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Cosmology, Physics
and
Philosophy
TWO intergalactic voids EXPANSIONS
cause filament compacting and 1998-
discovered acclelerated expansion
By Prof.-Dr. Benjamin Gal-Or
1 Million+ Google citations
"We are all Galorians" Editor, Foundations of Physics, 9TH EDITION
All Rights Reserved to Prof.-Dr. Benjamin Gal-Or, 9th Edition
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He emphasizes that all scientists operate under some set of philosophical prejudices,
and that failure to acknowledge this is self-delusion. Furthermore, he argues that a
failure to attend to the philosophical base of physics leads to an empty scientism.
Preface
SIR KARL POPPER, Foreword ……………….………..……..… xx
SIR ALAN COTTRELL, Foreword ………………….……......... xxi
Preface ……………………………………..….……….…..….... xxii
Introduction
1.1 The Revival of Relativistic Cosmology vs. Modified
Concepts and Order in Physics and Philosophy
19, 2012
From Terrestrial Gravitational Structures
to Black Holes and Neutrinos in Astrophysics
4.1 Time and The Arrow of Time: The Most Distorted of All Ideas? ..215
4.2 Asymmetry-Symmetry-Space-Time and
The Unification of the Laws of Physics …………………….............. 216
4.3 Methodology, Aim and Scope ………………………………....... 217
4.4 Confusing Concepts of Time and Time Asymmetries ………...... 219
4.5 The Entropic Arrow of Time ……………………………….....… 222
4.6 Causality, Causation and Time Asymmetries ………………........ 226
4.7 Causation and Determinism in Relativistic Theories ……..............227
4.8 Cosmological Arrows of Time and Cosmic Time ……….…….... 230
4.9 A Few Remarks ……………………………………...………...... 232
4.10 Time-Reversal Invariance and Irreversibility …………….……. 236
4.10 Microscopic Time Asymmetries in “Elementary Particles” … .. 240
4.11 Death of Scale-Based Physics….......….………….……….......... 242
4.12 “Dual” Quantum-Geometrodynamical School and “Superspace” 243
4.13 Tachyons and Causal Violations …………………….………. ....246
4.14 Macrocausality and Microcausality in Quantum Mechanics …... 247
4.15 Fading Memory in Classical Physics …………………………... 247
4.16 Doubts as to the Universality of Entropy ……………………..... 249
4.17 Entropy-Free Thermodynamic Arrows of Time ………….…... . 250
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VOLUME II
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“It is the fundamental emotion which stands at the cradle of true art and true science. It was the experience
of mystery -- even if mixed with fear -- that engendered religion." "A knowledge of the existence of
something we cannot penetrate, of the manifestations of the profoundest reason and the most radiant
beauty, which are only accessible to our reason in their most elementary forms -- it is this knowledge and
this emotion that constitute the truly religious attitude;in this sense, and in this alone, I am a deeply
religious man.” “I cannot conceive of a God who rewards and punishes his creatures, or has a will of the type
of which we are conscious in ourselves. An individual who should survive his physical death is also beyond
my comprehension, nor do I wish it otherwise; such notions are for the fears or absurd egoism of feeble
souls.” “Enough for me the mystery of the eternity of life, and the inkling of the marvelous structure of
reality, together with the single-hearted endeavor to comprehend a portion, be it never so tiny, of the
reason that manifests itself in nature.” “I gang my own gait and have never belonged to my country, my
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home, my friends, or even my immediate family, with my whole heart; in the face of all these ties I have
never lost an obstinate sense of detachment, which increases with age.”. “One is sharply conscious, yet
without regret, of the limits to the possibility of mutual understanding and sympathy with one's fellow-
creatures. Such a person no doubt loses something in the way of geniality and light-heartedness; on the
other hand, he is largely independent of the opinions, habits, and judgments of his fellows.”
In lieu of the aforementioned personal-life philosophy-faith, Einstein consistently selected to protect his privacy inside
his room, in his house, working in maximized-freedom, undisturbed solitude; even sleeping naked in his room while his
privacy has been strictly guarded by his devoted secretary Helen Dukas, who also screened his incoming mail, deleted
nasty or anti-Semitic letters and politely blocking unwanted visitors. Einstein is also known for his subtle sarcasm.
Sitting: I. Langmuir, M. Planck, Marie Curie, H.A. Lorentz, A. Einstein, P. Langevin, Ch.-E. Guye, C.T.R. Wilson, O.W.
