6. B.

T O M A W E B C K v1 V1

TEOPl15I
JI 11 T EP AT Y P bl
1103THKA
PeKOMeHAOBaHO rocyAapcTBeHHblM KOMHTeTOM P<l>
no BblCWeMY O6pa3oaaHH10 a Ka'lecrae y'!e6Horo noco61-1R
AMI CTyAeHTOB BY30B, O6y'!a10LL1HXCR
no HanpaBJ1eH1-110 «<l>lllflonornsi•, cne'-l,HélJlbHOCTRM
«<l>HJ10nornsi• "' ..JlITTeparypoae.o.eHHe•

-ACnEHT
~ nPliCC
-
Mocua
1996
66K 83
T56

TOMJUDeacoii 6.B.
T 56 TeopWI .llH'reparypbl. no:muca: Y'le6. noco6He/Bcryn. cra-
HJ(. TaMap'fem:o; KoMM. C.H. EpoATMa.Ha npH }"faCTHH
Thj{

HJ(. TaMapqeHKO. - M.: AcneKT Ilpecc, 1996.- 334 e.-

ISBN 5- 7567- 0123-0
npc.a.naraeMaSI ICHIU'a - nepcH3,llaHHC K3eecntOl'O y,¡e6HHKa, BblWC.11-
wero nOCJ1eJIHH8 pa3 B 1931 r. no MHCHH10 cneUKaJ\HCTOB, JlaHHblR y,¡e6-
HHK .110 CKX nop OCTaCTCll 0.!IJUIM H3 JtY'IWHX pyKOBO,IJ;CTB no TCOpentqeCKOR
n03THKC .
npeAH33H3'13CTCR Zl)lll CT}',IJ;CHTOB H npenOA3B3TCJJCR ryMaHHTap-
HblX BY30B .

4603010000-037
T 06H(03) - 9' J;e3 o61.DJJ. 66K83

ISBN 5-7567-0123-0 (0 •AcneKT npecc•, 1996

 H. ,l(. TaMap'teHKO

•Il03THKA~6.B. TOMAillEBCKOfO
H EE CY,[(b6A

6opHC BHl<TOPOBH'i ToMaweBCKl1H (1890-1957 rr.) - O.llHH H3CaMblX

TaJiaHTnHBblX H HaH6onee H3BeCTHblX pyCCKl1X mrrepaTYJK)Be.llOB XX BeKa.
Ero C'iHTllIOT OCHOBareneM HaweA TeKCTOnOrHH, KpynHeHWHM CTHXOBe-
.llOM, Bbl.llaJOWHMCR nyWKl1HHCTOM (oco6eHHO BenHKl1 ero Jacnyrn B H3y-
'teHHH pyx.onHceA TTyWKHHa H CBR3eA ero TBOp'ieCTBa C q>paHUY3CKOH
nHTepaTYJK)H H icynbl)'poH), neKCHKOnoroM H 3HaTOKOM HCTOpHH pyccKo-
ro nHTepaTYPHOro R3b1Ka H T.)l., H T.n . TTopruKaJJCb CTOnb pa3HOCTOpOHHeH
O)lapeHHOCTH H MHoroo6pa3HOH )leJITenbHOCTH Y'feHoro, MO)KHO BCnOM-
HHTb, 'iTO MOnO.llOCTb noKoneHHR, K KOTOp0MY OH npHHa,zJ,Jie:lKaJl Hap.llJlY C
A.n . CKaq>TblMOBblM H B.M. )K}ipMYHCkHM (6.M. 3AxeH6ayM po,!UUlCR
HecKonbKl1MH ro.llaMH paHbwe, a IO.H. ThlHRHOB, A.<l>. Jloces, B.B. BH-
Horp~os, M .M . 6aXTHH H BJI. TTponn, Hao6opoT, - noJ:llCe), cosnana e
cepe6pRHhlM BeKOM HaweA mrrcpaTYPhl, KOTOpblH 6bln O.llHOBpeMeHHO Be-
KOM 30nOTblM .ll,/lll penHrH03HOH q>HJIOCOq>HH H CM3aHHOH C HeJO q>HJIO-
Coq>CKOH 3CTeTHKl1 . no BblpruKeHHIO H.A. 6ep.lUleBa, :no 6bln no.ll,/lHHHblH
PeHeccaHc pyccKofl icynbTYPhl.
Hey)lHBHTenbHO, 'iTO MHoroe, COl!laHHOe nJO.llbMH :noro noKoneHHR,
OCTaeTCR H no ceA )leHb :llCHBblM H aKl)'allbHblM. B 'iaCTHOCTH, UCJlblH P.11.Ll.
KHHr 6 .8 . ToMaweBCKoro BXO.llHT B aKTHBHblff q>OH.!l cospeMeHHOro nHTe-
paTYJK)Be)leHHR. Ho KJ-IHra, npen.naraeMruJ BHHMaHHIQ, 'iHTllTenR, He nonb-
3yCTCR WHpoKOH nonyruJpHOCTblO )')Ke HeCKOJlbKO )leClITHJlentH. 6onee roro,
ee nnoxo 3HaJOT B HaWH JlHH )lroKe cneUHallHCTbl. BoT O.llHH BCCbMa noKa-
3aTenbHblH npHMep. 8 cneUHallbHOH CTaTbC o6 Y'feHOM, CO.llep:llCaweA HH-
repecHble CBe)lCHHR o ero TBOp'ieCKOH CY.llb6e H y6e)lHTenbHYJO oueHIC}'
ero Hacne)l}Ul, YTBep)l(JlaeTcll, 'frO •Teopm1 nHTepaTYPbl. TTo3THKa• 6bl-
1
na «pacwHpéHHblM• BapHaHTOM KHHrH •KpaTKl1ff icypc no3THKH• , TOr)la
KaK B.lleflcTBHTCJlbHOCTH .llCJlO o6CTOMO KaK Pa3 Hao6opoT, npH'ieM •KpaT-
KHH icypc ...• BblWen Ha TPH ro)la nOJ)Ke nepsoro Hl!laHHR Haweft KHHrH.
Tor.lla )Ke, B 1925 r., B peueH3HH, no)lnHCaHHOff HMCHCM naBJla M e.ll-
Be)lesa, HO npHHa,zJ,JlC:llC8WeA, cy.lUl no TCpMHHOJIOrHH H HCKOTOpblM •onop-

I CM.:Jl C 8 K O 8 K 'i .R. 6opHC BHl<TopoBK'i ToMaweacXHil//Bonpocw mrreparypw.

1979. Ni 11. C. 202.
5
HhlM• q>OpMym1pOBKaM, M.M. 6 axn111y, 6b1Jlo OTMe'leHO, 'ITO 'IHTaTenb
nonyqHJI yqe6HHK, KOTOpbd\ «Henb3SI He npHJHaTb n yqWHM y Hac - no
6orarcrsy Marep11ana, no HayqHoi\ c11creMaTHJaUIUi 11 pa3pa6orKe ero•,
'ITO «pa6ora T oMaweBCKOro HCHJMepHMO npeBOCXO.llHT KaK crapble «Teo-
PHH cnOBCCHOCTH•, TllK H 6onee CBe:llCHe pyKOBO.llCTBa llianblraHa H ÜBCSI-
HHKo- KynHKOBCKoro. KopO'IC roBopSI, raKoro cepbCJHoro, SICHOíO H co-
.11ep)KarenbHoro yqe6H11Ka y Hac ell(e He 6b1Jlo 11 Her.1 .
BH.D.HMO, KHHra peJKO Bbl.lleJUUiaCb Ha .llOCTaTO'IHO npHJIH'IHOM q>oHe.
11:MSI Ll. H . ÜBCSIHHJ<o-KynHKOBCKoro, B TY nopy aKaaeMHXa, H ceAqac
xopowo HJBCCTHO. 'lro )Ke KaC3CTCSI Af. llianhlrHHa, TO ero «TeopHJO
cnoBeCHOCTH> ell(e B 1938 r . A.<1>. JloceB npocHJI npHcnan, B KyA6blWCB,
me OH 'IHTaJI neKUHH CTy.lleKTaM 3•
C 1925 no ,1931 rr. yqe6HHK 6.B ..ToMaWeBCKOro 6b1Jl HJ.llaH WeCTb
pal, 'ITO CBH.D.CTenbCTByeT o6 HKrepece K HeMY ror.11awHero 'IHTllTCJU'I. Ho
JaTCM npoHJOUlen pSUJ. C06b1THA HJ 'I.Hcna TCX, n o.u;po6HOCTH KOTOpblX
nOKpblTbl MPa.KOM HeH3BCCTHOCTH, JaTO «COWlaJihHO- HCTOpH'leCKHA no.11-
TCKCT• COBCpWeHHO SICeH. B 1931 r. aBTOp yqe6HHXa 6bln ysoneH H3 JlfY
«3a q>opManHJM• H B TC'ICHHC IDITH neT npeno.11asan npmcn3D.HY10 MaTeMa-
THJCY B JleHHHípaD.CKOM H.HCTHTyTe HIDICeHepoB )KCnC3HO.llOp0:llCHOro rpaHC-
nopra (np11ro.11HJ1CSI ero nepBblA .llHilJlOM HIDICCHepa-3nCKrpHKa, n onyqcH-
HhlA B JlbCJKe B 1912 r .). H .11enan 3TO HaCTOJlbKO ycnCWHO, 'ITO, Kor.11a ero
BOCCTaHOBHJIH Ha npe:llCHCM Mecre pa6oThl, Cry)leHTbl HHCTmyra JKanOBa-
nHCb no HHC'TaHUWIM, 'ITO y HHX OTHHMaJOr «JJ)"lwero npeno.11asarenS1
MaTcMaTHKH•4 • Ho yqe6HHK e TCX nop 6once He H3.llaBa.J1CSI H B ByJaX
crpaHbl, BH.D.HMO, y)KC He HCnOJl.b30BanCSI. P.O. SIKo6cOH yTBep:llUlaCT B
HeKponorc, 'ITO KHHra 6blJla -~J'bR'ra H3 o6pauteH.HJl•5. Tpy.lI,HO cero.11HJ1
CKaJaTb, npHHHManOCb nH Ha 3TOT C'ICT peWCHHe •KOMTICTCHTHblMH opra-
HaMH• HJIH HCT, HO .ll)UI HC'leJHOBeH.HJI KHHrH Ha .llOJlfHC íO.llbl H3 nonSI
3peH.HJI nHTCparypose.110B - npeno.11asareneA H CTy.lleHTOB - CyWeCTBOBa-
n H npH'IHHhl H 6oncc o6ll(ero xapaicrepa.
Ilpoll(e BCero, KOHe'IHO, OÓbSICtfHTJ, 3TOT q>aKT HCTOPliH HaweA Hay-
KH, a TalOKe HaweA CHCTeMbl <l>HJionorH'lCCKOro o6paJOBaH.HJI HMeHHO
rocy.11apCTBCHHOA KaMnaHHCA «6opb6bl• e «q>opMaJihHLIM MeTO.llOM> H ero
npHBepJKCHUaMH. H o TllKOC o6'bSICHCHHe He Bhl.llep)l(JfBaCT KPHTHKH .
Bo-ncpBblX, KHHra 6 .B . ToMaweBCKoro OTHIO.llb He 6b1Jla npaBOBCpHO
<t>opManHCTH'leCKOA. 3-ro 6blJlO O'leBH)lHO ce nepBLIM 'IHTllTCnSIM: B TOA
JKC peucHJHH Me.11Bc.11eBa- 6axn1Ha CKaJaHO, 'ITO <l>oPManH3M aBTOpa «Ka-

