Petroleum Science and Technology

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Effect of Pour point depressant on wax deposition and drag

reduction in horizontal pipelines
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Journal: Petroleum Science and Technology

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Manuscript ID Draft

Manuscript Type: Original Papers

Date Submitted by the Author: n/a

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Complete List of Authors: Banerjee, Shirsendu; ISM, Dhanbad, Petroleum Engineering

Kumar, Ravindra; ISM, Dhanbad, Petroleum Engineering
Akthar, Afzal; ISM, Dhanbad, Petroleum Engineering
ie

Bairagi, Rajesh; ISM, Dhanbad, Petroleum Engineering

MANDAL, AJAY; ISM University, Petroleum Engineering
Naiya, Tarun; ISM, Dhanbad, Petroleum Engineering
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Pour point depressant, Wax deposition, Laminar flow, Drag reduction,

Keywords:
Pressure drop
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Page 1 of 15 Petroleum Science and Technology

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List of Figures
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27 Figure 1. Schematic of experimental setup
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Wax deposition thickness, mm

Wax deposition thickness,mm

2.5 2.25
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10 2.4
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12 2.3 2.00
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2.2
14 Pure crude
Pure crude

15 Pure crude + 200 ppm PPD

Crude + 200 ppm PPD
2.1 1.75 Pure crude + 400 ppm PPD
16 Crude + 400 ppm PPD
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Pure crude + 600 ppm PPD
17 Crude + 600 ppm PPD
2.0 Pure crude + 800 ppm PPD
Crude + 800 ppm PPD
18 Pure crude + 1000 ppm PPD
Crude + 1000 ppm PPD
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25 30 35 40 45 50 25 30 35 40 45 50
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21 Temperature, °C Temperature, °C
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24 (A) (B)
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2.2
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30 2.0
Wax deposition thickness, mm

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Wax deposition thickness, mm

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35 1.6

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37 1.4 Pure crude 1.2 Pure crude

38 Pure crude + 200 ppm PPD Crude + 200 ppm PPD
39 Pure crude + 400 ppm PPD Crude + 400 ppm PPD
1.2 Pure crude + 600 ppm PPD
40 Crude + 600 ppm PPD
Pure crude + 800 ppm PPD Crude + 800 ppm PPD
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Pure crude + 1000 ppm PPD Crude + 1000 ppm PPD
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43 25 30 35 40 45 50 25 30 35 40 45 50
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44 Temperature,°C Temperature, °C
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47 (C) (D)
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49 Figure 2. Effect of PPD concentration on wax deposition at (A) Q = 80 LPM (A) Q = 90
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LPM (A) Q = 100 LPM (A) Q = 110 LPM (Pipe 1)
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Wax deposition thickness, mm

Wax deposition thickness, mm

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12 2.8
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14 Pure crude Pure crude
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15 Crude + 200 ppm PPD
Crude + 400 ppm PPD
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Crude + 600 ppm PPD Crude + 600 ppm PPD
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Crude + 800 ppm PPD 2.0 Crude + 800 ppm PPD
18 Crude + 1000 ppm PPD Crude + 1000 ppm PPD
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21 Temperature,°C Temperature, °C
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Wax deposition thickness, mm

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Wax deposition thickness, mm

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35 0.9
36 Pure crude Pure crude
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37 Crude + 200 ppm PPD

Crude + 400 ppm PPD 0.6 Crude + 400 ppm PPD
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Crude + 600 ppm PPD
39 Crude + 800 ppm PPD Crude + 800 ppm PPD
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42 Temperature, °C Temperature, °C
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45 (C) (D)
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47 Figure 3. Effect of PPD concentration on wax deposition at (A) Q = 80 LPM (A) Q = 90
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LPM (A) Q = 100 LPM (A) Q = 110 LPM (Pipe 2)
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5 16 18
Q = 80 LPM Q = 80 LPM
6 Q = 90 LPM 16 Q = 90 LPM
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7 Q = 100 LPM Q = 100 LPM
8 Q = 110 LPM 14 Q = 110 LPM
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9 Q = 120 LPM Q = 120 LPM
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DR%

