INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTIONS THAT DEFINED SOCIETY

Objectives :

1. To be able to discuss how the ideas postulated by Copernicus, Darwin and Freud
Contributed to the spark of scientific revolution
2. To be able to analyze how scientific revolution is done in Latin America , East
Asia , Middle East , and Africa

SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION
( PERIOD OF ENLIGHTENMENT)
16-18TH century
Europe- invention of the printing machine
Blooming intellectual activities done in various places of learning
Growing number of scholars in various fields of human interests

a series of events that marked the emergence of modern science during the early
modern period

developments in mathematics, physics, astronomy, biology (including human

anatomy) and chemistry transformed the views of society about nature.

INTELLECTUALS AND THEIR REVOLUTIONARY IDEAS

1. NICOLAUS COPERNICUS ( polish astronomer )

He wrote the book called “On the Revolution of Celestial Spheres” ( marked
the beginning of the scientific revolution.
IDEA PRESENTED : HELIOCENTRIC THEORY
Helios (greek ) -sun
The earth and the planets revolve around the sun at the center of the solar
system

Original transformed
An unacceptable idea and was ignored by Rome for the rest of the 16 th century.
however , the model makes sense now.( solar system)

Through the Heliocentric Theory resolved the mathematical problems and

inconsistencies arising out of the classic geocentric model and laid the foundations for
modern astronomy.

2. CHARLES DARWIN ( 19TH century)

Son of an English Physician , after spending time studying medicine turned
to the study of natural science and biology that later led to his theory of
evolution.
1859 –He published “ On the Origin of the Species by means of Natural
Selection.
introduced the scientific theory that populations evolve over the course of
generations through a process of natural selection.

Scientific Knowledge , particularly in Biology continued to grow through the 19th century

3. SIGMUND FREUD ( Australian Neurologist)

Psychoanalysis was founded by Sigmund Freud (1856-1939).
Freud believed that people could be cured by making conscious their
unconscious thoughts and motivations, thus gaining "insight".
AIM of psychoanalysis therapy is to release repressed emotions and
experiences, i.e. make the unconscious conscious.
PSYCHOANALYSIS – scientific way to study the human mind and neurotic
illness.
Reliable data about man’s inner life.
Has a great impact on the scientific way of understanding human nature
GOAL : to make the unconscious conscious.
Psychoanalysis remains influential within Psychology, Psychiatry and
Psychotherapy and across the Humanities.

CRADLES OF EARLY SCIENCE

DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE IN MESOAMERICA
(CENTRAL AMERICA FROM SOUTHERN MEXICO UP TO THE BOARDER OF SOUTH
AMERICA)
MAYAN CIVILIZATION
Famous civilization- lasted for 2,000 years
Known for their works in Astronomy .They incorporated their advanced
understanding of astronomy to their temples and other religious structures
Example:
Pyramid at Chichen Itza in Mexico – situated at the location of the Sun during
the spring and fall equinox
Mayan hieroglyphics
Number system based on the numeral 20.
They developed the concept of zero and positional value.

INCA CIVILIZATION
SCIENTIFIC IDEAS AND TOOLS THAT THEY DEVELOPED TO HELP EVERYDAY LIFE
1. Roads paved with stones
2. Stone buildings
3. Irrigation system
4. Calendar with 12 months
5. The first suspension bridge
6. Quipu-system of ropes to keep records that only experts can interpret
7. Inca textiles

The remains of an Ancient Inca road by Bcasterline

quipus
 AZTEC CIVILIZATION
1. MANDATORY EDUCATION
Value in education regardless of social class,gender, or age.
2. Chocolates- cacao beans
3. Antispasmodic Medication- prevent mescle spasms
4. Chinampa- technology for agriculture
5. Aztec Calendar- plan activities , rituals and planting season
6. Invention of the canoe

DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE IN ASIA

INDIA,CHINA AND MIDDLE EAST CIVILIZATIONS

INDIA

1.IRON STEEL

2. Medicine-Ayurveda (traditional Medicine to cure various illness)

3. ASTRONOMY-developed theories in the configuration of the universe

SHIDDHANTA SHIROMANI
4. MATHEMATICS-measurement of length to a high degree of accuracy and
designed a ruler , the Mahenjo-daro ruler
5. Aryabhatiya-Aryaabhata (476-550)
Introduced trigonometric functions,tables, and techniques, algorithms of
algebra

CHINA

1. Traditional medicines- Accupuncture

2. Technology-compass,papermaking,gunpowder and printing tools

Other tools: iron plough, wheelbarrow,propeller

Designed of different models of bridges.
3. Astronomy- supernova , lunar and solar eclipse , comets, lunar calendar
Seismology- earthquakes
 MIDDLE EAST COUNTRIES

Muslims –dominant

CONTRIBUTIONS

1. MATHEMATICS
Muhammad ibn Musa AL- Khwarizmi –concept of algorithm , however
did not make to the introduction of the decimal point notation.
2. Chemists and Alchemists
Some scholars considered Jabir ibn Hayyan to be the Father of
Chemistry

3. Medicine – Ibn Sina – first Physician to conduct clinical trials.

Notable Works : Book of Healing , The Code of Medicine
Contributions : discovery of the contagious nature of infectious
diseases and the introduction of Clinical Pharmacology

AFRICA
CONTRIBUTIONS
Astronomy , Mathematics and Medicine
Mathematics –Geometry rules were developed which were used to build
rectilinear structures
Medicine – studied Human Anatomy and Pharmacology. They applied
examination , diagnosis ,treatment and prognosis of diseases.
Astronomy- 3 types of calendars ( lunar , solar and stellar) or a
combination of the three.