Power Quality Analysis

Methara Sugar Factory Power Quality Assessment and Mitigation Project 2011
ADDIS ABABA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND COMPUTER
ENGINEERING
Power Quality and Reliability

ECEG 7401
Assessment of Power Quality Problem

(A Case Study of Metehara’s Sugar Factory)
By: Kiros Tesfay GSR/1792/03

Melaku Desta GSR/4912/03
Solomon Kiros GSR/1778/03
Tigst Shenkut GSR/3209/03
Wegderes Bekele GSR/3200/02
Submitted to: Dr. Getachew Biru

June 25, 2011
Chapter 2: Literature Review Page 1

ABSTRACT
As the main objective of the project is to assess the power quality of Metahara’s
Sugar factory; a detailed assessment has been taken place. Base on the measured
data’s a comparison has been considered between the measured and the standard
values. Based on the comparison a mitigation process to the problem has been
considered by designing of passive filters, power factor correction.
As stated above, in this semester work modelling and simulation of the designed
passive filters, power factor correction and the power system of the factory by
MATLab software has been taken place.

Table of Contents
ABSTRACT ..................................................................................................... 2
CHAPTER 1 .................................................................................................... 8
1. INTRODUCTION .................................................................................... 8
1.1. FACTORY OVERVIEW ..................................................................... 8
1.1.1. POWER PLANT ................................................................................. 8
1.1.2. BOILER PLANT.................................................................................. 9
1.1.3. EVAPORATOR CONTROL PANEL ......................................................... 9
1.1.4. CRYSTALLIZATION PROCESS ............................................................. 9
1.2. OBJECTIVES ...................................................................................... 10
1.3. METHODOLOGY.................................................................................. 11
1.3.1. OBSERVATION AND INSPECTION ....................................................... 11
1.3.2. POWER GENERATION ...................................................................... 11
1.3.3. GRID SUPPLY ................................................................................. 12
1.3.4. MEASUREMENT .............................................................................. 12
CHAPTER 2 .................................................................................................. 13
2. LITERATURE REVIEW ................................................................... 13
2.1. SHORT-DURATION VOLTAGE ...................................................... 13
2.1.1. INTERRUPTION .............................................................................. 13
2.1.2. SAGS (DIPS) ................................................................................... 14
2.1.3. SWELLS.......................................................................................... 14
2.2. LONG DURATION VARIATIONS ................................................... 15
2.2.1. OVER-VOLTAGE ............................................................................ 15
2.2.2. UNDER-VOLTAGE ......................................................................... 15
2.2.3. SUSTAINED INTERRUPTIONS ...................................................... 15
2.3. VOLTAGE IMBALANCE ................................................................. 16
2.4. DC OFFSET .................................................................................... 16
2.5. HARMONICS .................................................................................. 16
2.6. INTER-HARMONICS....................................................................... 17
2.7. NOTCHING ..................................................................................... 17
2.8. NOISE ............................................................................................. 18
2.9. VOLTAGE FLUCTUATION ............................................................. 18
2.10. POWER FREQUENCY VARIATIONS............................................. 18
2.11. POWER FACTOR ........................................................................... 19
2.12. K FACTOR ...................................................................................... 19

CHAPTER 3 .................................................................................................. 21
3. DATA MEASUREMENT AND RECORD .......................................... 21
3.1. OVERVIEW OF THE MEASURING DEVICE .................................. 21
3.1.1. FUNCTIONALITY OF THE DEVICE ............................................... 21
3.1.2. KEY EXPLANATIONS OF THE SCREEN OF THE DEVICE .......... 22
3.1.3. PRACTICAL SETUP FOR DATA MEASUREMENTS .................... 24
CHAPTER 4 .................................................................................................. 31
4. DATA OBSERVATION AND ANALYSIS .......................................... 31
4.1. MEASURED DATA OF TRANSFORMER #8 ................................. 33
4.2. MEASURED DATA OF TRANSFORMER #9 ................................. 35
4.3. MEASURED DATA OF TRANSFORMER #12 ............................... 37
CHAPTER 5 .................................................................................................. 42
5. POWER QUALITY PROBLEM MITIGATION .................................. 42
5.1. DESIGN OF HARMONIC FILTER AND POWER FACTOR
CORRECTION ............................................................................................... 42
5.1.1. DESIGN FOR TRANSFORMER #8 ................................................ 42
5.1.2. DESIGN FOR TRANSFORMER #9 ................................................ 45
CHAPTER 6 .................................................................................................. 47
6. MODELING AND SIMULATION ..................................................... 47
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ............................................... 52
REFERENCES ............................................................................................... 53
APPENDICES................................................................................................ 54

LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1 Over view of Methara sugar cane factory process .................................................... 10
Figure 2: Waveform Imbalance ............................................................................................... 16
Figure 3: Front Panel Enhanced View ..................................................................................... 22
Figure 4: Front Panel Enhanced View ..................................................................................... 23
Figure 5 Front Panel Enhanced View ...................................................................................... 24
Figure 6: Front Panel Enhanced View .................................................................................... 25
Figure 7 (a & b) Measurement Layout ..................................................................................... 25
Figure 8 : Partial single line diagram of the factories power system ....................................... 26

LIST OF TABLES
Table 1: IEEE 159, 1159-1995 Power Quality Standards ....................................................... 31
Table 2: Summarized view of the data measured from transformer #8 .................................. 35
Table 3: Summarized view of the data measured from transformer #9Error! Bookmark not
defined.
Table 4: Summarized view of the data measured from transformer #12Error! Bookmark not
defined.
Table 5: Summarized recorded data from transformer #8, 9 and 12 ...................................... 42
Table 6: Power panel #49 ........................................................................................................ 67
Table 7: Power Panel 12 ......................................................................................................... 67
Table 10: Power Panel 50 ....................................................................................................... 69

NOMENCLATURE
THD: Total Harmonic Distortion

TDD: Total Demand Distortion
THD I: Total Harmonic Distortion of Current
THD V: Total Harmonic Distortion of Voltage
Qsum : Sum of The Reactive Power
Psum : Sum of Active Power
Ssum : Sum of The Apparent Power
Kvar: Kilo Volt Ampere Reactive
Kva: Kilo Volt Ampere
KW: Kilo Watt
V: Voltage
A: Ampere
Vpeak: Peak Voltage
V+Peak: Positive Peak Voltage
V-Peak: Negative Peak Voltage
Vunb: Voltage Imbalance
AFC: Automatic Frequency Control
PF: Power Factor Correction
MVA: Mega Volt Ampere
MW: Mega Watt
Vave : Average Voltage
Vrms : Average Voltage
EEPCO: Ethiopia Electric Power Cooperation

Chapter 1
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1. FACTORY OVERVIEW

In this paper the power quality of Methara Sugar Factory is evaluated. For observed
power quality problems in the power system of the factory, appropriate mitigation
alternatives are given.
Methara Sugar Factory has two extraction tandems named as: tandem A and
Tandem B. Tandem A has three mills where as Tandem B have five mills.
The sugarcane cut by people after it is burned by fire will be supplied to the two
feeder tables of the Tandem, and then the two feeder tables will also supply to the
three carriers of tandem A. There are two knives which are used to cut the sugar
cane in to smaller pieces than the former one. These knives have two motors which
uses a voltage of 380 V and 3000 V (one of the two motors uses 380 V where as the
other motor uses 3000 V, which directly comes from the main bus bar of the
factory). Since tandem A has only three mills, it has a diffuser plant which helps the
three mills of the tandem to give better extraction. After sugar is extracted the waste
material will be supplied to the boiler plant to be used as a fire (energy) to heat
water to produce steam for the power plant and other processes of the factory.
1.1.1. Power Plant

The power plant has three turbines connected with three generators. The two
turbines have a speed of 7500 rpm where as the remaining turbine has a speed of
12000 rpm. Each generator produces a power of 3180 W to give a total power of
around 9000 W. Even though the power generating capacity of the power plant is
9000 W only 6000 W is in use by different processes of the sugar factory.
The main bus bar of the factory gets power from three different sources. These are:
1. Power from Steam power plant

2. Power from EEPCO(Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation)
3. Power from Diesel
Among these different sources they have, they power from the steam power plant;
but the other two sources mentioned on number 2 and 3 are stand by to be used if
the supply from the steam power plant fails.

