IV. Joint and Solidary Obligations A. Joint Obligations Jaucian v. Querol, 38 Phil. 718 (1918)RFC v. CA, O.G. No.

rol, 38 Phil. 718 (1918)RFC v. CA, O.G. No. 6, p. 2467Quiombing v. CA, 189
SCRA 325 (1990)Inciong v. CA, 257 SCRA 578 (1996)Vigilla v. Phil. College of
1. Concepta. Requisites Criminology, Inc., G.R. 200094, June 10, 2013 Cruz v. Sps. Basister, G.R. No. 196576,
January 30, 2012
b. Words used to indicate joint obligations 2. Presumption- Art. 1207, 12083. Effects- Art.
1207, 1208 Diamond Builders v. Country Bankers, G.R. No. 171820, December 13, 2007

a. Extent of liability of debtorb. Extent of right of creditorc. In case of novation, 4. Defenses available to a solidary debtor against the creditor- Art. 1222 a. Types
compensation, confusion (Art. 1277), remission
i. those derived from the nature of the obligationii. personal defensesiii. defenses pertaining to
B. Solidary Obligations his shareiv. those personally belonging to the other co-debtors

1. Concepta. Requisites b. Effects

b. Words used to indicate solidary obligations 2. Kinds Inchausti v. Yulo, supraAlipio v. CA, 341 SCRA 441 (2000)

a. As to source- Art. 1208i. Legal- Art. 1915, 1945, 2194; Art. 119 of RPC ii. Conventionaliii. C. Joint Indivisible Obligations
Real
1. Concepta. Distinguished from Joint Obligationsb. Distinguished from Solidary Obligations
b. As to parties bound i. Active
2. Indivisibility distinguished from solidarity- Art. 1210 3. Effects- Art. 1209, 1224
ii. Passive
V. Divisible and Indivisible Obligations
iii. Mixed c. As to uniformity
A. Divisible Obligations 1. Concept
i. Uniformii. Varied/Non-uniform- Art. 1211
2. Effects- Art. 1223, 1233
Inchausti v. Yulo, 34 Phil. 978 (1916)Lafarge Cement Phil vs. Continental Cement, GR
155173, November 23, 2004 B. Indivisible Obligations 1. Concept

3. Effectsa. Solidary creditor in relation to: a. Distinguished from solidary obligations

i. common debtor- right to demand- Art. 1215, 1214, 1216, 1217 par. 1- in case of novation, Capalla v. COMELEC G.R. 201112, October 23, 2012
compensation, confusion, remission by a creditor
2. Kindsa. Natural- Art. 1225 par. 1
Art. 1215 par. 1 ii. solidary co-creditor/s
b. Legal- Art. 1225 par. 3
- in case of novation, compensation, confusion, remission-Art. 1215 par. 2 - prejudicial acts
prohibited- Art. 1212- assignment of rights not allowed- Art. 1213 c. Conventional- Art. 1225 par. 3 3. Presumptions

b. Solidary debtor in relation to: i. common creditor a. Of indivisibility- Art. 1225 par. 1

- obligation to perform- Art. 1207
- in case of novation, compensation, confusion, remission by a creditor- Art. 1215 par. 1
ii. solidary co-debtor- in case of payment by a co-debtor- Art. 1217, 1218, 1220, 1219 - in case
of fortuitous event- Art. 1221
b. Of divisibility- Art. 1225 par. 24. Divisibility and indivisibility in obligations not to do- Art.
1225 par. 3 5. Effects- Art. 1223, 1233, 12246. Cessation of indivisibility
VI. Obligations with a Penal Clause A. Concept
1. Principal vs. Accessory Obligation2. Distinguished from Conditional Obligations 3.
Distinguished from Alternative Obligations 4. Distinguished from Facultative Obligations 5.
Distinguished from Guaranty

B. Kinds of Penal Clause

1. As to effecta. Subsidiary

b. Complementary 2. As to source

a. Conventional

b. Legal 3. As to purpose

a. Punitiveb. Reparatory

C. Demandability of Penalty- Art. 1226 par. 2 D. Effects of Penal Clause

1. Substitute for indemnity for damages and payment of interest- Art. 1226 a. Exception- Art.
1226

Makati Dev’t Corp. v. Empire Insurance Co., 20 SCRA 557 (1967) Antonio Tan v. CA, 367
SCRA 571 (2001)Country Bankers Insurance vs. CA, GR. 85161, Sept 9, 1991

2. Not exempt debtor from performance- Art. 1227 a. Exception- Art. 1227

3. Creditor cannot demand both performance and penalty at the same time-Art. 1227 a.
Exceptions- Art. 1227

4. Creditor cannot collect other damages in addition to penalty- Art. 1226 a. Exceptions- Art.
1226

E. When penalty shall be equitably reduced- Art. 1229

F. Nullity of Principal Obligation or Penal Clause 1. Effects- Art. 1230

2. Rationale