Richardson
2nd Sitting: P. Debye, M. Knudsen, W.L. Bragg, H.A. Kramers, P.A.M. Dirac, A.H. Compton, L. de Broglie, M. Born, N. Bohr;
Standing: A. Piccard, E. Henriot, P. Ehrenfest, E. Herzen, Th. de Donder, E. Schrödinger, J.E. Verschaffelt, W. Pauli, W.
Heisenberg, R.H. Fowler, L. Brillouin.
1927, Inst. Int'l de Physique Solvay
This high level of physics was reached post (i) The creation of the 1915 Einsteinian Gravity Physics
(General Relativity) that predicts a strange, socially unwanted, world expansion (or contraction), (ii)
That unwanted theory was first confirmed in1918 in correctly predicting the bending of light by
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gravitation in curved space-time, (iii) Re-confirmed before 1927 by the American astronomer
Hubble: We all live in an expanding world that had "beginning", as the Bible states In its first
Chapter.
Perfection of means and confusion of goals, seem – in my opinion – to
Nobel Laureate RICHARD FEYNMAN: “The first principle is that you must not
fool yourself – and you are the easiest person to fool. So you have to be very careful
about that. After you’ve not fooled yourself, it’s easy not to fool other scientists. You
just have to be honest in a conventional way.” “You should not fool the layman when
you’re talking as a scientist."
Before Einstein left Hitler’s Germany to the United States, a professor in Berlin was extremely nasty in
targeting him. One day Einstein was informed that Professor XXX just died. Einstein’s
reaction:
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“Everyone does something good in his life, even Professor XXX; he died.
As a younger man he used to play his beloved violin in the homes of some German
women. One day, while he was playing there, they started knitting. Einstein stopped
playing, packed his violin to leave, and apologized:
“I would not even dream to disturb you from your knitting work.”On another occasion, as
a celebrity living in his house near a lake outside Berlin, his wife urged him to change his
simple, but comfortable home dress, to a formal one, for dignitaries are to arrive soon to
visit him. His response:
let them meet me as I am dressed and work in my house.
If they come to see my formal dress, please show them my closet.
___________
PREFACE to Volume III, 9TH EDITION, 2019
TWO, not one, 1998-verified, accelerated expansions of the universe, had been
published 48 years ago, and again, in 1981, by Vol. without resorting to undetectable,
DARK ENERGY speculations claimed today by armies of bored physists.
The second, accelerating, expansion of intergalactic voids, Fig. 1, causes the observed
galaxies-clustering into FILAMENTS around inter-galactic expanding voids, Fig. 1 and 2.
It is a late simultaneous expansion of the universe. It has become significant in
reversing the slowing down by gravity of the geneal relativistic world expansion but only
when the observed "stellar and galactic radiation-winds-jets", Figs. 1 to 3,
have been intensified, as explained below.
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FIG. 1: The four yellow arrows depicted should be inserted into each and all recorded dark
voids recorded by NASA to prove that opposing, rocket-type-winds compact galaxies from
opposing sides of each filament, thus accelerating the expansion of each and all collectively.
TWO, not one, 1998-verified expansions of the universe AND WELL-VERIFIED
compacting of galaxies into CLUSTERS-FILAMENTS FORM THE FIRST FACTUAL
BASE OF THIS THEORY-FACTS, which had been published in April 1969 on the
basis of early detected intergalactic coldest voids (dark blue in Fig. 5)
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Fig. 2 was taken from 1981 Vol. I of CPP (reviewed in the first pages above).
n
(1) The winds-jets entering each void from all directions amplify their remnant expansion, Figs. 1-5.
(2) Collectively expanding the voids compact galaxies into the observed clusters, Fig. 2, and further
into "filaments", Fig. 1.
(3) Strong winds-jets reverse gravity-induced, remnant inertia world expansion deceleration,
(5) The results lead to revised & new cosmology-physics-philosophy as outlined in the first pages.
• "VOIDS/SPACE "1" is thus the sole MASTER of world phenomena that lead to the emergence of life
in non-expanding gravitational systems:
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• The largest, expanding, un-saturable, thermodynamic sink of disposed energy from active emitters in the
universe.
located between all Super-Clusters-filaments of galaxies, [Figures 1, 2], including ''our VIRGO
FILAMENT" [Fig.-1-center] inside which our local group of galaxies are located [Fig. 1]
All images from author's Volume-I or Wikipedia.
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How Voids have Increased since 700 ml years post the Big Bang?
Fig. 4: (below} This figure does NOT show the verified chain of galaxies being first
compacted by the winds into clusters (FIG. 2) then further compacted into super-clusters
'FILAMENTS' or what had been defined by Volume I an independently expanding SPACE-"1"
by the inflowing winds (FIG 2). Part of the answer is provided by the next verified record.
