G Model

EXIS 311 No. of Pages 5

The Extractive Industries and Society xxx (2016) xxx–xxx

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

The Extractive Industries and Society

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/exis

Original article

Making extractive industries-led growth inclusive: An introduction

M.P. McHenrya,* , D.G. Doepelb , K.C. Uramac
a
School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Australia
b
Africa Research Group, Murdoch University, Australia
c
Sir Walter Murdoch School of Public Policy and International Affairs, Murdoch University/African Development Bank, Australia

A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T

Article history:
Received 12 November 2016 The extractive industries are often perceived as extremely lucrative, with civil society, international
Received in revised form 28 March 2017 agencies, governments, and NGOs commonly arguing for greater levels of local return. Unfortunately, it is
Accepted 30 March 2017 also common for foreign-owned extractive company community engagement/development activities in
Available online xxx poorer host nations to be ‘ad-hoc’ and overlap with basic government services and responsibilities. We
present six papers that represent examples of development opportunities in the supply chains of the
Keywords: extractive industries capable of facilitating inclusive engagement while simultaneously reducing poverty
Extractives and diversifying economies, and which align with government social responsibilities. Staying within the
Mining
supply chain enables the companies to benefit directly from their investments, enhance their operational
Growth
security, and prevent others from ‘free-loading’. These six papers show a diversity of opportunities that
Development
can benefit foreign extractive engagement, improve the potential of inclusive growth to local
communities, enhance the capacity of local governments, and avoid common pitfalls by maintaining
communication between important stakeholders.
© 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction (Godfray et al., 2010), opportunities for the international private

This special section of The Extractive Industries and Society
features six papers that span the breadth of the broad engage-
ments that extractives industries are advancing in areas of relative
poverty and low economic diversity: 1) water supply provision in
areas of poverty in a mining growth corridor; 2) post-mine island-
based mine rehabilitation into agricultural land uses; 3) emerging
infectious diseases mitigation and response; 4) balanced regula-
tion for local content; 5) large greenfield mineral, rail and port
investments; and 6) complexities of mine closure planning and
environmental impact assessment.
These papers were developed following the Africa Australia
Research Forum’s ‘Making Growth Inclusive’ event hosted by
Murdoch University in Perth, Western Australia in 2015. Growth in
international investment in sub-Saharan Africa as a primary
resource producer (food, minerals, energy, etc.) is highly related to
global strategic food, land, water, resource and energy competition
(African Development Bank Group et al., 2014; Godfray et al., 2010;
Lynd and Woods, 2011; McHenry and Cakir, 2013; Opara, 2011;
Schut et al., 2010). Because the recent global competition for
commodities is expected to increase for at least another 40 years
* Corresponding author.
E-mail address: mpmchenry@gmail.com (M.P. McHenry).
sector to bolster African countries’ ability to export to large
European and Asian markets are enormous (McHenry and Cakir,
2013).
At present, in a number of countries in sub-Saharan Africa, the
mining sector is the largest single sectoral contributor to GDP,
taxes, foreign investment and foreign exchange (Hanlin, 2011).
Today, around 70% of private capital flows into Africa are in the
form of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) (Africa Progress Panel,
2014). Mining, and oil and gas projects are an overwhelmingly
large source of FDI in African countries (Africa Progress Panel, 2013,
2014; African Development Bank Group et al., 2014; Anyanwu,
2012; Asiedu, 2002; Dupasquier and Osakwe, 2005; Imoudu, 2012;
Mijiyawa, 2013; Robbins, 2013; Robbins and Perkins, 2012).
FDI is a relatively stable form of investment that is less
vulnerable to short-term crises and changing market conditions
(Africa Progress Panel, 2014; Busse and Hefeker, 2005). FDI
stimulates employment, technological progress and access, higher
productivity, economic growth, exports, access to new and large
foreign markets, education and training, entrepreneurship, tech-
nical skills, management standards, cost of capital reductions and
mitigation of investment risk (Asiedu, 2004; Djokoto, 2012;
Dupasquier and Osakwe, 2005; Imoudu, 2012; Lederman et al.,
2010; Penney et al., 2012; Robbins, 2013). However, the net impact
of FDI on a host country’s economy is complex and, in many cases,

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.exis.2017.03.006
2214-790X/© 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Please cite this article in press as: M.P. McHenry, et al., Making extractive industries-led growth inclusive: An introduction, Extr. Ind. Soc.
