Академический Документы
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Культура Документы
(Course Code:10AL51)
Department of IEM
JSS Academy of Technical Education, Bengaluru-560060
Project Management
• Within Budget Projects also have resource limits (people, money, machines)
Attributes/Characteristics
• According to Specification
Project Program
A program is defined as an ongoing
Project includes all activities to complete
process or ongoing operation
a given job.
indefinitely.
It has narrow scope and has shorter It has broader scope and has longer
duration duration
Project is a part of Program Main activity
Project Parameters
Some common constraints that influence a project are:
1. Scope
2. Quality
3. Cost
4. Time
5. Resources
Sectoral Projects
Techno-Economic projects
Classification of Projects
Automobile sector
Agricultural sectoral
Power sector
Sectoral Projects Health sector
Education sector
Transport sector
Manufacturing sector
Food processing sector
Mining sector
Irrigation sector
Classification of Projects
Causation classification
• Demand/Raw material based
Magnitude-oriented classification
• Size based, Large, Medium, Small
Project Identification
Project Identification / Selection
Making visit to trade fairs and exhibitions displaying new products and services.
Technology
Equipment
Investment size
Location
Marketing
Project Report
Project Report
• Promoter • Products
• Location • Market
• Raw material
Formulation of Project Report
Formulation of Project Report
Market Potential • Demand and supply, Marketing strategy, after sales service
Formulation of Project Report
Project
Implementation
• PERT and CPM
PLANNING COMMISSION GUIDELINES
Planning Commission Guidelines
1. General Information
Feasibility report should include an analysis of the industry to which the project belongs / past
performance / description of industry / role of Public sector / Allocation of investment funds.
Planning Commission Guidelines
• This should contain present data on the gap between demand and supply for the outputs
which are to be produced.
• Data on the capacity that would be available from projects that are in production or under
implementation at the time the report is prepared.
• A complete list of all existing plants in the industry, giving their capacity and their level of
production actually attained.
• A list of all projects for which letters of intent licenses have been issued and a list of proposed
projects.
Planning Commission Guidelines
3. Project Description
• The feasibility report should mention the technology/process chosen for the project.
• To assist in the environmental effects of a project, every feasibility report must present the
information on specific points, i.e. population, water, land, air, flora, & fauna, effects arising
4. Marketing Plan
• Methods & the data used for main estimates of domestic supply.
• Operating costs relate to the costs of raw materials & intermediaries, fuel, utilities, labour, repair
7. Financial Analysis
• This strategy is to present some measures to assess the financial viability of the project.
• The feasibility report should take into account income tax rebates for priority industries,
• The sensitivity analysis should also be presented – i.e. the sensitivity of the rate of return of
8. Economic Analysis
• Social profitability analysis needs some adjustment in the data relating the costs & returns to
the enterprise.
• One important type of adjustment involves a correction in input & costs, to reflect the true
• The enterprise should try to assess the impact of its operations on foreign trade.
• Indirect costs & benefits should be included in the report. If they cannot be quantified, they
Network analysis is the general name given to certain specific techniques which
can be used for the planning, management and control of projects.
• The network analysis methods are used in project management where the
elements are key activities of the project in the mutual time relation.
• The network analysis methods are related to the concept of network diagram,
which is a view of the project as a diagram which expresses various links
between the project activities.
• The network diagrams and network analysis methods are based on the Graph
Theory.
Network Analysis
Logical mathematical model of the project based upon the optimal duration
CPM required for each activity and optimal use of available limited resources.
It is a deterministic model.
Use of PERT
• The activities of the project are identified along with their interrelationships and graphically
represented.
• The critical activities are identified for the efficient allocation of resources in order to complete
• Closer watch on critical and other activities so as to complete the project on time.
Network Analysis - CPM
Example
The following table gives the activities and the time required to complete each activity of the project.
Network Analysis - CPM
Example
The following table gives the activities and the time required to complete each activity of the project.
Network Analysis - CPM
Example
The following table gives the activities and the time required to complete each activity of the project.
PERT CPM
• Selection of technology
• Optimistic estimates
• Ownership form
• Selection of location
PROJECT FEASIBILITY STUDY
PROJECT FEASIBILITY STUDY
• Market feasibility
• Technical feasibility
• Financial feasibility
• Economic feasibility
• Ecological feasibility
PROJECT FEASIBILITY STUDY
Consumption trends in the past and the present / Past and present supply
Technical Determine whether prerequisites for successful commissioning of the project have
Feasibility been considered.
• Has the availability of raw material, power, and other inputs been established?
• Is the selected scale of operation optimal?
• Is the production process chosen suitable?
• Are the equipment and machines chosen appropriate?
• Have the auxiliary equipment and supplementary engineering works been provided?
• Has provision been made for treatment of effluents?
• Is the proposed layout of the site, buildings and plant sound?
• Have work schedules been drawn up realistically?
• Is the technology proposed to be employed appropriate from the social point of view?
PROJECT FEASIBILITY STUDY
Financial
To ascertain whether the propose project is financially viable.
Feasibility
Economic/Social Cost-
Judging a project from the larger social point of view.
benefit Analysis
• What are the direct economic benefits and costs of the project measured in terms of shadow
(efficiency) prices and not in terms of market prices?
• What would be the impact of the project on the distribution of income in the society?
• What would be the impact of the project on the level of savings and investment in the society?
• What would be the contribution of the project towards the fulfilment of certain like self-
sufficiency, employment and social order?
PROJECT FEASIBILITY STUDY
Ecological
Environmental concerns should be addressed properly.
Analysis
• What is the cost of restoration measures required to ensure that the damage to the