ELECTRICAL MACHINES

Class exercises 1

MAGNETIC CIRCUITS

1
 Exercises on magnetic circuits – Ex #1
In the magnetic structure reported, the three iron paths A, B, C present the
following reluctance values:
ℜA = 250000 H-1, ℜB = 800000 H-1, ℜC = 400000 H-1.
The airgap in the branch A presents a reluctance equal to ℜt = 2750000 H-1.
The coils have NA = 200 e NB = 50 turns respectively.

Evaluate:
 The inductances of the coils A and B. (LA = 12.2 mH, LB = 2.17 mH)

 The value of the DC current in the coil A to have a flux equal to 0 in the
path C, when IB= 5 A (IA = 4.688 A)
 Exercises on magnetic circuits – Ex #2
The following circuit is given, with a part constituted by Permanent Magnet
with wide hysteresis cycle, having a section Sm and lenght m.
The remaining part is constituted by soft magnetic material; between the
polar expansions an airgap is set with g = 0.2 cm and Sg = 10 cm2.

air gap
iron core

Sg, g

permanent
magnet

Sm, m
Evaluate the minimum volume, the minimum section, the minimum lenght of
Permanent Magnet in the case of material: KOERMAX 160, with Bg = 0.8 T
(Vmagnet = 6.358 cm3, Sminimum = 17.8 cm2, minimum = 3.58 mm).
 Exercises on magnetic circuits – Ex #2

KOERMAX 160
 B = 450 mT

 H = -356 kA/m
 Exercises on magnetic circuits – Ex #3
The scheme of a differential relay is realized with a toroidal magnetic
structure with average radius equal to 5 and circular section equal to 5 cm2.
The two main coils have 10 turns and the relative permeability of the iron is
equal to 5000.

rm = 5 cm
S = 5 cm2
µr = 5000
N = 10 turns

Evaluate:
The number of turns NR of the release coil so that an unbalanced current of
30 mA at 50 Hz will induce at its terminals an RMS voltage equal to 2 V
(Ns = 2122)
The necessary unbalanced current to have, at 60 Hz, the same induced
voltage at the terminals of the release coil (ΔI = 25 mA).
 Exercises on magnetic circuits – Ex #4
The electromagnet has a fixed core (upper) with a coil supplied in DC current
(500 turns).
The mobil core has a mass of 8 kg and is maintained in rest position (y = 0,5
mm) by gravity. Both cores, of thickness s = 40 mm, are realized with iron
having neglectable reluctance up to the saturation induction Bs=1.4 T.

Evaluate:
 The autoinductance of the system (rest position and absence of saturation) (L0 = 1.005 H).

 The maximum current in the coil before producing saturation (in rest position) (Imax = 2.23 A)

 The minimum current to move the moving part from the rest position (Imin = 0.279 A)
 Exercises on magnetic circuits – Ex #5
The electromagnet in figure is made by iron, with magnetic characteristics
reported in the Table
B H PFe 1,8
B [T]
fe 0.3 40 0.16 1,6
0.4 47 0.26
1,4
Sfe 0.5 56 0.37
I 0.6 67 0.52 1,2
0.7 82 0.67 1
0.8 102 0.84
airgap 0.9 131 1.02 0,8

Nturns 1 175 1.33 0,6

1.1 248 1.45
0,4
1.2 380 1.74
1.3 700 2 0,2
H [A/m]
1.4 1650 2.55 0
1.5 3500 3.2 0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000
1.55 4800 3.35
1.6 6250 3.7
Fe = 32 cm 1.65 8000 4.1
1.7 10000 4.4
airgap = 1,5 mm
SFe = 4,2 cm2
µ0 = 4 π 10-7 H/m
Nturns = 250

Evaluate the characteristic flux - current (excitation characteristic) and the

value of the inductance of the winding
 Exercises on magnetic circuits – Ex #5
B H PFe Φ MMF Fe MMFairgap MMFTOT I Lsemplice
[T] [A/m] [W/kg] [Wb] [Asp] [Asp] [Asp] [A] [H]