DR%
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19 0 0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
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21 PPD concentration, ppm PPD concentration, ppm

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26 Q = 80 LPM Q = 80 LPM
Q = 90 LPM Q = 90 LPM
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Q = 100 LPM Q = 100 LPM
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29 Q = 120 LPM Q = 120 LPM
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DR %
DR%

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0 0
40 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
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Figure 4. Drag reduction with PPD at different flow rates in Pipe 1 at (A) T = 30°C, (B) T =
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5 18
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Q = 80 LPM Q = 80 LPM
6 Q = 90 LPM Q = 90 LPM
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7 Q = 100 LPM Q = 100 LPM
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8 Q = 110 LPM 14 Q = 110 LPM
9 Q = 120 LPM Q = 120 LPM
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DR%

DR%
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0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
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21 PPD concentration, ppm PPD concentration, ppm

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Q = 100 LPM Q = 100 LPM
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Q = 110 LPM
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29 Q = 120 LPM Q = 120 LPM
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DR%

DR%

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0 0
40 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
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Figure 5. Drag reduction with PPD at different flow rates in Pipe 2 at (A) T = 30°C, (B) T =
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 Petroleum Science and Technology Page 6 of 15

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4 Effect of Pour point depressant on wax deposition and drag reduction in
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6 horizontal pipelines
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8 Shirsendu Banerjee1, Ravindra Kumar1, Afzal Akhtar1, Rajesh Bairagi1, Ajay Mandal1, Tarun Kumar Naiya1*
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10 1. Department of Petroleum Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad.
11 *Corresponding author
12 Address:
13 Department of Petroleum Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad.
14 Phone: +91 9471191367
15 Email: trn2711@yahoo.com
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Abstract
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22 A newly synthesised pour point depressant (PPD) was used to decrease wax deposition
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thickness and drag force during waxy crude oil flow in two horizontal pipes of length 2.5 m
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27 each and inner diameter 1 inch and 2 inches. Flow rates of 80-120 LPM were used. 1000 ppm
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29 PPD reduced the thickness of wax deposited by 31% and 72% at 120 LPM and 30°C in 1
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32 inch and 2 inch pipes respectively. There was about 15% drag reduction in both the pipes at
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34 30°C and 120 LPM flow rate after adding 1000 ppm PPD.
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37 Keywords: Pour point depressant, Wax deposition, Laminar flow, Drag reduction, Pressure
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40 drop
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43 1. Introduction
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Measurement of wax thickness deposited on a cold pipe wall is of great importance to the oil
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industries. Paraffin deposition in waxy crude oil production and transportation systems is a
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50 major challenge for the economic development of oil fields in cold environments (Bern et al.,
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53 1980). The paraffin deposition problem can cause a loss of millions of dollars per year
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55 worldwide through the enormous cost of prevention and remediation, reduced or deferred
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57 production well shut-in, pipeline replacement and/or abandonment, equipment failures, extra
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60 horsepower requirements, and increased manpower needs (Burger et al., 1981). When waxy

crude oil flows in wellbore and pipelines, with or without the simultaneous flow of natural

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Page 7 of 15 Petroleum Science and Technology