The supplies from the steam power plant and EEPCO are synchronized by a
synchronizer from ABB Company. This time its former manual nit 3control system is
replaced by automatic control system.
1.1.2. Boiler Plant

The boiler plant has four steam generating units numbered from 1 to 4. Unit 4
produces 40 tons/hour to 55 tons/hour of steam and the other three units (i.e. unit 1
to unit 3) produces 28 tons/hour to 32 tons/hour of steam each. The steam
generated from each unit of the boiler plant is supplied to four different processes of
the sugar factory (i.e. Tandem A, Tandem B, Power plant and Process makeup) and
to the newly established ethanol factory.
The boiler plant uses Rankine cycle to produce the required steam at high
temperature to supply the different processes of the factory. The main components
of the Rankine cycle are the dearator, feed water pump, economizer upper and
lower drum and super heater. The dearator converts the steam temperature from
95oC to 105oC, and this will be goes to the economizer to be converted in to a steam
with a temperature of 130oC. Then the steam at a temperature of 130oC will be
supplied to the drum to be converted in to a temperature of 270 oC, finally this steam
will be converted in to a temperature of 350oC to 380oC in the super heater and it
will be accumulated in the manifold before it is used by different processes of the
factory.
1.1.3. Evaporator Control Panel
The evaporator control panel gas different control panels set at different
temperature values to automatically control the operation of different tankers used
for evaporation process. In this process the water and dusts from the sugar will be
removed to get a crystallized white sugar of different size. When the sugar reaches
the first evaporation tank it will boil at a temperature of 75 oC to kill some bacteria,
and then some amount of Nora and Din (sulfide) will be added to make the sugar
white. To remove the flash it will be again boiled at 102 oC. Finally, to remove the
water totally from the sugar, it will boil at four different decreasing temperature
ranges i.e. 108oC to 111oC, 92oC to 95oC, 82oC to 88oC and 54oC to 60oC.
1.1.4. Crystallization Process

The plant in this process converts the sugar in to three different sugar crystals
named as crystal A, crystal C and crystal D. The byproduct of A is used to produce
crystal C, and again the byproduct of C is used to produce crystal D. Crystal A is the
commercially used sugar type. The size of crystal A ranges from 0.95mm to 1.05mm,
but the export size is around 0.75mm.

Finally, the sugar stored in the receiver will goes to the separation unit; and after it is
washed twice it will be send in to the dryer to separate the dust. The dust is
separated by applying steam and heat to the dryer.
Generally, after this long process the required sugar at the required size will be
produced and packed to be distributed to the consumer. The production capacity of
the factory is 5000 to 6000 Kuntal per day.
Figure 1 Over view of Methara sugar cane factory process
1.2. Objectives
The main objective of this project is to assess the power quality of Metahara Sugar
factory. As power quality monitoring is to diagnose incompatibilities between the
electric power source and the load; in others words, it is to evaluate the electrical
environment at a particular location to refine modeling techniques or to develop a
power quality baseline. As a result a comparison will be considered between the
measured and the standard values. To the problems a mitigation process will be
considered by designing of passive filters, power factor correction and other
corrective measures.
The objectives of power quality assessment for this particular project will use a
power quality analyzer for different data measurement. The designed system will
also be modeled and simulated by MATLab software.

1.3. Methodology
The visit team has employed different types of data collecting techniques. These
include observation and inspection, measurement, interview and finding recorded
data.
1.3.1. Observation and inspection
The team has observed the overall factory structure of electrical systems and its
production processes for two hours. The main process steps are cane supply, juice
extraction, juice clarification, evaporation, boiling, crystallization, separation, and
drying and bagging.
For each process of producing sugar, well-defined equipment and manufacturing
methods are used. The factory is an energy-intensive industry. An average of 24kWh
of electricity per ton of cane crushed is consumed.
The electrical system structures include steam turbine and standby generators, step
down transformer for the grid supply(in case of emergency, start up of the mill and
maintenance period), step down transformers, underground cables ,switch board
panels, capacitor banks, induction motors and control panels , harmonic filters
embedded on the control panels, voltage regulators.
1.3.2. Power generation
In the step of juice extraction, the bagasse is coming out to the boiler generating
heat and power. The heat is fed to the steam turbine driving the mills (three series
individual mills) used to extract juice from crushed cane. The three generators are
installed to be fed by steam energy coming out from the boiler to generate 3.18 MW
each. The output power is delivered to double bus bar through PVC cables.
The three generators are employed to supply sufficient power for the all of
production process, workshop, and lighting in the factory, factory village and staff
compound.
Electric motors (all are AC, 3-phase induction squirrel cage type) are driving various
drives as;
 Cane unloading equipment
 Cane carriers
 Cane preparatory devices like, knives, fiberizers, shredders, etc
 Milling and diffuser plants
 Different pumps
 Centrifugal machines
 Crystallizers and agitators
 Conveyers, blowers, air compressors, workshop equipments

1.3.3. Grid supply
The factory receives electrical power from the national power at 15kv, 3-phase 50Hz
supply during off crop period and for continues usage for irrigation throughout the
year. The voltage 15kv is stepped down to 3kv by the transformers (two
transformers having 1000kVA have been installed). In the irrigation plant, the
voltage is stepped down to 0.4kv.
1.3.4. Measurement
The team has been mainly devoted to measure the power quality quantities and
variables. The target cites intended at which measurement would be taken were two
groups. The one is located in the cane farmland in that five water pumps have been
installed and supplied by national grid network. Unfortunately, supply interruption
made the task not to be carried out. Another cite was selected in the factory at three
different places, the first place was at which power is supplying to mills and other
loads demanding 1MW, the second one is delivering power to centrifugal machines
requiring 1000KVA, and the third one is employed for workshop and lighting. The
third place was not suitable for pin connection to measure. Thus, the team has taken
proper measurement at two places and the measured values have been illustrated in
the following tables.