0,3 40 0,16 0,000126 12,80 358,10 370,90 1,48 0,0212

0,4 47 0,26 0,000168 15,04 477,46 492,50 1,97 0,0213
0,5 56 0,37 0,00021 17,92 596,83 614,75 2,46 0,0214
0,6 67 0,52 0,000252 21,44 716,20 737,64 2,95 0,0214 fe
0,7 82 0,67 0,000294 26,24 835,56 861,80 3,45 0,0213
Sfe
0,8 102 0,84 0,000336 32,64 954,93 987,57 3,95 0,0213 I
0,9 131 1,02 0,000378 41,92 1074,30 1116,22 4,46 0,0212
1 175 1,33 0,00042 56,00 1193,66 1249,66 5,00 0,0210 airgap
1,1 248 1,45 0,000462 79,36 1313,03 1392,39 5,57 0,0207
Nturns
1,2 380 1,74 0,000504 121,60 1432,39 1553,99 6,22 0,0203
1,3 700 2 0,000546 224 1551,76 1775,76 7,10 0,0192
1,4 1650 2,55 0,000588 528 1671,13 2199,13 8,80 0,0167
1,5 3500 3,2 0,00063 1120 1790,49 2910,49 11,64 0,0135
1,55 4800 3,35 0,000651 1536 1850,18 3386,18 13,54 0,0120
1,6 6250 3,7 0,000672 2000 1909,86 3909,86 15,64 0,0107
1,65 8000 4,1 0,000693 2560 1969,54 4529,54 18,12 0,0096
1,7 10000 4,4 0,000714 3200 2029,23 5229,23 20,92 0,0085
 Exercises on magnetic circuits – Ex #5
Excitation characteristic with the
given airgap
0,0008
Φ [Wb]
0,0007

0,0006

0,0005

0,0004

0,0003 Flusso

0,0002
Inductance of the winding with
0,0001
Corrente [A] the given airgap
0
0,025
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 Induttanza [H]

0,02

L [semplice]
0,015

0,01

0,005

Induzione B [T]
0
0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1 1,2 1,4 1,6 1,8
 Exercises on magnetic circuits – Ex #5
Excitation characteristic with
double airgap
0,0008
Φ [Wb]
0,0007

0,0006

0,0005

0,0004
Flusso
0,0003
Flusso 2 traf

0,0002
Inductance of the winding with
0,0001
Corrente [A] double airgap
0
0,025
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 Induttanza [H]

0,02

L [semplice]
0,015
L [traferro doppio]

0,01

0,005

Induzione B [T]
0
0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1 1,2 1,4 1,6 1,8
 ELECTRICAL MACHINES

Class exercises 2

TRANSFORMERS

11
 Exercises on Transformers – Ex #1
A single phase transformer with the following plate data:
SN = 66.7 kVA t = 11.5 kV/230 V
vsc % = 5 % cosϕsc = 0.4

supplies a constant impedance load with the following plate data:

Pload rated = 33.3 kW Vload rated = 290 V cosϕload = 0.85 (RL)

The load is supplied with a line having a resistance of 0.1 Ω and a reactance
of 0.2 Ω. If the transformer is supplied at its rated voltage, and neglecting the
no load parameters, evaluate:

 the voltage at the load terminals (208 V)

 the current absorbed by the load (97.0 A)
 the line efficiency (0.948)
 the transformer efficiency (0.992)
 the total efficiency if the plant (0.940)
 Exercises on Transformers – Ex #2
A single phase transformer, 33.3 kVA at 50 Hz, with transformer ratio
5.75 kV/230 V, presents the following characteristics:
vsc % = 2.5 % Psc % = 1.3 % Piron % = 1.2 %