(2017), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.exis.2017.03.006
G Model
EXIS 311 No. of Pages 5
2 M.P. McHenry et al. / The Extractive Industries and Society xxx (2016) xxx–xxx
ambiguous and dependent on the ability of the host country to
extract the benefits and minimise negative impacts (Akinlo, 2004;
Anyanwu, 2012; Asiedu, 2006; Claassen et al., 2011; Robbins, 2013).
Investment in the extractive industries in sub-Saharan Africa is
occurring in historically poor agricultural/rural regions (Weng
et al., 2013); yet, these investments often are not interconnected
with the local community or economy. For example, mines are
commonly located in remote areas and are unwilling or unable to
source their production inputs locally. (Chuhan-Pole et al., 2017;
Ovadia, 2016).
Traditionally, multinational companies in the extractive indus-
tries in sub-Saharan Africa have been resistant to deepening their
engagement with local or national economies. Host governments
are mostly interested in taxes and royalties, and tend to let other
opportunities to maximise net benefits pass by (Robbins, 2013).
Upstream and downstream linkages between sustained mining
options and the immediate precincts, towns and regional hubs are
a major economic development and diversification opportunity
that are at present largely being missed (Dupasquier and Osakwe,
2005; Robbins, 2013; Robbins and Perkins, 2012). Economic
integration of projects is a win-win for both foreign investors
and host countries (African Development Bank Group et al., 2014;
Shen, 2013) and include opportunities for technical training to
supply the mining sector (Robbins, 2013). Environmental rehabili-
tation, mine decommissioning activities and social health pro-
grammes (for the direct mine workforce and local communities)
are a new added element to mining supply chain value to a region
(Robbins, 2013). Without economic integration and diversification,
rural populations in the region will remain underdeveloped with
enduring food and water supply shortages (Barrett et al., 2017;
Counguara and Moder, 2011; Prime Minister’s Science Engineering
and Innovation Council, 2010).
Attracting private sector investments capable of facilitating
broad-based economic development requires coordination be-
tween private investors and national and international govern-
ments (Crawford et al., 2003). Indeed, in sub-Saharan Africa, it has
long been expected that companies (in addition to their primary
business) provide numerous benefits to the local community
(historically largely ad-hoc benefits) and, more recently, at more
sophisticated levels they are expected to build regional capacity
and facilitate effective public-private partnerships prior to, during
and after an individual projects’ operational lifespan (Kotey and
Adusei, 2009; Werblow and Williams, 1998). The eexpectations of
extractive companies by local SSA communities are commonly
excessively unrealistic for a number of reasons. Yet, most extractive
companies are either unable to follow through on the high
expectations of the host country and community unless there is a
clear commercial advantage (Kivuiti et al., 2005). From a global
perspective, extractive companies operating in developing coun-
tries are increasingly requiring project finance to displace equity
and borrowing, and financial institutions are requiring higher
standards of operation (Kotey and Adusei, 2009), requiring the
transfer of global best practice in private sector investments
(McHenry and Cakir, 2013).
A number of countries in sub-Saharan Africa have the
opportunity to foster the development of appropriate local service
sectors to support and extend local service industries and diversify
from primary to secondary and tertiary economic activities
(Pezzini, 2013). However, this can be difficult when multinational
involvement in the mining and exploration sector in the region
commonly applies traditional global corporate procurement
systems all the way through the design, construction, operational
and decommissioning phases. This approach effectively excludes
service sectors from the major contracts, even from mature
extractive service centres in South Africa (Hanlin, 2011). The
activities of the extractive sector have and do have negative and
Please cite this article in press as: M.P. McHenry, et al., Making extractive industries-led growth inclusive: An introduction, Extr. Ind. Soc.
(2017), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.exis.2017.03.006
positive impacts on livelihoods and a significant area of tension is
the positive and negative impacts on local inhabitants, which is
where additional transparency, good relationships and supportive
communication is needed.