Chapter 2
2. LITERATURE REVIEW
The term power quality refers to the characteristics of the voltage and current at a
given time and location on a power system. Gerry Heydt in Electric Power Quality
defines power quality as “the measure, analysis, and improvement of bus voltage,
usually a load bus voltage, to maintain that voltage to be a sinusoid at rated voltage
and frequency.” The type of equipment being used by the end user affects power
quality at the end-user level. Roger Dugan, Mark McGranaghan, and Wayne Beaty in
Electrical Power Systems Quality define a power quality problem as “any power
problem manifested in voltage, current, or frequency deviations that results in
failure or missed operation of utility or end user equipment.” Economists and power
marketers see power as a product and power quality as a measure of the quality of
that product.
2.1. Short-Duration Voltage

Short-duration voltage variations are almost always caused by fault conditions, the
energization of large loads that require high starting currents, or intermittent loose
connections in power wiring. Depending on the fault location and the system
conditions, the fault can cause either temporary voltage rises (swells) or voltage
drops (sags), or a complete loss of voltage (interruptions). The fault condition can be
close to or remote from the point of interest. In either case, the impact on the
voltage during the actual fault condition is a short duration variation. Changes in
current which fall into the duration and magnitude categories are also included in
short-duration variations.
2.1.1. Interruption
An interruption occurs when the supply voltage or load current decreases to less
than 0.1 pu for a period of time not exceeding 1 min.
Interruptions can be the result of power system faults, equipment failures, and
control malfunctions. The interruptions are measured by their duration since the
voltage magnitude is always less than 10% of nominal. The duration of an
interruption due to a fault on the utility system is determined by utility protective
devices and the particular event that is causing the fault. The duration of an
interruption due to equipment malfunctions or loose connections can be irregular.
The duration of the interruption will depend on the reclosing capability of the
protective device. Instantaneous reclosing generally will limit the interruption

caused by a non-permanent fault to less than 30 cycles. Delayed reclosing of the

protective device may cause a momentary or temporary interruption.
Figure 4.1 Short-duration voltage variations
2.1.2. Sags (Dips)
Terminology used to describe the magnitude of voltage sag is often confusing. The
recommended usage is “a sag to 20%,” which means that the line voltage is reduced
down to 20% of the normal value, not reduced by 20%. Using the preposition “of”
(as in “a sag of 20%,” or implied in “a 20% sag”) is deprecated. This preference is
consistent with IEC practice, and with most disturbance analyzers that also report
remaining voltage. Just as an unspecified voltage designation is accepted to mean
line-to-line potential, so an unspecified sag magnitude will refer to the remaining
voltage. Where possible, the nominal or base voltage and the remaining voltage
should be specified.
Voltage sags are usually associated with system faults but can also be caused by
switching of heavy loads or starting of large motors. Typical fault clearing times
range from 3 to 30 cycles, depending on the fault current magnitude and the type of
overcurrent detection and interruption. Voltage sags can also be caused by large
load changes or motor starting. An induction motor will draw six to ten times its full
load current during starting. This lagging current causes a voltage drop across the
impedance of the system. If the current magnitude is large relative to the system
available fault current, the resulting voltage sag can be significant.
2.1.3. Swells
A swell is defined as an increase in rms voltage or current at the power frequency for
durations from 0.5 cycles to 1 min. typical magnitudes are between 1.1 and 1.8 pu.
Swell magnitude is also described by its remaining voltage, in this case, always
greater than 1.0.
As with sags, swells are usually associated with system fault conditions, but they are
much less common than voltage sags. A swell can occur due to a single line-to-
ground fault on the system resulting in a temporary voltage rise on the unfaulted
phases. Swells can also be caused by switching off a large load or switching on a
large capacitor bank.

Swells are characterized by their magnitude (rms value) and duration. The severity of
a voltage swell during a fault condition is a function of the fault location, system
impedance, and grounding.
2.2. Long Duration Variations

Long duration variations encompass rms deviations at power frequencies for longer
than 1 min. Long duration variations can be either overvoltages or under voltages,
depending on the cause of the variation. Overvoltages and undervoltages generally
are not the result of system faults. They are caused by load variations on the system
and system switching operations. These variations are characterized by plots of rms
voltage versus time.
2.2.1. Over-Voltage
Overvoltages can be the result of load switching (e.g., switching off a large load), or
variations in the reactive compensation on the system (e.g., switching on a capacitor
bank). Poor system voltage regulation capabilities or controls result in overvoltages.
Incorrect tap settings on transformers can also result in system overvoltages.
2.2.2. Under-Voltage
Undervoltages are the result of the events that are the reverse of the events that
cause overvoltages. A load switching on, or a capacitor bank switching off, can cause
an undervoltage until voltage regulation equipment on the system can bring the
voltage back to within tolerances. Overloaded circuits can result in undervoltages
also.
The term brownout is sometimes used to describe sustained periods of low power-
frequency voltage initiated as a specific dispatch strategy to reduce power delivery.
The type of disturbance described by brownout is basically the same as that
described by the term undervoltage defined here. Because there is no formal
definition for the term brownout, and because the term is not as clear as the term
undervoltage when trying to characterize a disturbance, the term brownout should
be avoided in future power quality activities in order to avoid confusion.
2.2.3. Sustained Interruptions
The decrease to zero of the supply voltage for a period of time in excess of 1 min is
considered a sustained interruption. Voltage interruptions longer than 1 min are
often permanent in nature and require manual intervention for restoration.
Sustained interruptions are specific power system phenomena and have no relation
to the usage of the term outage.

2.3. Voltage Imbalance

Voltage imbalance (or unbalance) is defined as the ratio of the negative or zero
sequence components to the positive sequence component. The negative or zero
sequence voltages in a power system generally result from unbalanced loads causing
negative or zero sequence currents to flow. Imbalance can be estimated as the
maximum deviation from the average of the three-phase voltages or currents,
divided by the average of the three phase voltages or currents, expressed in percent.
In equation form voltage imbalance = 100 * (max deviation from average

voltage)/average voltage
For example, with phase-to-phase voltage readings of 230, 232, and 225, the average
is 229. The maximum deviation from the average among the three readings is 4. The
percent imbalance is 100* 4/229 = 1.7%.
The primary source of voltage imbalance less than 2% is unbalanced single phase
loads on a three-phase circuit. Voltage imbalance can also be the result of capacitor
bank anomalies, such as a blown fuse on one phase of a three-phase bank. Severe
voltage imbalance (greater than 5%) can result from single-phasing conditions.
Figure 2: Waveform Imbalance
2.4. DC Offset
The presence of a dc voltage or current in an ac power system is termed dc offset.
This phenomenon can occur as the result of a geomagnetic disturbance or due to the
effect of half-wave rectification. Incandescent light bulb life extenders, for example,
may consist of diodes that reduce the rms voltage supplied to the light bulb by half-
wave rectification. Direct current in alternating current networks can be detrimental
due to an increase in transformer saturation, additional stressing of insulation, and
other adverse effects.
2.5. Harmonics
Harmonics are sinusoidal voltages or currents having frequencies that are integer
multiples of the frequency at which the supply system is designed to operate
(termed the fundamental frequency; usually 50 Hz or 60 Hz). Harmonics combine
with the fundamental voltage or current, and produce waveform distortion.
Harmonic distortion exists due to the nonlinear characteristics of devices and loads
on the power system.

