distillation

sublimation
What is Sublimation?

Fill your ice cube trays with water, place them in the freezer, and the next day, you will have ice
cubes formed through a process called freezing. If you drop those ice cubes on the floor, soon
they will have melted into a puddle of water. Freezing and melting are two common phase
transitions, or changes in the states of matter to or from solid, liquid, gas, or plasma.

Sublimation is another one of these phase transitions; except in this case, we have a solid
turning directly into a gas. As a sublimating material changes from a solid to a gas, it never
passes through the liquid state. This image shows water in its three forms: ice, water, and steam.
Sublimation is just one of the ways water or another substance can change between its potential
phases.

How Sublimation Works

Substances such as water and carbon dioxide (CO2) can be charted on a pressure versus
temperature plot to reveal their state of matter (solid, liquid, or gas) at a given temperature and
pressure. At a typical atmospheric pressure, we know that water is a solid at temperatures below
0 degrees Celsius, a liquid from 0 to 100 degrees Celsius, and a gas at higher temperatures.
Atmospheric pressure, however, can change, particularly with altitude. Higher altitudes yield
lower atmospheric pressures.
distillation
Distillation is the process of separating the components or substances from a liquid mixture by
using selective boiling and condensation. Distillation may result in essentially complete
separation (nearly pure components), or it may be a partial separation that increases the
concentration of selected components in the mixture. In either case, the process exploits
differences in the volatility of the mixture's components. In industrial chemistry, distillation is a
unit operation of practically universal importance, but it is a physical separation process, not a
chemical reaction.

Distillation has many applications. For example:

Distillation of fermented products produces distilled beverages with a high alcohol content or
separates out other fermentation products of commercial value.

Distillation is an effective and traditional method of desalination.

In the fossil fuel industry, oil stabilization is a form of partial distillation that reduces vapor
pressure of crude oil, thereby making it safe for storage and transport as well as reducing the
atmospheric emissions of volatile hydrocarbons. In midstream operations at oil refineries,
distillation is a major class of operation for transforming crude oil into fuels and chemical feed
stocks.

Cryogenic distillation leads to the separation of air into its components – notably oxygen,
nitrogen, and argon – for industrial use.

In the field of industrial chemistry, large amounts of crude liquid products of chemical synthesis
are distilled to separate them, either from other products, from impurities, or from unreacted
starting materials.

An installation used for distillation, especially of distilled beverages, is called a distillery. The
distillation equipment at a distillery is a still.

fractional distillation

Fractional distillation is the separation of a mixture into its component parts, or fractions.
Chemical compounds are separated by heating them to a temperature at which one or more
fractions of the mixture will vaporize. It uses distillation to fractionate. Generally the component
parts have boiling points that differ by less than 25 °C from each other under a pressure of one
atmosphere. If the difference in boiling points is greater than 25 °C, a simple distillation is
typically used
This helps out in a laboratory makes use of common laboratory glassware and apparatuses,
typically including a Bunsen burner, a round-bottomed flask and a condenser, as well as the
single-purpose fractionating column.

its an example consider the distillation of a mixture of water and ethanol. Ethanol boils at 78.4 °C
while water boils at 100 °C. So, by heating the mixture, the most volatile component (ethanol)
will concentrate to a greater degree in the vapor leaving the liquid. Some mixtures form
azeotropes, where the mixture boils at a lower temperature than either component. In this
example, a mixture of 96% ethanol and 4% water boils at 78.2 °C; the mixture is more volatile
than pure ethanol. For this reason, ethanol cannot be completely purified by direct fractional
distillation of ethanol-water mixtures

chormatography

Chromatography is a laboratory technique for the separation of a mixture. The mixture is

dissolved in a fluid called the mobile phase, which carries it through a structure holding another
material called the stationary phase. The various constituents of the mixture travel at different
speeds, causing them to separate. The separation is based on differential partitioning between
the mobile and stationary phases. Subtle differences in a compound's partition coefficient result
in differential retention on the stationary phase and thus affect the separation.[1]

Chromatography may be preparative or analytical. The purpose of preparative chromatography

is to separate the components of a mixture for later use, and is thus a form of purification.
Analytical chromatography is done normally with smaller amounts of material and is for
establishing the presence or measuring the relative proportions of analytes in a mixture. The two
are not mutually exclusive.[2]