This special section presents six case studies where the mining
sector has both stimulated new investment and economic
engagement directly or where preparations for either new mining
activity or the loss of it is expected to have a large local impact
(both positive and negative elements). These international
extractive-related investments and associated impacts are largely
occurring in undeveloped rural and/or agricultural locations and
this special issue delves into a purposefully broad level of
discussion in terms of their applicability to SSA’s future economic
development of rural and agricultural contexts.
2. Organisation of the special section
Because mining is all too frequently portrayed as a competitor
to the interests of the local community in terms of water use,
taking a more active role in ensuring the effective delivery of local
water supply provides opportunities for mining companies to
change this perception. Mining can stimulate rapid population
growth, and can therefore place an increased strain on existing
water infrastructure and potentially, negatively impacting avail-
able local water capacity.
This first paper explores how mining activities requiring the
development of new (or expansion of existing) water infrastruc-
ture provide an opportunity to benefit local communities with
limited access to clean water. Using recent Australian Government
funded water and sanitation interventions along the Nacala
Economic Corridor (Mozambique) as a case study, the paper
examines how mining companies can most effectively ensure the
delivery of sustainable water infrastructure to local communities.
Experience has shown that decision-making regarding regional
water infrastructure investment should be as decentralised as
possible and focus on economically sustainable operators able to
install and maintain water infrastructure (Foster and Briceno-
Garmendia, 2009; Levite and Sally, 2002; Rosegrant et al., 2009).
The paper discusses if it is possible to supply water profitably and,
if so, how securing private investment may still require some form
of investment (‘hard’ or ‘soft’) by mining companies or the local/
provincial government to achieve economic sustainability. A series
of guidelines and supporting examples are presented that outline
how to secure long-term viability of community water supplies
that are directly and indirectly impacted by mining activity. The
main findings from the study are as follows:
 Any expansion of existing water supply infrastructure can be
aided by detailed plans and contractual agreements that clearly
define the infrastructure to be provided by the system owner to
the operator in a transparent manner to ensure that water
quality and pressure are preserved.
 Expansion plans and agreements that provide a high level of
detail can help safeguard both the owner and the operator from
poor decisions by the other party, thereby ensuring that all
parties do what is in the best interest for the system as a whole,
the community and all parties to the contractual agreements.
 Changes to these plans in response to new technologies,
variances in town planning, social equity considerations, pricing
structures, etc., can be enacted through joint agreement between
the parties.
 An active supporting role with in-house water supply technical
and economic expertise enables a mining company to become a
strong advocate for community access to clean water and
guarantors of one of the most basic human rights.
G Model
EXIS 311 No. of Pages 5
M.P. McHenry et al. / The Extractive Industries and Society xxx (2016) xxx–xxx
The second paper explores the IDRAM pilot initiative in
Katanga, Democratic Republic of Congo. The extractive industries
have long overlooked the seriousness of emerging infectious
diseases (EIDs). This, however, changed following the 2014 Ebola
outbreak, which led to a significant downturn in mining activity
and planned expansions. Some companies ceased operations
altogether (e.g., China Union) (World Bank, 2015a). The extractive
industries can cause significant environmental, social, demograph-
ic, health, and economic change, all of which can trigger outbreaks
of disease (Wilcox and Ellis, 2006; Heymann and Dixon, 2012;
Morens et al., 2004; Morse, 1995; Patz et al., 2004; Smolinski et al.,
2003; Walsh et al., 1993). This can put extractive companies on the
frontline of EID outbreaks. For example, the economic losses
associated with SARS in 2003 amounted to at least US$80 billion
(World Bank, 2012) and the economic impact of the 2014 Ebola
outbreak in the three most affected countries (Guinea, Liberia and
Sierra Leone) is estimated to be at least US$2.2 billion, over 12
percent of their combined GDP (World Bank, 2015b).
