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HISTORY BACKGROUND DOCUMENT IP 9-1-1

INTERNATIONAL
PRACTICE Spacing and Dikes for Page 1 of 4

Storage Vessels and Tanks Rev. 0 March 1998

BACKGROUND HISTORY DOCUMENTATION


FOR CORRESPONDING PARAGRAPHS OF IP 9-1-1 (REV. 0)

SUMMARY OF ADDITIONAL REQUIREMENTS

S [H] 2.1 These are higher risk liquids than we normally handle, so special location and spacing requirements must
be considered on an individual basis.

S [H] 2.3 To make certain that the necessary fire-fighting IP's are used together with this practice.

DESIGN

S [H] 4.1 To reduce the likelihood of a fire impinging on the vessel or tank by moving the spilled liquid away from
the vessel or tank.

S,E [H] 4.2 These materials have been demonstrated to be able to contain a spill. Materials leaking out of a dike may
contaminate the environment.

S,E [H] 4.3 These materials have been demonstrated to be able to contain a spill. Materials leaking out of a dike may
contaminate the environment.

S,E [H] 4.4 To minimize damage to piping and manifolds within the diked area, and to provide safe pedestrian access
across pipeways. Materials leaking out of damaged equipment may contaminate the environment.

S [H] 4.5 To minimize damage to pumps or the pump fires affecting the storage tank.

S [H] 4.6 To minimize damage to other equipment or other equipment fires affecting the storage tank.

S [H] 4.7 It anticipates changing to a higher risk service in the future.

S,E [H] 4.8 Minimum height of dikes and toe walls is designed to contain nominal spills. The difference in the height
between the concrete and earth dikes is to allow for compaction and erosion of the earth dike. Adequate
diking is required to minimize the environmental contamination.

S,E [H] 4.9 Six feet height is based on minimizing vapor accumulation and on visibility and easy access for operators
and firefighters during normal operations and emergencies. It also allows for entering and exiting the dike
area quickly during an emergency. Adequate diking is required to minimize the environmental
contamination

S [H] 4.10 The difference in height is due to the fact that lighter than air gases disperse more readily.

S [H] 4.11 a. To provide alternate means of escape from the dike area during an emergency. Hydrant near a
stairway will provide for quick access for firefighting.

[H] b. The dike area is an electrically classified location. Motor vehicles cannot enter without
authorization.

[H] c. Provides ready egress from the dike area.

S [H] 4.12 Minimize fire exposure to tank during small spill fires.

S,E [H] 4.13 Want to get rid of the water so that there is enough capacity to hold the oil during a spill. Valve is
required to permit control of the water or the oil going into the sewer drainage system.

THIS INFORMATION FOR AUTHORIZED COMPANY USE ONLY


EXXON RESEARCH AND ENGINEERING COMPANY — FLORHAM PARK, N.J.
IP 9-1-1 HISTORY BACKGROUND DOCUMENT
INTERNATIONAL
Page 2 of 4 Spacing and Dikes for PRACTICE
Rev. 0 March 1998 Storage Vessels and Tanks

ABOVE GROUND PRESSURIZED STORAGE VESSELS

DIKE ARRANGEMENT AND CAPACITIES

S,E [H] 5.1 Practical experience has shown that a significant quantity of liquid will be generated from a spill of
pressurized material as a result of composition and/or auto-refrigeration. Therefore, there is a
requirement to control any spilled liquid.

S [H] 5.2 Practical experience has shown that a significant quantity of liquid will be generated from a spill of
pressurized material as a result of composition and/or auto-refrigeration. Therefore, there is a
requirement to control any spilled liquid.

S [H] 5.3 Practical experience has shown that a significant quantity of liquid will be generated from a spill of
pressurized material as a result of composition and/or auto-refrigeration. Therefore, there is a
requirement to control any spilled liquid. Paving and minimization of the surface area are required to
minimize vaporization.

REQUIREMENTS COMMON TO PROVIDING SPILL CONTAINMENT BY A SURROUNDING

S [H] 5.4 Defines the containment volume requirements. It mandates taking into consideration the vapor
characteristics of the actual material stored and the minimum ambient temperatures.

S [H] 5.5 Want to preferentially spill from one internal dike to another instead of overflowing the dike to the outside.

LOCATION, LAYOUT AND SPACING OF VESSELS

S [H] 5.6 To minimize the accumulation of vapors which may result in Vapor Cloud Explosions (VCE).

S [H] 5.7 To provide access for firefighting.

S [H] 5.8 a. For firefighting access.

[H] b & c. To reduce the potential for projectile damage from failed vessels.

[H] d. To limit the concentration of LPG storage based on risk management principles.

S [H] 5.9 Spacing required to minimize damage to other facilities.

ATMOSPHERIC STORAGE TANKS

DIKE ARRANGEMENTS AND CAPACITIES

S,E [H] 6.1 a. Defines the maximum inventory for grouped tanks based on experience and risk management
principles.

