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(BJIYigiSlT\ OF CALIFOKNIA
1X18 ANGIXES
A
a manual of astronomy,
Paramadievara,
PREFACE.
This first edition of the Iryabhaitlya along with the commentary of Paramadi-
^vara is mainly based upon two manuscripts in Malayalim character, one of them belong-
ing to Dr. A. C. BcKNELL, the other once in possession of Whish and now forming part
of -the library of the Royal Asiatic Society, London. The latter manuscript dates from
A. D. 1820; the former from A. D. 1863, for at the end of it I find the following
note in Dr. Burnell's handwriting: „ Copied fr. an Ola M.S. in the Chirakkil Eajd li-
Both manuscripts are derived from one source, either immediately, or remotely,
which is clearly proved by the fact that they show the same gaps, indicated as such,
after stanza 44 of the 4''' Section, and at the end of the comment on stanza 48. Apart
from a very few trifling clerical errors both contain exactly the same text.
Besides these manuscripts I have consulted one other containing iryabhaifa's text
without commentary, from the library of the Roy. As. Soc. (N". 66 of the Whish col-
lection). It proved of little use, except in one important case. It so happens that the
gap above mentioned extends over the 45"' stanza of the 4t'» section , and that the read-
ing of this very stanza in another commentary, the Praka(,-ika, is materially diflerent
lUlrll the Prakaqika has ^-MIJfMrJf.M-M I UlrlT. The latter reading involves a gross
48 — 57, cf. Drkkarma-vasana , stanza 16, and the same author's Ga«ita, Candragraha-
20(16433
TI PRKFACB.
on the stanza in question it is , indeed , clear enough that he read ^Ml^'IrSh^i" ; but
in such a matter it is not wholly superfluous to appeal to the direct evidence of ma-
nuscripts.
Though the reading followed hy the author of the Praka9ika is erroneous , both from
an astronomical and grammatical point of view, it can not be denied that the error was
one of long standing. For we know by Bhaskara's severe criticisms that Lalla, the
author of the Dhiv;-ddhida-Tantra , had fallen into the same error. Now LaUa is more
than once called a disciple of Iryahha^a, and whether this statement be rigidly correct
or not, he certainly was a contemporaneous writer, for he uses the same epoch with the
It is by no means strange that Paramadi^vara , who was well read in the worlLS of
Bhaskara, disregarded the authority of Lalla and the author of the Praka^ika. It is
more strange that a gap occurs in his work exactly at the critical passage. I can not
suppress the suspicion that the defect is not owing to accident , but that it is an inten-
tional erasmre by some reader who clung to the opinion of the Prakaqika.
must confess that but for its aid the meaning of many rules in the text would have re-
mained obscure to me. At the same time it must be granted that some of his expla-
nations , e. g. at St. 9 of the 4th section , can not l)e admitted to be correct.
I have not been able to find out the time of Paramadi^vara, but this much is certain
whom he frequently quotes. The Prakaqa is here and there more prolix, but contains
after all no more information than the more recent Dipika. Copies of it are far from
scarce, at least in Southers, India. One very bad copy makes part of the Mackenzie col-
lection *) ; an excellent one has been kindly lent to me by Dr. Bfrnell. Both manu-
scripts are in the Grantham character. Li the library of Trinity College, Cambridge,
*) In the old catalogue the „Prakri5a composed by Suryadeva" has been transformed iuto a .Commentary on the
Surjasiddhanta ;" it has long been lying hidden under this disguise, until Dr. RosT discovered the mistake.
t) Not Devanigari, a term unheard of in Hindustan. It is, in fact, no word at all, but a grammatical blunder;
see Pflnini VII, 3,24. By supposing that devandgart may mean „Nfigari of the gods" we may save grammar, but at
PREFACE. Vn
For more than one reason I think it will be worth while here to insert the introduction
of the Praka9ika, 1*. because it contains some peculiar views and statements not wholly
devoid of interest; 2". to show that the Cambridge manuscript is but a clumsy abridg-
ment of it ; and , finally , to give a specimen of the orthography common to most South-
imlinn manuscripts. The introduction then runs thus, according to Bxjrnell's copy:
r r-^ r-
r, *^ V O
I 1
PREFACE. IX
^> ^^1 ih\ Irl 'lr^< HHj^rimiH \\i^.\^^di N^, |i>|'T sOFT^'TP-f: II ^^^.
^'-t.rMWIW
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PREFACE.
^^-'IlF^slMrR 4iiirUlrlNV|cil^H(T)f%i%F'^.(lllhdlrrri^ *)
W\.
Suryadeva must have lived a considerable time after the great Bhaskara, in an age
when the living breath of science had already parted from Lidia. In the foregoing ex-
tract it will have been observed that he had not the faintest notion how Sryabha^a could
have got at his elements of astronomy by mere observation and calculation. The acquir-
*) Tliis statement coincides with another found in a stanza from an unknown author:
1
It is not true that Aryabha^a could have corrected the Romaka-Siddlifmta , for the epoch of this work is posterior to
Arjabha/a's (see Dr. Bhdu Daji, in Journ. R. As. Soc. of 1365, p. 407). Yet, in a general sense, it may be
affirmed that our author has been the reformer of Indian astronomy.
:
PREFACE. XI
ing of those elements is ascribed to supernatural agency, quite in the fashion in which
There is one manuscript of the Prakaqa belonging to the library of the Roy. As.
the name sounds in Sanskritised form: Tallaya, son to Qridharacarya and pupil to Sur-
yadeva. So we find in the second chapter (p. 12 of the MS.) the words: „atha Kala-
krtam."
From a casual expression in the same manuscript (p. 48) I gather that once there
existed several commentaries t) on the works of Sryabhato. The passage rmis thus
Whether the works alluded to are still extant is a question that waits for an
answer from learned Hmdus or Europeans having access to unexplored Indian libraries.
In the mean while this edition of the Iryash^agatam wiU, it is hoped, be conducive to
a more accurate knowledge of the ancient astronomer's system , and stimulate the interest
of Indian and European scholars. It will be understood that with the scanty, however
valuable, materials at my disposal, I could not attempt to constitute the text such
as the author published it. What I could give, is the text Paramadi^vara had
before him.
In spelling and mterpunction I have kept close to the. manuscripts, with this ex-
ception that the doubling of consonants after the r has been done away with, and the
dental I substituted to the lingual one, corresponding with the Nagari ^. Here and
there I have added words of my own to fill up ugly gaps, e. g. p. 97, 1. 15, sq.
*) The word ulpi!dt/a is liere uuintelligible, at least to mc. One would espect vistlnja or some synonymous term.
t) The commentary by Bhfltavisli»u must have been one of them. See Pn.f. Whitney, Journ- Amcr. Or. Soc.
VI. 561.
!
XII PREFACE.
Such passages are marked by ( ). Another form of brackets indicates that the included
Dr. BuKKBLL in leaving at niy disposal his valuable manuscripts, and the friendly assist-
ance of my friend Dr. Host in procuring me materials from the London libraries. Let
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FEINTED BY E. J. BEILL, LEIDEN.
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mmmR
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000 012 1 56
DISCHARGE-URU,
/(!' o 1979