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gas, wax precipitation and deposition will take place if the pipe wall temperature becomes
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6 lower than the wax appearance temperature (Majeed et al., 1990). It has been confirmed by a
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8 number of investigators that molecular diffusion of paraffin molecules dissolved in crude oil
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is the governing mechanism of wax deposition during the flow of waxy crude oil in pipes
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13 (Brown et al., 1993; Mendes et al., 1996). The longitudinal wax thickness distribution along a
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15 pipe section is usually not uniform. The maximum deposited wax thickness near the inlet, at
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18 an intermediate point, or near the outlet of a given pipe section, depends upon the oil
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20 temperature, environment temperature, wax content and composition in the crude oil, flow
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22 rate, etc. In the single-phase flow the wax thickness is usually uniform around the pipe wall at
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a given cross section with a uniform heat flux, except at very low flow rates where gravity
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27 settling of precipitated paraffin particles can become important (Mansour and Aswad, 1989).
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A degradation study for 200-wppm polyacrylamide has been performed at several
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32 temperatures (7.2°C, 25 °C and 87.8°C) in 0.78-cm I. D. single-phase pipelines by Choi and
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34 Kasza, 1989. It was found that the polymer degradation strongly depends on temperature.
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Dilute polymer solutions degraded rapidly at 87.8 °C. However, no degradation was found at
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39 7.2°C, and more than 50% reduction was achieved for the one month duration of circulation.
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41 In this study, the effects of various parameters on drag reduction and wax deposition
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44 thickness due to addition of 200-1000 ppm PPD has been investigated. The studies have been
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46 performed at temperature closure to wax appearance temperature. In order to make a
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48 comprehensive analysis, effect of various operating parameters such as temperature, oil flow
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51 rate, pipe diameter and concentration of PPD on wax deposition thickness and drag reduction
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53 have been studied.
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56 2. Characterisation of crude oil
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58 Pour point of crude oil was measured using ASTM Standard D97-06.11 method. The pour
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point of the crude oil sample is 35°C. Wax Content of the crude oil was measured by BP 237

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 Petroleum Science and Technology Page 8 of 15

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method and it is 11.3%. API gravity was measured using the ASTM D 28 method and it was
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6 15.4 at 60°F. The composition of the crude oil in terms of Saturates, Aromatic, Resins and
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8 Asphaltenes measured using SARA analysis (wt %) are 46.34%, 9.59%, 15.21% and 12.39%
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respectively.
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13 3. Experimental
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15 A flow loop was designed to determine the effect of temperature, flow rate and PPD
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addition on wax deposition. The apparatus is shown schematically in Figure 1. The test
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20 section consists of two horizontal independent stainless steel pipes (SS-304) of 0.0508 m
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22 (2 inches) and 0.0254 m (1 inch) diameter and 2.5 meters length. Pressure transducers
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were fitted at both the ends of the pipeline to measure the pressure drop. Waxy crude oil
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27 and the coolant (water) temperatures were adjusted at the desired values by controlling the
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33 4. Preparation of Pour Point Depressant
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35 0.1 mol solution of octyl chloride (chloro octane) was added gradually to anhydrous
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37 aluminium chloride (0.4 mol) in 200 ml dry phenol. The mixture was stirred at room
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temperature for 8 h, and then poured in ice-HCl (frigorific) mixture. The organic layer
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42 formed was separated and dried with anhydrous MgSO4 over night, and then the mixture was
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44 distilled off to obtain the octyl phenol (acyl phenol). A mixture of the octyl phenol (0.1 mol),
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47 diethylene glycol (100 ml), hydrazine hydrate (10 ml 90%) and NaOH (0.3 mol) was
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49 refluxed for 6 h, then poured into water and the upper organic layer was separated. One mole
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51 of benzoic acid was then added to the mixture and temperature was raised gradually to 110°C
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54 for 1 h.
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56 The mixture was placed in a Dean Stark apparatus and water was eradicated. The product was
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cooled and dissolved in benzene and then 10% Sodium Carbonate solution was added to it.
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After drying of the aqueous phase, the product formed was used as pour point depressant.

