CELL DEFINITION

Cells are the body’s smallest functional units .They are grouped together to form tissues, each of
which has specialised function. A cell consists of number of organelles. They are as follows Nucleus,
Mitochondria ,Ribosomes ,Endoplasmic reticulum(SER,RER),Golgi
apparaus,lysosomes,Cytoskeleton(centrosomes,microtubules,microfilaments.

Reference: Ross and Wilson , Anatomy physiology in health and illness,12th edition,pg.32-34.

Marker Enzymes:

Reference 2: Parisis nikos.Organelle marker,2013,p.

Oxidative stress: Oxidative stress refers to the imbalance between free radicals and their stabilizing
agent’s antioxidant enzymes in the body.

Reference 3: Ijarr,Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant:An Overview,International Journal of Advanced

Research and Review, 2017,2(9),p.110-119.

Free Radical:

The molecule or molecular fragments containing one or more unpaired electron in its outermost
atom or molecular orbital and are capable of independent existence.
Reference 4: Saikat Sen,Free radicals,antioxidants,Diseases and phytomedicines:Current status and
Future Prospect,International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Review and
Research,2010,3(1),p.91-100.

ANTIOXIDANT:

Are any substance that delay or inhibits oxidative damage to a target molecule at a time a one
antioxidant molecule can react with single free radical & are capable to neutralize the free radicals
by donate one electron.

Reference 5: Neeti sharma.Free Radicals,Antioxidants and diseases,Biology&Medicine,2014,6(3),p.1-

FACTOR AFFECTING OXIDATIVE STRESS:

Fried foods

ALCOHOLS tobacco

OXIDATIVE
air pollutant Stress smoke
STRESS

pesticides

Rays:
x-ray,uv
ray,microwave
radiations

Reference:5
OXIDATIVE STRESS INDUCED DISEASES:

Asthma

Cancer
Infertility

Stroke diabetis

oxidative
stress

neurodegenerative
artherosclerosis
disorder

CVS

COPD

Ref:5

Flavonoid Enriched crude drugs:

List of medicinal plants containing Flavonoids

Reference:

Mahajan et al,A Novel Approach Towards Phytosomal Flavonoids,An International Journal of

Pharmaceutical science,2012,3(3),p.2079-2105.
 Free Radical Types:

Antioxidant Enzymes:

Superoxide Dismutase

Catalase

Glutathione peroxidase

Reference:Jose M.Mates, Antioxidant Enzymes and Human Diseases,Elsevier,1999,32(8),p.595-603.

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