1 Me 4 a e 4 e a n. 6. B. T0Maweac101ii. Teop1U1 JtKTCpayYpw (n o:m11ca)//3ae:ma.

1925. M 3 (9). C. 298.

3 IlMCbMa A.Cl>. Jloceaa K B.M. Jloceaolt// Haqana. 1993. N'J 2. C. 145.
• C111.: M a lt MM H E. A. 6opMc BHXTOpOBM'f ToMaweBCIOllt (OlepK-BOCllOMHHaMMC)//
Ilpo6.neMbl COBpeMCHHOfO nywlOIHOBCllClllUI, JI., 1986. c. 156.
5 J a e o b son R. Boris Victorovif Toma!cvslcij (1890-1957)//lntemational Joumal

ofSlavic Llnguistics and Poetics, 1959. T. 1-2. P. 316.

6
KOA-T0 HC TO nonOBHH'iaTbtft, HC TO .LlByxcnonOBHHHbnb. BnoJtHC C03Ha-
san :no H caM 6.B. ToMawescKHft: «Moll «Teoplffl nHTepaTYJ>bl•, - nH-
WCT OH B. llIKJIOBCKOM}' 12 anpenll 1925 r., - BCll BHC <J>opManLHoro
MCTO.Lla, BHC HayqHoA pa6oTbl, BHC O'ICpe.LlHblX npo6neM. 3ro npoc-ro CTa-
pM TCOPJ.UI cnOBCCHOCTH ApHCTOTCJUI, HanHcaHHWI MH010 noTOMY, '!TO
oyóJIHU (He HaWH Y'{CHHKH) ee npocHJJa, a l1 'iHTaJI TaK)'IO TCOpl{)() cnosec-
HOCTH Ha 0.LlHl1X K)'pcaX•6• 8 TOM )l(C
fO.llY B CTaTbC C xapaKTepHblM Ha3BaH}I-
CM «<l>opManbHblA MCTO.Ll (BMCCTO HCKponora)• ToMaWCBCKJIB ymep)l(Jlan,
'lTO Ja,lla'ieft <PoPMall}ICTOB H l1X JacnyroA cnC,llyCT C'iHTaTb HC COlllaHHC
«HOBOro MCTO.Lla•, a «cneuH<Pm<aUHJO mrrepa-rypHblX sonpocos, llH<t><l>e-
peHuHaUHJO HCTOPHKO-nHTCpaTYJ)HblX npo6neM H OCBCIUCHHC HX CBCTOM
nonO:lK.HTCJlbHblX JHaHJm, B TOM '!Hcne XOTII 6bl H CBeTOM COUHOJlOrHH• 7•
HaM, pa3yMeeTCl1, MOryT B03pa3HTb, 'ITO nlQll.H, npoBO.!UIBWHC HJlCOJlO-
(l{'fCCKHC KaMnaHHH, Bpll.Ll nH XOTCJlK, .na H MOrnK I\D,aBan.cll B TOKKOCTH.
CoeepweHHO BepH0. H :no BnonHe COBnMaCT e HaWH.M BTOpblM .LlOBO.LlOM.
KaJc Pa:3 noroM}', 'lTO 3TH nJO,llH CMOTpeJIH, 'lTO Ha3b1BaCTCl1, B KOpeHb, B
Ha'fane 1930-x rr. 6blJIO CBepH)'TO B006ll{e BCllKOC, a HC TOnbKO «q>opManHC-
llNCCKOC• HJY'{CHHC npo6neM XY.LlO>KCCTBCHHOft <J>opMbl. A K :n0MY Bpe-
MCHH OHO npoBO,llHJIOCb napannen&HO B HCCKOJlbKHX pa3HblX HanpaaneHH-
llX. Ilo3HUHH, npHHWULHaJlhH0 HHblC, '!CM, CKa>KCM, y 8.6. UllCJIOBCKOro
H 6.M. 3AxeH6ayMa, 3aJf.HMa.na rpynna cneuuanucros no no3THKe, CBl1-
3aHHblX e fAXH (focy.LlapcTBeHHoA Axa.zleMHeft Xy.Llo>KecTBeHHblX Hayx)
H nyfutH.K0BaBWHX CB0H pa6oTbl B c6opHH.KaX «Ars poetica•, «Xy,llO)l(CCT-
BeHHlUI <J>opMa•, B )K)'J)Hane «HcicyCCTBO• (M.A. IlerpoBCKHA, P.O. lllop,
6.11. jfpxo)1. O'iCBHJlHa HCCBOAHMOCTb K «<J>opManbHOMY MCTO,lly• .LlCll-
TCJlbHOCTH B 1920-e rr. BJI. Ilponna, a TaJOKe B.M. )l(ffpM}'HCKoro H
B.B. BHHOrpMOBa, B 'lhHX pa6oTax TilrOTCHHC K «nHHfBKCTH'iCCKOA no3-
nuce• CO'ieTaJIOCJ, C aKTHBHblM npHB1IC'iCHHCM K aHanHJY npoH3Be.LlCHHl1
WHpoKoro HJleoJIOCH'{CCKOro H HCTOpH.KO-K)'JlbTYJ)HOro KOHTCKC-ra9 • Ha-
KOHCU, .IUUI Pa3BHTWI HCTOpHliCCKOA 003THXH OOJlbWOC 3Ha'!CHHC HMCJIH
pa6oTbl no «naneoHTOJlOfHH• JIHTCpaTYJ>bl H q>OJlblCJIOpa (O.M. <l>peA.D.eH-
6epr, 11.f. cJ)paH.K-l<aMCHCUKHA) 1º.

'li.B. ToMaweecXJtA B no11eMKKC BOKpyr «$opM8JlbHOro MCTOJ1a• / Ily6n.