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Fig. 5: The earliest detected intergalactic voids (dark blue) vs. early galaxies that radiate winds
into the early cold voids which have been expanding with the big-bang expansion (Fig. 4).
Gradually, as the number and intensities of emitters has increased, the thermodynamic
wind-processes depicted by Figs. 1 to 3, have established an independent, second, uniform,
simultaneous, extra-expansion of the universe outside the galaxies, 2nd expansion that
Fig. 6: (below) Zooming next into ''our'' cluster of non-expanding galaxies in ''our''
'filament' and into a dark-cold expanding void (FIGURE 1) may help illustrate important
DISTANCES involved the verified 2nd expansion of the universe. WHAT WE shall SEE
NEXT ARE IMAGES INSIDE OUR own FILAMENT.
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Zooming back to 1 Million ly reveals: Our SPACE-2 "Neighborhood”, which is home to
thousands of galaxies. Even at this scale our entire solar system is less than a visible dot
somewhere in the marked “Local Group”. Our home cluster is marked Virgo.
Fig. 7: Even at this scale our Solar System, which is located inside the Milky Way galaxy, is
still less than a visible dot.
The Andromeda galaxy is marked in yellow. Both galaxies are the largest in our Local
Group, which is about 10,000,000 light-years in its largest spatial ‘diameter’. The "Local
Group" includes M49, M58, M59, M60, M61, M84, M86, M87, M89 and M31 (Andromeda).It is
2,200,000 light-years away and is almost similar to our galaxy. It is also characterized by a
spiral structure.
We see it today as it was when the earliest hominids left East Africa to arrive at the "promised land".
Andromeda’s system consists of Cassiopeia Dwarf, Pegasus dSph, M32, M110, NGC 147, NGC195,
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AND I-V, etc. The Triangulum Galaxy, the 3rd largest galaxy in ‘our’ local group, also includes the
Pisces Dwarf as a satellite. ‘Our’ satellite galaxies consist of the Large and Small Magellanic
Super-fast stellar-galactic ''winds'' [FIG. 3] flow out (from the ''sides'') of the OBSERVED
''compacted 'filaments'' of super clusters of galaxies [FIG.1] to BORDERING colder voids [SPACE
''1'' in FIGS. 1 and 2], WHERE THEY IRREVERSIBLY dissipate WHILE ADDINING EXTRA OR
2ND EXPANSION TO THE REMNANT INERTIA COSMIC EXPANSION SINCE/BY THE BIG
Entering each SPACE ''1'' void from all 3D directions [FIG. 1] subject to momentum conservation,
(which also controls opposing rockets or jet engines), the super-fast winds thrust-push all voids
away from each other, thereby, collectively, providing extra expansion against all other similarly
expanding voids. This process is herein defined 2nd expansion of the universe.
Gradually, they cause REVERSAL of the earlier, decelerated expansion of the universe, into the
observed, slightly accelerating expansion of the universe.
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RECAP
STELLAR EVOLUTION SUBJECT to
That energy is irreversibly removed from their surfaces and being disposed it the depths
of this 2nd-expansion-generated largest collective energy sink in the universe.
WHEREFORE, without the 2nd simultaneous expansion of the universe, all heavy
elements in the universe, including the elements essential to generate life, like oxygen,
carbon, nitrogen, are impossible.
Also impossible without the 2nd expansion are supernovae, that allow planets to
formed and life to emerge by gravitation – a complicated process that is described next.
Localized black holes at the center of galaxies and elsewhere should be accounted for,
but their effects do not change these predictions, assertions and facts as detailed here
and by Volume I.
Existence of super-fast, stellar-galactic winds that are becoming strongest during the last
6 or so billion years, has been well-verified by all astronomic observations.
Such winds are flowing into each equally distributed intergalactic voids.
The voids themselves were present from earlier time, as proven by the 1964 confirmed
black-body radiation. Fig. 5.
The winds emerge inside the filaments that surround each void.
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The winds enter each void from all directions thus causing each and all to expand
faster than the remnants of big-bang expansion. FIG. 1.
This process is herein defined the second, simultaneous, accelerated expansion of the
universe, which not only compacts galaxies into superclusters and filaments, but
reverses earlier gravity-induced decelerated expansion of the universe.
These newly defined dynamics generate energy-densities gradients (Fig. 2) that keep
maintaining all stellar evolution by removing disposed energy from emitters to 2nd-
expansion-generated largest energy sink in the universe, without which, no heavy
elements, supernovae, planets and life, are possible.
