CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

This chapter presents some literatures and studies which are related to the present

study. It also includes the theoretical framework as well as the illustrations of each

framework, the synthesis of the state-of-the-art, and the gap to be bridged by the study. The

definition of terms, both conceptual and operational, are also part of the chapter.

Number of respondents who use Facebook

Khan (2013) found out that most students whose age range from 15 to 25 with a

3.0 and 3.5 Grade Point Average (GPA) use social networking websites for entertainments.

In addition, 60% male students use social networking websites for knowledge. Some

students use social networking websites as influenced by friends.1

This study is significant to the present study because it tackles about the purposes

of students in using social networking website. The present study will also look into the

purposes of students in using a social networking site specifically, Facebook. It will

identify the number of students who use Facebook for each purpose.

Zanamwe, Rupere, and Kufandirimbwa (2013) explored that 54.8 percent of the

respondents use social networking sites for group projects or assignments. Some students

used social networking technologies to communicate in new way with new people.2

Salvation and Adzharuddin (2014) studied that their fellow students used social

networking sites to communicate and to exchange ideas about assignments, and

discussions.3
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The studies discussed in the earlier page are significant to the present study

because they emphasize that student-respondents use social networking sites for

educational purposes and as a means of communication. The present study will also look

into the purposes of students in using a social networking site specifically, Facebook.

Further, it will identify the number of students who use Facebook for each purpose.

Hours spent in using Facebook

Iorliam and Ode (2014) aimed at investigating the time spent on social media,

visiting social media and the relationship between the volume of friends and student

academic performance. It is found that majority (95%) of the respondents were active users

of 3 or more social sites. 25.2% of the respondents indicated they spent less than one hour

per day, 16.2% spent between one to two hours per and 47% of the respondents revealed

that they were always active.4 This study is significant to the present study because it

discusses the number of hours spent in using social media. Similarly, the present study will

also determine the number of hours spent in a social media platform which is Facebook.

Pornsakulvanich and Dumrongsiri (2013) investigated that the participants spend

more time using SNS’s (Social Networking Sites) and Facebook. In addition, the findings

indicated that females would spend more time in using Facebook than males, because

females tended more to use social networking sites to maintain their friendship than males.5

This study is significant to the present study because it revealed that females spend more

time in Facebook than males. The present study however, will not determine the number

of hours spent in using Facebook between males and females.

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Stewart (2016) discussed that Facebook and Instagram are the mostly visited

among the popular social networking sites that allow users to have access and to connect

with others. Users spend more time on these platforms.6 This study is relevant to the present

study because it confirms that Facebook is used by many people and more time is allotted

on this social media platform together with Instagram.

Effects of Facebook

Newman (2013) discussed that students who use social media get distracted on

their studies and make it hard for them to focus and make effective preparation for their

homework.7 This study is relevant to the present study because it determines a disadvantage

of using social media. The present study however, will focus on the effects of Facebook to

the students in terms of socialization, trend, information, business and entertainment.

Mariama (2014) studied about the good effects of Facebook for students. She

discussed about keeping in touch with family and friends. Facebook is a great way to

communicate, share information such as photos, messages, videos and it is the perfect place

to stay connected.8 This study is relevant to the present study because it identifies an

advantage of using Facebook. The present study however, will focus on the effects of

Facebook to the students in terms of socialization, trend, information, business and

entertainment.

Suggested activities to lessen the Facebook usage

Smith (2018) discussed about how to monitor Facebook and Instagram usage.

Students able to set daily reminders to stop, from abusing Facebook and Instagram usage,

and able to temporary mute notifications for each app. He wants the time to be spend on
 9

Facebook and Instagram to be intentional, positive and inspiring. These tools give more

people to control over the time they spend on platforms.9

This study is significant to the present study because it provides suggestions on

how students can monitor Facebook and Instagram usage. The present study however, will

only deal with the suggestions on Facebook usage.

Synthesis of the State-of-the-Art

The literatures and studies presented provide support to the conceptualization of

the present study. Khan (2013) investigated that the students used social networking sites

for entertainment and for knowledge.

The findings of Zanamwe, Rupere, and Kufandirimbwa (2013) found out that the

aim of the students in using social media is to communicate with new people. The research

conducted by Salvation and Adzharuddin (2014) explored that the fellow students used

social networking sites for communication and exchanging ideas.

Pornsakulvanich and Dumrongsiri (2013) and Stewart (2016) discussed that

Facebook, Instagram and other social networking sites are the mostly visited websites that

users spend more time on it. Meanwhile, Iorliam and Ode (2014) concluded that the

respondents spent less than one hour and between one to two hours per day in using social

media. However, Stewart (2016) studied that Facebook and Instagram are the mostly used

social networking sites and use their time to connect with others.

Newman (2013) discussed that the social media is the distraction for the students

and hard for them to focus and make effective preparation for their homework. Meanwhile,

Mariama (2014) studied about the good effects of Facebook to the students. She explains
 10

the good effects of Facebook such as keeping in touch with your friends, family, and peers

and sharing information, like photos, videos.

Able to set daily reminders to stop, from abusing Facebook and Instagram usage,

and able to temporary mute notifications for each app so that they can monitor Facebook

and Instagram usage (Smith (2018).

Gap to be Bridged by the Study

The studies done by Zanamwe, Rupere, and Kufandirimbwa (2013) and Salvation

and Adzharuddin (2014) found out that the aim of the students in using social media is to

communicate with new people. Khan (2013) studied that the students use social media for

entertainment and knowledge. Pornsakulvanich and Dumrongsiri (2013) and Stewart

(2016) discussed that Facebook, Instagram, and other social networking sites are the mostly

visited websites wherein more time is spent on them by the users.