JI. <l>neAwMaHa//Slavica hierosolymitana, 1978. Vol. 111. P. 385-386.
7 CoapeMC}-(HllJI mrrepaTypa: C6. cnreA. JI., 1925. C. 148-152 .
• 06 oco6eHHOCTJIX H3Y'{HOA no3HUHH Ji. H . .ffpxo CM.: raen a p o B M . JI.
Pa6on.i li..H . .ffpxo no TCOPKK mrreparyp1,1//fpy.llbl no 3HaKOBblM CKCTCM3M. 4. Tapry,
1969. c. 504-514.
9 CM.: JI H X a 'I e B J1. C. 8. M. )KltpMyHCKHA - CBHJlCTCllb H Y'{QCTHHK
mnepaT)'J)ttoro npouecca nepeoA nonoBHHbl XX e.//)K H p M y H e K H ll B. M. TeopKR
mrrepal)'pbl. Il03THKa. C-rnJU!cnt.Ka. M., 1977. c. 10-11; 'I y JI a K o e A n. PaHHHC
pa6on.i B.B. B11Horp8.ll0Ba no no3TI!Ke pyccKoit 1111repaTYJ>b1//B 1t H o r p a JI o e B. B.
H36paHHblC tpy.llbl. Ilo3THKa PYCCKOA IIHTCp&TYJ>bl. M., 1976. c. 467-469.
IO CM. 00 :n"OM: Jl O T M 3 H JO. M. o. M. <l>peit.JleH6epr KaK HCC/ICJlOBaTCJlb
KYJTbT)'J)W// Tpy.llbl no 3H3KOBblM CltCTeMaM. 6. Tapyy, 1973. c. 482-486.
7
 HTaK, ,lleJJo 6b1Jlo He B (pOpMaJIH3Me KaK oco6oñ H8Y'fHOfl WKOJIC, a B
TOM, 'fTO HHTepcc K XY.llO.>KeCTBCHHOH (pOpMe H, CJle.llOBaTCJlbHO, TT03THKa
KaK H8Y'{Haff .llHCUHMHHa, C 0.llHOH CTOp0Hbl, a C .llPYTOH, - «H.lleAHSJI
KOHCOJUUtaUHll COBCTCKOro o6wecTBa•, 38.BepWHBWaJICJI B ncpsoA nona-
BHHe 1930-x rr., 0Ka3a.llHCJ, Beu.taMH HCC08MeCTHhlMH •.•
8 CBOHX •rpll)l(Jl3HCKHX npasax,. n03THJ<a 6b1Jla BOCCTiiHOBJJeHa JIHWb
B nepsoR nonOBHHe 1960-x rr. HMecM B BHJ:lY nO'fTH 0.llHOBpcMeHHblA
BblXO.ll s eser TJ)CXTOMHOA «TeopHH nHrepaTYJ)bl• (1962-1965 rr.) e BeJ:lY-
weA AIUI 31'0ro TPY.lla H.llecA «CO.llepnTeJJbHOCTH• xy.llOXecTBCHHoA <t>opMbl,
BTOporo HlllaHHSHTipo6neM noontKHD.ocroeBCKOIO• M.M. 6axnuut (1963 r.)
H «JleKUHA no CTpYJCTYPanbHoR no3THKe• IO.M. Jl01MaHa (1964 r.). He33-
.llonro .110 3THX co6blnut 6blJI nocMepTHo ony6nHICoBaH no,.ll pc.llaKUHeA
8.~. Tiponna icypc neKUHit 6 .8. TOMaweecKoro .CTHJJm:.TH.Ka H CTHXo-
CJto.>KeHHe• (1959 r .). 8 npcD.HCJIOBHH «Or pc.ll8KUHH• CKa3aHO, Me)K.lly
npo'fHM, 'ITO «larnaBHe He OXBaTblBaCT BCefO CO.llep)K8H}UI KHHrH. Ilpc.ll-
nonaranocb, 'ITO BCJIC.ll 33 JcypCOM CTHJIHCTH.KH H CntXOCllO.>KCHHA 6y.llCT
npo'fKraH 6onee WHpoKHA KYJ>C no3THKH H TCOpHH JJHTCpal)'pbl. TioCJIC.ll-
HAJI 'faCTb KHHrH npe.JlCT3B.IUlCT co6oA 3CKH3HOC Hl1lO.>KeHHC HCKOTOpblX
sonpocos no3THKH, nOCKO/lbKY OHH CBJl33Hbl C sonpocaMH CTHJIHCTH.KH,
pa3BCpH)'Toe .>Ke Hl1lO.>KeHHe 3THX BonpocoB HaMC'faJIOCb Ha 6yAYJ.Uee.
CMepTb npcpsana ocyw,ecTBJJeuHe 3TOro 33MblCJla» 11 • fü,Ul JIH 3aMblCCJI, O
KOTOpoM H.llCT pc'fb, XOTb B KaKOA-TO Mepc CBJl33H C TOA 380/IIOUHCA Ha-
Y'fHOro H B UeJIOM o6weCTBCHHoro C03HaHHJI, KOTOP8JI Bblp83HJlaCb B B03-
Bpare K npo6.neMaM Il03THICH?
8p.ll.ll JIH Mbl CHJlbHO OWH6cMCJI, eCJIH CKruKeM, 'ITO a6conlOTHOC OOJlb-
WHHCTBO 'fKl'aTCJJefl, 3H8KOMHBWHXCA e KHHrofl 6.8. ToMaweBcKor o
1959 r. B nepBblC fO.llhl nocne ce ony6JtHKOB3HHll, HC CpaBHHBaJlH ee CTpYJ(-
TYJ>Y co CTpYJ(1j'J)OH Y'{e6HHKa 1925- 1931 rr. 8 npoTHBHOM CJIY'fae 6b1Jlo
6&1 .llaBHO 33MC'fCHO caMoe HC.llBYCMl>ICJICHHOC CXOJ:lCTBO. 8 Y'{C6HHKC 6blJJO
TPH 'f3CTH: «3JICMCHTbl CTHnHCTHKH•, «CpaBHHTCJlbHaJI MCTpHKa• H '«Te-
MaTHKa•. 8 «Kypce neKUH A• 'facreR scero, Ka3aJIOCb 6w, .11.sc: «CTHJIHCTH~
Ka• H «CTHXOCJIO>K.eHHC•. Ho, 33íJUIH)'B B «TipMO.>KCHHe•, CO.llep:lléawee,
no CJIOBaM pc,llaKUHH, «3CKH3Hoe Hl110.>KCHHC HeKOTOphlX Bonpocos 003-
THKH•, Mbl JICrKO y6e)K.llaeMCll B TOM, lfTQ CIO.lla BOwnH .(B npco6p330BaH -
HOM BH.lle) <l>ParMCHTbl npe)KffeR «TeMantKH•, nOC8Al.UCHHble «.llpaMaTH- '
'fCCKHM• H «nOBeCTBOBaTeJlbHblM• npoH3BCJJ.CHHJIM (c. 506-524.). B Y'{c6-
HHKe «TeopHll nmepazypbl. Tio3THKa•, KaK YBH.IIHT 'IHTaTCJlb no ornasne-
HHJO H3CTOlIWCH KHHrH, péU,11.CJibl no.11. 3Ha.tJOíH'fHblMH Ha383H.IDIMH '(nmoc
ewe «.>KaHpbl JIH¡:IH'fCCKHe•) BXO.llHJIH BO BTOpyJO nonOBHtfY· é TeMaTHKH•
no.ll o6wHM HéllBaHHeM «IIHrepaTYJ)HblC .>KaHP!>l•.
He no.lLlle:>K.HT COMHCHHJO, TilKHM o6p330M, 'fTO ~.B. ToMaWeBCKHR B

11
To M a w e Be K H R 6. B. CntnHCTHJCA .. CTKXOCJIOlKCKHI. Kypc JICICtUtA. JI.,
1959. c. 4. D.uee npK CCWJIX&X Hl 310 Hl.llattHe C?J)attH.UW Yk&3WBalOTCII I TeKCTe. •

8
nocne.llHHe rom,1 )KHJHH CTl)CMHJICJI C03ll8Tb HOBblA BapHaHT caoero }"IC6-
HHKa. 06 3TOM >Ke,CBH.lleTeJlbCTBYIOT B BblCyY0JleHHff.X-HCKpOJ!Orax 6JlH3-
KO 3H8BWHC ero JllO.llH: KOJIJlerH no Kaq)C.llpe HCTOPHH pyccKoA JlHTepary-
Pbl JirY (no HX CBC.llCHKJIM Y'lne.llrH3 .llOO)KeH 6bl.Jl •BCKOpe- H3,llaTb •Ka-
mrranbHYJO MOHOrpa<t>HJO •Kypc CTHJIHCTKKH H n03THKH•) 12, P. S!Ko6- o.
COH (ToMaweBCKHH •pa6oTIUI ,Hall H0B0A BepcHCH ero <t>y~aMeHTIUlbHO-
ro }"le6HHJ<a «TeopKJt mcreparypb1•) 13 H 6.M. 3fuceH6aYM (•Teopern-
'ICCKHe pa6on,1 ToMaweacKoro npe.11cTaBJUl10T co6oA HeocywecTBJ1eH-
Hy10 MC'lyY Q C03,llaHHH e.11HHoro TPY.llª no n03THKe, B KOT0pblA BOUIJlH
6w TPH pa3.lleJl8, 1'0TOpble BXOJJJIT B }"IC6HHK, - CTHJIHCTHKa, MCTPHKa,
TeMaTHKa •..•) 14 • .

8 · K8KOM >Ke HMeHHO HanpaBJJeHHH w.ito nepeOCMblCJleHHe aBT0poM

}"ICÓHHKa npo6.neM n03THIGI. BO arppoA noJlOBHHe 19?0-~ i;i.7 (;Jl,"faAH0
JlH TO o6CTOJITeJlbCTBO, 'IT0 3TOT npouecc B HaHOOJlbWeA creneHK 3aTpO-
ffYJl, KaK BH./lHO, pa3,llen •TCMaTHKH•?
06paTHM BHHMattHe npe)l(,IJ.e .acero Ha ~Ha.MeHaTeJibHblA no.nJarono-
BOK npHJIO:l!CeHHJI a KHHre 19.59 r. ,Xy.11o>KecTBeHHU CHCTCMa KaK KaTCfO-
pIDI HCT0pH'leCJ<aR•. .nanee HJlYT cBBO.llHble 3aMC'18HKJI•, r.11e B ueHTpe
BHHM8HHJI OKa3blBalOTCJI KaTCropHH JlHTCpayYpHOfO PO.All H lKallpa, a CTHJlb
H CTHX paccMaTpHBaJOTCJl }')Ke KaK acneKTbl HJIH 3JJCMeHTbl xy.110JKeCTBeH-
Horo npoH3Be.lleHHJl onpe.o;eJICHHOro THna (c. 497). fnaBHblM npe.aMCTOM
HCTOpH'l~Koro no.nxo.11a CT8H()BHTCJI HMCHHO npoH3BeJJ;eHHe, a cne.11oaa-
TCJlbHO, H KaTel'OpHH, xapaKTepH3YIOWHC ero C3JleMeHTbl• H CaMy uenoCT-
HOCTb, - •XY.llO)KeCTBeHHble PO.llbl TOJKe eCTb JIBJICHHe KCTOpH'I.CCKOC•
(c. 499). 3.11ecb Mbl BH.llHM no,o,roTOBKY npo6JleMaTHKH ynowlHyroro TJ)CX-
. T0MHoro TPY.118 •TeopKJI JlHTeparypbl. ÜCHOBHWe npo6neMbl B HCTOpH'leC-
KOM ocaeweHHH•. Cne.!I}'10WU <l>P83a a KHHre 6. B . ToMaWCBCKOfO 3a-
rparHBaeT }')Ke .o;pyryio TCMy: •Mano roro, .11~ ca.Mu rpaHHua mrrepary-
pbl, rpaHHUa roro, 'IT0 Mbl H33blBaCM xy.llO>KeCTBCHHOA mrreparypoA, CCTb
JIBJJCHHe HCTOpH'leCKOe, H B p33HOC ·apeMJI no.11 CJJHTCparypoA• no.np33y-
MeBalOTCR ca.Mble p83JIH11Hble J1BJJeHKJ1• (.llanee MeCTO c,lloMOCTpOJl• a cHc-
TCMe ,llpeBHepyCCKOA JlHTCpayYpbl Cp8BHH88eTC.R C COOTHOWeHHeM CHCTC-
Mbl n11reparypbl Hawero apeMeHH H K8KoA- HH6Y.llb •KHHrH no .ll0MOBO.ll-
CTBY•). 3.'ro paCCY)K,llCHHe 'lpe3Bbl'laJlH0 6JIH3KO HCXO.llHblM TC3HCa.M CTa -
TbH H.H .. KoHpaJla •O HeKoropblX aonpocax HCT0pHH aceMHpHoA JlHTe-
parypw•_(1965 r.)u.