These devices can usually be modeled as current sources that inject harmonic
currents into the power system. Voltage distortion results as these currents cause
nonlinear voltage drops across the system impedance. Harmonic distortion is a
growing concern for many customers and for the overall power system due to
increasing application of power electronics equipment.
Harmonic distortion levels can be characterized by the complete harmonic spectrum

with magnitudes and phase angles of each individual harmonic component. It is also
common to use a single quantity, the total harmonic distortion, as a measure of the
magnitude of harmonic distortion.
Harmonic currents result from the normal operation of nonlinear devices on the
power system. Current distortion levels can be characterized by a total harmonic
distortion, as described above, but this can often be misleading. For instance, many
adjustable speed drives will exhibit high total harmonic distortion values for the
input current when they are operating at very light loads. This is not a significant
concern because the magnitude of harmonic current is low, even though its relative
distortion is high.
Another term called total demand distortion (TDD) is the same as the total harmonic
distortion except that the distortion is expressed as a percent of some rated load
current rather than as a percent of the fundamental current magnitude.
2.6. Inter-Harmonics
Interharmonics can be found in networks of all voltage classes. They can appear as
discrete frequencies or as a wide-band spectrum. The main sources of interharmonic
waveform distortion are static frequency converters, cyclo-converters, induction
motors, and arcing devices. Power-line carrier signals can also be considered as
interharmonics.
2.7. Notching
Notching is a periodic voltage disturbance caused by the normal operation of power
electronics devices when current is commutated from one phase to another.
Voltage notching represents a special case that falls between transients and
harmonic distortion. Since notching occurs continuously (steady state), it can be
characterized through the harmonic spectrum of the affected voltage. However, the
frequency components associated with notching can be quite high and may not be
readily characterized with measurement equipment normally used for harmonic
analysis. Three-phase converters that produce continuous dc current are the most
important cause of voltage notching.

2.8. Noise
Noise is unwanted electrical signals with broadband spectral content lower than 200
kHz superimposed upon the power system voltage or current in phase conductors,
or found on neutral conductors or signal lines. Noise in power systems can be caused
by power electronic devices, control circuits, arcing equipment, loads with solid-
state rectifiers, and switching power supplies. Noise problems are often exacerbated
by improper grounding. Basically, noise consists of any unwanted distortion of the
power signal that cannot be classified as harmonic distortion or transients.
The frequency range and magnitude level of noise depend on the source, which
produces the noise and the system characteristics. A typical magnitude of noise is
less than 1% of the voltage magnitude. Noise disturbs electronic devices such as
microcomputer and programmable controllers. The problem can be mitigated by
using filters, isolation transformers, and some line conditioners.
2.9. Voltage Fluctuation

Voltage fluctuations are rapid changes in voltage within the allowable limits of
voltage magnitude of 0.95 to 1.05 pu of nominal voltage. Devices like electric arc
furnaces and welders that have continuous, rapid changes in load current cause
voltage fluctuations. Voltage fluctuations can cause incandescent and fluorescent
lights to blink rapidly. This blinking of lights is often referred to as “flicker.” This
change in light intensity occurs at frequencies of 6 to 8 Hz and is visible to the human
eye. It can cause people to have headaches and become stressed and irritable. It can
also cause sensitive equipment to malfunction. ?
2.10. Power Frequency Variations

The power system frequency is directly related to the rotational speed of the
generators on the system. At any instant, the frequency depends on the balance
between the load and the capacity of the available generation. When this dynamic
balance changes, small changes in frequency occur. The size of the frequency shift
and its duration depends on the load characteristics and the response of the
generation system to load changes.
Frequency variations that go outside of accepted limits for normal steady state
operation of the power system are normally caused by faults on the bulk power
transmission system, a large block of load being disconnected, or a large source of
generation going off-line.
Frequency variations that affect the operation of rotating machinery, or processes

that derive their timing from the power frequency (clocks), are rare on modern
interconnected power systems. Frequency variations of consequence are much more
likely to occur when such equipment is powered by a generator isolated from the
utility system. In such cases, governor response to abrupt load changes may not be

adequate to regulate within the narrow bandwidth required by frequency sensitive

equipment.
2.11. Power Factor

Power factor is a way to measure the amount of reactive power required to supply
an electrical system and an end-user’s facility. Reactive power represents wasted
electrical energy, because it does no useful work. Inductive loads require reactive
power and constitute a major portion of the power consumed in industrial plants.
Motors, transformers, fluorescent lights, arc welders, and induction heating furnaces
all use reactive power.
Nonlinear loads often shift the phase angle between the load current and voltage,
require reactive power to serve them, and cause low power factor. Linear motor
loads require reactive power to turn the rotating magnetic field in the motor and
cause low power factor. Nonlinear and linear loads that cause low power factor
include induction motors of all types, power electronic power converters, arc
welding machines, electric arc and induction furnaces, and fluorescent and other
types of arc lighting.
Active power is the power to do useful work, such as turning a motor or running a
pump, and is measured in kilowatts (kW). Electrical equipment needs active power
to convert electrical energy into mechanical energy. Reactive power is the power
required to provide a magnetic field to ferromagnetic equipment, like motors and
transformers, and does no useful work. Reactive power is measured in kilovolt-
amperes–reactive (kVAR). Apparent power or demand power is the total power
needed to serve a load. It is measured in kilovolt amperes (kVA) and is the vector
sum of reactive and active power.
2.12. K Factor
ANSI/IEEE Standard C57 series addresses the problem of harmonics causing

transformers to overheat. It does this by setting so-called K factor ratings of
transformers. Harmonics’ major effect on transformers is to increase losses and
heating in transformers. They increase both load and no-load losses. They increase
load losses by causing skin effects, increasing eddy-current, I2R, and stray losses.
They increase no-load losses by increasing hysteresis losses. IEEE and UL have
adopted standards to either derate regular transformers or to design special
transformers that can withstand the effect of harmonics. These specially designed
transformers are called K-factor transformers.
Then the k factor is calculated by the following formula.

Where
Ih = harmonic current
h = harmonic value.
This formula shows how to calculate K factor by summing the product of each
harmonic current squared and the harmonic order squared and dividing by the
summation of the harmonic current squared. Then, calculate the increased eddy
current losses due to harmonics by multiplying the rated eddy current losses by the
K factor.

Chapter 3
3. DATA MEASUREMENT AND RECORD
3.1. Overview of the Measuring Device
3.1.1. Functionality of the Device

The power quality analyzer is a device that has the ability to measure the following
quantities simultaneously.
 High speed voltage quality parameter: Transient overvoltage (impulse)
 RMS voltage quality parameters: Voltage swell (surge), voltage dip (sag), and
instantaneous voltage interruption
 Power quality parameters: Frequency, voltage, current, active power, apparent
power, reactive power, power factor (displacement power factor)
 3-Phase quality parameters: Voltage unbalance factor, current unbalance factor
 Harmonic quality parameters: Harmonic voltage, current and power; inter-harmonic
voltage and current; harmonic voltage and current phase angle; total harmonic
voltage and current distortion factors (THD-F, THD-R); total inter-harmonic voltage
and current distortion factors (THD-F, THD-R)
 Other parameters K factor, flicker
We have used a Japan made device called HOKI. This device measure and display all
the parameters listed above. Here below we have kept some pictures that explain
the operational features of the device.
Chapter 3: Data Measurement And Record

3.1.2. Key Explanations of the Screen of the Device
Figure 3: Front Panel Enhanced View


Figure 5 Front Panel Enhanced View
3.1.3. Practical Setup for Data Measurements

Figure 7 (a & b) Measurement Layout

Figure 8 : Partial single line diagram of the factories power system
Chapter 3: Data Measurement And Record Page 26





Chapter 4
4. DATA OBSERVATION AND ANALYSIS
Table 1: IEEE 159, 1159-1995 Power Quality Standards
Categories Typical Duration Typical Voltage
Magnitude
1. Short duration variations
1.1 Instantaneous
Sag 0.5–30 cycles 0.1–0.9 pu
Swell 0.5–30 cycles 1.1–1.8 pu
1.2 Momentary
Interruption 0.5 cycles –3 s < 0.1 pu
Sag 30 cycles–3 s 0.1–0.9 pu
Swell 30 cycles–3 s 1.1–1.4 pu
1.3 Temporary
Interruption 3 s–1 min < 0.1 pu
Sag 4 s–1 min 0.1–0.9 pu
Swell 5 s–1 min 1.1–1.2 pu
2. Short duration variations

