MECHANICAL ENGINEERING –FLUID MECHANICS

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MECHANICAL ENGINEERING – FLUIDMECHANICS

Pressure (P):
• If F be the normal force acting on a surface of area A in contact with liquid,then
pressure exerted by liquid on this surface is: P =F / A
• Units : N /m2 or Pascal (S.I.) and Dyne/cm2 (C.G.S.)
[F] [MLT 2 ]
• Dimension [P] = = =[ML-1T -2
]
[A] [L2 ]
:
• Atmospheric pressure:Its value on the surface of the earth at sea level is nearly
1.01*10 5N/ m2 or Pascal in S.I. other practical units of pressure are atmosphere,
bar and torr (mm of Hg)
• 1atm = 1.01 *10 5Pa = 1.01bar = 760 torr
dF
• Fluid Pressure at aPoint: dp=
dA
Density ( ρ):
• In a fluid, at a point, density ρ is defined as: Mass/volume
• In case of homogenous isotropic substance, it has no directional properties, so is
a scalar.
• It has dimensions [ML-3] and S.I. unit kg/m3 while C.G.S. unit g/ccwith
1g / cc = 10 3kg / m 3

• Density of body = Density of substance

Densit of body
• Relative density or specific gravity which is defined RD
Density of water
as:
Specific Weight ( w):
• It is defined as the weight per unit volume.
• Specific weight =Weight= m.g
Volume Volume

Specific Gravity or Relative Density(s):

• It is the ratio of specific weight of fluid to the specific weight of a standard fluid.
Standard fluid is water in case of liquid and H2 or air in case of gas.
𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝐹𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑 𝛾 𝜌
Specific gravity= or or
𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝐹𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑 𝛾𝑤 𝜌𝑤
Where, 𝛾 Specific weight , and 𝜌
Density of water specific

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Specific Volume ( v):

• Specific volume of liquid is defined as volume per unit mass. It is also defined as the
reciprocal of specific density.
• Specific volume =1/Density
Newton’s Law of viscosity
𝑑𝑢
• 𝜏 = 𝜇 𝑑𝑦
Where 𝜏 = Shear Stress, 𝜇= Co-efficient of viscosity or absolute viscosity
𝑑𝑢
= Rate of angular deformation or rate of change of shear strain
𝑑𝑦

Dynamic Viscosity and kinematic viscosity

• Dynamic Viscosity- Resistance offered by fluid to flow
• Units are Ns/m2 or Kg/ms
• 1 poise= 0.1 Ns/m2
𝐷𝑦𝑛𝑎𝑚𝑖𝑐 𝑉𝑖𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦(𝜇)
• Kinematic Viscosity =
𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 (𝜌)
• 2 -4
1 Stoke= c.m /s = 10 m /s 2

Bulk Modulus
dP
• Bulk modulus K= dV
−V
1 −dV dρ
• K = VdP = ρdP
Compressibility (β) =
Where K= Bulk modulus of elasticity, ρ= Density and V= Specific volume
Surface Tension
• The cohesive forces between liquid molecules are responsible for the phenomenon known as surface
tension
• Unit N/m
4σ
• Pressure inside drop P =
d
8σ
• Pressure inside bubble P=
d
2σ
• Pressure inside jet P=
d
Where d= Diameter of drop, P= Gauge pressure and σ= Surface tension

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Capillary Action
𝟒𝝈𝑪𝒐𝒔𝜽
• Height of water in capillary tube- 𝒉=
𝝆𝒈𝒅
ℎ=rise in capillary 𝜎= Surface tension of water
D= Diameter of tube
𝜃=Angle of contact between liquid and material
𝜃=<90o for water and glass and >90o for mercury and glass
Absolute Pressure
Pabs = Patm + Pgauge
Pabs = Patm − Pvac

