Republic of the Philippines

EASTERN VISAYAS STATE UNIVERSITY

Graduate School
Tacloban City

Course: Education 533: Public Policy Analysis

Schedule: Saturday, 12:30 pm – 3:30pm
Topic: Types of Policies and Policy Makers
Reporter: Flora U. Pacoma
Professor: Gerald Jayson B. Balanga, LPT, PhD

GENERAL TYPES
1. Major Policies
a. Those which give a unified direction to an entire enterprise or those which give
the primary shape of an enterprise in its accomplishment of purpose
2. Derivative or Supporting Policies
a. Those which are supportive or dependent on major policies and yet act as guides
to thinking and action while giving support to unified planning in certain areas
3. Minor policies
a. Those which may not even be related to major policies
Policies may be categorised into general types namely:
1. Public policies
- Those formulated by the government; can be further classified into:
1. Domestic policies
a. Distributive
i. Those which governmental notion bestows tangible
benefits upon specific individuals or groups
according to corporations. The more popular term
for this is the word, subsidy.
b. Regulatory
i. Include governmental impositions or control over
specific behavior of individuals or groups.
c. Redistributive
i. Covers those in which governments attempt to
effect changes in the allocation of wealth among
groups in society. Most anti-poverty efforts
involves redistributive policies.
2. Foreign defense policies
a. Structural
i. Focus on domestic politics and involve decisions
about procurement, allocations and organization of
personnel money and materials that constitute the
military forces.
b. Strategic
i. Oriented towards foreign policy and international
politics.
c. Crisis
i. The perception of a threat to the national security
costs across channels of decisions and an elite of
formal office holders within a minimum of conflict

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 Table 1.Political relationships for policy making
Type Primary Actors Relationship Stability of Visibility of
among actors Relationship Decision
Distributive Congressional Logrolling Stable Low
subcommittees; (everyone gains)
Executive
branch bureaus;
small interest
groups
Protective Congressional Bargaining; Unstable Moderate
regulatory subcommittees compromise
and committees;
full House and
Senate;
Executive
Branch
Distributive President and his Ideological and Stable High
appointees; class conflict
committees
and/or Congress;
largest interest
groups (peak
associations);
“liberals,
conservatives”
Structural Congressional Logrolling Low Stable
subcommittees (everyone gains)
and committees;
executive
Branch bureaus;
small interest
groups
Strategic Executive Bargaining Unstable Low until
Branch agencies; compromise publicized; then
President low to high
Crisis President and Cooperation Unstable Low until
advisers publicized; then
generally high
The table shows the political relationships for policy making in the U.S. government.

2. Institutional policies
- Those that are formulated by institutions to govern their management
systems and operations practices. Subdivided into:
1. Organizational policies
a. Those which give a unified direction to the whole
institution whether it is a university, business
establishments
2. Program policies
a. Those that which give direction to the institutional
programs while supportive of the organizational policies.
3. Structural policies
a. Are designed for specific management sectors comprising
the
i. Top management
ii. Middle management
iii. Lower management

2
 Table 2. General Classification of institutional policies
Substantive Structural

Organizational policies Top management policies

Program policies Middle management policies

Project policies Lower management policies

Policies may be categorized in positive or negative polices

Positive policies are invoked hen action is taken affect a particular problem
Negative policies occurs when a decision is taken not to act in an area where action is
sought.

TYPES OF POLICY MAKERS

In the Philippines, there are seven groups of policy makers affecting education.
1. Constitutional commissioners
2. Congressmen and Senators of the New Congress
3. The Cabinet of the executive branch of the Government
4. Judicial Government
5. School boards and councils
6. Institutional policy making bodies
7. Faculty and staff, the alumni, the students, parents and their kind

References:
Maquiso, M. (1998). Policy and Policy Making in Education. Manila: National Bookstores
Ripley, R. and Franklin, G. (1980). Congress, the Bureaucracy, and Public Policy. Illinois, USA:
Dorsey Press