2.1 Interruption, sustained > 1 min 0.0 pu
2.2 Undervoltage > 1 min 0.8–0.9 pu
2.3 Overvoltage > 1 min 1.1–1.2 pu
3. Voltage imbalance steady state 0.5–2%
4. Waveform distortion
4.1 DC offset steady state 0–0.1%
4.2 Harmonics steady state 0–20%
69 kV and below 5% THD
Voltage 69 kV to 161 kV 2.5% THD
Above 161 kV 1.5% THD
4.3 Interharmonics steady state 0–2%
4.4 Notching steady state
4.5 Noise steady state 0–1%
4.6 Voltage fluctuations Intermittent 0.95 to 1.05 pu
4.7 Power frequency variation < 10 s ± 0.5 (50 or 60Hz )

4.1. Measured Data of Transformer #8
Recorded Power Data

Active Power (P) –KW
Phases R S T Psum
Reading 1 354 383 381 1118.00
Reading 2 393 418 419 1230.00
All readings
373.50 400.50 400.00 2348.00
Average
Reactive Power (Q) - KVAr

Phases R S T Ssum
Reading 1 704.00 746 698 2148.00
Reading 2 673 711 670 2054.00
All readings
688.50 728.50 684.00 1400.67
Average
Apparent Power (S) – VA

Phases R S T Qsum
Reading 1 788 838 795 2421.00
Reading 2 780 825 784 2389.00
All readings
784.00 831.50 789.50 2405.00
Average
Power Factor (PF)

Phases R S T
Reading 1 0.4489 0.4573 0.4788
Reading 2 0.5042 0.5065 0.5618
All readings
0.477 0.482 0.520
Average

Voltage (V) Current (I)

V1 V2 V3 V4 I1 I2 I3 I4
227.52 227.44 227.37 0.46 0.3426 0.3624 0.3447 6.28 A
KA KA KA
227.62 227.62 227.55 0.27 0.3462 0.3686 0.3495 9.98 A
KA KA KA
227.39 227.29 227.23 V 0.29 V 0.4223 0.4445 0.4267 7.89 A
V V KA KA KA
227.33 227.36 227.26 0.23 0.322 0.3429 0.3223 8.10 A
V V KA KA KA
227.39 227.29 227.23 V 0.29 V
V V THDI
227.39 227.33 227.36 V 0.23
V V THD-1 THD-2 THD-3 THD-4
THD V 3.85% 3.70% 4.13% 29.68%
THD-1 THD-2 THD-3 THD-4 2.34% 2.21% 2.58% 25.54%
1.08% 1.07% 0.99% 70.97%
1.01% 1.01% 1.02% 50.30%
Peak voltage -V
Positive Peak Vrms(ave)
voltage(KV) V+Peak 1 V+Peak 2 V+Peak 3 V+Peak 4 V Vunb
Reading 1 0.3225 0.3215 0.3206 0.66 227.30 0.10%
Reading 2 0.3223 0.3215 0.3207 0.61 227.37 0.09%
Average 0.3224 0.3215 0.32065 0.635 227.335
Peak voltage -V
Negative Peak
voltage V-Peak 1 V-Peak 2 V-Peak 3 V-Peak 4 Vrms(ave) Vunb
Reading 1 -0.3218 -0.3215 -0.3210 -0.64 227.30 0.10%
Reading 2 -0.3218 -0.3221 -0.3208 -0.57 227.37 0.09%
Average -0.3218 -0.3218 -0.3209 -0.605 227.335
DC offset
Peak (V) VPeak 1 Vpeak 2 VPeak 3 VPeak 4 Vrms(ave)
Positive Peak
average 322.4 321.5 320.65 0.635
Negative Peak
227.335
average -321.8 -321.8 -320.9 -0.605
-
DC offset 0.263928 -0.13196 0.10997 0.000132

Frequency Record
No Time Frequency No Time Frequency
1 11:00:29 50.702 10 11:26:16 50.809
2 11:18:02 50.407 11 11:26:52 50.705
3 11:18:43 50.640 12 11:26:16 50.708
4 11:11:21 50.723 13 11:27:21 50.508
5 11:11:56 50.843 14 11:27:51 50.550
6 11:13:47 50.729 15 11:38:07 50.517
7 11:21:42 50.557
8 11:25:06 50.827
9 11:25:40 50.523

Recorded Power Data
Active Power (P) -KW Reactive Power (Q) - KVAr
Phases R S T Psum Pav Phases R S T Qsum Qav
Reading 1 121.5 122.8 118.7 363.00 121.00 Reading 1 131.30 128.10 132.90 392.30 130.77
Reading 2 194.80 199.60 193.50 587.90 195.97 Reading 2 123.40 117.70 126.30 367.40 122.47
Reading 3 72.70 73.00 69.60 215.30 71.77 Reading 3 143.00 141.20 143.70 427.90 142.63
All readings All readings
129.67 131.80 127.27 388.73 129.58 132.57 129.00 134.30 395.87 131.96
Average Average
Apparent Power (S) - VA Power Factor (PF)

Phases R S T Ssum Sav Phases R S T PFav
Reading 1 178.90 177.50 178.20 534.60 178.20 Reading 1 0.6791 0.692 0.6663 0.6791
Reading 2 230.6 231.7 231.1 693.40 231.13 Reading 2 0.8447 0.8614 0.8374 0.8478
Reading 3 160.4 158.9 159.7 479.00 159.67 Reading 3 0.4534 0.4591 0.4358 0.4494
All readings All readings
189.97 189.37 189.67 569.00 189.67 0.66 0.67 0.65 0.66
Average Average
Table:
Frequency Record
No Time Frequency No Time Frequency
1 16:33:42 51.076 10 16:42:07 51.030
2 16:34:55 51.048 11 16:42:31 51.022
3 16:35:14 50.983 12 16:43:15 51.186
4 16:35:39 51.027 13 16:43:33 51.138
5 16:36:06 51.977 14 16:44:11 51.118
6 16:36:27 51.975 15 16:44:32 51.042
7 16:38:27 51.000 16 16:48:01 51.096
8 16:39:35 51.002 17 16:48:28 51.044
9 16:41:24 51.076 18 16:48:38 51.011

Table:
Readings Voltage (V) Readings Curent (A)

Phases R S T N Phases R S T N
Reading 1 224.06 223.81 223.88 0.37 Reading 1 798.3 793.1 795.7 15.22
Reading 2 223.28 222.98 223.28 0.56 Reading 2 1033 1039 1034.9 13.84
Reading 3 224.67 224.32 224.21 0.41 Reading 3 713.9 708.4 712.2 15.90
Reading 4 224.56 224.22 224.13 0.49 Reading 4 778.30 773.40 768.50 14.24
Reading 5 224.21 223.92 224.08 0.51
THD -V THD - I
Reading THD-1 THD-2 THD-3 THD-4 Reading1 1.28%
Reading 1 0.52% 0.56% 0.52% 9.94% Reading2 1.73%
Reading 2 0.62% 0.66% 0.62% 8.99%
Table:
Peak voltage -V
Positive Peak
voltage V+Peak 1 V+Peak 2 V+Peak 3 V+Peak 4 Vrms(ave)
Reading 1 324.20 321.00 321.60 1.12 224.30
Reading 2 322.20 321.00 321.20 0.79 224.07
Average 323.2 321 321.4 0.955 224.185
Peak voltage -V
Negative Peak
voltage V-Peak 1 V-Peak 2 V-Peak 3 V-Peak 4 Vrms(ave)
Reading 1 -325.00 -322.90 -322.30 -1.12 224.30
Reading 2 -321.80 -321.00 -321.80 -0.83 224.07
Average -323.4 -321.95 -322.05 -0.975 224.185
DC offset
Peak VPeak 1 Vpeak 2 VPeak 3 VPeak 4 Vrms(ave)
Positive Peak
average 323.2 321 321.4 0.955
Negative Peak 224.185
average -323.4 -321.95 -322.05 -0.975
DC offset -0.08921 -0.42376 -0.28994 -0.00892
Table:



Table 2: Summarized view of the data measured from transformer #8

Deviation from the
Measured data (Max,Min)
Problem Category Standard standard Observation Possible Causes Comment
Min Max Min Max
Voltage – Sag 0.1-0.9 pu __ __
Voltage – Swell 1.1-1.8 pu __ __

Normal
1.0329 pu 1.0345 pu No
Operation
Under voltage 0.8-0.9 pu __ __
Overvoltage 1.1-1.2 pu __ __
Voltage Imbalance 0.5-2% 0.02% 0.03% NO Normal __ __
Dc Offset 0-0.1% 0.019% 0.264% 0.019 0.164 Not Normal __
Harmonics (THD U) <5% 1.005 % 60.635 % 0 55.635% Normal __ __
Harmonics (THD I) <10% 2.955 % 27.61 % 0 17.16% Normal __ __
Presence of inductive
0.458 Power factor
Power Factor 0.9 -1 pu 0.462 0.542 0.4380 Not Normal Loads, Unfunctional PF
Correction
correction
Power Frequency Poor governor Implementing
50 ±0.5 50.407Hz 50.843Hz 0 0.343 Not Normal
Variation Control system AFC system

Deviation from
Measured data Possible Causes
Problem Category Standard the standard Observation Comment
of deviation
Min Max Min Max
Voltage – Swell 1.1-1.8 pu __ __

1.0108pu 1.021pu No No Normal Operation
Under-voltage 0.8-0.9 pu __ __
Voltage Imbalance 0.5-2% 0.09% 0.1% Normal Operation __ __

Dc Offset 0-0.1% 0.13% -0.26% Not Normal
Harmonics (THD V) <5% 0.52% 0.62%
Harmonics (THD I) <10%

1. Un-compensated
Inductive Load
Power Factor 0.9-1.0
Power Frequency Poor governor Implementing

±0.5 1Hz 1.98Hz Not Normal
Variation Control system AFC system


Measured data Deviation from the
Problem Category standard Observation Possible Causes Comment
Min
(Max,Min) Max Min Max
standard (max,min)
Voltage – Swell 1.1-1.8 pu 1.045227 1.048682 No No __ __
Normal Operation
Under voltage 0.8-0.9 pu __ __
Voltage Imbalance 0.5-2% 0.09% 0.1% No No Normal Operation __ __
DC Offset 0-0.1% 0.0000 0.1302 No 0.03 Not Normal __ __
Harmonics (THDU) <5% 0.980% 1.15% No No Normal __ __
Harmonics (THD I) <10% 3.85% 8.59% No No Normal __ __
Power Factor 0.95-1.00 pu 0.9123 0.9294 No No Normal __ __
Power Frequency 50.96 Poor governor Implementing
±0.5 50.699Hz 0.199HZ 0.46 HZ Not Normal
Variation Hz Control system AFC system

Chapter 5
5. POWER QUALITY PROBLEM MITIGATION
There are four ways to mitigate and prevent power quality problems:
 Design equipment and electrical systems to prevent electrical disturbances
from causing equipment or systems to malfunction.
 Analyze the symptoms of a power quality problem to determine its cause and
solution.
 Identify the medium that is transmitting the electrical disturbance and
reduce or eliminate the effect of that medium.
 Treat the symptoms of the power quality problem by the use of power
conditioning equipment. Power conditioning equipment mitigates a power
quality problem when it occurs.
In this project filter and power factor design is considered
5.1. Design of Harmonic Filter and Power Factor Correction
Filtering the dominant harmonics frequency can reduce the effect of harmonics on
equipments. There are several filters available to perform this function. The series filter
design is considered in this project and can be used to filter harmonics at a particular
frequency.
Table 5: Summarized recorded data from transformer #8, 9 and 12
Active Reactive Apparent Rated

Measured Loadings Power Power Power Power
(kW) (kVAr) (kVA) Factor
Average reading from Transformer #8 117.5 211.0 240.5 0.50
Average reading from Transformer #9 388.9 398.5 569.0 0.66
Average reading from Transformer #12
5.1.1. Design for Transformer #8
a) Selecting a tuned frequency for the filter: The tuned frequency is selected based on the
harmonic characteristics of the loads involved. Since the filter is a single frequency
harmonic filter of the filtering should select the dominant harmonic frequency generated
by the load. In this case, the filter design will be the seventh harmonic tuned filter.
Methara Sugar Factory Power Quality Assessment and Mitigation Project
b) Compute capacitor bank size and the resonant frequency: the filter and the capacitor
bank size are designed based on the load reactive power requirement for power factor
correction. In our case, currently there is no any capacitor bank installed on transformer
#8. Thus we design a filter and power factor corrector which would improve the power
factor of the loads from the existing 0.45 power factor reading to 0.90. Thus, the net
reactive power from the filter required to correct from the existing 45 to 90 percent
power factor can be computed as follows:
Power diagrams before and after power factor correction
P1 = P2
cos ϕ1 = 0.50195  ϕ1 = 59.87o
When the system is compensated the power factor should be in the EEPCO’s standard e cos
ϕ2 = 0.90  ϕ2 = 25.84o
The reactive power demand for a PF of 0.9 is given as follows

Active and reactive power demand is related by the equation:
Chapter 5: Power Quality Problem Mitigation Page 43

P1 =
= (1)
Since the active power remain same for the cases before and the power factor correction:
P1 = P2 (2)
(3)
Thus, the reactive power demand for a 90 percent power factor would be
Q2 =
Q2 = 59.31 KVAR
Required compensation for the filter and the power factor correction is
Qcompensation = Q1 – Q2 = 211KVAr – 59.31KVAr
Qcompensation = 151.69KVAR
For a nominal 380-V system, the net wye-equivalent filter reactance (capacitive) XFilt is
determined by
XFilt is the difference between the capacitive reactance and the inductive reactance at
fundamental frequency:-
XFilt = XCap - XL (4)
For tuning at a specific harmonic point (in our case at 7th harmonic),
XCap = h2XL (5)
Where h is the harmonic order number;
Note: The filter will be tuned slightly below the harmonic frequency of concern to allow for
tolerances in the filter components and variations in system impedance. This prevents the
filter from acting as a direct short circuit for the offending harmonic current, reducing duty
on the filter components. With this premises, let us take h = 6.8.
Combining equation (4) and (5), XCap would be formulated as:
The capacitance value corresponding for the above capacitive reactance will be:
,
The nearest standard capacitance value available is: 3300F

Also, the reactive power rating of the capacitor will be determined by the equation:
(6)
To achieve (capacitor reactance) at the given rated voltage, the capacitor has to be
rate:-