Hydrostatic law
𝒅𝑷
= 𝝆𝒈
𝒅𝒉
𝐖𝐡𝐞𝐫𝐞 𝛒 = 𝐃𝐞𝐧𝐬𝐢𝐭𝐲 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐠 = 𝐀𝐜𝐜𝐞𝐥𝐞𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐝𝐮𝐞 𝐭𝐨 𝐠𝐫𝐚𝐯𝐢𝐭𝐲
Manometers
• Piezometers

p A =  gh

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• U-Tube Manometer
PA + s1 gh1 − sm gh − h2 gs2 = PB
Where s1,s2 and sm are density of fluids in
manometer

Hydrostatic Forces on submerged bodies

• Vertical Planes
Total Force 𝐅 = 𝛒𝐠𝐀𝐡̅
• Center of Pressure
𝑰𝒈
𝒉∗ = ̅
+ 𝒉
̅
𝑨𝒉

• Horizontal Surface
Total Force 𝐅 = 𝛒𝐠𝐀𝐡̅
• Center of Pressure
𝒉∗ = 𝒙
̅

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• Forces on Inclined surface Ftotal =  ghC .G  A

• Centre of pressure

∗
𝑰𝒈 𝑺𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝜽
𝒉 = + 𝒉𝑪.𝑮
𝑨𝒉𝑪.𝑮

• Curved Surface –
FR = Fh 2 + Fv 2
Fv
tan  =
Fh
Vertical component of force Fv
Weight of the liquid supported by
the curved surface over it up to the
free liquid surface

Horizontal component of force

Fh
Total pressure force on the vertical
projected area of the curved
surface

Completely submerged and floating at the interface of two liquids

FB = 1 gV1 +  2 gV2
Where V1 and V2 are volumes

Body floating in a liquid

FB = 2 V2

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Principal of floatation

• If the body weight is equal to the buoyant force, the body will float

Mg = W = FB =  gV

Condition of stability

• Fully submerged body

Stable Equilibrium: G below B
Unstable Equilibrium: G above B
Neutral Equilibrium: G coincides with B

• Floating body
Stable Equilibrium: M above G
Unstable Equilibrium: M below G
Neutral Equilibrium: M coincides with G

Metacentric height (GM)

• Metacentre radius (BM)

I
BM =
V
• Metacentric Height (GM)

GM = BM − BG
I
GM = − BG
V
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Where I= Second moment area about body surface vertical axis
V = Volume of water displaced
Time period of transverse oscillation of floating body
KG
• T = 2 KG= Least radius of gyration, GM=Meta- Centric Height
gGM
Continuity Equation
• ρ1 A1 V1 = ρ2 A2 V2
Where A,V are cross-section area of the flow and Velocity of flow respectively
For incompressible flow ρ=constant so
A1 V1 = A2 V2
Generalized differential Continuity Equation
𝑑𝜌 𝑑(𝜌𝑢) 𝑑(𝜌𝑣) 𝑑(𝜌𝑤)
• + + + =0
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧

Where u,v and w are the velocities in x,y,and z direction respectively

𝑑𝜌
For steady incompressible two dimensional flow, ρ=constant and =0
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
+ =0
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
Velocity and Acceleration of Fluid Particle
• ⃗⃗
Velo = ui⃗ + vj⃗ + wk
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢
• Acceleration in X-direction 𝑎𝑥 = =𝑢 +𝑣 +𝑤 +
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑡

𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑣
Acceleration in Y-direction 𝑎𝑦 = =𝑢 +𝑣 +𝑤 +
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑤 𝑑𝑤 𝑑𝑤 𝑑𝑤 𝑑𝑤
Acceleration in Y-direction 𝑎𝑧 = =𝑢 +𝑣 +𝑤 +
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑤
For steady flow = = =0
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡

𝑎 = √𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑎𝑦 2 + 𝑎𝑤 2
Note- Local Acceleration due to increase in rate of velocity with respect to time at a point and
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑤
convective acceleration due to rate of change of position ( = = = 0)
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡

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Rotational fluid
1 ∂V ∂U
ωz = ( − )
2 ∂x ∂y
Vortex flow
• Free Vortex V*r=Constant
𝜔2 𝑟 2
• Forced Vortex V=r ω and 𝐻 =
2𝑔
Velocity potential
• If ∅ is the velocity function, then
𝜕∅ 𝜕∅ 𝜕∅
𝑢=− , v=− ,𝑤 =−
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
• Polar direction
𝜕∅ 1 𝜕∅
𝑢𝑟 = − 𝜕𝑟 ,𝑢𝜃 = −
𝑟 𝜕𝜃

Stream Function
• If  is the Stream function , then
𝜕 𝜕
𝑢=− , v=
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
Equipotential line
• Condition for Equipotential line 𝑑∅ = 0
𝑑𝑦 𝑢
So =−
𝑑𝑥 𝑣
Line of constant stream function
• Condition for constant stream function d = 0
𝑑𝑦 𝑣
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑢
Relation between stream function and velocity potential function
∂∅ ∂ ∂∅ ∂
• = , =−
∂x ∂y ∂y ∂x
Equation of motion
• 𝐹𝑥 = 𝐹𝑔 + 𝐹𝑃 + 𝐹𝛾 + 𝐹𝑡 + 𝐹𝐶
Where,
Gravity force 𝐹𝑔

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Pressure force 𝐹𝑃
Viscosity force 𝐹𝛾
Turbulance force 𝐹𝑡
Compressibility force 𝐹𝐶
• When Compressibility force 𝐹𝐶 is negligible
𝐹𝑥 = 𝐹𝑔 + 𝐹𝑃 + 𝐹𝛾 + 𝐹𝑡 is Reynold’s equation of motion
• 𝐹𝑡 is negligible
𝐹𝑥 = 𝐹𝑔 + 𝐹𝑃 + 𝐹𝛾 is Navier- Stokes equation of motion
• When flow is assumed to be ideal, 𝐹𝛾 = 0
𝐹𝑥 = 𝐹𝑔 + 𝐹𝑃 is Euler’s equation of motion
Euler’s equation of motion
𝑑𝑝
• + 𝑔𝑑𝑧 + 𝑣𝑑𝑣 = 0
𝜌
Bernoulli’s equation
𝜌𝑉 2
• 𝑃 + 𝜌𝑔𝑧 + =0
2
P V2
• +z+ =0
ρg 2g
Where,
P
= Pressure head
ρg

Z = Potential head
V2
= Kinetic head
2g

Application of Bernoulli’s theorem

• Venturimeter
a1 a2 √2gh
Qact = Cd
√a1 2 − a2 2
Where,
Cd =Co-efficient of venturimeter which is <1
a1 , a2 = Area of cross section, h= Head
• Orifice meter
Area of vena contracta
Vena contracta 𝐶𝑐 =
Area of orific

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2
√1−(ao)
a1
Discharge 𝐶𝑑 = 𝐶𝑐 2
where,
√1−(ao) 𝑐𝑐 2
a1

a1 = area of cross section before vena contracta

ao =Area of orifice

• Pitot Tube
𝐕𝐚𝐜𝐭 = 𝐂𝐯 √𝟐𝐠(𝐒𝐭𝐚𝐠𝐧𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐡𝐞𝐚𝐝 − 𝐒𝐭𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐜 𝐡𝐞𝐚𝐝)
Where 𝐂𝐯 is co-efficient of velocity

Value of 𝒉𝒑 given by differential

𝑺𝒎
• 𝒉𝒑 = 𝒚( − 𝟏) where 𝑺𝒎 > 𝑺
𝑺
𝑺𝒎
• 𝒉𝒑 = 𝒚(𝟏 − ) where S > 𝑺𝒎
𝑺
𝑺𝒎 , 𝑺 are realtive density of
manometric fluid and fluid flowing

Momentum Equation
• F.dt= d(mv) known as impulse- momentum equation
Force exerted on flowing fluid by a bend pipe
• If 𝜌1 = 𝜌2 then net force acting on a fluid
• 𝑃1 𝐴1 − 𝑃1 𝐴1 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝜃 − 𝐹𝑥 =
Change in velocity in horizontal ∗ mass of fluid
• Fy = ρQ(change in velocity vertically) − P2 A2 Sinθ

