3. Rationale of the study – why it is necessary to conduct the study
4. A desire to have a clearer understanding of a situation, circumstances or
phenomenon
5. At attempt to find a better way of addressing the problem
6. Can include ideas, phrases and sentences from published materials relevant to the
study to give the readers an overview of the study.
7. NLM referencing must be followed strictly.
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habitant morbi tristique senectus et netus et malesuada fames ac turpis egestas. Proin pharetra
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vitae, pretium mattis, nunc. Mauris eget neque at sem venenatis eleifend. Ut nonummy. Fusce
aliquet pede non pede. Suspendisse dapibus lorem pellentesque magna. Integer nulla. Donec
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in nunc porta tristique. Proin nec augue. Quisque aliquam tempor magna. Pellentesque
habitant morbi tristique senectus et netus et malesuada fames ac turpis egestas. Nunc ac
magna. Maecenas odio dolor, vulputate vel, auctor ac, accumsan id, felis. Pellentesque cursus
sagittis felis.
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magna vel risus. Cras non magna vel ante adipiscing rhoncus. Vivamus a mi. Morbi neque.
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interdum vel, ultricies vel, faucibus at, quam. Donec elit est, consectetuer eget, consequat quis,
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pede metus molestie lacus, at gravida wisi ante at libero.
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ligula posuere velit. Nunc sagittis. Curabitur varius fringilla nisl. Duis pretium mi euismod erat.
Maecenas id augue. Nam vulputate. Duis a quam non neque lobortis malesuada.
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potenti. Vivamus vitae massa adipiscing est lacinia sodales. Donec metus massa, mollis vel,
tempus placerat, vestibulum condimentum, ligula. Nunc lacus metus, posuere eget, lacinia eu,
varius quis, libero.
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malesuada fames ac turpis egestas. Proin pharetra nonummy pede. Mauris et orci.
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scelerisque at, vulputate vitae, pretium mattis, nunc. Mauris eget neque at sem venenatis
eleifend. Ut nonummy. Fusce aliquet pede non pede. Suspendisse dapibus lorem pellentesque
magna. Integer nulla. Donec blandit feugiat ligula.
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tristique senectus et netus et malesuada fames ac turpis egestas. Proin semper, ante vitae
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urna, interdum vel, ultricies vel, faucibus at, quam. Donec elit est, consectetuer eget, consequat
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Background of the Study
This section may provide ideas which caused the researcher to undergo this particular study.
Also, the information on the setting like the geographical location, cultural and demographic
characteristics, political or economic information, depending on the focus of the study are
discussed.
This section deals with the historical background of the problem when it started, how and
where, if possible. It describes the problematic situation, the extent and gravity of the problem,
who are affected by it, its effects, etc., and how it lead the researcher to conduct the study and
conceptualize the research problem. Pertinent statistical data can be cited to support the
researchers’ claims of the existence of the problem. It would be helpful for the researcher to
bear in mind that the problematic situation should be extensive/troublesome enough, or
worth looking into to merit considering a research work.
This section provides the overview of the study discussing the factors that led to the
conceptualization of the problem.
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Theoretical Framework
This portion gives the reason for the researcher to look for new data and for analyzing,
interpreting, and synthesizing the data. This portion also justifies the rationale for the
investigation. The framework cites the theory on which the study is premised on theories of
authors in order to establish the relationship among the variable or variables of the study.
Presentation of a paradigm is required to explain how the theories are going to be

operationalized in the study. Discussion on pertinent concepts or new ideas are cited.
This portion presents the theory which is the cornerstone of the research or springboard of the
study. The authorities who formulated the theories and ideas used as basis of the study,
assuming that the research is a theory testing endeavor, are cited. However, the student’s task
is to operationalize the concepts and usually a paradigm or scheme which can make the theory
easier to understand.
The theoretical framework is a symbolic construction which uses concepts, facts, or laws,
variables and their relations, that explains and predicts how an observed phenomenon exists
and operates.
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Conceptual Framework
The conceptual framework, on the other hand, is the central scheme, the focus or main thrust
of the study, and serves as a guide for conducting the study.
It is a diagrammatic representation of the conceptual and theoretical framework. It depicts in a