The transformer is supplied at primary rated voltage, and connected to a load

that absorbs a current equal to ¾ of the transformer rated current (load factor
α = 0.75) with cosϕ = 0.8, evaluate:

the voltage drop from no load to load conditions (4 V)

the efficiency of the transformer (0.968)

the short circuit current at the secondary terminals (5793 A)

the energy dissipated in a month of 25 working days, with the transformer

always connected to the mains and with the following daily load profile:
 7 hours at full load

 8 hours at half load

 9 hours at no load (396 kWh)

 Exercises on Transformers – Ex #3
A three phase transformer, having a voltage ratio at no load equal to
1kV/250V, is tested at no load and at short circuit.
No load test on the low voltage side:
V20 = 250 V I20 = 7.5 A P0 = 375 W

Short circuit test on the high voltage side:

Vsc = 50 V Isc = 30 A Psc = 750 W

Evaluate:

the equivalent circuit parameters reported at primary

R’sc = 0.278Ω X’sc = 0.921Ω R’iron = 2667Ω X’m = 309.9Ω

the equivalent circuit parameters reported at secondary

R”sc = 0.017Ω X”sc = 0.058Ω R”iron = 166.7Ω X”m = 19.4Ω
 Exercises on Transformers – Ex #4
Two three phase transformers TA e TB present the following plate data:

TA: SN = 100 kVA t = 10kV/400V

vsc % = 4.2 % cosϕsc = 0.35

TB: SN = 120 kVA t = 10kV/400V

vsc % = 4 % cosϕsc = 0.35

The two transformers supply in parallel a three phase balanced load with
constant impedance having the following data:
Pload rated = 180 kW Vload rated = 400 V cosϕload = 0.85 (RL)

Neglecting the no load parameters and supplying the primaries at rated

voltage, evaluate:
 the line voltage at the load terminals (388 V)

 the current delivered by each transformer (IA = 131 A, IB = 165 A)

 the short circuit current at the load terminals (7769 A)

 Exercises on Transformers – Ex #5
Two three phase transformers TA e TB supply in parallel a load made with
three equal impedances (star connected): ZL = 0.56 + j 0.56 Ω.
The transformers present the following plate data:

TA: SN = 160 kVA t = 20kV / 400V

V’’sc = 29.1 V Psc = 3200 W

TB: SN = 100 kVA t = 20kV / 396V

V’’sc = 28.8 V Psc = 1800 W

Neglecting the no load parameters and supplying the primaries at rated

voltage, evaluate:

 the no load circulating current (12.4 A)

 the current absorbed by the load (276.8 A)
 the line voltage at the load terminals (379.7 V)
 ELECTRICAL MACHINES

Class exercises 3

ASYNCHRONOUS MACHINE

17
 Exercises on Asynchronous Machine – Ex #1
A three phase asynchronous motor with the following nameplate data is
given:
PN = 7.5 kW VsN = 380 V IsN = 15.8 A f = 50 Hz
4 poles nN = 1450 rpm Rs = 0.73 Ω
Isc 15,87713 A
Locked rotor (short circuit) test data: Rsc 1,454545 Ohm
Psc = 1100 W Vsc = 80 V cosϕsc = 0.5 R'r 0,724545 Ohm
Xsc 2,519347 Ohm
Neglecting the no load parameters, evaluate: Xds=X'dr 1,259673 Ohm
 The starting torque (79.5 Nm)
 The maximum torque slip (0.281) Istart 75,41638 A
 The maximum torque (136.8 Nm)
Tstart 78,70428 Nm

S_Tmax 0,27623
Tmax 137,084 Nm
 Exercises on Asynchronous Machine – Ex #2
Nameplate data of a three phase asynchronous motor:
PN = 7.5 kW VsN = 380 V IsN = 14.1 A 4 poles sN% = 3.33 %
ηN = 0.941 Is0 % = 46 % Cstart / CN = 2.5 Istart / IsN = 7.46

Considering the simplified single phase

equivalent circuit:

Evaluate:
 The motor rated torque (49.4 Nm)

