BEARINGS

By - Moulik Parmar
 BEARINGS?

 A bearing is a machine element which support another

moving machine element (known as journal).

 It permits a relative motion between the contact surfaces of

the members, while carrying the load.
 WHY DO WE NEED THEM?
1. Reduce Friction
2. Carry Loads
3. Guide Moving Parts
 FRICTION?
 Resistance to movement either it may be sliding or rotation.
SECTIONAL VIEW
COMPONENTS OF BEARINGS
PROPERTIES OF SLIDING CONTACT
BEARING MATERIALS

1. Compressive strength.
2. Fatigue strength.
3. Comformability.
4. Embeddability.
5. Bondability.
6. Corrosion resistance.
7. Thermal conductivity.
8. Thermal expansion.
 MATERIALS USED FOR SLIDING
CONTACT BEARING
1. Babbit metal.
2. Bronzes.
3. Cast iron.
4. Silver.
5. Non-metallic bearings.
 soft rubber bearings.
 wood bearings.
 PROPERTIES OF LUBRICANTS
1. Viscosity.
2. Oiliness.
3. Density.
4. Viscosity index.
5. Flash point.
6. Fire point.
7. Pour point or freezing point
 LUBRICANTS

 Liquid(oil).
o Cheapness and stability.

 Semi-liquid(Grease).
o Slow speed and heavy pressure exist and
where oil drip from the bearing is undesirable.

 Solid.(Graphite).
o where oil films cannot be maintained because
of pressures or temperatures.
 CLASSIFICATION
 Depending on Direction of load to be Supported.
1. Radial Bearing.
2. Thrust Bearing.

 Depending on Nature of Contact

1. Sliding Contact Bearing.
2. Rolling Contact Bearing.
TYPES OF BEARINGS
CLARIFICATION
 PLAIN BEARINGS
 Plain bearing, also known by the specific styles: bushing,
journal bearing, sleeve bearing, rifle bearing.
 ANTIFRICTION BEARINGS

BALL BEARINGS
•RADIAL BALL BEARING
•ANGULAR CONTACT BALL BEARING

 ROLLER BEARINGS
• CYLINDRICAL ROLLER BEARING
• TAPER ROLLER BEARING
• SPHERICAL ROLLER BEARING
• NEEDLE ROLLER BEARING
 FORCES ACTING ON BEARING

1. Radial Load.
2. Axial Load.
3. Combination of Radial & Axial Load.
 RADIAL & THRUST BALL BEARING
 In radial bearings, the load acts perpendicular to the direction
of motion of the moving element.
 In thrust bearings, the load acts along the axis of rotation.
RADIAL & THRUST LOAD
 SOME MORE TYPES
 Jewel bearing, in which the load is carried by rolling the
axle slightly off –center.
 Fluid bearing, in which the load is carried by a gas or liquid .

 Magnetic bearing, in which the load is carried by a magnetic

field.
 Flexure bearing, in which the motion is supported by a load
element which bends.
ROLLER BEARINGS
NEEDLE ROLLER BEARINGS
 TYPES OF SLIDING CONTACT
BEARING
 Guide Bearing:- The sliding contact bearings in which the
sliding action is guided in a straight line and carrying radial
loads, may be called slipper or guide bearings.
 Example:- Cross Head Of steam engine.
 Journal /Sleeve Bearing:- The sliding contact bearings in
which the sliding action is along the circumference of a circle
or an arc of a circle and carrying radial loads are known as
journal or sleeve bearings.

 When the angle of contact of the bearing with the journal is

360° then the bearing is called a full journal bearing.
 Partial Journal Bearing:- When the angle of contact of the
bearing with the journal is 120°then the bearing is said to be
partial journal bearing.

 Example:- Rail road car axle.

 The full and partial journal bearings may be called as clearance

bearings because the diameter of the journal is less than that of
Sliding Bearing.

 When a partial journal bearing has no clearance i.e. the

diameters of the journal and bearing are equal, then the
bearing is called a fitted bearing.
 CLASSIFICATION ON BASIS OF
LUBRICANT THICKNESS

 Thick film bearings:- The thick film bearings are those in

which the working surfaces are completely separated from
each other by the lubricant. Such type of bearings are also
called as hydrodynamic lubricated bearings.