The IDRAM pilot initiative focussed on: 1) the assessment of
which kinds of risk reduction measures were in place during the
2014 Ebola outbreak among selected mining companies; 2)
explored the industry’s attitudes towards control interventions,
and; 3) explored opportunities for collaboration among multiple
stakeholders. Because findings from the research suggest that
extractive companies with disease control and prevention systems
cannot control outbreaks by themselves, the paper discusses the
ways in which companies should strengthen their risk reduction
role by assessing the health consequences of their projects through
an integrated Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA), including:
1) leveraging staff health and safety training courses to benefit the
wider community surrounding mining sites; and 2) improved
partnering with health authorities, other companies, and external
stakeholders. While companies often exercise good control ‘inside
the fence’, they lack the same influence ‘outside the fence’, even
within their own concession. Good design, preparation, and
implementation of company management plans that include
multiple stakeholders will better enable a reduction of the impact
of an outbreak on company operations and the community.
The third paper in this special section builds on a policy, legal
and regulatory framework review of the mining and the small-
scale supply sector business environment undertaken by the
author for the Donor Committee for Enterprise Development. The
review focused largely on Nigeria, Ghana, Mozambique and South
Africa. Recognizing that many governments are eager to ensure
resource-based investments lead to broad-based economic growth
through local content policies, legislation, and regulatory instru-
ments, this paper analyzes how effective these instruments are.
The study finds that, without external impetus, extractive
companies generally have little regard for local content because,
in practice, most existing local content instruments enable non-
compliance and can be a barrier to investment. The paper discusses
opportunities for governments to focus on developing the
conditions for improved procurement (better energy and transport
infrastructure, adequate human capital, access to finance, econo-
mies of scale and outreach or technical assistance programs) rather
than simply regulating/mandating for local content.
This fourth paper charts the course, past to present, of legal
developments related to mine closure in South Africa with
observations about possible future trends. The South African
legislative framework for mine closure and rehabilitation generally
conforms to international expectations for best practice. The
system, however, is extremely complex, featuring many individual
laws, regulations and guidelines that are specific to mine closure
planning and management in the country. These include: 1)
interconnected rafts of specific provisions and expectations
alongside identified governance capacity constraints (financial,
Please cite this article in press as: M.P. McHenry, et al., Making extractive industries-led growth inclusive: An introduction, Extr. Ind. Soc.
(2017), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.exis.2017.03.006
3
technical and experience based); 2) dual authorisations, in the
form of closure certificates and EIAs; 3) and multiple, required
ministerial authorizations along with added financial, closure
design and risk assessment requirements are but some of the
contributing factors.
However, complexities are not isolated to the South African
experience and are common in many mining jurisdictions. The vast
majority of nations on the continent already have specific
legislation or regulations for mining and EIA that relate to mine
closure, with broad intentions that EIA occur early, be regularly
reviewed and updated and that the community be engaged in
defining post mining land-use. What is not commonly considered
in the legal framework are the very human elements of mine
closure planning and how different government agencies imple-
ment the framework and work together to achieve the best
outcomes post-mining, and also as the intermediary between the
mining companies and communities in terms of how to engage and
define a post mining land-use. As South Africa is an advanced
economy on the continent with extensive experience in mining,
there are many lessons that are applicable to emerging countries in
the region that wish to attract the benefits of the extractives
industries and minimise their potential negative consequences.
The fifth paper explores Chinese politics and investments as
they relate to the world’s largest known and highest-grade iron ore
deposit located in Guinea’s Simandou Mountains. China has
explicitly promised to help build a ‘post-Ebola’ era for some eight
million primarily impoverished Guineans, many of whom are
located in the area. More widely, China has expressed plans to
invest in steel-intensive infrastructure and steel milling capacity
across Africa to industrialise the continent, which will also support
China’s own on-going economic transition and improve the
influence of China on the global iron ore market. China’s increasing
investment in infrastructure and industrial projects is an example
of how development models and global mineral markets are
increasingly interdependent in the context of developing coun-
tries. Further examination of China’s investments in Africa and
other commodity-rich countries can enable a better understanding
of global iron ore markets.
The sixth and final paper in this special issue is a unique
description of initial trials to convert disused mine sites for
commercial agricultural purposes (rather than restoration to an
original condition) to achieve an economic strategy to combat
post-mining decline and food security on a small island in the Asia-
Pacific (Christmas Island, administered by Australia). Despite a
well-established international expectation by industry, financiers
and practitioners that consideration of post-mining land use
should be an intrinsic element of the entire life cycle of mining (e.g.