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The PPD was brownish red in colour with specific gravity of 0.913. CHNS analysis showed
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6 that it contained 59.37% carbon, 14.56% hydrogen, 2,34% nitrogen and negligible amount of
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8 sulphur.
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11 5. Wax deposition calculation procedure
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13 The method of calculating wax deposition is based on the concept that wax deposition in a
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15 pipe section reduces the hydraulic diameter of the flowing fluid inside the pipe, resulting in
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18 an increase in friction pressure drop over the pipe section.
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20 The friction pressure drop across a section of pipe with wax deposited inside can be
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22 calculated using the Eqn 1 (Brown, 2003).
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(1)
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Where is the pressure drop; L is the length of the pipe section; D is the hydraulic
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30 diameter or effective inside diameter; Q is the volumetric flow rate; ρ is the fluid density f is
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32 the fanning factor.
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35 A waxy crude oil often behave as a non- Newtonian fluid when temperature becomes lower
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37 than the cloud point and wax crystals are present in the crude oil. However, when the wax
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content is low, e.g. less than 5% by weight, this non-Newtonian behaviour is not appreciated
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42 and the crude oil can be treated as Newtonian fluid. But in this case the wax content of the
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wax crystals. The friction factor in Eqn 1 can be estimated from Eqn 2 with the help of Eqn 3.
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49 (2)
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53 (3)
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56 where µ is the apparent viscosity of the crude oil c=16, n=1 for laminar flow and c = 0.046, n
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59 = 0.2 for turbulent flow (Chen et al., 1997). Laminar flow exists when <2000.
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Substitution of Eqn 2 into Eqn 1 gives Eqn 4

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 Petroleum Science and Technology Page 10 of 15

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(4)
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8 Differentiating eqn 4 with respect to the effective inside diameter and dividing the resulting
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13  (p f ) P
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15 d d
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17 This equation clearly shows that a small reduction of the effective inside diameter of the pipe
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causes a significant increase in the frictional pressure drop across the pipe section. Once the
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22 frictional pressure drop across a pipe section is measured and the flow rate, density, and
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27 pipe wall can be calculated from Eqn 6.
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2c  L     4Q 
30 (di  2 w ) 5 n
     (6)
31 Pf      
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34 Percentage of drag reduction (DR%) is defined as the ratio of reduction in the frictional
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36 pressure drop using DRA to the frictional pressure drop without using DRA at the same
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38 operating conditions (Eqn 7).
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43 (7)
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46 where , is the pressure drop with no PPD and , is the pressure drop using PPD.
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49 6. Results and discussion
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51 6.1 Effect of PPD on wax deposition thickness
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53 Concentration of PPD in the waxy crude oil is an important factor in reducing thickness of
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56 deposited wax. In the following experiments, the effect of increasing concentration on PPD
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58 on wax deposition thickness has been studied. The concentrations of PPD used were 200 -
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60 1000 ppm. The analysis of the crude oil with the PPD shows that PPD was responsible for a

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Page 11 of 15 Petroleum Science and Technology

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great reduction in thickness on deposited wax. Figures 2 and 3 shows that the PPD reduced
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6 the wax thickness at flow rate 80LPM-120 LPM respectively for Pipes 1 and 2. The results
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8 are tabulated in Table 1. Maximum reduction in wax deposition thickness was at 120 LPM
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and 45°C when 1000 ppm PPD was used in Pipe 1. The reduction went up to 47%. This PPD
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13 inhibits the wax deposition process by interfering with wax crystallization and growth
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15 process (Adeyanju and Oyekunle, 2014). However, this interfering mechanism has not yet
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18 been fully understood (Pedersen and Ronningsen, 2003). This change can be illustrated as
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20 wax inhibitor polymers containing similar structure to the wax structure, thereby allowing the
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22 inhibitor crystal to be incorporated into the wax crystal growth. Sometimes the structural part
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of the polymer covers the wax site, thereby preventing further wax crystal growth and
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27 promoting the formation of smaller wax aggregates (Adeyanju and Oyekunle, 2014; Pedersen
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and Ronningsen, 2003).
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33 6.2 Effect of PPD on drag reduction
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35 Pipeline drag reducers are extremely powerful tool in fluid transportation. High molecular
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weight polymers are used to reduce the frictional pressure loss ratio in crude oil pipelines.
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40 Drag reduction is the increase in pumpability of a fluid caused by the addition of small
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42 amounts of an additive to the fluid. The effectiveness of a drag reducer is normally expressed
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in terms of percent drag reduction. The PPD was used as a drag reducing agent in these
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47 experiments. The PPD was added slowly with oil to facilitate proper mixing. Figures 4 and 5
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49 show the drag reduction results obtained from single phase flow of crude oil with increasing
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52 concentration of PPD at flow rates of 80-120 LPM for pipes 1 and 2 respectively. The results
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54 of drag reduction are reported in Table 2. The PPD is effective in reducing the drag force
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56 during flow of crude oil through both the pipelines. At 30°C and flow rate of 80 LPM, drag
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59 reduction for crude oil flow in Pipe 1 was 1.63% while at the same temperature and flow rate,
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1000 ppm PPD achieved a drag reduction of about 13%. Again, at higher flow rates, the