[H] b. & c. Defines diking requirements for single and paired tanks based on experience and risk
management principles. Adequate diking is required to prevent environmental contamination.

[H] d. Restricts the size of fixed roof tanks to permit fire extinguishment.

S,E [H] 6.2 There are special requirements for crude oil tankage because of the potential of boilover. Adequate diking
is required to prevent environmental contamination.

S,E [H] 6.3 It mandates that a dike must be present around combustible tanks. Adequate diking is required to
prevent environmental contamination.

THIS INFORMATION FOR AUTHORIZED COMPANY USE ONLY


EXXON RESEARCH AND ENGINEERING COMPANY — FLORHAM PARK, N.J.
HISTORY BACKGROUND DOCUMENT IP 9-1-1
INTERNATIONAL
PRACTICE Spacing and Dikes for Page 3 of 4

Storage Vessels and Tanks Rev. 0 March 1998

S [H] 6.4 To extent the pairing principle to optimize an economical plot layout while maintaining sound risk
management principles.

S,E [H] 6.5 Secondary containment requirements in case tank integrity is lost. Adequate diking is required to prevent
environmental contamination.

S [H] 6.6 Want to preferentially spill from one internal dike to another instead of overflowing the dike to the outside.

S [H] 6.7 It facilitates fighting a tank fire.

LOCATION, LAYOUT AND SPACING OF TANKS

S,E [H] 6.8 Gives additional requirements for crude and flammable liquids due to a higher fire risk.

S [H] 6.9 Spacing required to minimize damage to other facilities. Adequate spacing is required to prevent
environmental contamination.

S [H] 6.10 Tank spacing and location is based on tank contents and fire risks. Don’t want to mix high-risk materials
with low-risk materials.

S [H] 6.11 Requirements for firefighting access.

S [H] 6.12 Requirements for firefighting access.

S [H] 6.13 It minimizes the chance of a tank fire spreading to adjacent tanks. Greater spacing is required for higher
risk tanks.

REFRIGERATED STORAGE VESSELS

DIKE ARRANGEMENT, CAPACITIES AND DETAILS

S,E [H] 7.1 To provide secondary containment in case tank integrity is lost. Adequate diking is required to prevent
environmental contamination.

S [H] 7.2 To provide secondary containment in case tank integrity is lost. Adequate diking is required to prevent
environmental contamination.

S [H] 7.3 To provide secondary containment in case tank integrity is lost. Adequate diking is required to prevent
environmental contamination.

S [H] 7.4 To extent the pairing principle to optimize an economical plot layout while maintaining sound risk
management principles.

S [H] 7.5 Want to preferentially spill from one internal dike to another instead of overflowing the dike to the outside.

S [H] 7.6 Provide access for maintenance of heating elements so that no incremental foundation settlement and
consequential loss of vessel integrity occurs.

S [H] 7.7 This is a requirement to control any spilled liquid. Paving and minimization of the surface area are
required to minimize vaporization.

LOCATION, LAYOUT AND SPACING OF VESSELS

S [H] 7.8 This requirement mandates adequate free circulation to prevent the formation of partially confined vapor
cloud.

S [H] 7.9 For fire fighting access.

THIS INFORMATION FOR AUTHORIZED COMPANY USE ONLY


EXXON RESEARCH AND ENGINEERING COMPANY — FLORHAM PARK, N.J.
IP 9-1-1 HISTORY BACKGROUND DOCUMENT
INTERNATIONAL
Page 4 of 4 Spacing and Dikes for PRACTICE
Rev. 0 March 1998 Storage Vessels and Tanks

S [H] 7.10 Spacing required to minimize damage to other facilities.

S [H] 7.11 Minimizes the chance of a tank fire spreading to adjacent tanks.

RATIONALE FOR ELIMINATION / CONSOLIDATION OF PREVIOUS IP’S (9-1-1, 9-3-1, & 9-5-1)
PARAGRAPHS
The following (old) IP’s were combined into one in order to assure consistency, avoid duplication, and eliminate the chance
for errors: BP 9-1-1 (Rev. 4), Spacing and Dikes for Pressure Storage Vessels; IP 9-3-1 (Rev. 0), Spacing and Dikes for
Atmospheric Storage Tanks; BP 9-5-1 (Rev. 5), Spacing and Dikes for Refrigerated Storage Vessels. The subject of all three
IP’s was the same: spacing and dikes for storage vessels and tanks. A significant number of paragraphs were eliminated
because they were being repeated three times, inside each one of the three separate IP’s. Some these same paragraphs
were also inconsistent because the different IP’s were updated at different times.

Notes:
(1) Each paragraph to identify the Purpose Code(s) of the corresponding paragraph number of the applicable International Practice (IP).
(2) The symbol [H] is used to denote all History Background Paragraphs which are for INFORMATION ONLY.

THIS INFORMATION FOR AUTHORIZED COMPANY USE ONLY


EXXON RESEARCH AND ENGINEERING COMPANY — FLORHAM PARK, N.J.

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