more vivid and logical way what the conceptual framework wants to survey. In one glance, the
paradigm gives the overall outline of the entire research study as it shows the key variables and
their inter-relationships clearly and logically.
This portion refers to the researcher’s concept or ideas about his study. There should be a
conceptual or research paradigm consisting of inputs, process and outputs of the study. The
paradigm must be explained by the researcher below.
INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT
Figure 1. Conceptual Framework of the Research Study
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Statement of the Problem
The problem statement sets the direction of the inquiry, it is the verbalization of the “question”
which the study proposes to answer. This divided into the major or the main problem, and the
minor or sub-problems. They may be stated declaratively or interrogatively.
The major problem is the whole focus, which is reflected in the title of the study.
The minor problems are the subdivisions or the breakdown of the main variable into its
components. When the answers to the minor problems are put together, they answer the main
question. Questions like “what is the profile,” “what are the implications,” or “what are
recommendations,” are not sub-problems. There should be at least five (5) specific questions
in the Statement of the Problem.
Guidelines in writing the Statement of the Problem:
1. The general statement of the problem and the specific sub-problems or questions
should be formulated first before conducting the research.
2. Specific problems are stated in the interrogative form. Hence, sub-problems are also
called specific questions.
3. Each specific questions is researchable and can be answered independent of the other
questions.
4. Answers to each specific questions must contribute to the development of the whole
study.
5. The number of specific questions should be enough to cover development of the whole
problem of study.
Hypothesis
Research hypotheses are statements made when the study aims to make statistical
comparisons or aims to determine relationships between variables. It is a tentative but
intelligent and logical guessed answer to a specific question/problem, which is carefully
formulated prior to conducting the study. It predicts the outcome of a research study.
A good hypothesis provides direction to the study. It enables the researcher to formulate the
conclusions of the research work. The results of the study are the basis for its acceptance or
rejection at the end of the study. A good hypothesis must be briefly and clearly stated. It should
also be worded in such a way that it would be easy for the reader to remember it throughout
reading the entire research paper.
Characteristics:
1. It can be empirically tested.
2. It should state in definite terms the relationships between the variables under study.
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3. It is based on the question raised in the study and is stated in such a way that it logically
answers the question.
A hypothesis and a null hypothesis must be indicated:

1. The research hypothesis, or the alternative hypothesis, is a generalization that predicts
an expected relationship between variables.
2. The null hypothesis states that no relationship exists between variables, or a statistical
hypothesis. Any relationship found is the result of chance of sampling error.
a. The null hypothesis may be rejected, meaning that a significant difference was
observed between groups of treatments.
b. The null hypothesis may be accepted, meaning that no significant difference
was observed between groups or treatments.
Significance of the Study
This section allows the researcher to state the value, importance and/or contributions which
the study is expected to add to a particular discipline and to society in general. Its general and
specific significance must be cited in this section.
The researcher must explain in what ways and to whom the expected outcome of the study
will be significant or beneficial.
To be significant, the study should be timely and relevant and contribute fruitfully on the
improvement of the situation or development of the behavior of a group of people, specific
individuals, institutions, and communities or the society in general. This is written presented by
stating the general importance/significance of the study and followed by the specific
significance to the study to specific individuals, groups, or institutions who will benefit from
the findings of the study. The benefits to be gained from the study should be logically and
realistically feasible.
This portion notes the contribution of the proposed study either to a body of scientific
knowledge, to practitioners in the area of the research, or to any group which will benefit from
the result. It must answer: “why is it important for the study to be conducted?”, “who will benefit
from the study?”, and, “what benefits could be derived from the study?”
Scope and Limitations of the Study
Included in this portion are the boundaries like geographic, population, time, and variable to
be discussed. If certain weaknesses or shortcomings of the study are perceived by the
researcher, these must be noted in the section.
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The scope of the study defines where and when the study will be conducted and who the
subjects are. The scope sets the delimitations and establishes the boundaries of the study. It
also states the specific variables covered in the study.
The limitations of the study is an aspect of the study which may affect the results adversely but
over which the researcher has no control. This includes a frank and honest admission of any
weaknesses or limitations of the research study concerning the sampling technique, scope of
treatment, variables covered in the instrument, time constraints, etc.
Definition of Terms
Terms should be defined in a research paper in order for the researcher and the reader to be
thinking in terms of the same thing. Clear definitions of terms should be stated for all important
variables (words or group of words) that need to be defined, especially if these are to be
measured by specific instruments. Terms can be defined conceptually and/or operationally:
1. Conceptual definitions are the academic and/or universal meaning attributed to those
terms. It is mostly abstract and formal in nature than the operational or functional
definition.
2. Operational or functional definition is the researchers’ own description of the term or
concept according to how the concept is used in the study. There are two forms:
a. Measured operational definitions are when the researchers state the way the
concept is measured in the study; and
b. Experimental operational definitions, where the researchers may spell out the
details of the manipulation of a variable.
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Chapter II: Review of Related Literature and Studies
This chapter includes applied researches as well as other researches not included in the theoretical
framework, but which have relation to the proposed study on the problem dimension. An error to
be avoided is the inclusion of studies which are exactly the same as the present research study unless
the methodology is unique and is being tested in a new venue.
There are several ways of organizing this chapter. But the most logical, and which is applicable to
all, is to organize this chapter by your variables. This makes it easier to note the links, the similarities
and the dissimilarities among the works cited and the proposed research.
A good Review of Related Literature (RRL) is exhaustive, comprehensive, and selective. As with the
whole thesis, the NLM referencing style will be used. The following guidelines are provided for
writing Chapter II:
1. Only literature and studies related in purpose, methods, or findings to the current study
should be included.
2. The discussion should be done in the form of a brief critical analysis of the purposes, method
of study, main findings, and conclusions.
3. Studies containing the same set of variables as the current study should be a priority and
essential to the review of literature and studies.
4. Use the NLM referencing in-text citation styles.
5. The literature and studies should be presented properly and logically in summarized forms
containing only relevant ideas.
6. Presentation should be orderly by arranging the materials by variables. Arrangement of
variables should be based on the conceptual framework or research paradigm.
7. It is customary to present the local literature and studies first before the foreign literature
and studies.
8. Present the related studies by citing, in summary, the methodology, sampling technique,
respondents, statistical treatment, and major findings.
9. Exercise discernment in choosing what to present.
10. Condense only the most essential ideas of a literature or study.
11. Paraphrase or restate in the researchers’ own understanding the most important points
expounded by other researchers. Long citations and direct quotations must be paraphrased
using the NLM format.
Related Literature
This portion consists of books, documents, and articles which are closely related to the present
study. The ideas must be stated clearly and the authors must be documented properly. At least
ten (10) literature, five (5) of which are local, not older than ten (10) years, must be cited in
this portion.
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Related Studies
This portion consists of ideas from theses and/or dissertations read and which have relations
to the present study. At least ten (10) theses, dissertations, and/or research journals, about five
(5) of which are local, not older than five (5) years, must be cited in this portion.
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Synthesis
The similarities and differences of the aforementioned literature and studies to your study will
be stated. This must not exceed one (1) page. The following guidelines are provided in writing
the Synthesis:
1. It is written after the literature and studies have been studied extensively.
2. The synthesis should be concisely written and not more than one (1) page.
3. Very lengthy or complex sentences should be avoided.
4. Brief citations can be done to enhance the logical views.
5. The synthesis puts the present study in context or in light of other studies by other
researchers. Both similar and contradictory findings can be placed in the synthesis in
very concise citations.
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Chapter III: Research Methodology
This chapter establishes the viability of the proposed study. This part of the paper explains in detail
how the study will be conducted, and it describes the research design, the respondents of the study,
the research locale, as well as the research instrument(s) and how the data were gathered and
treated statistically. The thesis proposal is generally written in the future tense. The thesis
paper is written in the past tense. This change is done after conducting the study.
Chapter III should begin with this short introductory paragraph citing the contents of the chapter:
This chapter contains the discussion of the research design used, the research locale and its
respondents, instrumentation, the data collection, data processing and analysis, and ethical
considerations.
Research Design
You must choose the appropriate research design below. A number of methods are used to
classify research. One way is to view research along a continuum reflecting the type of question
the research is intended to answer. On this continuum, research is classified as historical,
descriptive, correlational, experimental, and/or causal-comparative:
1. Historical Research involves investigation of a variety of data sources. It uses a variety of