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 Petroleum Science and Technology Page 12 of 15

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magnitude of drag reduction increased. This is due to high velocity of the crude oil through a
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6 1 inch pipe. The drag reduction achieved after addition of 200 ppm and 1000 ppm PPD at 120
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8 LPM flow rate at 30°C was 1.744% and 15.348% respectively. In case of pipe 2 (Int. Dia. = 2
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inches or 0.0508 m) the amount of drag reduction after addition of 200 ppm and 1000 ppm
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13 PPD at a flow rate of 80 LPM is 2.220% and 13.887% respectively. At same temperature the
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15 drag reduction increased to 2.469% and 15.43% at 120 LPM after addition of 200 ppm and
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18 1000 ppm PPD respectively. Effect of temperature on drag reduction is also noticed in the
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20 experiments. As seen in Table 2, at 45°C the drag reduction for Pipe 1 after addition of 200
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22 ppm and1000 ppm PPD at 120 LPM is 2.01% and 17.68% respectively. For Pipe 2 it was
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2.70% and 18.18% for 200 ppm and 1000 ppm additive. Frictional pressure loss in a pipeline
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27 system is a waste of energy and it costly. The drag reducing additive minimizes the flow
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turbulence, increases throughput and reduces the energy costs.
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33 Conclusion
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36 The objective of this work was to improve flowability of waxy crude oils through pipelines
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38 by addition of PPD. A small scale laboratory model of pipelines of 2.5 m length and 1 inch
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41 and 2 inch inner diameter was used to study the effect of PPD. Pressure drops obtained before
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43 and after addition of different concentrations of PPD was recorded and the wax deposition
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45 thickness and drag reduction was calculated. The tests were carried out at various
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temperatures. Substantial reduction in wax deposition thickness and drag force was observed.
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50 This PPD would minimize the turbulence during flow of waxy crude oils and eventually help
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in increasing the flowability of these types of crudes.
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56 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
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58 We like to express thanks to ONGC, Mehsana Asset, Gujarat for their consistent cooperation
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for collection of crude oil samples from different oil fields and reservoirs. Also, financial

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Page 13 of 15 Petroleum Science and Technology

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support from UGC, India [Project no. 42-400/2013 (SR)] and ISM, [FRS (42)/2012-2013/PE]
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6 are greatly acknowledged.
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8 References
9
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11 Adeyanju, O. A., and Oyekunle, L.O. (2014). Influence of long chain acrylate ester polymers
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13 as wax inhibitors in crude oil pipelines. SPE Nigeria Annual International Conference and
14 Exhibition. 1-13.
15
Bern, P.A., Withers, V. R., and Cairns, R. J. R (1980). Wax Deposition in Crude Oil
16
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17 Pipelines. Paper EUR 206 presented at the European Offshore Petroleum Conference and
18 Exhibition, London, England, Oct. 21-24.
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20
Brown, T. B., Niesen, V.G., and Erickson., D. D. (1993). Measurement and Prediction of the
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21 Kinetics of Paraffin Deposition. SPE 26548, presented at the SPE Annual Technical
22 Conference and Exhibition, Houston, TX , Oct. 3-6.
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24 Brown, G. (2002) The History of the Darcy-Weisbach Equation for Pipe Flow Resistance.
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Environmental and Water Resources History: pp. 34-43.
27 Burger, E. D., Perkins, T. K., and Striegler, J. H. (1981). Studies of Wax Deposition in the
28
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29 Trans Alaska Pipeline. J. Pet. Tech., 1075.