• Resultant force = √Fx 𝟐 + Fx 𝟐

Viscous flow
• To be viscous flow Reynold number should be less than 2000
𝐼𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑎 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝜌𝑉𝐷
𝑅𝑒 = 𝑉𝑖𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 = <2000
𝜇

Where, v=velocity of flow, 𝜇= viscosity of flow, D= Diameter of piper and 𝜌= Density of fluid

• Flow of viscous fluid through circular pipe

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1 ∂P
➢ Velocity u =
4μ
(− ∂x ) [R2 − r 2 ]
∂P r
➢ Shear stress 𝜏 = (− )
∂x 2
➢ Ratio of maximum to average velocity
Maximum Velocity
=2
Average Velocity
➢ Drop of pressure in given length
P1 − P2 32u̅μL
= hf =
ρg ρgD2
Also called Hagen Poiseuille Equation
Here u̅=average velocity, P1 , P2 = Pressure at two different points in the pipe
• Flow of viscous fluid between two parallel plates
1 ∂P
➢ Velocity u =
2μ
(− ∂x ) [ty − y 2 ]
1 ∂P
➢ Shear Stress 𝜏 = 2 (− ∂x ) [t − 2y]
➢ Ratio of maximum to average velocity
Maximum Velocity 3
=2
Average Velocity

➢ Drop of pressure in given length Where t is the thickness

P1 −P2 ̅μL
12u
= hf =
ρg ρgt2

Kinetic energy correction factor

K.E
based on actual velocity
sec
α= K.E
based on average velocity
sec
For laminar flow α=2 and for turbulent flow α=1.33
Momentum correction factor
Momentum
based on actual velocity
sec
β = Momentum
based on average velocity
sec
For laminar flow β=1.33 and for turbulent flow β=1.20
Loss of head due to friction in viscous flow
4flV 2
hf =
2Dg

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Where f= friction co-efficient
16
For laminar flow 𝑓 = where Re is Reynold’s number
𝑅𝑒
0.079
For turbulent flow, coefficient of friction f = 1
Re4
Chezy’s Formula
ρg
V = C√mi , C = Chezy Constant = √ f
ℎ𝑓
i = Loss of head per unit length of pipe= (hydraulic slope tan θ)
𝐿
m = Hydraulic mean depth
Area (A)
Mean velocity of flow m = Wetted Perimeter(P)

Minor losses in pipe

• Loss of head due to sudden enlargement
(V1 − V1 )2
he =
2g
• Loss of head due to sudden contraction
V2 1 2 V2
he = 2g (C − 1) or he = 0.5 2g when Cc =0.65
c

• Loss of head due to entrance

V2
𝒉𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆 = 0.5 2g

• Loss due to exit pipe

𝑽𝟐
= 𝟐𝒈

• Loss due to obstruction

V2 A 2
= 2g (C − 1)
c (A−a)

• Losses due to bend

𝑽𝟐
= K 𝟐𝒈 where k depends on bending of pipe

Hydraulic gradient and Total Energy line

• H.G.L=Pressure head+datum head
• T.G.L= Pressure head+datum head+Kinetic Head

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Flow through pipes in series or compound pipes

Major loss = Head loss due to friction in each pipe

While, minor loss = Entrance loss + Expansion loss +

Contraction loss + Exit loss

Flow will remain constant

Equivalent pipe in series pipe

𝐿 𝐿1 𝐿2 𝐿3
= 5 + 5 +
𝑑5 𝑑1 𝑑2 𝑑3 5
Power Transmission through pipes
ρgAV
• P= (H − hf )
1000
hf = loss due to friction
• Efficency of power transmission
𝐻−ℎ𝑓
 =
𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑎𝑣𝑎𝑖𝑙𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑙𝑒𝑡 =
𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑑 𝐻