International Council on Mining and Metals (ICMM), 2008;
International Finance Corporation, 2007; Mining Minerals and
Sustainable Development (MMSD), 2002; Sweeting and Clark,
2000), there is a growing demand among local interests that stable
and productive land be available to a local community after mining
activities cease (Davies et al., 2012; International Council on
Mining and Metals (ICMM), 2008; Mining Minerals and Sustain-
able Development [MSSD], 2002 p. 27; Morrison-Saunders et al.,
2014; Otto, 1997; Sassoon, 2009; Stacey et al., 2010). This paper
describes the change of approach to land use from an apatite
(phosphate) mine site to farmland. It details methods and results,
including: 1) pre-commercial trials of selected broadacre crops; 2)
rotational cropping using legumes; 3) high value crops; and 4) a
microbial prospecting program to determine capability of indige-
nous bacteria to fix nitrogen to enhance plant productivity without
nitrogen fertiliser imports. The paper demonstrates that post-
mining lands can become a productive and commercially viable
agricultural system in a rapid enough timeframe to achieve the
socio-economic development objectives of a small, relatively
G Model
EXIS 311 No. of Pages 5
4 M.P. McHenry et al. / The Extractive Industries and Society xxx (2016) xxx–xxx
impoverished community with high food costs. By ensuring a post-
mine life that represents an economically productive asset for the
community (such as agriculture), the economic ‘boom and bust’
often associated with mining can be moderated to an extent. The
approaches described in this paper may be suitable for juris-
dictions where post-mining social and economic sustainability has
proven to be particularly challenging and where food security is
poor.
3. Conclusion
Extractive industries’ community development activities are
often seen as a relatively small offering by local communities that
commonly perceive extractive company operations as extremely
lucrative. However, despite the fact that the community develop-
ment activities financed by the extractive industries in sub-
Saharan Africa have a tendency to overlap with government
responsibilities, these companies may not be able to maintain the
building and operation of facilities like schools and hospitals. It is
also not advisable that they do as they are private businesses and
not governments with broader social responsibilities. It is more
appropriate for companies in the extractive industries ‘space’
invest in both ‘hard’ and ‘soft’ infrastructure required in their own
upstream and downstream supply chain so they can capture those
benefits and prevent other competitors from free-loading. A
targeted supply chain approach is arguably the most appropriate as
governments in Africa commonly do not have the institutional or
financial capacity to foster industry-specific training, education
and infrastructure. These six papers illustrate how upstream and
downstream activities in the supply chains of the extractive
industries can facilitate inclusive engagement while simultaneous-
ly reducing poverty and yielding economic diversification, and
align with the social responsibilities of host governments.
As companies in the extractive industries operating in sub-
Saharan Africa often seek the assistance of their foreign policy
representatives and other stakeholders, political, intra- and inter-
sectoral relationships are fundamentally important to trade,
diplomatic, and institution-institution relations. Transparent
partnerships are key to creating trust in information sharing,
investment decision making, technology transfer, cultural knowl-
edge and understanding. It is not simply a matter for the extractive
industries, civil society, international agencies, governments, or
NGOs to deal with these issues in isolation. Host governments and
private sector organisations operating in the extractive industries
‘space’ must work together to foster positive outcomes for the local
and national economies in sub-Saharan Africa.
References
Africa Progress Panel, 2013. Africa Progress Panel report 2013. Equity in extractives.
Stewarding Africa’s national resources for all. In: Johnston, A. (Ed.), Geneva,
Switzerland.
Africa Progress Panel, 2014. Africa Progress Panel report 2014. Grain fish money.
Financing Africa’s green and blue revlutions. In: Johnston, A. (Ed.), Geneva,
Switzerland.
African Development Bank Group, OECD Development Centre, United Nations
Development Programme, 2014. African Economic Outlook 2014 Special
Theme: Global Value Chains and Africa’s Industrialisation. .
Akinlo, A.E., 2004. Foreign direct investment and growth in Nigeria. An empirical
investigation. J. Policy Model. 26, 627–639.
Anyanwu, J.C., 2012. Why does foreign direct Investment go where it goes?: New
evidence from African countries. Ann. Econ. Finance 13 (2), 425–462.
Asiedu, E., 2002. On the determinants of foreign direct investment to developing
countries: is Africa different? World Dev. 30 (1), 107–119.