Newman (2013) discussed the bad effect of using Facebook. Students get

distracted and hard for them to focus and make effective preparation for their homework.

Meanwhile, Mariama (2014) discussed the good effects of using Facebook such as staying

connected with their peers, family and friends and share information such as photos,

videos, and profile.

Several related studies have been reviewed however, no study has been conducted

yet with respondents of Grade 11 students, specifically in Forbes Academy Inc. Further,

no study has been conducted yet to determine the number of students who are using

Facebook in terms of trend and business; and how much time is allotted in using Facebook

in terms of trend and business. Thus, these are the gaps to be bridged by the present study.
 11

Theoretical Framework

This study is anchored on Social Psychology Theory. According to psychologist,

Gordon Allport, social psychology is a discipline that uses scientific method to understand

and explain how the thoughts, feelings, and behavior of individuals are influenced by the

actual, imagined, or implied presence of other human beings. Essentially, social

psychology is all about understanding how each person's individual behavior is influenced

by the social environment in which that behavior takes place.10

Social Psychology tackles and explains how the social environment influences or

affects the life of human beings in terms of thoughts, feelings, and behavior. However, it

is not just the social influences that is considered in this theory. It also looks into the social

perception and social interactions which may affect social behavior. Social perception is

how a person sees or perceives other people and the way that other people may see or

perceive about him/her. In addition, the way a person interacts with other people can make

a difference in the choices people make and actions they take.

In the present study, the social environment that influences the thoughts, feelings,

and emotion of the respondents is a social media platform which is Facebook. This social

environment affects its users in terms of socialization, trends, information, business, and

entertainment. The effects of the using Facebook may arise to changing of previously

acquired behaviors or forming of new behaviors.

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SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY

Social Environment:
FACEBOOK

EFFECTS

Individual’s
thoughts, feelings,
and behaviors

Figure 1. Theoretical Paradigm

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Conceptual Framework

This study considered the usage of Facebook to Grade 11 students of Forbes

Academy, Inc. for school year 2018-2019. The idea of this study is to identify the

respondents who use Facebook. Specifically, it will determine the number of students who

use Facebook in terms of five (5) factors: socialization, trend, information, business, and

entertainment. This will also determine the time allotted in using Facebook along with the

five mentioned factors.

The use of Facebook may have effects to its users. The present study will aim to

determine the effects of Facebook to the students in terms of the five (5) abovementioned

factors. After determining the purpose, time allotted and effects of Facebook, activities to

lessen the usage of Facebook will be suggested.

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Grade 11 students of Forbes

Academy, Inc

Facebook

Purpose Allotted Time Effects

 Socialization
 Trend
 Information
 Business
 Entertainment

Recommendation on how to
lessen the Facebook usage

Figure 2. Conceptual Paradigm

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Definition of Terms

The following terms are defined conceptually and operationally for a deeper understanding

of this study.

Business – It is conceptually defined as an occupation or trade and the purchase and sale

of products or services to make a product.11 In this study, it refers to one of the possible

purposes why student use Facebook.

Entertainment – It is conceptually defined as the act of amusing or entertaining people.12

In this study, it refers to one of the possible purposes why students use Facebook.

Facebook – It is conceptually defined as an online social networking website where people

can create profiles, share information such as photos and quotes.13

Socialization – It is conceptually defined as talking to and doing things with other people

in a friendly way. 14 In this study, it refers to how Facebook users interact with each other.

Further, this is one of the possible purposes why students use Facebook.

Social Networking Sites (SNS) – the activity of creating personal and business

relationships with each other people especially by sharing information, personal messages,

etc. on the internet. 15 In this study, this refers to one of the possible purposes why students

use mobile gadgets.

Trend – It is conceptually defined as something that is popular at a certain point of time.16

In this study, it refers to one of the possible who make use of Facebook by updating with

the new trend.

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NOTES

1
Shodh. Retrieved from shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in > bitstream. Accessed on September

2, 2018

2
Shodh. Retrieved from shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in > bitstream. Accessed on September

2, 2018

3
Shodh. Retrieved from shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in > bitstream. Accessed on September

2, 2018

4
Shodh. Retrieved from shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in > bitstream. Accessed on September

2, 2018

5
Shodh. Retrieved from shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in > bitstream. Accessed on September

2, 2018

6
Shodh. Retrieved from shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in > bitstream. Accessed on September

2, 2018

7
CourseBb. https://www.coursebb.com/2017/01/01/literature-review-effects-of-facebook-

on-students-academic-performance/. Accessed on October 08, 2018

8
OPENLAB. Retrieved from https://openlab.citytech.cuny.edu. Accessed on October

10,2018

9
BGR. https://bgr.com. Accessed on October 10, 2018

10
Social Exchange Theory in Psychology. www.verywellmind.com. Accessed on October

11, 2018
 17

11
Google. No URL. Accessed on October 11, 2018

12
Merriam Webster. Accessed on October 08, 2018

13
YourDictionary. Retrieved from www.yourdictionary.com. Accessed on October 08,

2018

14
Merriam Webster. Accessed on October 08, 2018

15
Dictionary. Retrieved from https://dictionary.cambridge.org. Accessed on October 11,

2018

16
Vocabulary. Retrieved from https://www.voculaburay.com. Accessed on October 12,

2018