• Condition for maximum transmission of power

𝐻 = 3ℎ𝑓 and  = 66%
Dimensional analysis:
Quantity Symbol Dimensio
ns
Mass m M
Length l L
Time t T
Temperature T θ
Velocity u LT -1

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Acceleration a LT -2

Momentum/Impulse mv MLT -1
Force F MLT -2
Energy - Work W ML 2T -2
Power P ML 2T -3
Moment of Force M ML 2T -2
Angular momentum - ML 2T -1
Angle η M 0L 0T 0
Angular Velocity ω T -1
Angular acceleration α T -2
Area A L2
Volume V L3
First Moment of Area Ar L3
Second Moment of Area I L4
Density ρ ML -3
Specific heat- Cp L 2 T -2 θ -1
Constant
Pressure
Elastic Modulus E ML -1T -2
Flexural Rigidity EI ML 3T -2
Shear Modulus G ML -1T -2
Torsional rigidity GJ ML 3T -2
Stiffness k MT -2
Angular stiffness T/η ML 2T -2
Flexibiity 1/k M -1T 2
Vorticity - T -1
Circulation - L 2T -1
Viscosity μ ML -1T -1
Kinematic Viscosity τ L 2T -1
Diffusivity - L 2T -1
Friction coefficient f /μ M 0L 0T 0
Restitution coefficient M 0L 0T 0
Specific heat- Cv
Constant volume L 2 T-2 θ -1

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Dimensionless number
• Reynold’s number (Re)
𝐼𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝜌𝑉𝐷
𝑅𝑒 = =
𝑉𝑖𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝜇
• Froude’s Number (Fe)
Inertia Force 𝑉
Fe = √ =
Gravity Force √𝐿𝑔

• Euler’s Equation (Eu)

𝐼𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑎 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑉
𝐸𝑢 = √ =
𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒
√𝑃⁄𝜌

• Weber’s number (We)

𝐼𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑎 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑉
𝑊𝑒 = =
𝑆𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒
√𝜎⁄𝜌𝐿

• Mach number (M)

𝐼𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑎 𝑉
𝑀= =
𝐸𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝐶
Velocity distribution for turbulent flow in pipe
Y
v = vmax + 2.5V ∗ log e ( )
R
𝜏
Where V ∗ =√ 𝜌𝑜 Shear or friction velocity, Y=distance from pipe wall, 𝜌=Density

Displacement Thickness (𝛅∗ )

𝛿
∗
𝑢
𝛅 = ∫ {1 − } 𝑑𝑦
0 𝑈
U=Stream Velocity, u=Velocity of fluid at the element, δ= boundary layer thickness
Momentum Thickness (θ)
𝛿
𝑢 𝑢
θ=∫ {1 − } 𝑑𝑦
0 𝑈 𝑈
Energy Thickness (𝛅∗∗ )
𝛿
∗∗
𝑢 𝑢2
𝛅 = ∫ {1 − 2 } 𝑑𝑦
0 𝑈 𝑈

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Drag force on a flat plate due to boundary layer

τo ∂θ
=
ρU 2 ∂x
Know as Von Karman momentum integral equation
𝐿
Drag force on plate obtained by 𝐹𝐷 = ∫ ∆𝐹 = ∫0 𝜏𝑜 𝑏𝑑𝑥 where, b if thickness of plate

Local (𝐂𝐃∗ )and average (𝐂𝐃 ) co-efficient of drag

τ0 τ0
CD∗ = 2 , CD =
ρU ⁄ ρAU 2⁄
2 2
Boundary condition for the velocity profile
• At y=0, u=0
𝜕𝑢
• At y=𝛿, u=U =0
𝜕𝑦

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Saparation of boundary layer

Force exerted by jet on plate

• Force exerted by jet = mass of fluid striking per sec *
change in velocity =
ρa(V)*(V – 0)
=ρa(V)2

Force exerted by jet on inclined plate

• Fn=ρa(V)2 Sinθ
• Force component in X-direction = Fn Sinθ
• Force component in Y-direction = Fn Cosθ