From standard tables reading, the capacitor size which is nearest to is

150kVAr rating.
c) Compute filter reactor size. The filter reactor size can now be selected to tune the
capacitor to the desired frequency. From step 1, the desired frequency is at the 6.8th
harmonic or 340 Hz. The filter reactor size is computed from the wye-equivalent
capacitive reactance, determined in step 2, as follows:
These are the capacitor reactance for our capacitor bank:
L = 66.272µH
5.1.2. Design for Transformer #9
Repeating the same stapes to design the filter circuit and power factor correcting capacitors:
(from table 4, P1 = 388.9KW, Q1 = 398.5kvar, S1 = 569.0kva, PF = 0.66)
cos φ1 = 0.66  48.7o
And the desired cosφ2 = 0.9  25.84o
Q1 = 398.5kvar
Q2 = 398.5var*1000 * tan (25.84o)/tan(48.7o)

Q2 = 398.5var*1000 *0.4842/1.1383
Q2 = 169.51kvar
Required compensation from the filter:
Compensation = Q1 – Q2 = 398.5KVAr – 169.51KVAr
Qcompensation = 228.99kvar
For a nominal 380-V system, the net wye-equivalent filter reactance (capacitive) XFilt is
determined by:
For tuning at a specific harmonic point (in our case at 7 th harmonic),
 XCap = h2XL

The capacitance value corresponding for the above capacitive reactance will be:
Also, the reactive power rating of the capacitor will be determined by the equation:
 From standard tables reading, the capacitor size which is nearest to
224.05kvar is 210kvar rating.

Chapter 6
6. MODELING AND SIMULATION
Based on the designed parameters found in chapter 5 the system is modeled and simulated
in this chapter. A 3 phase AC source, a passive filter, a power factor corrector capacitor bank
and a nonlinear load by using thyristors and pulse generators are used. Pulse generators
used for firing thyristors Th1 to Th6. Pulse generators are connected to respective gates of
thyristors.
Timing is also defined for the respective thyristors of the pulses. At every cycle a pulse has to
be sent to each thyristor α degree after the zero crossing of the thyristor commutation
voltage. By setting the Pulse1 and Pulse6 parameters as follows:
The pulses sent to Th2, Th4 and Th6 are delayed by 180 degrees with respect to pulses sent
to Th1, Th3 and Th5. The delay time is used to specify the firing angle α. In order to get a 120
degree firing angle.
The following specification for the pulses are considered for the simulation
Amplitude 1
Period 1/50 = 0.02 s
Phase Delay (α = 30 degree) = 0.02 + 0.00167 =0.02167 sec for Pulse1, 3 and 5
= 0.02 + 0.01 + 0.00167 = 0.03167 sec for Pulse2, 4 and 6
Real power = 388.9 KW
Reactive power = 398.5 KVAr
Apparent power = 569 KVA
Power factor = 0.66
Figure:
The designed values for Filter Reactor (L) and Power Factor Correction Capacitor (C) are the
following:
L = 47.43 μH
C = 4700 μF
The load parameters are
Real power = 388.9 KW
Reactive power = 169.5 KVAr
Apparent power = 424.23 KVA
Power factor = 0.9
Chapter 8 : Modeling And Simulation Page 48

Figure:
Figure:
Modeling for Transformer #8
Both Transformer and Load are connected in Wye connection
Active Rated Power

Apparent
Power Reactive Power Factor average
Cases Power average
average average (KVAr)
(KVA)
(KW)
case 1 and case 0.50195
117.5 211 240.5
2
The capacitance value obtained in Chapter 5 is:

,

Also, the reactive power rating of the capacitor determined before is:

From standard tables reading, the capacitor size which is nearest to is

150kVAr rating.
this is the capacitor reactance for our
capacitor bank
= = = = 0.02082
L where f is 50Hz, 66.272
Filter Designed for the proposed transformer (Transformer #8)

Before insertion of the passive filter (Current output)
After the filter is inserted (Current output)

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
From this assignment, it is concluded that there is broad possibility to satisfy the
family electricity demand with 100% renewable from solar by installing PV system as
the solar potential of the region is very promising.
For implementation stage of this design, better international market study for PV,
inverter, charge controller, solar cables and battery cost should be properly
assessed.
This report could contribute a lot as an input for implementation of the developed
system for our family as well as to develop PV system unit for many other Ethiopian’s
family house.
REFERENCES
[1] Stand Alone PV System Sizing Worksheet (example)
[2] http://www.artasolar.com.au, for Pricelist
[3] Boyle Godfrey, “Renewable Energy power for a sustainable future”, Second edition,
Oxford university Press
[4] http://home.iprimus.com.au , Technical Design Data
[5] http://www.aeesolar.com/catPDFs/high/9-Inverters-high.pdf, for inverter selection
[6] http://www.centuryyuasa.com.au , for battery selection
[7] http://www.altestore.com/store/Charge-Controllers/Solar-Charge-ontrollers
[8] http://www.wirefreedirect.com/solarpanel, Solar Panel Sizing and Designing
[9] http://www.affordable-solar.com/store/solar-inverters-grid-tied_2/solectria-
pvi5000-240-vac-inverter cost of an inverter
[10] http://www.altestore.com/store/Inverters/Off-Grid-Inverters/3000-to-5500-
Watts/c603/
Appendices Page 53
APPENDICES
Appendix A –Measured Data of Transformer # 8, 9
Appendices Page 54
Appendices Page 55
Appendices Page 56
Appendices Page 57
Appendices Page 58
Appendices Page 59
Appendices Page 60
Appendices Page 61
Appendices Page 62
Appendices Page 63
Appendices Page 64
Appendices Page 65
Appendices Page 66
Appendix B Transformer # 8, 9 & 12 Connected Load Data
Transformer # 8
Table 6: Power panel #49
1 FES (garage) 17.3
2 Oxygen Plant 160
3 Reverse Cane Cutter 269
4 Panel 12 & Panel 13 230
5 Panel 17 342
Table 7: Power Panel 12

No. Name of the motors Rated Rated Operating
1 Hello Crane #1 Power
20KW Current
35A Current
23.6
2 Hello Crane #2 20KW 35A 24
3 Hello Crane Oil Pump #1 1KW 3A 2
4 Hello Crane Oil Pump#2 1KW 3A 2
5 Hello Crane break motor #1 0.15KW 0.6A 0.1
6 Hello Crane break motor #2 0.15KW 0.6A 0.1
7 Cane table #1 11KW 20.5A 24.2
8 Cane table #2 11KW 21.5A 25.2
9 Teaser #1 7.4KW 16A 11.2
10 Teaser #2 7.4KW 16A 9.8
11 Leveler on HCC 15KW 31A 9.8
12 Horizontal Cane Carrier 11KW 22A 10.8
13 Anvil Cane Carrier 11KW 22A 11.5
14 Inclined Cane Carrier 18KW 34A 16.2
15 Lathe machine
16 Overhead crane
17 Welding socket

1 Raw Juice Pump #1 Power
18KW Current
38A Current
2 Raw Juice Pump #2 18KW 38A 20.3
3 Chockless Pump #1 11KW 25A 22
4 Chockless Pump #2 18KW 36A 19.5
5 Chockless Pump #3 18.5KW 38A 21.2
6 Chockless Pump #4 11KW 23A 21.2
Appendices Page 67
7 Press water Pump #1 18KW 38A

8 Raw Press water Pump #2 18KW 38A 31.7
9 Torn motor #1 18KW 38A
12 Mill Oil Pump #1 4KW 9A
15 Intermediate Carrier #1 7.4KW 16.7A 10.2
16 Intermediate Carrier #2 7.4KW 16.7A 10.3
17 Hydraulic Oil Pump (Edward Pump) 6KW 12A
18 Mill area lighting