data sources, which is primary (original documents, eyewitness accounts, and/or direct
recording or events) and secondary (description of an event by other than primary). It
investigates authenticity of the data (external criticism) and evaluates the worth of the
data (internal criticism). This ensure that data are accurate and reliable. The research
would determine relationships based on analyses and inferences, thus draws
conclusions.
2. Descriptive Research involves collecting data about conditions, attitudes, or
characteristics of subjects or group of subjects. It determines and reports existing
phenomena. Data collection is typically done through questionnaire survey, interview,
or observation. This permits classification and identification, and data can be used for
prediction and decision-making. The type of descriptive research must be specified:
a. Case-studies or clinical reports are in-depth investigations of an individual,
group, or institution.
b. Developmental research deals with studies of behaviors that differentiate
individuals at different levels of age, growth, or maturation.
c. Longitudinal studies differentiates changes in an individual or group of
individuals over time, such as developmental sequences.
d. Normative research investigates standards of behavior, or the standard values
for given characteristics of a sample.
e. Qualitative research seeks facts or causes of social phenomena or complex
human behavior. This utilizes people’s own written or spoken words, behaviors
through interviews or observations. This develops concepts, insights, and
understanding from patterns in the data, and uses inductive reasoning.
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Emphasis is on understanding of the human experience, e.g. a holistic view of

people and settings.
3. Correlational Research attempts to determine whether a relationship exists between
two or more quantifiable variables and to what degree. This describes relationships,
predicts relationship among variables without active manipulation of the variables.
Limitations include its inability to establish cause-and-effect relationships which limits
interpretation of results. The degree of relationship is expressed as a correlation
coefficient, ranging from -1.00 (inversely related) to 0 (not related) to +1.00 (positively
correlated). The type of correlational research must be specified:
a. Retrospective research investigates data collected in the past.
b. Prospective research records and investigates present data.
c. Predictive research is useful to develop predictive models.
4. Experimental Research attempts to define a cause and effect relationship through
group comparisons. The alleged cause of treatment (the independent variable) is
manipulated, and the effect or difference (the dependent variable) is determined. The
factorial design must be included, which refers to the number of independent variables
utilized, e.g. single factor or multifactor. The type of experimental research must be
specified:
a. True experimental design includes random assignment into experimental group
(receives treatment) or control group (no treatment). All other experiences are
held similarly.
b. Cohort design is a quasi-experimental design, where subjects are identified and
followed over time for changes/outcomes following exposure to an
intervention. It lacks randomization, and may or may not have a control group.
c. Within-subject design (repeated measures) is performed when the subjects
serve as their own controls, and are randomly assigned to treatment or no
treatment blocks.
d. Between-subject design is when comparisons are made between groups of
subjects.
e. Single-subject experimental design involves a sample of one with repeated
measurements and design phases. The type of single-subject experimental
design must be specified:
i. A-B design involves two phases, a pre-treatment or baseline phase
followed by an intervention or treatment phase.
ii. A-B-A design (multiple baseline design) involves three phases – a
baseline phase and treatment phase, followed by a second baseline
phase.
iii. A-B-A-B (multiple baseline, multiple treatment): includes baseline,
treatment, and additional baseline and treatment phases.
5. Causal-Comparative Research attempts to define a cause-and-effect through group
comparisons, but specifically ex post facto research is performed when the cause or
independent variable has already occurred, or cannot be manipulated (e.g. gender) or
should not be manipulated (e.g. type of brain injury). Groups are compared based on
the dependent variable.
19
Research Locale
In this section, the place/institution where the study will be conducted should be discussed
thoroughly. The institution’s place, its brief founding history, its mission and vision and specific
objectives should be cited to give the readers adequate information about the place of study.
Specific objective of the institution that fit into the objectives of the study should be well
emphasized.
Research Respondents
In this section, the researches describe the respondents or subjects of the study including their
inclusion and exclusion criteria. The following four subparts are necessary in this section:
Inclusion Criteria
These are the attributes that are essential for their selection to participate.
Exclusion Criteria
These are the responses of subjects that require their removal as subjects.
Sample Size
Use the appropriate sampling method to obtain an appropriate sample size.
Sampling Design
The sampling technique to be employed will also be discussed. In this section, first
define the population. To define the population is to indicate the characteristics of the
elements from which the samples will be taken. Carefully explain how the units that will
provide the data will be chosen. Indicate the sample size and the population frame from
which the samples will be taken.
Instrumentation or Materials and Equipment