Force exerted by jet on curved plate

• Fx=ρaV(V+V cosθ)
• Fy=ρaV(0-V sinθ)

Force exerted by jet on curved plate , moving with some velocity

• Fx=ρa(V-u)( (V-u)+ (V-u) cosθ)
• Fy=ρa(V-u)(0-(V-u) sinθ)

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Forced exerted by a jet on a hinged plate

ρaV2
• Sinθ =
w

Hydraulic Efficiency =
𝐏𝐨𝐰𝐞𝐫 𝐝𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐯𝐞𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐭𝐨 𝐫𝐮𝐧𝐧𝐞𝐫 𝐑.𝐏
=
𝐏𝐨𝐰𝐞𝐫 𝐬𝐮𝐩𝐩𝐥𝐢𝐞𝐝 𝐭𝐨 𝐢𝐧𝐥𝐞𝐭 𝐖.𝐏

𝐏𝐨𝐰𝐞𝐫 𝐚𝐭 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐬𝐡𝐚𝐟𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐛𝐢𝐧𝐞 𝐒.𝐏

Mechanical Efficiency = =
𝐏𝐨𝐰𝐞𝐫 𝐝𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐯𝐞𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐛𝐲 𝐰𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐫 𝐭𝐨 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐫𝐮𝐧𝐧𝐞𝐫 𝐑.𝐏

𝐕𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐦𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐰𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐫 𝐚𝐜𝐭𝐮𝐚𝐥𝐥𝐲 𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐢𝐤𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐫𝐮𝐧𝐧𝐞𝐫

Volumetric Efficiency =
𝐕𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐦𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐰𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐫 𝐬𝐮𝐩𝐩𝐥𝐢𝐞𝐝 𝐭𝐨 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐛𝐢𝐧𝐞

𝐒𝐡𝐚𝐟𝐭 𝐏𝐨𝐰𝐞𝐫
Overall Efficiency = = Hydraulic Efficiency * Mechanical Efficiency
𝐖𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐫 𝐏𝐨𝐰𝐞𝐫

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Work done by Pelton turbine

• Work 𝑊 = 𝜌𝑎𝑉1 [𝑉𝜔1 − 𝑉𝜔2 ]𝑢 where 𝑉𝜔1 , 𝑉𝜔2are whirl velocity
Hydraulic Efficiency
𝟐[𝐕𝛚𝟏 ±𝐕𝛚𝟐 ]𝐮
• Hydraulic Efficiency =
𝐕𝟏 𝟐

• When blade velocity= (inlet velocity of jet)/2 then,

𝟏+𝑪𝒐𝒔∅
Maximum efficiency
𝟐
Degree of reaction
Change of pressure energy inside the runner
R=
Change in total energy
Specific Speed
𝑁 √𝑃
• For turbine 𝑁𝑠 = 5 where P= power, H= head and N= number of rotation
𝐻 ⁄4
𝑁 √𝑃
• Dimensionless Specific speed 𝑁𝑠 = 5
(𝑔𝐻) ⁄4

Turbine Specific Speed Specific Speed

(S.I) (M.K.S)

Pelton 8.5 to 30 10 to 35

Pelton with two jets 30 to 51 35 to 60

Francis 51 to 255 60 to 300

Kaplan and propeller 255 to 860 300 to 1000

𝑁√𝑄
For Pumps, 𝑁𝑠 = 3 where Q is discharge
𝐻 ⁄4
Unit quantities
• Unit speed (Nu): N = Nu√H
• Unit Power (Pu): P = Pu ∗ H
3⁄
2

• Unit discharge (Qu): Q = Qu√H

Model laws of turbine
𝑄
• = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
𝑁𝐷3
𝑄
• = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
√𝐻𝐷2
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𝐻
• = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
𝑁2 𝐷2
𝑃
• = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
𝑁3 𝐷5
𝑃
• 3 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
𝐻 ⁄2 𝐷2
Net Positive suction Head in pump
• NPSH= Pressure head + Static head - Vapor pressure head of your product – Friction head loss

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