1 Triple Pump #1 Power
22KW Current
42A Current
2 Triple Pump #2 22KW 42A 23.5
3 Triple Pump #3 26KW 52A 30.1
4 Outlet 11KW 22.5A 16.5
5 Inlet 5.5KW 12A 10.1
6 Belt A 5.5KW 12A 7
7 Belt B 5.5KW 12A 6.3
8 Scalding Juice Pump #1 75KW 145A 107
9 Scalding Juice Pump #2 75KW 145A
10 Scalding Juice Pump #3 75KW 145A
11 Re circulation Pump #1 44KW 85A 50.7
12 Re circulation Pump #2 44KW 85A
13 Diffuser drive 30KW 57A 29.3
14 Scraper drive 37KW 73A 30.7
15 Spilled Juice Pump 4KW 9A 3
16 Limed Press Water #1 30KW 58A 30
17 Limed Press Water #2 30KW 58A
18 Limed Press Water #3 30KW 58A 28
19 Mixer 1.4
20 Clarifier 2.4
Appendices Page 68
Transformer # 9: Back factory plant transformers

1 BB #4 160KW 410A
2 BB #5 160KW 410A
3 Mobile
4 Panel 31
5 Panel 35
6 Panel 52
7 Panel 53

1 AB magma #1 Power
15KW Current
31A Current
AB magma #2 7.5KW 16.5A
2 CD magma 15KW 32A
3 D magma 9.2KW 19A
4 Lower drier 11KW 23.5A
5 Upper drier 11KW 23.5A
6 Theamassive #1 4KW 9A
7 Theamassive #2 7.4KW 16A
8 Damp sugar Bucket elevator 5.5KW 11A
9 Dry sugar belt conveyor 5.5KW 11A
10 Dry sugar by pass belt conveyor 7.5KW 15.2A
11 Dry sugar by pass bucket elevator 5.5KW 12.3A
12 Dust extraction fan 11KW 22A
13 Slat conveyor? 0.82KW 1.85A

1 Final molasses #1 Power
15KW Current
32A Current
2 Final molasses #2 9.2KW 19A
3 Remelt #2
Remelt #3 7.4KW 16A
4 Weighed molasses #1 15KW 32A
5 Weighed molasses #2 15KW 32A
6 Dry-Cooled sugar belt conveyor? 5.5 KW 11A
7 Dry-Cooled sugar bucket elevator 4 KW 8.7A
8 Fluid bed drier fan #1 11KW 23A
Appendices Page 69

15 Fluid bed drier motor 11KW 23A
16 Lizer #9 7.5KW 16A
17 Lizer #10 11KW 24.3A
18 X-Lizer #11 11KW 24.3A
19 X-Lizer #12 11KW 24.3A
20 X-Lizer #13 11KW 24.3A
21 X-Lizer #14 5.5KW 12A
22 X-Lizer #15 11KW 24.3A
23 X-Lizer #16 11KW 24.3A
24 X-Lizer #17 5.5KW 12A
25 Pig mill 11KW 22.5A
26 Molasses transfer #1
27 Molasses transfer #2
28 Furnace fuel pump 1&2
29 Slat conveyor #2? 0.5KW 1.05A
30 Roto colon pump #1 2.2KW 4.5A
31 Roto colon pump #2 2.2KW 4.5A

1 Rotoclon fan Power
90KW Current Current
2 D-Afterworker #1 90KW
3 D-Afterworker #2 90KW

1 Intermediate juice pump #1 Power
22KW Current
45.8A Current
2 Intermediate juice pump #2 22KW 45A
3 D-cuit pump 30KW 58A
4 Vessel condensate#1 7.5KW 15.3A
5 Vessel condensate #2 7.4KW 16A
6 Vessel condensate #3 7.5KW 15.5A
Appendices Page 70
9 Vessel condensate #6 5.5KW 11.4KW

11 Vessel condensate #8 7.4KW 16A

1 AB-cuit #1 Power
18.5KW Current
39A Current
2 AB-Cuit #2 15KW 32A
3 C-Cuit 22KW 41.5A
4 Air conditioner for BB Batch #1
5 Air conditioner for BB Batch #1
Appendices Page 71

Power Quality Analysis

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Power Quality Analysis

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Methara Sugar Factory Power Quality Assessment and Mitigation Project 2011

ADDIS ABABA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Power Quality and Reliability

Assessment of Power Quality Problem

By: Kiros Tesfay GSR/1792/03

Submitted to: Dr. Getachew Biru

Chapter 2: Literature Review Page 1

Chapter 2: Literature Review Page 2

Chapter 2: Literature Review Page 3

Chapter 2: Literature Review Page 4

Chapter 2: Literature Review Page 5

Chapter 2: Literature Review Page 6

THD: Total Harmonic Distortion

Chapter 2: Literature Review Page 7

1.1. FACTORY OVERVIEW

1.1.1. Power Plant

1. Power from Steam power plant

Chapter 2: Literature Review Page 8

1.1.2. Boiler Plant

1.1.3. Evaporator Control Panel

1.1.4. Crystallization Process

Chapter 2: Literature Review Page 9

Figure 1 Over view of Methara sugar cane factory process

Chapter 2: Literature Review Page 10

1.3.1. Observation and inspection

1.3.2. Power generation

Chapter 2: Literature Review Page 11

1.3.3. Grid supply

Chapter 2: Literature Review Page 12

2.1. Short-Duration Voltage

Chapter 2: Literature Review Page 13

caused by a non-permanent fault to less than 30 cycles. Delayed reclosing of the

Figure 4.1 Short-duration voltage variations

2.1.2. Sags (Dips)

Chapter 2: Literature Review Page 14

2.2. Long Duration Variations

2.2.3. Sustained Interruptions

Chapter 2: Literature Review Page 15

2.3. Voltage Imbalance

In equation form voltage imbalance = 100 * (max deviation from average

Figure 2: Waveform Imbalance

Chapter 2: Literature Review Page 16

Harmonic distortion levels can be characterized by the complete harmonic spectrum

Chapter 2: Literature Review Page 17

2.9. Voltage Fluctuation

2.10. Power Frequency Variations

Frequency variations that affect the operation of rotating machinery, or processes

Chapter 2: Literature Review Page 18

adequate to regulate within the narrow bandwidth required by frequency sensitive

2.11. Power Factor

ANSI/IEEE Standard C57 series addresses the problem of harmonics causing

Chapter 2: Literature Review Page 19

Chapter 2: Literature Review Page 20

3.1.1. Functionality of the Device

Chapter 3: Data Measurement And Record

3.1.2. Key Explanations of the Screen of the Device

Figure 3: Front Panel Enhanced View

Chapter 3: Data Measurement And Record

Figure 4: Front Panel Enhanced View

Chapter 3: Data Measurement And Record

Figure 5 Front Panel Enhanced View

3.1.3. Practical Setup for Data Measurements

Chapter 3: Data Measurement And Record

Figure 6: Front Panel Enhanced View

Voltage – Swell 1.1-1.8 pu

Voltage Imbalance 0.5-2% 0.02% 0.03% NO Normal

Harmonics (THD U) <5% 1.005 % 60.635 % 0 55.635% Normal

Harmonics (THD I) <10% 2.955 % 27.61 % 0 17.16% Normal

Voltage – Swell 1.1-1.8 pu

Voltage Imbalance 0.5-2% 0.09% 0.1% Normal Operation