Asiedu, E., 2004. Policy reform and foreign direct investment in Africa: absolute
progress but relative decline. Dev. Policy Rev. 22 (1), 41–48.
Asiedu, E., 2006. Foreign direct investment in Africa: the role of natural resources,
market size, government policy, institutions and political instability. World
Econ. 29 (1), 63–77.
Please cite this article in press as: M.P. McHenry, et al., Making extractive industries-led growth inclusive: An introduction, Extr. Ind. Soc.
(2017), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.exis.2017.03.006
Barrett, C.B., Christiaensen, L., Sheahan, M.B., Shimeles, A., 2017. On the Structural
Transformation of Rural Africa. World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No.
7938. (Retrieved from https://ssrn.com/abstract=2897224).
Busse, M., Hefeker, C., 2005. Political Risk, Institutions and Foreign Direct
Investment. HWWA Discussion Paper 315. Hamburg Institute of International
Economics (HWWA), Hamburg, Germany.
Chuhan-Pole, P., Dabalen, A.L., Land, B.C., 2017. Mining in Africa: Are Local
Communities Better Off? Africa Development Forum. World Bank, Washington,
DC (Retrieved from https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/
26110 License: CC BY 3.0 IGO.).
Claassen, C., Loots, E., Bezuidenhout, H., 2011. Chinese Foreign Direct Investment in
Africa. Working Paper 261. North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa.
Counguara, B., Moder, K., 2011. Is agricultural extension helping the poor? Evidence
from rural Mozambique. J. Afr. Econ. 1–34. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jae/
ejr015.
Crawford, E., Kelly, E., Jayne, T.S., Howard, J., 2003. Input use and market
development in sub-Saharan Africa: an overview. Food Policy 28, 277–292.
Davies, J., Maru, T.Y., May, T., 2012. Enduring Community Value from Mining:
Conceptual Framework Working Paper CW007. Alice Springs, Northern
Territory, Australia: Cooperative Research Centre for Remote Economic
Participation, Ninti One Limited.
Djokoto, J.G., 2012. Does causal relationships exist between external trade and
foreign direct investment flow to agriculture in Ghana? Int. J. Bus. Manage. 7 (2),
179–193.
Dupasquier, C., Osakwe, P.N., 2005. Foreign Direct Investment in Africa:
Performance, Challenges and Responsibilities: African Trade Policy Centre,
Economic Commission for Africa, Canada Fund for Africa. United Nations
Development Programme.
Foster, V., Briceno-Garmendia, C., 2009. Meeting Africa’s Infrastructure Needs
Africa’s Infrastructure: a Time for Transformation. The Africa Infrastructure
Country Diagnostic (AICD)/African Development Bank.
Godfray, H.C.J., Beddington, J.R., Crute, I.R., Haddad, L., Lawrence, D., Muir, J.F., Pretty,
J., Robinson, S., Thomas, S.M., Toulmin, C., 2010. Food security: the challenge of
feeding 9 billion people. Science 327, 812.
Hanlin, C., 2011. The Drive to Increase Local Procurement in the Mining Sector in
Africa: Myth or Reality? MMCP Discussion Paper No. 4 Making the Most of
Commodities Programme (MMCP). Policy Research in International Services
and Manufacturing (PRISM), Economics and CSSR, University of Cape Town,
Open University, the International Development Research Centre of Canada, the
William and Flora Hewlett Foundation, and the Harry Oppenheimer Institute,
Capt town, South Africa.
Heymann, D.L., Dixon, M., 2012. Infections at the animal/human interface: shifting
the paradigm from emergency response to prevention at source. Curr. Top.
Microbiol. Immunol. 366, 207–215. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/82_2012_285.
Imoudu, E.C., 2012. The impact of foreign direct investment on Nigeria’s economic
growth; 1980–2009: evidence from the Johansen’s cointegration approach. Int.
J. Bus. Soc. Sci. 3 (6), 122–134.
International Council on Mining and Metals (ICMM), 2008. Planning for Integrated
Mine Closure: Toolkit. ICMM, London, UK.
International Finance Corporation, 2007. Environmental, Health and Safety
Guidelines for Mining. IFC, The World Bank Group, Washington DC, USA.
