Modeling of Adhesively Bonded Joints

Lucas Filipe Martins da Silva ·

Andreas Öchsner (Eds.)

Modeling of Adhesively
Bonded Joints

123
Editors
Lucas Filipe Martins da Silva Prof. Dr. Andreas Öchsner
Departamento de Engenharia Mecânica Technical University of Malaysia
e Gestão Industrial Faculty of Mechanical Engineering
Faculdade de Engenharia Department of Applied Mechanics
Universidade do Porto 91310 UTM Skudai, Johor
Rua Dr. Roberto Frias Malaysia
4200-465 Porto andreas.oechsner@gmail.com
Portugal
lucas@fe.up.pt

ISBN: 978-3-540-79055-6 e-ISBN: 978-3-540-79056-3

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Preface

Adhesives have been used for thousands of years, but until 100 years ago, the vast
majority were from natural products such as bones, skins, fish, milk, and plants.
Since about 1900, adhesives based on synthetic polymers have been introduced, but
these were at first of limited use as they were expensive and had poor mechanical
properties. Since 1940, there has been a rapid expansion of the chemical knowl-
edge of polymers from which structural adhesives can be made, with a consequent
improvement in their properties and reduction of their cost. Today, there are many
industrial uses of structural adhesives, particularly in aerospace, but increasingly in
automotive applications where the need is to join sheets of dissimilar adhesives to
produce lightweight car bodies.
In the old days, adhesive use was based on trial and error, together with expe-
rience of what was known to work, without any real means of optimisation. With
modern technological needs and assisted by modern computers and experimental
techniques, it is now possible to asses the performance of adhesively bonded joints
before committing a design to manufacture. At least, that is the intention. Reality
is such that we need continually to improve and develop these techniques as defini-
tive and certain answers are still not available. Even now, we rely to a significant
extent on trial and error and to test prototypes or coupons to validate (or to check)
the theoretical predictions.
The objective of this book is to bring together some of the latest thinking on
available predictive technology for structural bonded joints, using internationally
renowned authors who are authorities in their fields.
There are two basic ways of analysing the performance of a joint. In the old days,
before we had advanced computers, we relied on algebraic methods, using a range
of simple or complex formulae. It was difficult or impossible to solve most of these
algebraic formulations in a closed form and so we relied to some extent on numer-
ical solutions. Even those solutions we could obtain were often so complex that it
took several minutes to calculate a single point by hand. However, modern comput-
ers can now be programmed to solve these complex formulae on a point by point
basis since they can calculate the values in microseconds. These “old” algebraic
formulae have therefore gained a new lease of life and can, for relatively simple

v
vi Preface

joint geometries, give a good indication of the stresses and strains in a joint. Since
1970, the numerical technique called finite element analysis has been developed
from a crude and essentially a research tool into a sophisticated commercially avail-
able system. The facilitator has been the parallel development of digital computers.
These computers have become faster and able to tackle large numerical calculations
on even a lap top computer. Indeed, a modern lap top can give results in seconds that
in 1980 would have had a turn round time of a day or more using a large main frame
computer such as might be found in a university or a large industrial company. For
example, a modern motor car contains more computing power than was used for the
first space landings in 1970.
For anyone wanting to understand how adhesive joints will behave under signifi-
cant loads and how you might go about getting a design load, this book provides an
excellent review of the most up to date thinking and practice.

Department of Mechanical Engineering, Robert D Adams

University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TR, UK
Contents

Part I Analytical Modeling

1 Simple Lap Joint Geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

Andrew D. Crocombe and Ian A. Ashcroft

2 Analysis of Cracked Lap Shear (CLS) Joints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

Liyong Tong and Quantian Luo

3 Analytical Models with Stress Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53

Toshiyuki Sawa

Part II Numerical Modeling

4 Complex Constitutive Adhesive Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95

Erol Sancaktar

5 Complex Joint Geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131

Andreas Öchsner, Lucas F.M. da Silva and Robert D. Adams

6 Progressive Damage Modelling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155

Marcelo F.S.F de Moura
7 Modelling Fatigue in Adhesively Bonded Joints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
Ian A. Ashcroft and Andrew D. Crocombe

8 Environmental Degradation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225

Andrew D. Crocombe, Ian A. Ashcroft and Magd M. Abdel Wahab

9 Non-Linear Thermal Stresses in Adhesive Joints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243

Mustafa Kemal K. Apalak

vii
viii Contents

10 Impact . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279
Chiaki Sato

11 Stress Analysis of Bonded Joints by Boundary Element Method . . . . 305

Madhukar Vable

Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327
List of Contributors

Andrew D. Crocombe
Division of Mechanical, Medical and Aerospace Engineering, School of
Engineering, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH, UK,
e-mail: A.Crocombe@surrey.ac.uk
Andreas Öchsner
Department of Applied Mechanics, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Technical
University of Malaysia, 81310 UTM Skudai, Johor, Malaysia; University Centre
for Mass and Thermal Transport in Engineering Materials, School of Engineering,
The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia,
e-mail: andreas.oechsner@gmail.com
Chiaki Sato
Precision and Intelligence Laboratory, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259
Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan, e-mail: csato@pi.titech.ac.jp
Erol Sancaktar
Professor, Polymer Engineering, Adjunct Professor, Mechanical Engineering, The
University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325-0301, e-mail: erol@uakron.edu
Ian A. Ashcroft
Wolfson School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Loughborough
University, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE11 3TU, UK,
e-mail: i.a.ashcroft@lboro.ac.uk
Liyong Tong
School of Aerospace, Mechanical and Mechatronic Engineering, J11- Aeronautical
Engineering Building, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia,
e-mail: ltong@aeromech.usyd.edu.au
Lucas F.M. da Silva
Departamento de Engenharia Mecânica e Gestão Industrial, Faculdade de
Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto,
Portugal, e-mail: lucas@fe.up.pt

ix
x List of Contributors

Madhukar Vable
Mechanical Engineering - Engineering Mechanics, Michigan Technological
University, Houghton, MI 49931, USA, e-mail: mavable@mtu.edu
Magd M. Abdel Wahab
Division of Mechanical, Medical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Surrey,
Guildford, GU2 7XH, UK, e-mail: M.Wahab@surrey.ac.uk
Marcelo F.S.F de Moura
Departamento de Engenharia Mecânica e Gestão Industrial, Faculdade de
Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto,
Portugal, e-mail: mfmoura@fe.up.pt
Mustafa Kemal K. Apalak
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Erciyes University, Kayseri 38039,
Turkey, e-mail: apalakmk@erciyes.edu.tr
Quantian Luo
School of Aerospace, Mechanical and Mechatronic Engineering, J11- Aeronautical
Engineering Building, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia,
e-mail: qtluo@aeromech.usyd.edu.au
Robert D. Adams
Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TR,
UK, e-mail: R.D.Adams@bristol.ac.uk
Toshiyuki Sawa
Hiroshima University, 1-4-1, Kagamiyama, Higashihiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan,
e-mail: sawa@mec.hiroshima-u.ac.jp