There is no transfer of energy from one expanding void to another due to the uniform
distribution of the intergalactic voids.
The ORIGIN of almost all dissipating stellar and galactic winds are essentially limited to
the nearby LOCAL stars and galaxies that surround each void.
Only a minor fraction of the winds proceeds across the universe to reach our
telescopes, allowing NASA recording of Fig. 1.
Various claims and dictums are also refuted by this newly defined world:
Dark energy claims -- and associated attempts to change general relativity) -- should be
replaced by the two proven simultaneous accelerated expansions of the universe.
NOTES
(1) Deterministic physics may begin with TIME-symmetric partial differential equations.
NEXT, TO CONFORM WITH observations, TIME-asymmetry is FUNDAMENTALLY wrongly
enforced on the USED EQUATIONS but also in published 'proofs', that proceed only
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(2) from imposed INITIAL CONDITIONS (for future time evolution), while rejecting FINAL
CONDITIONS (for symmetric past time evolution).
(3) SUCH enforced ''mathematical results'' are often claimed the origin of irreversibility of
nature called Retarded solutions in electromagnetism.
(4) FOOLING THEMSELVES AND OTHER SCIENTISTS AROUND THE WORLD NEXT HIDE ADVANCED
SOLUTIONS (which do not conform with observations.).
(5) IS THIS FOOLING tantamounts to SMUGGLING into "proofs" what one tries to prove by not DECLARING
THE CONTRABAND?
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"(During October-November 1915) Einstein was in the throes of one of the most concentrated frenzies
of scientific creativity in history. He was working, he said, 'horrendously intensity'" (to complete and
publish first his general relativity). "In the midst of this ordeal, he was also still dealing with the
personal crisis within his family." "(Hilbert) was racing him to find the equations of general relativity."
"Every week, the fifty or so members of the Prussian Academy gathered in the grand hall of the
Prussian State Library in the heart of Berlin to address each other."
Since November 4 Einstein delivered there four lectures, the last one states: "I had discovered the only
law of gravitation."
Days later Hilbert responded (page 219): "Cordial congratulations" But on November 20 he submitted
for publication to the Gotingen science journal his manuscript "proclaiming his own version of the
equations for general relativity." titled "The Foundations of Physics".
Einstein completed and published his Gravity Physics, known as General Relativity, in November 1915,
post checking if it correctly predicts published, irregular, motions of planet Mercury.
He found total agreement with said astronomical observations, agreement that no other theory had
accomplished before.
That was the first obsevational veification of his gravity physics.
About three years later, in 1918-1919, Einstein's gravity field equations were independently confirmed
valid the second time for correctly and excactly predicting gravity-induced, bending of light passing
near a large mass, in this first, British organized sun-eclipse-based test in Australia, later affirmed by
various observations around the globe.
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Instant world celebrations followed. But somehing else was at store under the curse of numbers,
which always retards science
misleads some scientists and much of humanity.
1921: A talented Russian mathematician-cosmologists, professor Alexander Friedmann, proved that
Einstein's Field Equations, when applied to the universe, Cannot make it stay stable, it must expand or
contract.
Organized religions around the world strongly protested that Einstein is profundly wrong.
Expanding universe violates the "established and known fact" that earth is the center of the universe.
According to experts, any observer, stationed on any galaxy, would report that all other galaxies are
receding away from him, thus refuting the established truth that earth is the sole center of the entire
universe.
Assertion 3
Without a guiding-structuring-unifying methodology aimed at gaining an all-
embracing, interconnected knowledge that crosses frozen disciplines, any Core
Curriculum Cultural Course [CCCC] is nothing but a pity encyclopedia displayed by a
specialist nominated by “Organizers” as the “CCCC-Coordinator” who remains
helpless in teaching the alluring beauty of mathematics, physics, astronomy,
history, the life sciences, and comparative religions, but fails to perceive their
profound educational implications as a whole.
Modern skepticism is usually the negation of a core, interconnected, educational methodology. Not so
with Einsteinian skepticism. Einstein advocated the removal of imposed borders between traditional
disciplines and university departments and faculty; stating that knowledge is one; its division is human
weakness.
Assertion 4
Structuring an all-embracing Core-Outlook is a matter entailing
far more ambiguity than the technicalities of the application of any disciplinary course and its
“Academic Credit Regulations”.
The Western crisis, today more than ever before, may be repaired by resorting to Einsteinian vision, in
high-schools and constantly upgraded and updated for underSuch a
Literary intellectuals at one pole –
at the other scientists,
and as the most representative,
the physical scientists.
. Between the two a gulf of mutual incomprehension –
sometimes (particularly among the young) hostility and dislike,
but most of all lack of understanding.