Kivuiti, M., Yambayamba, K., Fox, T., 2005. How can Corporate Social Responsibility
Deliver in Africa? Insights from Kenya and Zambia Perspectives on Corporate
Responsibility for Environment and Development. International Institute for
Environment and Development, London, England.
Kotey, N.A., Adusei, P., 2009. Project Finance Mechanisms, Human Rights and
Sustainable Development in Ghana’s Mining Sector: the Newmont and
AngloGold Mining Projects. Draft Paper. International Institute for Environment
and Development, Environmental Economics Programme, Accra, Ghana.
Lederman, D., Mengistae, T., Xu, L.C., 2010. Microeconomic Consequences and
Macroeconomic Causes of Foreign Direct Investment in Southern African
Economies. Policy Research Working Paper 5416. The World Bank Development
Research Group Finance and Private Sector Development and Trade and
Integration Teams, Development Research Group; and Africa Region Private
Sector Development Division, Washington D.C., USA.
Levite, H., Sally, H., 2002. Linkages between productivity and equitable allocation of
water. Phys. Chem. Earth 27, 825–830.
Lynd, L.R., Woods, J., 2011. A new hope for Africa: bioenergy could help bring food
security to the world’s poorest continent. Nature 474, S20–S21.
Mining Minerals and Sustainable Development (MMSD), 2002a. Mining for the
Future – Appendix C: Abandoned Mines Working Paper. International Institute
for Environment and Development (IIED), and the World Business Council for
Sustainable Development (WBCSD), London, UK.
Mining Minerals and Sustainable Development [MSSD], 2002b. Breaking New
Ground: the Report of the Mining, Minerals and Sustainable Development
Project. Earthscan, London, UK.
McHenry, M.P., Cakir, M., 2013. Private international investment within the sub-
Saharan agricultural milieu. In: Raza, A. (Ed.), Agricultural Systems in the 21st
Century. Nova Science Publishers, Hauppauge, New York, USA, pp. 185–194.
Mijiyawa, A.G., 2013. Myopic reliance on natural resources: how African countries
can diversify inward FDI. No. 97, June 17. In: Sauvant, K.P., Reimer, J. (Eds.),
Perspectives on Topical Foreign Direct Investment Issues. Vale Columbia Center
on Sustainable International Investment, New York, USA.
Morens, D.M., Folkers, G.K., Fauci, A.S., 2004. The challenge of emerging and re-
emerging infectious diseases. Nature 430 (6996), 242–249. doi:http://dx.doi.
org/10.1038/nature02759.
G Model
EXIS 311 No. of Pages 5
M.P. McHenry et al. / The Extractive Industries and Society xxx (2016) xxx–xxx
Morrison-Saunders, A., Gorey, P., Doepel, D., Mtegha, H., McHenry, M.P., 2014.
Enhancements in mine closure planning in Western Australia and possible
applications for Africa. Paper Presented at the Mine Closure 2014: 9th
International Conference on Mine Closure, Johannesburg, South Africa, October
1–3.
Morse, S.S., 1995. Factors in the emergence of infectious diseases. Emerg. Infect. Dis.
1 (1), 7–15. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid0101.950102.
Opara, U.L., 2011. Editorial: the urgent need to transform small-scale subsistence
farming in Africa towards sustainable agribusiness value-chains. Int. J.
Postharvest Technol. Innov. 2 (2), 115–119.
Otto, J.M., 1997. A national mineral policy as a regulatory tool. Resour. Policy 23 (1/
2), 1–7.
Ovadia, J.S., 2016. Local content policies, natural resource governance, and
development in the Global South. In: Hany, G.B. (Ed.), Governing Natural
Resources for Africa’s Development. Routledge, London, UK.
Patz, J.A., Daszak, P., Tabor, G.M., Aguirre, A.A., Pearl, M., Epstein, J., Wolfe, N.D.,
Kilpatrick, A.M., Foufopoulos, J., Molyneux, D., Bradley, D.J., 2004. Unhealthy
landscapes: policy recommendations on land use change and infectious disease
emergence. Environ. Health Perspect. 10, 1092–1098.