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31 Chen, X.T., Butler, T., Volk, M., Brill, J.P. (1997). Techniques for Measuring Wax
32 Thickness during Single and Multiphase flow. SPE 33773 presented at the SPE Annual
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Technical Conference and Exhibition, San Antonio, Texas, Oct. 5-8.

34
35 Choi, U. S., and Kasza, K. E. (1989). Long-Term Degradation of Dilute Polyacrylamide
36 Solutions in Turbulent Pipe Flow”, Drag Reduction in Fluid Flows, Ellis Horwood Limited,
iew

37
38
163-169.
39 Jennings, D. W., and Newberry, M. E. (2008). Paraffin inhibitor applications in deepwater
40
offshore development. International Petroleum Technology Conference. 1-14.
41
42 Majeed, A., Bringedal., B., and Overa., S. (1990). Model Calculates Wax Deposition for
43
On

44
North Sea Oils. Oil & Gas J. 63-69.
45 Mansour, A. R.., and Aswad, Z. A. R., (1989). A Method to Minimize Costs or maximize
46
47
Flow Rate of Pumping Crude Oil Inside Pipelines using a new Drag Reducing Additive. J. of
Pipelines.7, 301-305.
ly

48
49
Mendes, P. R. S., and Braga, S. L. (1996). Obstruction of pipelines during the Flow of Waxy
50
51 crude oils,” J. Flu. Eng, Trans., 722-728.
52
53 Pedersen, K. S., and Ronningsen, H. P. (2003). Influence of wax inhibitors on wax
54 appearance temperature, pour point, and viscosity of waxy crude oils. Energ Fuel. 17(2):
55 321-328.
56
57
58
59
60

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 Petroleum Science and Technology Page 14 of 15

1
2
3
List of Tables
4
5
6
Table 1 Effect of PPD on wax deposition thickness at different temperatures
7
8 Q, Pure 200 ppm 400 ppm 600 ppm 800 ppm 1000 ppm
9 LPM crude PPD PPD PPD PPD PPD
10 δw, mm δw, mm δw, mm δw, mm δw, mm δw, mm
11 Pipe 1
12
80 2.65 2.61 2.55 2.50 2.38 2.30
13
14 90 2.33 2.30 2.23 2.18 2.05 1.97
15 30°C 100 2.02 1.98 1.91 1.84 1.71 1.62
16 110 1.71 1.67 1.60 1.53 1.40 1.30
Fo

17 120 1.41 1.35 1.30 1.22 1.08 0.98

18
19
80 2.53 2.49 2.42 2.35 2.22 2.14
20 90 2.21 2.17 2.30 2.03 1.90 1.80
rP

21 35°C 100 1.88 1.83 1.77 1.70 1.55 1.47

22 110 1.56 1.51 1.45 1.38 1.22 1.12
23
120 1.25 1.20 1.12 1.05 0.90 0.80
24
80 2.43 2.40 2.32 2.27 2.12 2.03
ee

25
26 90 2.11 2.07 2.00 1.93 1.80 1.70
27 40°C 100 1.78 1.73 1.67 1.60 1.44 1.34
28 110 1.46 1.41 1.34 1.27 1.10 1.00
rR

29
30 120 1.14 1.10 1.01 0.93 0.77 0.65
31 80 2.37 2.32 2.27 2.20 2.05 1.95
32 90 2.05 2.00 1.93 1.87 1.71 1.61
33 45°C
ev

100 1.71 1.67 1.60 1.51 1.37 1.25

34
35
110 1.38 1.34 1.27 1.19 1.02 0.91
36 120 1.07 1.01 0.93 0.85 0.69 0.57
iew

37 Pipe 2
38 80
39
4.07 3.94 3.72 3.57 3.43 3.25
40 90 3.37 3.24 3.01 2.84 2.70 2.51
41 30°C 100 2.65 2.51 2.27 2.10 1.94 1.75
42 110 1.90 1.75 1.50 1.30 1.14 0.93
43
On