C. P. Snow, The Two Cultures
Cambridge University Press
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Assertion 5
Students are often discouraged by their professors and mentors from
asking fundamental, interdisciplinary questions in class, as a result of
which inconsistent, or outright incorrect premises, are given a better
chance of perpetuating themselves.
Literary intellectuals, the people of
the arts, and most educators, are
currently ignorant of modern
advances in the ‘exact sciences’, of
their mathematical formulations,
experimental, observational and
verification methods. They are likely
to resort to a priori or superficial
answers to complex problems whose
detailed implications are beyond them. Similarly, faculty, ‘experts’ and professionals in the “exact
sciences”, via their past, ever-narrowing, disciplinary education, are currently ignorant of the wide-span
knowledge, literature, arts and history that are needed to share their thinking and aspirations with
other thinking persons.
The resulting gap can hardly be bridged despite the fact that our globe is currently an
interconnected village, internationally linked by what might be expected to bridge old gaps between
traditional cultures, languages, religions, political systems and a unified educational philosophy of
humanity. Yet, the facts are that deep divisions keep deepening and deserts of narrow specialism keep
spreading more than ever before.
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What was a two-semester half-life of a textbook is today one day or less. Sources of studies are millions
of online blogs with uneven quality and little or no reliable references. A-million-a-day posts confuse
the young; generating one-line thinkers; a tsunami of Tower-of-Babel Kalthure; a kalthure where
scholars secure same weight as one-line thinkers; Eulogies are heard over the smoking ruins of the
classical temples of knowledge – new layers of ruins on top of the destroyed Academy-Library of
Alexandria.
Definitions
There may be something provisional about all current verified scientific theories
They must be re-confirmed by fresh verified information from any sub-field of science, hence, are
subject to constant revision and even replacement; -- in this, each succeeding generation takes a
measurable step beyond the position of its predecessors.
Closely related to the unrestricted content of modern science is its unrestricted questioning of all
earlier convictions in light of verifiable evidence that refutes extant axioms, definitions, assertions,
outlooks and theories.
Thus, every item of carefully recorded experimental or observational information is a proper object for
analysis. A drive towards novelty and discovery impels inquiry to explore all corners of the universe.
These tenets are the central pillars of Gravitism. But there is more to it. The outlook includes constant
re-assessments of the theory -- of any theory -- and analysis of the errors involved as one updates and
improves it.
Tarski's Indefinability Theorem
According to this theorem no sufficiently powerful language is strongly-semantically-self-
representational. For instance, any arithmetical truth cannot be defined by arithmetics.
According to Smullyan [42], Tarski's Indefinability Theorem is somewhat superior to the famous Gödel's
Incompleteness Theorems, which are more related to mathematics and less to philosophical, scientific,
and linguistic issues. Tarski's theorem is not directly about mathematics but about the inherent
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limitation of any formal language that is strongly-semantically-self-representational when it contains
predicates and function symbols defining the semantic concepts specific to that language.
Gödel's Incompleteness Theorem
Gödel [34-43] has demonstrated that conventional mathematics, which we tend to consider as our
supremely logical and consistent system, involves paradoxical, self-referential statements about itself,
i.e., a conventional mathematical system, say, the mathematics of flat space in the Euclidian geometry -
- an ‘absolute stage’ upon which Newtonian gravity and physics stands, can be incomplete because one
has not discovered all its necessary axioms. In other words, no matter how many physico-
mathematical issues theoretical physicists solve, there always will be other issues that cannot be solved
by any known laws of physics; and since these laws constitute a finite set of rules, and are based on
mathematics, Gödel's theorem restricts them.
Even in computer science one cannot create a complete and consistent finite list of axioms, or an
infinite list. Each time one adds a statement as an axiom; there are other correct statements that
cannot be proved, even with the new axiom.
Moreover, if the system can prove that it is consistent, it is not. As might have been expected,
this idea has been much debated by mathematical philosophers:
v How can a theory be both correct and unprovable?
v Is mathematics a loop of our mind?
v Is the mind a self referential loop?
Gödel's first incompleteness theorem shows that any system that allows one to define the natural
numbers is necessarily incomplete: it contains statements that are neither provable correct, nor
provably false. Some scholars therefore argue that this refutes the logicism of Gottlob Frege and
Bertrand Russell, who had aimed to reduce/define the natural numbers in terms of logic.
Not all axiom systems satisfy these hypotheses, even when these systems have models that include
natural numbers as a subset. For example, there are axiomatizations of ‘flat’ space that do not meet
the hypotheses of Gödel's theorems.