12 J] a p H H 6 . A., E pe M H H H. n. H .ap. 6opHC 8HKTOpoBuq ToM&WCBCKHlt //

PyccKIUI 11HTCparypa XX BeK.a (Yq~H . :ian. JlfY. Cep. <j>H11011. K¡r,y,c. Ni 261. Bi.m. 49).
JI., 1958. c. 174.
11 J a e o b son R. Op. cit. lbid.
14 CM.: J1 e a KO a u 'f JI. YK.33. coq, C. 208-209.

" CM.: K o H p a .a H • .H. 3anllJI H80CTOK: Cran.H. M., 1972. C. 417-418. Bnpo'feM,
attanorH'lHwe c:oo6p8lKCHHll 6bl/lH awcK831Utw cwe a 1927 r. a c:Tan.e iO.H. TwKl!Hoaa
cJIHTCpaTYJ>KU 380JOOUHI•. Cw.: T bl K ,t K O 8 iO. H. no:muca. .HctoplUI 11HTCprrypW.
l<HMo. M., 1977. C. 273.

9
 Tpy,nHo CKa3aTb cero.nHR, KaKHe HMeHHO npH'IHHbl - TBOP'ICCKHe nH
3aTPy.nHeHHJI (KaK nonaran 6. M. 3AxeH6ayM) KJIH 4>axropb1 BHewHero
nopstAKa - npHeen H K TOMy, 'ITO BMeCTO HOBOro yqe6HHKa no TCOPHH
nHTCpa-rypbl H n03THKe Y'lne.D.rH30M B 1959 r. 6blnO ony6nHKOBaHO HC'ITO
COBCeM HHoe. 3aTO MOllCHO CMeno yreep)K.D.aTh, 'ITO no CBOCMY 3aMblCJlY
3Ta eepcIDI KliHrH 6blna C03B)"1Ha HOBOMy 3Tany pa3BHTIDI HayqHoA no3-
THKH He B MeHbWeA CTCneHH, 'ICM npe)l(}UIA ee eapHaHT - MeTO.nonorn-
'leCKHM noHcKaM cepe.a.HHbl 1920-x rr. He MeHee O'leBH.llHO, K CQ)U}Je-
HHJO, H iq,yroe: Hawa CHCTCMa ByJOBCKoro <t>KJionorn'!eCKOro o6pa30Ba-
HHJI H B0 BpeMeHa npoHCXO.D.HBweA ror.na «onenenH• 6wa cnHWKOM
3aH,lleonorn3HpoeaHa, 'lro6bl npHH11Tb TaKoA yqe6HHK, .naxe Jl1Ul o rpaHH-
'leHHoro Hcnonb30BaHIDI •
• npH H3Y'feHHH RBJieHHÜ BOBCe He ffY)KHO anpHopHoe onpe.neneHHe
CYIUHOCTdb, - n.Hcan aerop o Jalla'lax n031llXH B 1925 r. 16 ~ npKHUH-
nHanbHlUI yCTaHOBKa 6blna coxpaHeHa H B H3,llaHHOM 'lepe3 TPH e JIHllOiHM
.necJ1T11J1eTIU1 «Kypce neKuHA•. Ho nHTCpa-rypoee.neHHe, B npelUlleCTBYJO-
W)'lO 3noxy npH'IHcneHHOC K nHKY «H.llCOIIOrH'leCKHX• .D.HCUHMHH, Ha
py6e)l(e 1960- x rr. eme BOBCJO HCXO.llKJIO H3 «anpHOpHoro onpe.a.eneHWI
CYIUHOCTCA•. '
KoHe'IHO, CYIUHOCTb HCKYCCTBa HeH36ellCHO Y'!HTblBaCTCJI B mo60M no.n-
xo.ne K TaKOMY .SlBJleHHJO, KaK xy.no)l(eCTBeHHOC npo113ee.neHHe. Ho 03Ha-
'laeT nH 3TO, 'ITO Mbl .llOJDKHbl npe.neapHTCJlhHO 1D1eHBo anp11opeo onpe.ne-
JlHTb 3TY CYIUHOCTb? H He 6b1Jl n11 npas, Hanp11Mep, 8JI. Ilponn, Kor.na
OH OTXa3blBanC.II OTBe'laTb Ha eonpoc o CMblcne eomue9HOÜ CK83KH' .no
CHCTCManf'feCKoro o6'bCKTHBHOro OnHCaHWI ee CTPYJCtYPbl? .
Tu HJ1H HHa'le, oco6eHHOCTH OTe'l~HHOA HCTOpHH 19~1980-x rr.
nHWMH HaC B03MO)l(HOCTH HMeTb TIU<OA yqe6HHK no3THKH, KOTOpb~,
BH.llHMO, TonbKO ToMaweecKH0 H Mor HarutCaTb H; KOTOpwt, 6y.llY'{H ony(i-
nHKOBaH, noJIY'{HJl 6bl Jl1Ul no.a.roTOBKH <1>11nonoro1s-imrepa-rypoBC.noB Ta-
Koe )l(e 3Ha'leHHe, Ka~oe, HanpHMep, .IJ,/Ul HeMeuK0.113LNHJ>IX CTPaH HMeCT
38Me'laTCJlbHa.ll 1'Hltra 8. J<aAJepa «npo113se,neHHC CJlOBeCHOl"O HCKYCCT-
ea. 8se.neHHe B HaYKY o nHTCparype• (Das sprachliche Kunstwerk. Die
Einführung in die µteratww~enschaft). ·
H o H yqe6}UiK 6 . 8 . ToMaWCBCKOro 1925-1931 rr. oc-rae-rc:a .II}"IWHM y
Hac PYKOBO.llCTBOM no TeOpeTH'leCK08 no3THKC - Pa3}'MCCTC.II, CCJIH oc-
MblCJlHTb ero o6my¡o KOHuenUHJO H CTPYICTYPY e COBpeMeHHOA TO'IKH 3pe-
HHJI H BMeCTe e TCM HCTOpH'leCKH. JJ.m¡ 3TOro He06XO.llHMO cOOTHeCTH
OCHOBHble H,lleH H 4l<>pMyn11poBKH KHHrn, C OJU{Oli CTQp<>Hbl, C KOHTCKC-:-
TOM reopern'!eCKHX noHCKOB 11 .llHCKYCCHÜ 1920-x rr., e .lij)yro0, - eco-
epeMeHHblMH npe.nCTaBJleHHJIMH O 38.lla'lax no3THKH, COCTaBC 3TOA .D.HC-
UHIUlHHbl H CHCTeMe ee noHJlTHÜ.

,. To M a w es e K H R 6 . B. Cl>opManbHbdl MCT04 (BMCCTO HCKJ)OTIOra). c. 148.