 The required supply frequency to obtain a rotating magnetic field at 2500

rpm (83.33 Hz)
Neglecting the mechanical and iron losses and also the magnetizing current
at start (Ir,start / IsN = 7.46), evaluate the following parameters:
 The magnetizing reactance X0 (33.7 Ω)

 The total leakage reactance Xdt (1.064 Ω)

 The stator and rotor resistance Rs and Rr (Rs = 0.6 Ω, Rr = 0.58 Ω).
 Exercises on Asynchronous Machine – Ex #3
During a test at rated load, a 6 poles three phases asynchronous motor
supplied at 380V/50Hz absorbs a power = 23,2 kW with cosϕ = 0.88 at the
speed of 960 rpm.
The no load test has given the following results: no load power P0 = 1,1 kW,
no load current I0 = 13.5A. The stator phase resistance Rs = 0,27 Ω, while
the mechanical losses are 1/3 of the no load losses.

Evaluate:
 the absorbed current in rated load test conditions (40 A)

 the power delivered by the motor during the test (20098 W)

 the efficiency of the motor during the test (0.886)

 the torque delivered by the motor during the test (200 Nm)

 the no load torque, neglecting the no load slip (3.5 Nm).

 Exercises on Asynchronous Machine – Ex #4
A three phase asynchronous motor, 4 poles, star connected, has the following
rated data:
PN = 15 kW VsN = 380 V IsN = 31 A nN = 1460 rpm Rs =0.238 Ω
In the locked rotor test, at rated current, the following data are measured:
Psc = 1960 W Vsc = 74.82 V cosϕsc = 0.488

In the no load test, at rated voltage, the following data are measured :
P0 = 630 W cosϕ0 = 0.067 Pfv = 260 W Is0 = 14.3 A

Evaluate:
 the equivalent circuit parameters, taking into account the stator voltage
drop in the no load conditions and considering Xds = Xdr (in the locked rotor
test, neglect the magnetizing parameters Riron and Xm)
(Rr = 0.442 Ω, Xds = Xdr = 0.608 Ω, Riron = 593.4 Ω, Xm = 14.73 Ω)
 the rated torque of the motor (98.1 Nm)

 the starting torque, neglecting Riron and Xm (209.33 Nm)

 the rotating magnetic field speed at 20 Hz (600 rpm).

 Exercises on Asynchronous Machine – Ex #5
A compressor presents the following rated data: Pn = 10 kW @ n = 1460 rpm,
Cstart = 230 Nm.
Three motors are available:
A) PN = 15 kW VsN = 380 V f = 50 Hz IsN = 31.5 A 4 poles
Psc = 2.4 kW cosϕsc = 0.51 Rs = 0.14 Ω

B) PN = 20 kW VsN = 380 V f = 50 Hz IsN = 55 A 6 poles

Psc = 2.5 kW cosϕsc = 0.4 Rs = 0.1 Ω

C) PN = 15 kW VsN = 380 V f = 50 Hz IsN = 31 A 4 poles

Psc = 1.96 kW cosϕsc = 0.488 Rs = 0.238 Ω

Neglecting the no load parameters in the equivalent circuit, evaluate:

 Which of the three motors can be adopted to supply the compressor (A)

 The current absorbed by the adopted motor, at the motor-compressor

speed of 1450 rpm (10.77 A).
 MACCHINE ELETTRICHE

Class exercises 4

DC MACHINE

23
 Exercises on DC Machine – Ex #1
A separately excited DC motor, with rated power equal to 10 kW, moves a
mechanical load at the speed of 600 rpm, while supplied at 110 V and
absorbing a current of 60 A with efficiency equal to 0.75.
The armature resistance is equal to 0.1 Ω.