Another limitation applies only to systems that are used as their own proof systems. Gödel's theorem
has another interpretation in the language of computer science. Theorems are computably
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enumerable: one can write a computer program that will eventually generate any valid proof. One can
then ask if it has the stronger property of being recursive:
Can one write a computer program to definitively determine if a statement is true or false?
Gödel's theorem says that you cannot. His theorems, however, are confined to sufficiently strong
axiomatic systems, i.e., that a theory contains enough arithmetic to carry out the proof of the
incompleteness theorem.
Some scholars claim that Gödel's incompleteness theorems have provided a deadly blow to David
Hilbert’s program towards a universal mathematical formalism. Nevertheless, the essence of these
issues is much more complicated, as indicated below.
Undecidable Statements: A statement is neither provable nor refutable. Hence, some scholars resort to
the concept "independent". However, that concept is also ambiguous.
Meta-Language: A sufficiently developed language cannot represent its own semantics. Any meta-
language includes primitive notions, axioms, and rules absent from an object language. Theorems
provable in a meta-language are not provable in the object language.
“Truth”: Some of the aforementioned theorems may presuppose that mathematical "truth" and
"falsehood" are well-defined in an absolute sense, rather than relative. If an axiomatic system can be
proven to be consistent and complete from within itself, then it is inconsistent.
Minds and Machines: Gödel's incompleteness theorems may also reflect on human intelligence. While
Gödel's theorems cannot be applied to humans, since they make mistakes and are, therefore,
inconsistent, it may be applied to the domain of science.
Sets of expressions are considered as coded as sets of numbers. For various syntactic properties (such
as a formula, a sentence, etc.), these sets are computable. And any computable set of numbers can be
defined by some arithmetic formula.
There are various additional theorems and sub-theorems 34-49. I do not intend to expand on them in
these pages, for these pages are mainly written for the general reader, without resorting to any
mathematics.
We therefore move next to elaborate on some more practical domains in the mined fields of verifiable
scientific theories and proofs.
“Pure Mathematics” is human attempt to stay aloof and beyond emotions, traditions and ambitions. It
may protect one from making mistakes, prior to and aft writing down any mathematical equation.
How mathematics -- combined with verifiable observations -- help protect the human mind from
falling into unverifiable traditional dictums of ‘intuitively’ generating mistakes? This may be best
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demonstrated by the most dramatic event in the history of science; when Einstein lost trust in the most
verified gravity field equations of general relativity3.3, the most accepted theory of the universe,
which harbors no mistake. To correct sociallly accused ‘mistake’, he had to force on this reality,
‘correction number’, wrongly termed a "cosmological constant".
For good reasons stated above Einstein's tensorial gravity field equations were flawless, despite the
fact that a cult has evolved to demand adding this factor to fit its ulterior wishes to operate under
some set of philosophical prejudices.
Most important, the failure to acknowledge this is not only self-delusion, but a failure to attend to the
philosophical base of physics, a failure that leads to empty scientism.
A theory may be a “set of statements”, some of which are taken as valid without proof
(axioms), and others, the theorems, are taken as valid because they are implied by the axioms.
A complete and consistent set of axioms for all mathematics is impossible. "Provable by a theory"
means "derivable from the axioms and primitive notions of the theory, using logic.”
Applied mathematics is often used as unverifiable covers to advance
subjectivistic claims, ‘proofs’ and ‘theories’. Lectures 3 and 4, and this
one, illustrate how -- by a priori selecting only the time-asymmetric
mathematics, or time-asymmetric mathematical solution that fits with
their desired ‘proof’ – scientists easily fool themselves, and others.
Applied mathematics is the key tool of the ‘exact sciences’. It constitutes a
special kind of 'intelligent thinking’ that is integrated with its ‘universal grammar' -- a sort of critical
thinking which has been partially developed to safeguard our minds from prejudices and
inconsistencies. Yet, consistency, by itself, is a two-sided issue.
‘Pure mathematics’ is often developed for its own sake, without a priori harboring intentional
applications, although they may be ‘un-covered’
According to Einstein, when we predict the behavior of a specific or confined set of natural
phenomena, we usually mean that we have found a ‘constructive theory’ covering this set.
When we find that other sets of phenomena are incompatible with that theory, we tend to either
generalize or modify it, or failing that, seek an alternative one.
To this ‘constructive’ category Einstein opposes the so-called “theories of principles” (exemplified,
according to Einstein, by thermodynamics and the general theory of relativity), whose point of
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departure and foundation are not hypothetical constituent, but empirically observed general properties
from which mathematical formulae are deduced so as to apply to
every case of observation which presents itself.