10
 2

KHHra 6.B. ToMaweBCKOro OTKpblBaeTCJI KpaTKHM BBe,lleHHeM, Ha-

3BaHHWM «Onpe,lleJICHHe no:nHKH•, H BKJIJO'iaCT B ce6J1 TPH 'iaCTH, nocBJl-
weHHhle cnuIHCTHKe, MCl'pHKe H .-reMaTHKe-..
Ilepsble >Ke 4>pa3bl BBelleHH.JI nOKa3bl.BalOT, 'ITO ero uenb - He TOJlbKO
OTBeT Ha BOnpoc ,qTO TaKoe no3ntK3?•, HO H onpe,lleJieHHe ee 3a.lla'i H
npe,llMeTa. Cne,llOBaTeJlblfO, K3K 3TO H no,llTBep}KllaeTCJI B .llaJlbHeHweM, -
paJroBOp o TOM, 'fTO TaKoe «JJHTCpa-rypa HJIH cnosecHOCTb-., a TalOICe «.llH-
repa-rypHoe npOH3BeAeHHe•. 3.llecb, TaKHM o6paJOM, B3aHMOOnpe,lleJUIJOT-
CJI HeCKOJU.KO nOHJITH.H, COCTaBJUIJOLUHX e.D.HHblit HCXO,llHhlH KOMWleKC.
1-fHaqe OOCTOHT ,lleJIO co Cl'pyicrypoA OCHOBHOA 'iaCTH yqe6HHKa. ÜHa
oco6o He orosopeHa: no'feMy BblJleneHbl HMeHHO TPH TaKHe PílllleJla no3-
THKH, OCTaeTCJI HeH3BeCTHblM. Me)l(Jzy TCM, O'ieBHJlHa OOWaJI YCTaHOBKa
asropa Ha nOCJie,llOBaTC,!lbHyJO H npo,llYMaHHyJO, npH'ieM 3aMCTHyJO JJ.1lJI
'iHTaTCJlJI H paJ'bSICHJleMyJO eMy CHCTCMaTH'iHOCTb. 3-ro HeCOOTBCTCTBHe,
CKOpee BCero, OO'hSIClUICTCJI COBpeMeHH.blM J<HHre o6weH3BeCTH.blM Hayq-
H..blM KOHTCKCTOM. liMeHHO TaKaJI CTPYKTYJ)a Ha)"fHOH .ll.HCUHMHHhl npe,ll-
CTaBJJJUlaCb, Bep0JITif.O, B TOT MOMeHT eCTeCTBeHHOH H caMOO'ieBH.llHOtt
)leHCTBHTCJlbHO, H «Onpe,¡¡CJleHHe TI03THKH•, H palQe.neHHe KHHrH Ha
TPH 'iaCTH opHeHTHJ>!)BaHhl Ha OllHY H TY :lKe l'paJlHUHIO esponeAcKoro
•<l>OPMaJlbHOro• HCK}'CCTB03Ha}UUI. B o6nacnt n03THKH OHa 6bVIa npe,ll-
CTa.BJleHa y Hac B nepsyio O'iepeJU, (ecnH He roBOPHTb o HeKOTOpblX CTa-
TWIX A lienoro) pa6onMH B. M. )lúfpMyHcKoro. Oco6oe :,3Ha'feHHe HMe.na
CTaThSI c3a!la'llf nOOTKKH•, HeCKOJU.KO pa3 nepeHlll.aHHaJI 33 Koponcoe BpeMJI
(1919, 1923, 1924 rr.). BllaJJbHeAweM, cpasHHBaJI e He10yqe6HHK 6.B. To-
MaweBCKoro, o6paTHM BHHMaHHe He CTOJlbKO Ha BHewHee CXO,llCTBO OT-
,lleJlbHblX <l>oPMYJIHp0BOK, CKOJU,KO Ha BHYJl)CHHee cymeCTBeHHOC po,llCTBO
MC1'0llOJIOrH'ieCKHX no3H.UHA.
no 6.B. ToMaweBCKOMY, «33.lla'ieH n03THKH ( HHa'ie - TCOPHH CJIO-
BeCHOCllf HJtH JIHTCpa-rypbl) ff.WU!eTCJI H3yqeHHe cnoco6oB TIOCTpOCHKJI JUt-
TCpaTYJ)HWC npoHJBe,lleHID\• (c. 22) 17. B CTaTbC B.M. )lúfpMYffCKoro snon-
He aHaJJOrH'iHOÜ <l>oPMYJIHp0B.KH HCT. DJUOKe BCero 3TOMy onpe,lleJleHHJO
no cMhlcny, Ha Haw Blr.llJl..ll, cneD.yJOwec MecTo: «Hawa 33.lla'fa npH no-
CTpoeHHH no3ntKH - HCXO,llHTb H3 MaTCpHana BnonHe 6eccnopHoro H,
HeJaBHCHMO OT BOnpoca o CYWHOCTH XYllO:lKeCTBeHHOro nepe}l(}lBaHHJI,
H3)"faTb CTPYKTYPY 3CTCTK'lecKoro OO'beJCTa, B ,llaHHOM cnyqae - npoH3BC-
llCHKJI xy.llOJKeCTBeHHOro cnosa-. 1•. C TO'il<H 3peHHJI B'TOporo asropa, KaK
BHJlKM, TO>Ke Hy;KHO H3Y'faTb nOCTpOCHHe JIHTepa-rypHoro npOH3Be,lleHHJI,

17
TeKCT Y'{C6HKK.a Be3Jlt UKTHpyeTCJI no HaCTOJIIUCMY HlWUIH.10. Bce rpaq>H'ICCKHC
BblJlCRCHWI e TCKCTe npHHaJIJICllCaT 6.B. Tor.tawCBCKOMy.
11
y a
)1( H p M H e K H B. M. Teopwi J1HTCparyp1,1. no:mnca. CTllJIHcntKa. C. 23.
Llanee pa6on.i :>KHpM}'HCKOro BC3.!I.C UHntpylOTCII no 3TOMY H34aHHIO . CrpaHHUbl
YJ(ll3bl88JOTCII B TCKCTC cranK.

11
HO Henocpe.LlCTBeHHbIA o6beKT HCCJle.LlOBaTCJlbCKHX YCHJIHH HaJBaH «npo-
H3Be.LleHHeM XYllO)l(eCTBeHHOfO CJIOBa• coaceM He CJ1y>1aAHO. Cnoao H eCTb
«BnOJlHe 6eccnopHbI H MaTepHan•, HJ KOToporo Ha CaMOM .Llene npoH3Be -
lleHHe H CTJ)OHTCSI. 3-ry-ro • MaTCpHaJJbHYJO CTJ)YJCTYPY•, aocnpHHHMae-
MYIO BnOJJHe He3aBHCHMO 0T «XYllO)l(eCTBeHHOfO nepe.lKMBaHHSI•, y>leHblH
H CKJlOHett' B llaHHOM CJ1y>1ae OTO~eCTBJJlffb co CTJ)YJCTYpoA 3CTCTH'leCK0-
ro 06'beKTa. B npHHUHne TaK )Ke o6CTOHT .LlCJIO H B Y'le6HHKe , npH'leM
3.LleCb opraHHJOBaHHbI A pe'leBoA MarepHan o603Ha'leH TCPMHHOM «ttKCT-..,
8 CTaTbe OTCyTCTBYJOIUHM.
KaKHMH )Ke MCTOllaMH CJTellyeT HJY'laTb CTJ)YJCTYpbl JJHttplll)'pHbl.X npo-
H3BelleHHA, eCJIH 06'beKT - HeKaR «K0HCTJ)YKUHll•, C03.LlaHHlUI HJ o6pa6o-
TaHHOf0 MaTepHana? IlocKOJlbKY MaTepHan - HMe HHO pe'lb, HCnOJJb3YJ0-
1UlUI Sl3 blKOBble (q>OHeTH'!eCKHe, neKCH'leCKHe, rpaMMaTH'leCKHe) q>OpMbl,
HanpaWHBaeTCSI o6paweHHe K MeTO.LlaM JIHHfBHCTHJ<H. Heo6XO.LlHMOCTb
)l(e y>leCTb cn euHq>HKY H3y>laeMoro 001,CJCTa npHBO.llHT K npoTHBOnOCTaB-
JJeHHIO llBY)( cnoco6oa «npHMeHeHHSI• Sl3b1Ka: B pe'IH «npaJCnt'leCKOih H B
pe'IH «XYll0)l(eCTBeHH0A•. TaKoA X0ll MblCJlH a y>1e6HHJCe HaMe'leH Y)KC
BBelle HHeM . .Llanee, 8 Ha'lane n epaoA 'laCTH KHHrn HaXOllHM cneuHaJJbHbI A
nollpa3.LlCJI «Pe'lb xyllO)KeCTBeHHlUI H pe'lb npaJCnt'leCKaJI•. 8 'leM )Ke HMeH-
HO ycMaTpHBaCTCll pa3JIH'!He 3THX llByx THTIOB BblCKa3blsattHA?
no MHeHHIO 6. B . ToMaweBCKOro, a CJIOBeCH0M TBOp'leCTBe Mbl HMe-
eM lleno, ao-nepab!X, C q>HKCHpoaaHHblMH K0HCTJ)YKlJ.HSIMH; 80- BTOpblX,
e Bbl p8.)l(eHHllMH, He HanpaBJJeHHblMH Ha KaKYIO- JIH6o BHeWHlOIO ueJJb H
8 3TOM CMblCJJe • CaM0UeHHblMH• (B no33HH «HHTepec HanpaBJJeH Ha CaM0
npOHJBelleHHe• ) . OrclOlla llBa HT0fOBbl.X onpel1eJ1eHHS1: 1) .JlHTeparypa
eCTb CaMoueHHlUI q>HKCHpOBaHHlUI pe'lb• (c. 23) H 2) «Pe'lb, a KOTOpoA
npHCyTCTByeT YCTaHOBKa Ha Bblpa)l(eHHe, Ha3blBaCTCSI xyAOlKecTlleHBOil 8
OTJIH'IHe 0T 06HXOllHOA npaKTH'leCK0A, f.Lle 3TOA YCTaHOBKH Htn (c. 28).
TaKoe npOTHBOnOCTaBJieHHe CHCTeM «npaKTH'leCK0ro• H «TI03TH'leC-
KOf0» SllbIKOB, BBelleHHOC Jl.fl. jfKY6HHCKOM H P.O. jfKo6COHOM (nocJJe.Ll-
HeMy H npHHa.nJie)l(HT q>OpMyna «BbICKa3blBaHHe C YCTaHOBK0A Ha Bblpa-
)KeHHe•) , npHH.IIT0 8 CTaTbC B. M. )i(HpMYHCKOro C 0'leHb cepbe3HblMH
o r oBOpKaMH. IloHl!THe «caMOUeHH0H pe'leBOA lleSITCJibHOCTH• y>leHblA, 80-
nepBbIX, npH3HaeT «CJIHWKOM WHpoKHM• .!VU1 onpellCJieHHSI n03TH'leCK0A
peq11: « ... MHOrHe npHMepbl TaK0A lle.!ITeJlbHOCTH, npHBOllHMble caMHM
jfKY6HHCKHM, He HMe lOT cneuHanbHO 3CTCTH'leCKoro xapaKTepa (HanpH-
Mep, K0flla repofl poMaHa «rpaCCHpyeT He BH.llHMblM Yll0BOJlbCTBHeM cny-
waeT ce6si» HJIH co.1U1arbl nepe.LlpaJHHBalOT q>paHtcy30B, nono'!a Henown-
Hbie CJI0Ba H «CTaplUICb npH.llaBaTb BblpaJHTCJlbHYJO HHT0HaUHIO CBOCMY
r onocy.. ) (c. 23). MO)l(HO JaMCTHTb, 'ITO aHaJJOrH'IHOC OTHOWeHHe K 3TOMY
Ba)l(HeHWCMY nyHKTy q>OpMaJJHCTCKOA ll0KTJ)HHbl npHCyTCTBYCT H a Y'!C6-
HHKe 6 .8. ToMaweBCKOfO. 3.LlCCb YKa33H0, HanpHMep, Ha TO, 'ITO «B o6H-
X0llC CnJlOWb H PSUlOM Mbl ynorpe6ID1eM q>pa3bl e onpe.LlCJICHHblM ynopoM
Ha Bblpa)l(eHHe, e no.a.qep1<11BaHHCM CJlOBCCHOH CTJ)Yl<TYPbl 0T.LlCJihHblX CIIOB
H o6opOTOB• (c. 29). Bo- BTOpblX, o60JH3'1eHHblA nOHIITHCM «CaMOUCH-