120 1.17 1.00 0.74 0.52 0.34 0.12

44
45 80 4.00 3.89 3.67 3.50 3.37 3.19
46 90 3.24 3.11 2.88 2.70 2.55 2.37
47 35°C 100 2.51 2.39 2.13 1.95 1.80 1.60
ly

48 110 1.82 1.69 1.41 1.22 1.05 0.84

49
50
120 1.00 0.85 0.57 0.34 0.18 0.03
51 80 3.89 3.77 3.53 3.37 3.21 3.03
52 90 3.11 2.99 2.73 2.55 2.40 2.20
53 40°C 100 2.39 2.24 1.99 1.80 1.63 1.42
54
110 1.60 1.45 1.18 0.98 0.80 0.67
55
56 120 0.85 0.70 0.40 0.18 0.07 0.08
57 80 3.77 3.63 3.40 3.21 3.07 2.89
58 90 2.91 2.78 2.51 2.32 2.17 1.97
59 45°C 100 2.17 2.02 1.75 1.54 1.39 1.25
60
110 1.39 1.22 0.93 0.71 0.67 0.62
120 0.60 0.43 0.12 0.07 0.03 0.02

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Page 15 of 15 Petroleum Science and Technology

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2
3
4
5 Table 2. Drag reduction at different flow rates and temperatures with PPD
6 Concentration of PPD, ppm
7 200 400 600 800 1000
8 Q, LPM DR% DR% DR% DR% DR%
9
10
Pipe 1
11 80 1.63 3.82 6.01 10.39 13.01
12 90 1.64 4.14 6.43 11.43 13.29
13 30°C 100 1.68 4.51 6.74 12.61 13.40
14
110 1.70 4.88 6.95 13.80 14.30
15
16 120 1.74 5.07 7.40 14.04 15.34
Fo

17 80 1.72 4.02 6.32 10.91 13.80

18 90 1.73 4.24 6.65 11.39 14.88
19 35°C 100 1.77 4.51 7.01 12.18 15.11
20
rP

21 110 1.80 4.70 7.39 13.38 16.38

22 120 1.90 4.90 7.74 14.65 16.72
23 80 1.79 4.17 6.54 11.30 14.29
24 90 1.80 4.40 7.59 13.38 14.38
ee

25 40°C 100 1.82 4.87 7.80 14.59 15.63

26
27 110 1.87 5.34 8.43 15.80 16.90
28 120 1.91 5.75 9.00 16.10 17.29
rR

29 80 1.82 4.57 7.00 11.59 14.63

30 90 1.87 5.04 7.84 11.65 14.72
31
32
45°C 100 1.9 5.58 8.07 11.88 15
33 110 1.95 6.00 9.00 13.80 17.19
ev

34 120 2.01 6.43 10.19 14.41 17.69

35 Pipe 2
36
80 2.22 6.11 9.29 12.11 13.89
iew

37
38 90 2.24 6.18 9.99 13.23 14.04
39 30°C 100 2.30 6.32 10.20 14.50 14.37
40 110 2.39 6.54 6.54 14.90 14.89
41 120 2.47 6.67 10.88 15.34 15.43
42
43 80 2.24 6.18 9.99 11.23 14.04
On

44 90 2.30 6.32 10.20 12.50 15.37

45 35°C 100 2.35 6.48 10.81 13.77 15.70
46 110 2.40 6.62 11.63 14.04 16.07
47
120 2.53 6.97 12.12 14.65 16.55
ly

48
49 80 2.30 7.32 10.20 11.50 14.37
50 90 2.35 7.48 11.41 12.78 15.70
51 40°C 100 2.40 7.62 12.39 13.04 16.06
52
110 2.5 7.88 12.93 13.5 16.75
53
54 120 2.60 8.14 13.39 14.69 17.69
55 80 2.35 7.48 9.41 11.77 14.70
56 90 2.43 7.70 10.65 12.50 15.24
57 45°C 100 2.5 8.88 11 13.5 16.38
58
59
110 2.60 9.14 11.90 14.03 17.69
60 120 2.70 9.43 12.10 14.79 18.19

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