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“Japanese Orientalists” and

psychiatry policy in modern times

Akira Hashimoto
Aichi Prefectural University
(Japan)
Tokyo Medical School
and German Medicine

Tokyo Medical School (1876)

German surgeon Julius Scriba (center)


with his students
The Faculty of Medicine,
University of Tokyo (ca. 1900) Kure Shuzo (1865-1932)
in Berlin, 1900

The university began to


send outstanding graduates
to Europe for study.
The Institute
of Neurology,
University of
Vienna
a “mecca” for
Japanese doctors

Heinrich Obersteiner
(1847‐1922)
Japanese
Orientalists

The putative center


(The West)

Selective inhabitants
of the margin

reproduce the center


Margin
in the margin
(Japan)
In an article published in 1918, Kure and
Kashida reported traditional healing
practices found throughout Japan.

Bathing under waterfalls


sanrojo

Nissekiji Temple

Roppondaki
A waterfall consisting
of six streams Nissekiji
e tem ple
at the end of r os s fr o m th
nineteenth Inns ac
century

An Guest room Dangoya Inn

example of
traditional
remedies
Bathing under the
waterfalls at
Nissekiji Temple

Two Goriki retain a


schizophrenic farmer
(center) for the duration of
the bath.
Kure Shuzo / Kashida Goro (1918)
Mental Patients’ Custody Act
(1900-1950)

The confinement of
patients at home under
the control of the police

A confined patient in
Gumma Prefecture (1910)
A home custody patient
(Oita Prefecture, 1940)

• A 31-year-old schizophrenic man


• Since 7 years, mentally ill
• trespass in strangers’ houses and
violence on the people and property
there
• His father decided to confine him at
home.
The plan for the custody room
(Oita Prefecture, 1940)
Front view Side view

ceiling

258cm
doorway
latticed
floor windows
ground
45cm
295cm 197cm

Main building
(dwelling house)
custody room

Overall view of Source: The documents of


farmer’s house Oita Prefecture Archives
A patient’s meal menu for a whole week
(Oita Prefecture, 1940)
breakfast lunch supper
Sun rice, miso soup, rice and raw rice,
egg and pickles fish vegetables and
grilled fish
Mon rice, miso soup rice and
rice and boiled
and pickles vinegared fish
vegetables
(without egg) or vegetables
Tue rice, miso soup rice and grilled rice,
fish boiled

Sat (without egg) vegetables Fish


Source: The documents of Oita Prefecture Archives
The total number of hospitalized
patients increased, but…
25000
patients
confined at
20000 home
patients in
15000 mental hospitals

10000

5000

0
1924 1928 1932 1936 1940 year

Source: Ministry of Health and Welfare


400000 35
The
number of

number of beds per 10000 population


psychiatric
350000
30

300000
25
beds in
Japan after
number of beds

250000

1950
20

200000

15
150000

10
100000

50000
5 number of beds

0 0 number of beds per


1950 19 55 1960 1965 1970 197 5 1980 19 85 1990 1 995 10000 polulation
year

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