Thus, according to Einstein, the merit of “constructive theories” lies in their comprehensiveness,
adaptability, and clarity for a given set of phenomena, while that of the “theories of principles” -- in
their logical ‘perfection’ and universality and in the vast observational spectrum of their formulation at
any scale and time.
Yet, Einstein did not trust some semi-hidden aspects of his own general theory of relativity2.5. Two such
events are described next:
The failure of statistical mechanics (both classical and quantum) to deduce and explain the origin of
irreversibility, time-asymmetries, cosmic and local structuring, generation of order and what is called
“entropy growth” -- as well as its philosophical and applicative limitations and lack of large-scale
universality -- has been explained in footnotes 2.5, 3.4 and 3.5 as well as in Volume I. (See Table of
Contents,).
Einstein had not suspected that his general theory of relativity already incorporates another ‘theory of
principle’: Thermodynamics, especially the so-called Second Law of Thermodynamic. Namely, the
foundations of thermodynamics should NOT be a separate, stand-alone, theory of science; it should
NOT be fragmented from the rest of physics. It constitutes an integral part of gravity-induced,
interconnected, unified physico-philosophical knowledge.
Einstein's general relativity and Hilbert spaces may have been lost to humanity by today's red tape that
defiles our temple of theoretical physics?
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The reason why men enter into society is the preservation of their property.
John Locke
We next extend it to gravity- induced sociology and the philosophy of natural selection: The fight for
property-domains-resources, the socio-rules of time-grammar, gravity-induced territorial wars, city and
village structures, transportation systems, aspirations, religions, theology and the arts.
‘Gravity-Induced
‘Natural Selection’
Gravity-induced changes develop territoriality in a given spatial region or in a given assembly of
individuals, especially when key resources are not sufficiently abundant and stable through long
periods of historical times. We observe this phenomenon in both the animal and human domains of
socio- biology.
When a limited terrestrial space is divided into lots in a community, it carries economic and social
“standing”, or "lebensraums", involving "well-defined territories" and "Gravity-induced Natural
Selection"; from animals' mating systems to animals' monopolies on water resources; from natural
food administration to the control of key strategic ridges; from controlling fossil fuel resources to
disputes over territories.
One species, or one sex, or one race, may control a larger quantity of resources, say, scarce water
ponds, than the other, until a small percentage of the population monopolizes key resources.
Gravity-induced hills and mountains control castle and village structures and especially tall structures
may become worship temples of the super- natural.
RECAP: Domain-Property and Envy drive competition, company ads, venture capital, TV and academic
rating, political candidates, religious rivalry and key human traits, sometimes stronger than death.
As history testifies, gravity-induced territoriality is often developed into nationality, imperialism and
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territorial conquest wars.
Many aspects of animals’ social organization and evolution can be predicted on the basis of gravity-
induced environmental variables. Since biogeochemical evolution causes key natural resources to be
distributed non-uniformly in the spatial and temporal coordinates of the biosphere, resource
monopolization develops in all levels of socio-biological systems.
RECAP from previous Lectures: The first local "aggregates" of matter in the solar system have already
contained gas, supernovae debris, dust, rocks. It was gravity that stratified these compounds in
‘horizontal’ layers according to their “specific gravity”, a term to used below in modified “natural
selection”.
The atmosphere and geological strata are ordered-selected by specific gravity of their chemical
components. It was gravity that put the early components of living systems at one and the same strata
for life to begin.
Gravity is therefore the universal builder of structures, including all chemistry in the cores of
gravitationally pressed-heated stars [Fusion in Lecture 1, CPP], geological strata, earth morphology the
entire evolution of life, village/city structures, transportation systems, linguistic hierarchy, recorded
symbols, letters, grammar vs. time, structure of sentences, pages, books.
induced forces. Even “innate patterns" are wrongly dissociated from simple movements in the field of
gravitation, i.e., as "up-ward-downward" balancing
of the biological body vis-à-vis the gravity pointers in each biological cell.
Gravity periodicities around the sun emerge as prime sources of order via time and the arrow of time
[Lecture 1].
Animals are also 'conscious' of the commonly-shared "up- down" surroundings, and about "weight"
and acceleration.
Plants also harbor innate sensors that guide them in which direction to grow even on a mountain slope.
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Additional examples range from gyroscope inertial changes, balancing machines, heading indicators
and gravity-induced changes involving the fluid in the vertebrate inner ear to a crystallizing suspension
of organic spheres in water.
Plants ‘know’ to grow vertically upward when, undisturbed, they start growing in total darkness as
seeds inserted deep into the ground; -- even when they grow on a steep mountain slope.