12
HOCTH.. xapaKTCpHblA npH3H3K • 3CTCTH'iCCKOro BblCKa3b1B3HHHl> (OH-TO H
6WJt, KaK OTMC'faCT ::iKHpMyHCKHA, onpeJJ.CJlCH KaHTOBCKOA <t>opMynoA «ue -
nccoo6pa3HOCTH 6e3 uenH•) BaX<CH, HO •HC3iKOHHO o6oco6neH• H BblCTy-
naer B K8'iCCTBC CllHHCTBCHHOr o noa BJUUIHHCM «3CTCTHKH H no3THKH
q>1fYpH3MIP. (T8M .lKC).
Ec.nH CJIOBCCHblC KOHCTpYKUHH •C YCTaHOBKOA Ha Bblpa.lKCHHCl> BCTpe-
'iaJOTCSI H BHC HCJ<YCCTBa, a XYllO)l(CCTBCHHOC npoH3BCllCHHC BCC-TaKH xa-
paKTepH3YCTCH «uenecoo6pa3HOCTblO 6e3 u enH•, TO BO3HHKaCT eonpoc:
coana.naeT nH 3CTCTH\fCCKHA OÓbCKT, BOcnpHHHMaeMblA CO3e pua-reneM, C
TilKOro poaa KOHCTpYKUWIMH?
Il03HUH.ff B.M. ::iKHpMyHCKOro B 3TOM nyHKTC ffBHO llBOACTBCHHa.
C OllHO.8 C'IOpoHbl, OH 3aMC'i3CT, 'iTO •HC'iepnb1B3I01UCC onpelleJJCHHC OCO-
6eHHOCTCK 3CTCTH'iCCKOro O61,eKTa H 3CTCTH'iCCKOfO ne~.ll<l¡t~aH.Hff, no
caMoMy cyweCTBy aonpoca, ne)l(ITT 3a npeaenaMH no3THKH KaK qacTHoA
HayKH H ffMffCTCH Ja,naqe.8 q>WIOCoq>cKO.8 3CTCTHKH,. (TaM )l(C). C apy-
roA, - Y'{CHbl.8 OTO:lK.llCCTBJlffCT ynopS(JlO'iCHHbl.8 MaTCpHan npOH3BellC-
HWI C 3CTCTH'ICCKHM OÓbCKTOM, yTBep)l(JlaR, '{TO B pe3yJJhTaTC YCWIHA xy-
llO.lKHHKa •npHpO.D.HblA q>aKT (MarepHan) BO3BOllHTCR B llOCTOHHCTBO 3CTC -
TH'iCCKOro q>aicra, CTaHOBKTCff XYllO)l(CCTBCHHblM npoH3BCllCHHCM• (c. 18).
KaJaJIOCb 6bl, OJlHO H3 llByx, JIH6o MarepHaJI, c06pa6oTaHHblA e no-
MOll.lblO npHCMOB, CBOACTBCHHblX llaHHOMY HCKYCCT BY"', - 3TO H ecn. xy-
,llOllreCTBe&Hoe DpORUe,lleHJle. (DYll.h 3TO HCTHHOA, •<t>opManbHblA MCTOll•
SBHnCff 6bl CllHHCTBCHHO B03MO.lKHOA HaY'(HOA nO3THKOtt.) JIH60 •o6pa-
6oraHHblA MaTCpHan• BOIIJIOIWleT 3CTCTH\feCKH.8 o6'.bCKT, OTHIOllb e HHM
11e coBDaJJ,a.11. Toraa noonu<a «KaK 'iaCTHaR ttayxa• aOJD10ta cTpOHTbC.11 Ha
OCHOBC 4>HJJOCoq>cKOH 3CTCTHKH. J,f , CJle.!lOBaTCJlbHO, H3Y'(3Tb CTJ)YJ<TYPY
3CTCTH'iCCKOro OO'bCJ<Ta, OrpaHH\fH.BaSICb O.IUUIM TOJlbKO «enonHe 6eccnop-
Hb1M MarepHanOM•, T. e . •HC33BHCHMO OT aonpoca O CYWHOCTH XYllO:>KCCT-
BCHHOro nepe.llG1Ba.HHHl>, OKa3b1BaeTCH HCBO3MO.lKHbIM.
JleoACTBCHHOCTb MCTOllOnOnNCCKOA nooHUHH B.M. JfCHpMyttCKOíO no-
nyqaeT KOHUCHTpHpOBaHHOC H HarJUIJlHOC Bblpa.lKCHHC B TpaKTOBKC HM
nOHRTKJI «CTHJihlO. ÜMTh- TaJOI, C OllHOA CTOpOHbl, 3TO nOHi!THC HaxOllHT-
cii, no ero MHCHHIO, B o6weM psuxy e •MarepHMOM• H •npHCMOMl>, «llO-
crpaHBaR• co6oA CHCTCM)' nolUITHA COBpeMCHHOA nO3THKH: • TonbKO C
BBCllCHHCM B no3THKY nOHJITIUI CTHnSI CHCTCMa OCHOBHblX nO.HJITHtl 3TOtl
H3YKH (MaTCpKan, npHeM, CTHJib) MO)KCT C'iHTilTbCH 3aKOH'iCHHOA• (c. 35).
C apyro.8 CTOpoHbl, nOCKOJlbJ<Y CTH.nb - «CJlHHCTBO npHCMOB nO3TH\fCC-
KOl'O npoH3BCllCHWll>, npH'iCM BCC npHCMbl •onpeaeJUllOTCSI CllHHCTBOM
){yllO)l(CCTBeHHOro 3a.ll3HWI llaHHOro npOH3BCllCHHSI -11. B 3TOM 3a.ll3HHH
nOJJY'faJOT CBOC MCCTO H CBOe onpaa.11.aHHC• (c. 34), SICHO, '{TO HH o KaKOM
paBHonpaBHH TpCX nO.HJITHtl H llruKC o6 HX OllHOPOllHOCTH HC MO)l(CT 6bITb
pe'iH. «XyaO)l(CCTBCHHOC 3a.ll3HHC» JIHWb awpuaaerca B CTWIC, HO HC SIB-
AACTCSI HM. J,f , KOHC'iHO, npHpoaa 3TOfO JaD.aHWI CBSl3aHa C • CYWHOCTblO
3CTCTH'iCCKOfO nepe.lKHBaHWI», XOTSI H COOTHCCeHa - onocpeaoBaHHO - e
«npHeMaMH o6pa6OTKH MaTCpHana>.

