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Agenda
° Review teknologi memori
° Static RAM (SRAM)
° Dynamic RAM (DRAM)
° Struktur Memori Besar
1
Review: 5 Komponen Komputer
Computer Keyboard,
Processor Mouse
Memory Devices
(active) (passive)
Control Input
(“brain”)
(where Disk
programs, (permanent
data
Datapath storages)
live when Output
(“brawn”) running)
Display,
Printer
RAM -- Random Access Memory time taken to access any arbitrary location
in memory is constant
2
Istilah …??
Tambahan istilah:
Control lines,
R/W, MFC, etc.
3
Konsep Dasar
° Memory: akses per byte
• Transfer dilakukan per-word (cepat, kelipatan
bytes)
• Misalkan: 32-bit komputer => address 32 bit
Kemampuan addressing: 2 ^ 32 = 4 Gbytes
• Jika transfer data per-word: 32 bit (data bus) =>
4 bytes
4
Review: Static RAM Cell
6-Transistor SRAM Cell
word Latch => menyimpan state 1 bit
0 1 (row select) Transistor T bertindak sebagai switch
Contoh: state 1
T T
0 1 Latch dapat berubah dengan:
- put bit value pada b dan b’
b’ b - word line pull high (select)
° Write:
1. Drive bit lines sesuai dengan bit (mis. b = 1, b’ = 0)
2. Select row => store nilai b dan b’ menjadi state latch
° Read:
1. Precharge (set) bit lines high
2. Select row
3. Sense amp mendeteksi bit lines mana yang low => state bit
10
5
Contoh: 1-level-decode SRAM (16 x 8)
Word => 8 bit data
A0 W1
A1 Address memory
Address
A2 decoder
decoder cells
A3
W15
Input/output lines d7 d1 d0
11
12
6
Review: 1-Transistor Memory Cell (DRAM)
1 written refreshes
Vcap
V CC
HIGH
threshold
LOW
0V
time
0 stored
14
7
Classical DRAM Organization (square)
bit (data) lines
r
o Each intersection represents
w a 1-T DRAM Cell
d RAM Cell
e Array
c
o
d word (row) select
e
r
data
° Row and Column
Address together:
• Memilih 1 bit 15
W0
5-bit W1
decoder 32 x 32
W31 Memory cell array
Sense/write
circuitry
32 x 1 R/W
Output/input multiplexer
CS
16
8
Dynamic RAM (DRAM)
° Slower than SRAM
• access time ~60 ns
° Nonpersistant
• every row must be accessed every ~1 ms,
(refreshed); karena “leakage” tegangan
kapasitor
° Densitas tinggi: 1 transistor/bit
• Lebih murah dari SRAM
• ~$1/MByte [2002]
° Fragile
• electrical noise, light, radiation
° Pilihan teknologi memori untuk kapasitas
besar dan “low cost”
17
8 data lines
17 address lines
/CS
Chips select
/WE
18
9
Contoh: Struktur 1 MB (2/4)
19
20
10
Contoh: Struktur 1MB memory (4/4)
20 Address Lines
Data Lines
21
11