 Thin film bearings:- The thin film bearings are those in which,
although lubricant is present, the working surfaces partially
contact each other atleast part of the time. Such type of
bearings are also called boundary lubricated bearings.
 Zero film bearings:-The zero film bearings are those which
operate without any lubricant present.

 Hydrostatic or externally pressurized lubricated bearings:-The

hydrostatic bearings are those which can support steady
loads without any relative motion between the journal and the
bearing. This is achieved by forcing externally pressurized
lubricant between the members.
 HYDRODYNAMIC LUBRICATED
BEARINGS

 Load carrying ability of a hydrodynamic bearing arises simply

because a viscous fluid resists being pushed around.

 So on basis of load carrying capacity.

1. Wedge film lubrication
2. Squeeze film lubrication
 WEDGE FILM JOURNAL BEARINGS
 The load carrying ability of a wedge-film journal bearing
results when the journal and/or the bearing rotates relative to
the load. Eg:- Static load bearings.
 SQUEEZE FILM BEARINGS
 In certain cases, the bearings oscillate or rotate so slowly that
the wedge film cannot provide a satisfactory film thickness. If
the load is uniform or varying in magnitude while acting in a
constant direction, this becomes a thin film or possibly a zero
film problem. But if the load reverses its direction, the
squeeze film may develop sufficient capacity to carry the
dynamic loads without contact between the journal and the
bearing. Such bearings are known as squeeze film journal
bearing.
 Journal Bearing
Types

Solid Journal Bearing

 Journal Bearing
Types

Split Journal Bearing

 Journal Bearing
Types

Half Bearing
 Journal Bearing
Types

Tilting Pad
TILTING PAD DESCRIPTIVE
GUIDE VERTICAL FAN
THRUST BEARING
BEARING LIFE
NOMENCLATURE
 Clearance
Normal clearance Reduced clearance Increased clearance
because of tight fit because of temperature

Suffix clearance Example:

/C1 less than C2 6210/C3 = Deep groove ball bearing with
/C2 less than Normal
/CN Normal clearance greater than Normal
/C3 greater than Normal
/C4 greater than C3 CN does not normally appear in the
/C5 greater than C4 bearing designation
BEARING DESIGNATION
BEARING DESIGNATION
TOLERANCE
 DESIGN CONSIDERATION
1. Determine the bearing length by choosing a ratio of l / d.
2. Check the bearing pressure. W
p ≈
l *d
3. Assume a lubricant from Table its operating temperature (t0).
This temperature should be between 26.5°C and 60°C with
82°C as a maximum for high temperature installations such
as steam turbines.
4. Determine the operating value of ZN / p ( Sommerfeld No.)
for the assumed bearing temperature and check this value
with corresponding values in Table to determine the
possibility of maintaining fluid film operation.
2
Zn  d 
*   ≈ 14.58 *10
p c
5. Assume a clearance ratio c / d from Table.
6. Determine the coefficient of friction (μ) by using the relation.
(k=0.002 for 0.75 - 2.5 l/d ratios)
33 Zn d
µ ≈ 8 * * ⊕k
10 p c
7. Determine the heat generated by using the relation. (V=
Velocity, W=Load)
Q ≈ µVW
g
8. Determine the heat dissipated by using the relation. (C= Heat
coefficient, A= Area Projected.)

Qd ≈ C * A * ( tb − ta )
9. Determine the thermal equilibrium to see that the heat
dissipated becomes atleast equal to the heat generated. In
case the heat generated is more than the heat dissipated
then either the bearing is redesigned or it is artificially cooled
by water.
10. Temperature of bearing is approximately mid-way between
temperature of atmosphere and temperature of oil film.

1
tb − t a ≈ ( t 0 − t a )
2
 SAFE DESIGN
1. For well designed bearing, the temperature of the oil film
should not be more than 60°C, otherwise the viscosity of the
oil decreases rapidly and the operation of the bearing is
found to suffer. The temperature of the oil film is often called
as the operating temperature of the bearing.

2. In case the temperature of the oil film is higher, then the

bearing is cooled by circulating water through coils built in
the bearing.
3. The mass of the oil to remove the heat generated at the
bearing may be obtained by equating the heat generated to
the heat taken away by the oil.(m= mass of oil, s=specific
heat of oil(1840-2100J/Kg/degree Celsius, t= difference
between inlet & outlet temperature of oil).

Q ≈ms∆t
THANK YOU