13
 XOT1l 8 Y'{C6HHKC 6 . B . ToM3WCBCKOfO OAH3 H3 TpCX '{3CTCA nocasuuc-
Ha CTKJlHCTince, a 8 HCA fOBOpHTCR O TCOpHH TpCX CTIVlCA, O CTHJIHJaWlH
H T. n ., onpenenCHHC CTHJUl 8 HCM OTCYfCTBYCT. Ho OOHJIT'lle CTHJUl B HCM
CCTb - 8 HCRBHOH q>opMC. BJl)'MaCMCR, HanpHMCp, 8 cnCD,y)OlUCC Mecro:
«CytUHOCTb lCY.llO)KCCTBCHHOrO npOH38C.llCHHR HC 8 xapaicrcpc OT.llenbtrblX
BblpUCHHH, a 8 CO'iCTaHHH HX 8 HCKOTOpbIC C.llHHCTBa, S X)'AOl&ecDeHHoi
KOHCTp)'ICIUIII CJIOlleCHOfO MaTepllaJla. IlpKHUHilbl OÓbC.llHHCHHR, ICOHCTJ)Y-
HpOBaHHJI MaTCpHaJia MOryT HC H3XO.llHTbCR HH 8 KalCOH C8Sl3H C Ka'iCCT-
BOM BblpUCHHR• (c. 29). «Xy.110)KCCTBCHHaR ICOHCTPYJO.lHR cnoBCCHOfO
MarepHaJia•, CO'iCTIUOlUaR «OT.llCnbHblC Bblpru!CCHHJI• B •HCICOTOpblC CllHH-
CTBa•, Ha Haw B3fJUUl, - HC '{TO HHOC, KllJCCTIIJII,. Ü'iCBHJlHO, «OT.llCJlbHOC
BblpUCHHC•, «Ka'iCCTBO• KOTOporo CytUCCTByCT H BHC CBOACTBCHHblX J(aH-
HOMy npoH38C.llCHHIO «npHHWtfiOB OÓbCAHHCHHR•, - 3TO oplleM. BcnoM-
HHM, 'ITO, C TO'iK.H 3pcHHR B.M. )lútpM)'HCKOro, npHCM «HCpc.!IKO npHo6-
peTaCT p33JIH'{H.b(ff lCY.110:lKCCTBeHHblR CMblCJl 8 3élBHCHMOCTH 0T csoeR <PYHIC-
UHH• 8 COCTaBC Toro HnH HHOro npOH38C.llCHIDl (c. 35). Cawa .lKC no ce6e
lCY.110)1(CCT8CHHaR TenconoflUI e TaKHMH o6wcyn0Tpc6HTCJ1 loHblMH Q>OpMa-
MH, .11cRCTBHTenbHO, •HH 8 KlUCOH C8Sl3H• HC Hax0.11HTCR.
ÜTMC'iaR 8 CBOCA peueH3HH «waTKOCTb H HCnpo'iHocri.. MCTo.nonorn-
'fCCKOA nooHulW 6 .B . ToMawescKoro, M .M. 6axnut npcmsaonOCTaBJUIJI
eA HJlCIO fi03THKH KlUC «3C'I'CTHKH CJlOBCCHOfO TBOp'fCCTaa- (c. 298). 6oncc
paJBCpHyro HJnO:lKCH 3TOT TC3HC 8 CTaTbC roro )KC aBTOpa «YlfCHLIH CaJibC-
pH3M (0 Q>OpMaJlbHOM (Mop<ponOrH'ICCICOM) MCTO.llC)•: •. •• onpe.11eJU1CMaR
CHCTCM3TH'ICCKH fi03TH.K.a .llOJDICHa 6 b1Tb 3CTCTHICOA CJlOBCCH0ro lCYJlO)KC-
CTBCHHOro TBOp'fCCTBa, nOHHMaR no.11 3CTC111KOA, ICOHC'IHO, HC MCT8Q>H3H-
'fCCKYJO KOHUCDUHIO KP3COTbl, a H3Y'fHO-CHCTCM3TH'lCCKYJO TCOpHJO o61,-
CJ<Ta xy.110.lKCCTBCHHOro BocnpWITMJI. A OHO, KOHC'OfO, COACPJKaTCJlbHO, a
HC fQ/10 Q>OpMaJibH0• 19.
11HoA ITYTb IlOCTPQCHHR I103THKH, H36paHHblif 6.B. TOM.aWCBCKHM H
B.M. )lútpMYHCKHM, HC 03Ha'iaJI scc )KC TPa.JCTOBK)' xy.110:lKCCTBCHHOro npo-
HJBe.aeHm1 KaK •C3MO.llOBJlCI01UCH H Jat,UCHYTOA 8 cc6e BClUH•lO, xapax-
TCpH)'IO JJJIJI HCKOTOpblX pa6oT 8.6. lliKnOBCICOfO u 6.M. 3A.xeH6a}'Ma
1920-x rr. JlHWb 8 3TOM plUU1KanbHOM HanpaBJJCHlW q>opMaJibHbl.il MC-
TO.Q, KaK CKaJaHO HCCKOnbKO BbUllC 8 TOA )KC CTaTbC Mc.11se.ac11a-6axn1-
Ha, «npcspawaeTCjl B cq>opMaJIHCTH'lCCKOC MHpo8033peHHe• 21 . JIJ06om,IT-
HO, 'iTO 3aKa8bl'iCHHaR KpHTit'lCC.K.aR q>opMyna IlpHHa.DJlC)KHT KMCHH0 B.M.
)lútpMYJiCKOMy. OHa BblCK.aJaHa 8 CTaTbC «K sonpocy o q>OpManbHOM
MCTO.QC• (1923 r .) : ••••Jl)lR HCKOTOpblX CTOpoHHHICOB HOBOrO HanpaBJICHHR
«Q>OpMaJibHblH MCTO.ll• CT3HOBHTCR C.llHHOCnacaiowcA H3yqHOA. TC0pHeA,
HC TOnbKO MCTOA0M - H0 MHp08033pcHHCM, ICOTopoe R npc.anO'iHTIUO

19 3eelJla. 1925. M 3 (9). C. 267.

lO TllM lKC.
11 TllM 1". C. 264.

14
HaJblBaTI, y¡Ke He q>OpMaru.HblM, a q>opManHCTH'-ICCKHM• (c. 96). He Me-
Hee fiOKa3aTCJICH <paKT pe3KOro paJMCJKCBaHHJI C 3TOH cnn.eA B noneMH-
'-ICCKOA 38Men.e 6.M. 3üxett6ayMa: OHa, no MHeHHIO aBTOpa, «yxe co-
BCpWCHHO SICHO fiOKaJblBaeT, '-ITO, KOHC'iHO, C'-IHTilTb ero (B.M. )l(ffp-
MYHCKoro - H T.) OCHOBOfiOJIO)IOUtKOM q>opManbHOro MCTO.Qa H rnaBHblM
ero TCOpeTH.JCOM HeBO3MO)KHO• 22•
B o6pHCOBaHHOM HaMH KOHTCKCTC xapaKTepHCTHKa fiO3HUHH 6.B. To-
MaweBCKOro KaK asropa «TeopHH JUtreparypbl. Il03THKH•, KOTOpéUI 6b1Jla
.aaHa B IOUII'e Il.H. Me.ase.ae11a (M.M. 6axTHHa) «<t>opManbHblM MCTo.a B
JIHTepatypOBeD..CHHH• (1928 r.), BblrJUl.llHT He 6onee '-leM KOHCTatautteft
<paKTQ.B, CTaBWHX K 3TOMY MOMeHl)' .lLIIJI Y'-leHblX-COBpeMeHHHKOB BfiOJIHC
O'-ICBlt,IUt.blMH: •Jra KHHra HC MO:lKCT 6b1Tb HaJBa.Ha q>OpManHCTH'-ICCKOH B
CTpOrOM CMblCJIC 3TOro CJIOBa. Or Q>9pManH3Ma asrop ce .~9.M~OrOM OTO-
wen O'-ICH.b .aaneKo. 8 csoeA pa6oTC OH peBH3yeT MHOrne O'-leH.b Ba)Kffble
fiOJIO)l(CffHJI q>OpMaJibHOro MCTO.Qa. Ho TCM HC M CHCC q>OpMaJIHCTH'-leCK.He
HaBblKH MblWJleHHJI y Hero .QOBOJlbHO CHJlbHbl, H OT MHOrHX npe.anocblJlOK
q>OpMaru.Horo Mero.aa OH He OTKa3a/lCJl>>21 •
YetaHOBHB .QBOACTBeHHblit H, B onpen.eneH.HOM 3Ha'-ICHHl1, KOMnpo-
MHCCHJdit xapaicrep MCTO.QOJIOrH'-leCKOH fiO311UHH, fiOJIO)l(CHHOit B OCHOBY
Y'-le6HHKa 6 .B. ToMaweBCKOro, Mbl MO)l(eM renepb YBH.!l.eTb, HaCKOJlbKO
3a.KOHOMCPHO npoHCTCKaeT H3 HCC CTp)'JtyYpa KHIU1I.
KaK Mbl y6e,IU{JIHCb, B fiO3THXC, KOTOpéUI CTpOHTC1l Ha fiO.ilo6HoA oc-
HOBe, •CTHJI~ - o6o3Ha'-leHHe UCJIOCTHOCTI1 JIHTCpatypHOro npOH38C.QC-
HIDI, npeJlCTilBJUUOlUCH co6O10, e QIU{OH CTOpoHbl (KaK 6bl «H3BHC•), opra-
HH3OBaHHOC C.!OfHCT80 «npHeMOB•, a C .apyroA (•H3HyTpH•) - CAHHCTBO
BblpaxcaeMoro BCCH COBOKYnffOCTblO 3THX npHeMOB H HX B3aHMOCBJl3blO
•xy.aOJKCCTBeHHOro JaAaHHJI•. Ilo~THo: no'!eMy B.UKHeAweA COCTaBHOH
'-lacn.10 fiO3TI1JQt OKaJblBaeTCR CTHllHCTHKa. 8 TO )l(C BpCMR 3Ta '-laCTb -
JIH.lllb •BBO.llHaJI rJ!aBa B no3THKY• (c. 30), fiOTOMY '-ITO 3a H3Y'-leHHeM 83a-
HMOCBff3H o6pa6oTIUtHoro Marepttana H •co.aepxaHHA• .aoJUKHo nocne.ao-
BaTb Pa3.llCJlbHOC H 6onee cneuHaJJH3HpOBaH HOe paCCMOTpeHHe 3TH.X ac-
neKTOB npoH3Be.aeHHJI. TaKOA HaY'-IHOA norHKe, Kal( KaJKeTCSI, BnOJIHC
COOTBCTCTBYCT OO'bCXTliBHOC cy¡.ueCTBeHHOC pa3.11H'-1He Me:ll(.Qy fiO33HCA H
npo3OJt.
Ll,,ui D.M. )lúfpMyHCKOro B nO33HH CJIOBeCHblA MaTCpHan - Heno-
Cpe.aCTBeHH\>IH HOCHTCJ!b «xyp.o)l(CCTBCHHOro 3a.QaHHJI•, nOCKOJlbKY noc-
JIC,!(Hee IIO.Q'-IHIUICT ce6e Jlrutce seweCTBeHHYIO CTOpoHy cnosa: «BHCWHHM
KpHTepUCM 6onee HJIH Mettee rny6oKOA o6pa6OTKH xy.QO)l(eCTBCHHOro Ma-
TCpHana H TeM CaMblM cpaBHHTCJlbHOK 3aBHCHMO ~ ,ero HJIH CBo6O.Qbl
x y~eCTBCHHOro 3aMblCJla OT ero ocywecTMeHHJI B CJIOBeCHOA CTHXJ1 H

u 3 Ax e H 6 a y M 6. B01<pyr sonpoca o <POPMaJIMCTaX // ne'laTb M pe80IIIOUl1ll,

1924. KH. 5. C. 8.
H Me.ase.aes n.
H . (M. M. 6axTHH). <J>opMa/lbHblA weTo.a s
JtMTepa-rypoae.aeHHH/KOMM. B. MaxJtHHa. M.: Jla6MpHHT, 1993. c. 147.