Penney, K., Melanie, J., Stark, C., Sheales, T., 2012. Opportunities and challenges
facing the Australian resources sector. Aust. J. Agric. Resour. Econ. 56, 152–170.
Pezzini, M., 2013. Keynote address. Developing opportunities and challenges for
mining and agriculture. Paper Presented at the Mining, Africulture and
Development. Bread from Stones? The Crawford Fund 19th Annual Conference,
Perth, Australia, 26–27 August.
Prime Minister’s Science Engineering and Innovation Council, 2010. Australia and
Food Security in a Changing World. In: T.P.E.W. Group (Ed.), Prime Minister’s
Science, Engineering and Innovation Council, Canberra, Australia.
Robbins, G., Perkins, D., 2012. Mining FDI and infrastructure development in Africa’s
east coast: examining the recent experience of Tanzania and Mozambique. J. Int.
Dev. 24, 220–236.
Robbins, G., 2013. Mining FDI and urban economies in sub-Saharan Africa: exploring
the possible linkages. Local Econ. 28 (2), 158–169.
Rosegrant, M., Ringler, C., de Jong, I., 2009. Irrigation: Tapping Potential Africa’s
Infrastructure: a Time for Transformation. The Africa Infrastructure Country
Diagnostic (AICD)/African Development Bank.
Sassoon, M., 2009. Financial Surety: Guidelines for the Implementation of Financial
Surety for Mine Closure Extractive Industries for Development Series 7, A
Please cite this article in press as: M.P. McHenry, et al., Making extractive industries-led growth inclusive: An introduction, Extr. Ind. Soc.
(2017), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.exis.2017.03.006
5
Working Paper by the Oil, Gas, and Mining Policy Division. The World Bank,
Washington DC, USA.
Schut, M., Slingerland, M., Locke, A., 2010. Biofuel developments in Mozambique.
Update and analysis of policy, potential and reality. Energy Policy 38, 5151–
5165.
Shen, X., 2013. How the private sector is changing Chinese investment in Africa. In:
Sauvant, K.P., Reimer, J. (Eds.), Columbia FDI Perspectives. Perspectives on
Topical Foreign Direct Investment Issues. No. 93. The Vale Columbia Center on
Sustainable International Investment, New York, USA.
Smolinski, M.S., Hamburg, M.A., Lederberg, J., 2003. Microbial Threats to Health:
Emergence, Detection, and Response. Committee on Emerging Microbial
Threats to Health in the 21st Century Board on Global Health. Institute of
Medicine of the National Academy of Sciences, Washington.
Stacey, J., Naude, A., Hermanus, M., 2010. The socio-economic aspects of mine
closure and sustainable development: literature overview and lessons for the
socio-economic aspects of closure – Report 1. South. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. 110
(July), 379–394.
Sweeting, A., Clark, A., 2000. Lightening the Lode: a Guide to Responsible Large-
scale Mining. Conservation International, Washington DC, USA.
Walsh, J.F., Molyneux, D.H., Birley, M.H., 1993. Deforestation: effects on vector-borne
disease. Parasitology 106 (Suppl), S55–S75.
Weng, L., Boedhihartono, A.K., Dirks, P.H.G.M., Dixon, J., Lubis, M.I., Sayer, J.A., 2013.
Mineral industries, growth corridors and agricultural development in Africa.
Global Food Security 2, 195–202.
Werblow, U., Williams, G.M., 1998. Agricultural sector strategies and policies for
poverty reduction. Paper Presented at the Reducing Poverty Through
Agricultural Sector Strategies in Eastern and Southern Africa, Wageningen,
Netherlands, 23–25 November.
Wilcox, B.A., Ellis, B., 2006. Forests and emerging infectious diseases of humans.
Unasylva 56 (224) .
World Bank, 2012. People, Pathogens, and Our Planet. Volume 2: The Economics of
One Health. World Bank, DC (Retrieved from https://openknowledge.
worldbank.org/handle/10986/11892).
World Bank, 2015a. The Economic Impact of the 2014 Ebola Epidemic. Short- and
Medium-Term Estimates for West Africa. .
World Bank, 2015b. Update on the Economic Impact of the 2014–2015 Ebola
Epidemic on Liberia, Sierra Leone, and Guniea. .