In this section, there is a need to describe and explicitly explain the adoption, construction,
validation, and administration of research instruments in gathering data. Instruments include
tests, questionnaires, interview guidelines and/or schedules, etc. apparatuses, devices and
equipments to be used or were used should be described.
In this section also, the variables covered by the instruments are briefly enumerated with a
presentation, if necessary, of the scaling to be used. Their definitions must be included in the
Operational Definition of Terms, and may be restated in here.
For researcher-made instruments, the process of validation should be narrated. How it was
validated and who helped in the validation process should be narrated here. If the instrument
is prepared by the researcher, it should be test for validity and reliability. However, if the
instrument is standardized, the students should indicate its reliability coefficient.
20
In the case of experimental researchers, the materials and equipments to be used in the
equipment must be specified.
Data Collection
In the thesis proposal, the steps to be taken in gathering the data should be methodically and
logically presented in this section.
The researchers must narrate, step by step, how the research will be conducted. The narration
must begin with task of asking formal permission to conduct the study in the selected research
locale. The targeted date of administering the questionnaires and its retrieval for tabulation
and analysis should be stated. Future tenses of the verbs should be used in narrating the data
collection in the thesis proposal.
However, for the completed thesis paper, past tense of the verbs should be observed in
narrating the data gathering procedure that has been completed by the researchers.
Data Processing and Analysis

Careful and good judgment is required on the part of the researcher in choosing the right
statistical test for the analysis of the data. Choosing the appropriate statistical test is largely
dependent on the kind of data involved in the study, whether the type of data involved are.
In this section, the statistical tool to be used to answer the research questions must be
explained. Their corresponding formulae are also presented with the symbols properly
identified as to its equivalent settings.
Specific to RSPT/RSOT 211 (Biostatistics in Rehabilitative Sciences) Researches:

1. At least five statistical tools must be used from the following:
a. Descriptive statistics
i. Ordered array
ii. Grouped data: frequency distribution
iii. Descriptive statistics: measures of central tendency
iv. Descriptive statistics: measures of dispersion
b. Probability concepts
i. Calculating the probability of an event
ii. Bayes’ theorem, screening tests, sensitivity, specificity, predictive value
positive and negative
c. Probability distribution
i. Probability distribution of discrete variables
ii. Binomial distribution
iii. Poisson distribution
iv. Continuous probability distribution
v. Normal distribution
d. Sampling distribution
i. Distribution of the sample mean
21
ii. Distribution of the difference between two sample means

