GLOBAL WARMING AND LIFE ON

EARTH
Global warming presents the gravest threat to life on Earth in all of human history. The planet
is warming to a degree beyond what many species can handle, altering or eliminating habitat,
reducing food sources, causing drought and other species-harming severe weather events, and
even directly killing species that simply can’t stand the heat. In fact, scientists predict that if
we keep going along our current greenhouse gas emissions trajectory, climate change will
cause more than a third of the Earth’s animal and plant species to face extinction by 2050 —
and up to 70 percent by the end of the century. Such a catastrophic loss would irreversibly
diminish biodiversity, severely disrupt ecosystems, and cause immense hardship for human
societies worldwide.

Since the Center was established, our mission has been to help protect species facing
extinction, and as the threat of global warming has spread, our focus on the issue has
intensified. The list of species we’ve petitioned and litigated to protect specifically from
warming’s effects is constantly growing, and since today truly all species are threatened by
global warming in one way or another, we’ve made fighting climate change central to our
mission.

LIFE IN THE ARCTIC (AND ANTARCTIC)

The first creatures to be dramatically and visibly affected by global warming have been those
in the Arctic, where the impacts of rising temperatures have been felt earlier and more
intensely than anywhere else. As warmer air melts the vast expanses of sea ice that help
define the Far North, all the animals depending on that ice for hunting, resting, reproducing,
and other key life activities lose the platform on which their existence depends.

The iconic polar bear, fast losing the sea-ice habitat beneath its feet, has become a broadly
recognized symbol of the harm global warming is causing in the fragile Arctic — mainly
because of the Center’s multi-year, ongoing campaign to earn meaningful federal protection
for the species. We’re also fighting to keep numerous other Arctic species — including the
Pacific walrus; bearded, ringed, spotted, and ribbon seals; Cook Inlet beluga whale; and
yellow-billed loon — from being snuffed out by climate change.

At the other end of the Earth, around the South Pole, the emperor penguin is also facing
enormous threats from global warming, which causes profound changes in the Antarctic
ecosystem and hurts penguins in diverse ways, from reducing prey species to causing ice
shelves to collapse. Thanks to a petition and lawsuit by the Center, the emperor and nine
other penguin species hailing from around the southern hemisphere are on their way to
federal protection.

LIFE BETWEEN THE POLES

The polar regions are by no means the only areas of the planet already affected by global
warming. As temperatures rise worldwide, many species are forced to flee the warming by
moving up in elevation — like the American pika — or by moving northward or southward,
away from warmer equatorial areas. Snow-dependent species like the American wolverine
are finding less and less of the snow they need, while forest-dwelling species like the West
Virginia northern flying squirrel are threatened right along with their arboreal habitat.
Amphibians and fish are threatened by the drought that accompanies climate change, while
reptiles like the loggerhead sea turtle have been found altering their centuries-old nesting
habits because of warmer ocean temperatures. Even insects are affected: The beautiful Bay
checkerspot butterfly, for example, is threatened as global warming reduces food availability
for its larvae. The Center works for all these species and more.

LIFE BENEATH THE SEA

As greenhouse gases pile up in our air, our oceans are far from immune to the problem. First
of all, with global warming comes ocean acidification, an increasingly serious threat to
marine species. Much of the human-generated CO 2 spewed into the atmosphere eventually
ends up in our oceans, changing seawater chemistry to make it more acidic and depleting
seawater of the compounds that organisms like corals, crabs, seastars, sea urchins, and
zooplankton require to build the protective shells and skeletons they need to survive. Because
plankton are at the base of the delicate ocean food chain, ocean acidification could disrupt the
entire marine ecosystem.

Marine species are affected by global warming in numerous other ways. Warmer water
temperatures have been shown to slow the growth of phytoplankton — the microscopic plant
counterpart to zooplankton — imperiling not only the species that eat these tiny plants, but all
species in the ocean food chain. Global warming also causes coral bleaching, in which the
stress caused by too-warm seawater induces coral to expel the symbiotic algae that give them
their spectacular color. Most noticeably to us, as global warming melts Arctic ice it causes
sea levels to rise, threatening species like the Hawaiian monk seal, whose pupping beaches
are increasingly engulfed by rising waters. The Center is currently working to help the monk
seal by litigating for additional critical habitat.

Ever since the threats became clear, the Center has been calling attention to global warming’s
effects on our oceans and pressing for federal protection of species at risk. Those include the
first species to be granted Endangered Species Act protection because of global warming and
ocean acidification, elkhorn and staghorn corals, as well as a long list of species of all taxa,
from the Atlantic salmon to the sea otter to the Xantus’s murrelet.

THE GLOBAL WARMING AND ENDANGERED SPECIES INITIATIVE

The Center’s Global Warming and Endangered Species Initiative is an example of our
coordinated response to the many threats posed by global warming. Launched in February
2007 through a legal petition filed by the Center and allies, the action asked the Bush
administration to adopt new regulations and take all possible legally authorized action to
counteract global warming and other factors driving species extinct. Our petition sought
federal action to improve habitat protections, address climate change, and safeguard scientific
decisions from political interference.