Neglecting the excitation losses, evaluate:

 the power delivered by the motor (4950 W)

 the armature joule losses (360 W)

 the mechanical and iron losses (together) (1290 W)

 the supply voltage required to double the motor speed when the absorbed
current is equal to 50 A (consider the flux to be constant) (213 V).
 Exercises on DC Machine – Ex #2
A permanent magnet DC motor is given, with the following data:
 Torque constant kT = 0.8 Nm/A

 armature resistance Ra = 0.75 Ω

If the motor is supplied with a voltage equal to Va =200 V, evaluate the

absorbed and delivered power in the following rotating conditions (no
mechanical and iron losses):
1. ωr = 230 rad/s (Pin = 4267 W, Pout = 3919 W, Motor)
2. ωr = 280 rad/s (Pin = 7168 W, Pout = 6400 W, Brake)

3. Evaluate the rotating speed of the motor when it is lifting a 500 kg

load; the mechanical reduction (supposed ideal) allows to lift the
load of 2 cm every complete revolution of the motor (232 rad/s).
 Exercises on DC Machine – Ex #3
A separately excited DC motor, supplied at the voltage of Va = 600V and Vexc
= 600V delivers at the shaft a power equal to Pout = 25 kW, while absorbing a
current equal to Ia = 46 A.
The armature resistance is Ra = 0,64 Ω, and the total excitation resistance is
Rexc = 460 Ω.

Evaluate:
the losses in the motor (Pja = 1354W, Pjecc = 783W, PFe + Pav = 1246W)
the absorbed no load current I0 (2.1 A)
the efficiency when the mechanical output power is equal to 25 kW (0.88)
the thermal resistance machine-ambient (Rth) if the steady state
overtemperature in continuous service (S1) is equal to 100°C when the
delivered power is 25 kW(0.029°C/W)
 Exercises on DC Machine – Ex #4
A separately excited DC motor for railway traction presents the following data:
Prated = 1600 kW Vrated = 2000 V Irated = 850 A
Istart = 1100 A Ra = 0.138 Ω nN = 990 rpm nmax = 1650 rpm
The excitation current is electronically regulated to be always: Iecc = 0.235 Ia.
Evaluate:
 the rated torque of the motor (15433 Nm)

 the armature supply voltage of the motor at 500 rpm and rated torque (1068 V)

 the delivered torque when the motor absorbs a current equal to 500 A (5340 Nm).

During braking, the machine works as a generator, disconnected from the

supply and connected to a braking resistance; the excitation current is
maintained at the value before braking; evaluate:
 the required resistance to brake with a maximum current equal to Istart (consider
that the machine was working at rated voltage and current) (≥ 1.573 Ω).
 Exercises on DC Machine – Ex #5
A series excited DC motor is supplied at the rated voltage of 1000 V. The motor
is started with the insertion of a series resistance equal to 2.2 Ω, delivering a
starting torque equal to 7000 Nm and absorbing a current equal to 400 A.
With the starting resistance disconnected, the motor delivers in rated
conditions a torque equal to 3600 Nm.

Evaluate:
 the parameters of the equivalent circuit ( Rexc – Ra – Kt ) (in this case Rexc =
Ra) ( (Ra = Recc = 0.15Ω, Kt = 43.75 10-3 Nm/A2).
 the rotation speed (695 rpm)
 the required supply voltage to increase the speed value of 10%, under the
hypothesis that the resistent torque is proportional to the speed (1143 V).
 Exercises on DC Machine – Ex #6
A locomotor that must be supplied by the line voltage VL = 3000V is equipped
with 12 series excited DC motors with the following nameplate data:
PN = 300 kW VN = 1000 V IN = 350 A
Ra = 0.15 Ω Rexc = 0.25 Ω nN = 1000 rpm

At start all the motors are connected in series; evaluate:

 the required starting resistance Rstart to limit the starting current at the value
of 500 A (1.2 Ω)
 the speed of the motors when, disconnected the starting resistance, the
absorbed current is equal to the rated one (128 rpm).

To obtain the maximum speed of the locomotor, the motors are connected to
get 4 parallels of the 3 motors in series; evaluate:
 the speed of the motors when, with the starting resistance inserted, the
motors absorb the rated current (350 rpm).