iii. Distribution of the sample proportion
iv. Distribution of the difference between two sample proportions
e. Estimation
i. Confidence interval for a population mean
ii. The t distribution
iii. Confidence interval for the difference between two population means
iv. Confidence interval for a population proportion
v. Confidence interval for the difference between two population proportions
vi. Determination of sample size for estimating means
vii. Determination of sample size for estimating proportions
viii. Confidence interval for the variance of a normally distribution population
ix. Confidence interval for the ratio of the variances of two normally distributed
populations
f. Hypothesis testing:
i. Hypothesis testing: a single population mean
ii. Hypothesis testing: the difference between two population means
iii. Paired comparisons
iv. Hypothesis testing: a single population proportion
v. Hypothesis testing: the difference between two population proportions
vi. Hypothesis testing: a single population variance
vii. Hypothesis testing: the ratio of two population variances
viii. Type II error and the Power of a test
ix. Determining sample size to control type II errors
2. At least two statistically relevant tool from either of the following:
a. Analysis of Variance
i. Completely randomized design
ii. Randomized complete block design
iii. Repeated measures design
iv. Factorial experiment
b. Simple Linear Regression and Correlation
c. Multiple Regression and Correlation
d. Regression Analysis (e.g. logistic regression)
e. Chi-Square Distribution and Analysis of Frequencies
i. Tests of goodness-of-fit
ii. Tests of independence
iii. Tests of homogeneity
iv. Fisher exact test
v. Relative risk, odds ratio, Mantel-Haenszel statistic
f. Nonparametric and Distribution-Free Statistics
i. Sign test
ii. Wilcoxon signed-rank test for location
iii. Median test
iv. Mann-Whitney Test
22
v. Kolmogorov-Smirnov Goodness-of-Fit Test

vi. Kruskal-Wallis One-Way Analysis of Variance by Ranks
vii. Friedman Two-Way Analysis of Variance by Ranks
viii. Spearman Rank Correlation Coefficient
ix. Nonparametric Regression Analysis
g. Survival Analysis
i. Time-to-event data and censoring
ii. Kaplan-Meier Procedure
iii. Comparing Survival Curves
iv. Cox Regression: Proportional Hazards Model
Ethical Considerations
For all theses that require human interaction, the templates of the Informed Consent Form of
the World Health Organization will be utilized. In this section, briefly summarize the contents
of your customized consent form.
23
Chapter IV: Presentation, Analysis, and Interpretation of Data
This section of the thesis presents the results of the study in a scientific, logical manner in accordance
with the statement of the problem. Presentation of the results is done with appropriate presentation
techniques, such as the use of tables or graphs that must be discussed through a logical analysis by
the researchers. Objective and sound interpretation of the data follows the analysis.
Chapter IV serves as the heart and soul of the entire thesis and therefore requires great efforts and
meticulous and well-planned writing on the part of the researcher. A well-written Chapter IV makes
the succeeding chapter V easier to write on the part of the researcher and easier to understand on
the part of the reader.
Tables, graphs, charts, etc. are used to the clarity of the presentation. Presentation of the findings
must be clear, sequential, and concise. Double or triple checking the data is needed to ensure the
consistency and accuracy between the figures and the corresponding discussions. Tables and other
figures must be properly numbered and labelled accordingly. The tables of data and other figures
that the researchers chose to present must be essential to the entire study and must be introduced,
discussed, analyzed, and interpreted accordingly.
Analysis is the process of breaking up the whole study into its constituent parts according to the
specific questions or problems as stated in Chapter I. Analysis of Research Data is a scientific
process of examining the data or facts so as to answer the problems raised at the start of the study.
The research needs to scrutinize the attributes, traits, quality, quantity, patterns, trends,
relationships of data, among other things, to make the data relevant.
Analysis may be done: (1) qualitatively, where data is not based on precise measurement and
qualitative claims as the phenomenon under study does not lend itself to precise measurement; or
(2) quantitatively, where data have been assigned a numerical value. Quantitative analysis can
range from examination of simple frequencies to the description of events or phenomenon using
descriptive statistics, and the investigation of correlation and causal hypothesis using various
statistical tools.
The process of Data Interpretation is an adequate exposition of the true meaning of the material
presented, in terms of the purposes of the study being reported, and of the chapter, and section
topics involved. This throws light on the real significance of the material in the context where it is
found and that interpretation should include the meaning of the data and conclusions of the study
in comparison with and in the light of all past researches.
There are three levels of interpretation:

1. Based on inferences and deductions;
2. Based on documented evidences supporting or contradicting these findings; and
3. Based on the researchers’ insightful interpretation using implications and synthesis.
Chapter IV should begin with this short introductory paragraph citing the contents of the chapter:
24
This chapter presents the data in the study, their analyses and interpretation in accordance
with the sequence of the specific questions raised in Chapter I.
Guidelines in Writing Chapter IV:

1. Findings must be presented in accordance with the statement of the problem. Only the
relevant data must be presented.
2. Individual scores or raw data and computations should be placed in the appendix.
3. Appropriate medium or technique of data presentation should be selected to make the
presentation effective and easier to understand.
4. Analysis of data should be logical and scientific and lead to an objective interpretation
of results
5. Interpretation of data must be based on facts, and supported by existing or related
literatures and studies.
6. Whenever appropriate and necessary, brief citations of similar findings from other
studies can in included in the discussions to further enhance the explanation of data.
7. Discussions must always be data-based and anything that is out of data contents must
be avoided.
25
Chapter V: Summary, Conclusions, and Recommendations
The last chapter of the body of the thesis contains an overview of the entire research work. Chapter
V presents the general summary of the study, summary of findings, the conclusions that are derived
from the findings and the recommendations of the researcher which are based from the findings
and the conclusions of the study. In writing this particular chapter, the researcher must exercise
brevity and conciseness.
Succeeding paragraphs must contain the following:

1. Restatement of the main problem and its sub-problems;
2. Type of research methodology used, nature and size of sampling groups of respondents and
place of study;
3. Summary of the major findings which answers each hypothesis;
4. Findings are each stated in a statement or two, pointing out whether the hypothesis has
been rejected or accepted, and if the sub-problems have been duly answered.
Guidelines in writing Chapter V:

1. Broad generalizations not supported by data should be avoided. Conclusions should be
drawn only from the sample population and circumstances for which the data have
been collected.
2. Practical implications that can be drawn from the study can be cited in the conclusions.
3. Suggestions not supported by data from the study should be avoided.
4. Whenever appropriate, giving of conclusions must logically follow the flow of the
statement of the problem and corresponding findings.
5. Recommendations may be given in terms of conducting future researches to support
the present study, and suggesting feasible and concrete actions, steps, or programs,
and/or policies that can be implemented or worked out in the near future.
Chapter V should begin with this short introductory paragraph citing the contents of the chapter:
In this chapter, the researchers present the general summary of the study, summary of findings,
the conclusions that are derived from the findings and the recommendations of the
researchers, which are based from the findings and conclusions of the study.
Summary
The Summary puts together the highlights of the important findings of the study. It is a
condensation of the steps taken by the researcher and the subsequent findings. In a very concise
manner, the researcher restates the problems, the methods used, techniques and tools utilized in
gathering and interpreting the data, and then, he states the answers to the questions as stated in
Chapter I.
26
In summarizing the findings of the study, specific problems are restated one at a time, and these are
followed by the highlights of the results of the investigation. The summary of findings serves as an
overview or a resume of the most important findings of the entire inquiry.
Tables, graphs, and other figures are excluded here. Important results are stated as concisely and as
directly as possible. The summary, in capsule, presents in brief and with conciseness, the following:
1. Restatement of the main problem and its sub-problems;
2. Type of research methodology used, nature and size of sampling groups of respondents and
place of study;
3. Summary of the major findings which answers each hypothesis;
4. Findings are each stated in a statement or two, pointing out whether the hypothesis has
been rejected or accepted, and if the sub-problems have been duly answered.
Conclusion
The Conclusion is an abstraction drawn from the findings of the study and tied to the questions
investigated. It should be consistent with and must be drawn from the findings. If there are only two
summarized results, there must also be two conclusions. Conclusions should be arranged in
accordance with the presentation and arrangement of the findings. Rejection of acceptance of the
hypotheses are explained briefly in this section. Conclusions should be stated briefly and in a
straightforward manner so that the reader can remember it easily. It is important that for every
problem raised, a conclusion is reached by the researcher.
Recommendations
Recommendations are suggestions for the improvement of the existing policies, practices,
programs, or prevailing conditions under study. The main goal of research is the betterment and/or
improvement of life and this goal should be the focal point in writing the recommendations. It
should be derived from the data gathered and from the conclusions drawn from the findings. It is
common practice to enumerate the recommendations and number them and to identify specific
persons, institutions or sectors to whom the recommendations are addressed.
27
Bibliography
A bibliography is necessary to every paper. Generally, the bibliography is an alphabetical list of
sources and materials that have been drawn upon for the study, and not necessarily every work
examined during the planning of the research. The list enables the reader to judge the
discrimination and scholarly grasp of the researcher in relation to the research study.
The National Library of Medicine Citing Medicine Manual is the basis for in-text citation and
bibliography listing.
28
Appendices
Material which cannot be presented in the body of the report without interrupting the
continuity of the text may be placed in the Appendix. It is not absolutely necessary to the text,
but may be helpful should the reader wish further information on the subject.
The appendix includes the following:

Appendix A: Transmittal Letters and/or Certifications
Appendix B: Informed Consent Form
Appendix C: Research Budget
Appendix D: Timetable of Research Activities
Appendix E: Sample Size Calculation
Appendix F: Research Instrument
Appendix G: Preliminary Procedures
Appendix H: Duties and Responsibilities of the Research Personnel
Appendix I: Tables and Figures
Appendix J: Other Documents
Appendix K: Researchers’ Profile
Other Documents may include:

1. Data summary tables which are too detailed for text presentation.
2. Tables of statistics from sources outside the study.
3. Technical notes on method.
4. Tests, questionnaires, schedule, and forms used in the data collection
5. Copies of documents not generally available.
6. Computations that are too complicated; outputs of computerized analyses.
7. Illustrative materials.
8. Forms used in the study.
29
Curriculum Vitae
The curriculum vitae or the biographical sketch helps in the researcher to put his/her study in
the context of his/her educational background, experience, interests and other pertinent
information to enable the reader to know more about the researcher. It is placed in the last
page.

Thesis Format Biostatistics

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Raul A. Cruz, PTRP

Oral Examination Committee

Maria B. Santos, PTRP Mario C. Santos, PTRP

Sergio T. Sarza Jr., PTRP

Lohindren V. Adorable, MD, DPBRM, FPARM

Authors: Juan Y. Dela Cruz, Antonio Z. Delos Santos

Keywords: [5 keywords maximum taken from the MeSH headers]

Approval Sheet ............................................................................................................................................................... ii

Appendix E: Sample Size Calculation ............................................................................................................ 28

Chapter I: The Problem and its Setting

Background of the Study

Presentation of a paradigm is required to explain how the theories are going to be

It is a diagrammatic representation of the conceptual and theoretical framework. It depicts in a

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

Figure 1. Conceptual Framework of the Research Study

Statement of the Problem

Guidelines in writing the Statement of the Problem:

A hypothesis and a null hypothesis must be indicated:

Significance of the Study

Scope and Limitations of the Study

Chapter II: Review of Related Literature and Studies

Chapter III: Research Methodology

1. Historical Research involves investigation of a variety of data sources. It uses a variety of

Emphasis is on understanding of the human experience, e.g. a holistic view of

Instrumentation or Materials and Equipment

Data Processing and Analysis

Specific to RSPT/RSOT 211 (Biostatistics in Rehabilitative Sciences) Researches:

ii. Distribution of the difference between two sample means

v. Kolmogorov-Smirnov Goodness-of-Fit Test

Chapter IV: Presentation, Analysis, and Interpretation of Data

There are three levels of interpretation:

Guidelines in Writing Chapter IV:

Chapter V: Summary, Conclusions, and Recommendations

Succeeding paragraphs must contain the following:

Guidelines in writing Chapter V:

The appendix includes the following:

Other Documents may include:

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