As most high-growing trees they align their growth under the control of the gravity vector.
If a growing higher plant is displaced with respect to the "upright" position, some tens of minutes later
it will adapt its growth in such a way as to restore its original orientation in coincidence with the gravity
vector. (If it is displaced only briefly and then restored to its original orientation well before the growth
response can set in, it still responds to that displacement.)
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Small organisms (including all bacteria) may have no means for sensing gravity, but
they are affected by it. Animals low on the evolutionary scale characteristically exhibit
innate patterns that depend little on learning, and have a lesser adaptability to
changes in the environment.
Consequently, their dependence on heredity-geophysical-gravitational origins is ‘high’ in proportion to
animals that are ‘high’ on the evolutionary scale. While the latter show some signs of innate patterns,
they harbor a greater capacity to produce a much more flexible mechanism to respond to a variety of
other external changes that stimulate them. The evolutionary origin of the so-called "innate ideas"
may, therefore, be external rather than internal.
Even the computer page is ordered by up, bottom, left, right margins and footnotes. And it takes time
to read them and to comprehend them; the time that always advances from past to future; the time
that we term Linguistic Arrow of Time. Similarly, gravity-induced ordering of shelves, files, documents
and books in a library introduces order into our life.
Biological Clocks
The origin of temporal behavior in animals can be traced back in time and out to external physical
influences. Gravity and geophysical periodicities thus emerge as prime sources of order and
information in all non-living and living systems.
Animals low on the evolutionary scale depend little on learning, and have a lesser adaptability to
changes in the environment. Consequently, their dependence on heredity-geophysical-gravitational
origins is high in proportion to animals high on the evolutionary scale.
The vestibular system in our ears comprises two semi-circular ‘canals’, which are used to indicate our
rotational movements, and otoliths, which indicate linear translations.
Vertigo is a loss of coordination, balancing and orientation vis-à-vis space and the gravity-
induced horizon.
The vestibular system sends signals primarily to the neural structures that control our eye movements,
and to the Cerebellum-muscles system that keeps us upright and helps maintain clear vision-
orientation vs. the gravity vector.
The size of a biological cell depends on the local gravity vector – its size increases in larger local
gravitational field-force values. Bone cells must attach themselves to something and will die if they
cannot. Without the gravity force- field they float around and perish. When animals evolve on land,
outside the oceans, they develop stronger skeletons to cope with larger gravity forces vis-à- vis the
reduced one due to buoyancy in the waters. Earlier life forms in the oceans were smaller and had a
jellyfish-like configuration. Thus, without strong skeletons, land animals cannot evolve.
RECAP: Gravity generates structures and controls all geological layers and global phenomena
ranging from mountain crests, gravity-induced tectonic folds, valleys, beaches, oceans and lagoons, to
springs, wells, swamps, glaciers and rivers, and the bio-systems connected with them.
Without gravity-induced orientation-order and grammar we are lost in any given written language.
Gravity-induced grammar prevents us from vertical reversals. Similarly, horizontal reversals prevent us,
say, from reversals of W to M. There are more complicated gravity-induced grammar rules. They range
from preventing reversal of past into future, and vice versa, to use gravity-induced structures as
reference: A mountain crest, valley, beach line, river bed, sky, earth, ocean, etc.
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Gravity-sensing cells function as detectors of the direction of gravity. The fluid-particles systems
inside cells initiate inner convective currents that cease under zero gravity. Thus, the absence of gravity
affects the contacts of cells via their membrane potential and their cytoskeletons
Gravity-Induced
Village and City
Structures
Gravity generates structures, controls all
geological layers and global phenomena
ranging from mountain crests, tectonic
folds, geological uplifts, valleys, village &
city structures, transportation systems,
oceans and lagoons, to springs, wells,
swamps, glaciers, rivers, and related
ecological-systems.
Gravity plays a key factor in hygiene and in heart failure associated with swollen legs, in flooded lungs,
walking, sleeping needs, etc.
If a priori one selects only prediction, and rejects retrodiction, one fools himeself
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VARIOUS CLAIMS RESORT TO
Linguistics foolings
EXAMPLE: "the particles were "un-correlated" BEFORE AND "correlated" AFT, therefore …., or other
linguistic manipulations that had been well-reviewed and published as articles of top science proofs.
To conclude: Prigogine was indeed a great impostor in hiding his stealthy smuggling of
asymmetry into his equations aimed to sale his 'proofs' to empty-head periodical editors, to the public,
to endless awards-people and tto their friends. H This way he got the Nobel.
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