15
 CJI)')ICHT OObl'(HO npHC}'TCTBHe MCTpH'(eCKOR KOM nOJHUHH (cTHxa), T.e.
ynopJUlO\feHHe ~OBeCHoro MaTepHana co CTOpoHbl ero 3eyxoeoR ct>op-
Mbl~. B o6n acn.t )l(e npo3bl 6onee xapaicrepHW, no ero MHeHHIO, npoH3Be-
11eHHJ1, c e KOTOpWX CJIOBO ffJIJIJleTCJI B xy)lOllCeCTBCHHOM OTHOWeHHH HeR-
.TplUlbHOR cpe.110R HJIH CHCTeMo R o6ootta'ieHHR, cxoJlHblX co CJJoaoynoT-
. p e6neHHeM npaKTH\feCKOR pe'iH H BBOJlJIWHX HaC 8 OTB1Ie'ieHHoe OT CJIOBa
llBIOICCHHe TCMint'ieCKHX 3JleMeKTOB• ( c. 33).
T o, 'iTO 3,llCCb HaMe'iCHO H MOTHBHpOBaHO npoTHBOnOCTaB1ICHHe «MCT-
PHKH• H «TCMaTHXH• KaK iieyx cnC.QYIOU.lHX (33 CTHnHCTMKOA) p3311enoe
n03THKH, He n O,llllC)K}1T COMHeHHIO. TaiotM o6paJOM, Mbl HSXO,llHM HC'iep-
nblBalOWCe OObfiCHeHHe o6weA CTpYJCTYPhl Y'{e6H.KXa 6 .B. ToMaweecKoro.
B KOHTCKCTe yKaJaHH Oro npoTHBOnOCTa81IeHHJI nowrrHe cMCTpH\fec-
KaR KOMJ103KUHJI• no6)')1(JlaCT 'iKTilTCrul o6paran. BHHMaHHC Ha TCCtfYIO
cef!Jb nottJITHA «TeMaTHKa• H «KoMn OJHUWI• e TOA )Ke CTaTbC B.M. )i(up-
MYHCKoro. 8 "ªCTHOCTH , Mbl H8XOllHM 8 HCA TCpMKH «CIO)KCTHaff. KOMn0-
3HUHJI• ( c. 32-33). H e 03Ha'iaCT JIH no11o6HOC CJI0BO-ynorpe6neHHC, 'ITO
Y'{eHhlA CTpCMHJlC$1 COOTHeCTH H BMeCTe e TCM pa3rpaHH'(H11, JlBa BH,lla
<t>opM: <l>o pMbl MaTCpHana, B03HHJCalOll1HC 8 pe3}'JibTaTC ero o6pa6oTKH, H
<l>opMbl, ynopSJJ.O'iHBalOWHC C31ICMCHTbl TCManu<H• (TaKOBblMH Moryr C'iH-
TaTbCll, ttanpHMCp, MOTHBhl)?
Tpy11HO OTBCTHTb Ha 3TOT sonpoc C nOJIHOA ysepeHHOCTblO, CKOpee
ece-TaKH CXOllCTBO TepMHHOB CBH,lleTCJtbCTBYeT o HCllOOUeHKC ccpopManb-
HblM MCTOllOM• CyuJ.eCTBCHHOro paJJIH'ilUI Me)l{Jly 3THMH BHJlaMH <l>opM,
KOTOpOc 6wo rny6oKo oxapaKTepH30BaHO B COBpeMCHHOA CMY p yccKoA
<l>MOC<><l>cKoA 3CTCTHKC. Mhl HMCCM S BHJlY nporneonoCTa81ICHHe «KOM-
nOJHlOIH• H capXHTCKTOHHKH'• y M.M. 6axntttalA H cKOMfl03HUHH• H cKOH-
CTp}'KUHH• y n.A <l>nopettcKoro". O6a uccneiioeaTCM nonaran11, \fTO
«caMoueHHbli\• H caM0110B1Ie10wHA xapaKTép HMCCT .KaK pa3 CTPYKTYJ>a .
3CTe'Tlf'(CCKOro OObCKTa, HO OTHJQDJ, He opraHH33J..OUI CJIOBeCHOro HJl11 HHOro
MaTCpHana. .
B o3BpaWaRCb K aKTHTC3e MCTpHKH H TeManu<H, JaMeTHM, '(TO H B HeA
npolllllUICTCll xapaicrepHbdt .llJUI «no3TH~ 6 . B. ToMaweBCKoro H B.M. )i(up-
MYHCKoro MCTOllOJIOrH'iCCKH.H KOMnpOMHCC. C OllHOA CTOpoHbl, Mbl BH·
llHM TcHJXeHUHIO OTO)l{JlCCTBJUITb «xyllO)KCCTBeHH)'IO JIHTePªTYPY• C « no3-
3HCít•, T. e. BblBOJl.HTb npo3y JCaK ra KOBYJO 3a paMKH CJJOBCCHOro HCK)'CCT-
Ba. cn03TOMy 0033Hll HMCHYCTC1! TalOl(C xyJJ,OllleCTBeBBoi JUrrepaT)'poi, B
npOTHBOnOJIO)K.HOCTb npo3e - Hexyiio)Ktc:reeHHOA n HTCpaTYPC• , - '(l{Til-
eM Mbl Ha nepBblX CTpaHHUax Y'{C6 HHJCa (c.
24). 8 3TOM OTHOWeHHH nepell
HaMH - npo110JDKeHHe 6onhWOA Tp3.!1HUHH , ·npe,11CT381ICHHOA JlJIJl pyc-
CKOA HayKH O mtTCpaTYPC B nepBYJO O'iCPCllb HMeHaMH r .B.<l>. fercAA H

1'
CM.: 6 ax T H H ·M. Bonpocw mrrepaJYPbl H 3CJerHICH. M., 1975. C. 16-22.
<l> J1 O p CH C K H A n. A. AHanK3 npoCTpB.HCTBCHJiOCTH H epeMCHR
2.1 CM.; B
H 306pa3HTCJlbHblX HCICyCC"TIIIIX. M., 1993. C. 115- 117.

16
A.A. n0Te6H11. C .npyroi-í CTOpOHbl, HlVll11lO T,Uül<c CTpe.,u1eHHC TIOHSITb
npoly 11 TI03311IO KaK paaHonpaBHblC BH.llbl CJlOBCCHoro 11CKYCCTBa, pa3Jl11-
'¾I-IC KOTOpblX COCTOl1T B p&lHOM COOTltOWeHHH CJ108a 1-t ero TCMbl, opraHl-t-
JOBaHHoro MaTep11ana 1-t ynopH.lO'ICHHOíl TCMaTl-tKH.
ÜTCJOLla 11 pa3Jl11'11U! B CTpyJ<TYpC BTOpoH H TpCTbCil '13CTCíl KHHíl-t
6.B. ToMaweecKoro. PaJ.lCJJ o MCTp11Ke - coeepweHHO o6oco6neHHOC
Cl1CTCM8Tl1'1CCKOC OTIHC8HHC TeXHHKH TI0331111 (np11 aKUCHTHpOBaHHH xy-
.llO)l(CCTBCHHblX Q>YHKUHA TeXHl1'1CCK11X oco6CHHOCTCA). Pa3.llCJI o TCMaTH-
KC TIOCTpOCH no aH8JlOrHH e paJ.llCJlOM o CTHJIHCTl1KC. B 0601-tx CJlY'IIUIX
BblllCJlSIIOTCSI HCCKOJlbKO «rpynn 3JICMCHTOB•, paCC!\laTpHBaCMblX B nOpSl.ll-
KC B03p8CTalO!UCR CJlO)l(HOCTH cocraea 11 a6cTpaKTHOCTH COOTBCTCTBYJOWHX
TIOHSITI!A. 8 CTHJll1CTHKC BblJlCJJSIIOTCS'I •TI03TH'iCCK8SI JlCKCHKa, TI03TH'-ICCJ0,IA
Cl1HT3KCl1C 11 3BQ)OHHSI&; B TC~laTHKC - 6e3 BCSII01X npe.11.aap11TenbHblX o6'b-
SICHCHl1H - «CIO)l(CTHOC TIOCTpOeH11e» 11 •mrrepa-rypHblC )l(aHpbl» . Te )l(C
npHHUl1 Tibl «KJ1aCCHQ)l1Kau1111 npo6JJCM» HayKH o Jll1TCpaType MO)l(HO Hai-i-
Tl1 1-1 a pa6oTe B.M. )K11pMyHcKoro «3Ma'l11 no3THKJI» (c. 28-32).
Oeps1>11½ )l(C a63au KH11rn 6 . B. Tm,tawescKoro 11JsewaeT 'll1TaTeJ\R o
TOM, 'lTO •on11caH1-te 1-t KJ1acc11q>11Kau11S1 HBJICHl1H H ltx 1-tCTOJJKOBa1t11e,> -
3TO H CCTb <<Cnoco6 1-13)"-ICHIUl» 8 TI03Tl1KC . l-lTo 03Ha'laeT npl-t 3TOM C.'1080
<<Sl8JJCHI-IJI•? ECJI11 l!MCIOTCSI B BHLly mnepa-rypHo-xy.LJ.O;t(CCTBCHHblC np0113-
8CllCHlffi, a Tlll()l(C BXO.Ll.SIIUl1C B 11X CTpyKTypbl OTllCJJbHblC Q)OpMbl ( IIJll-t
<•TIPl1Cl\lbl»), TO OHl1 OTIHCbJBalOTCS'l 11 KJJaCCHQ)l1Ul1pylOTCSI e TIOMOIUblO Ha-
)"IHblX TIOHSITl1H. HecKOJlbKO .na.JJee CKaJaHO, 'lTO •TIPSIMblM 06bCKTOM 003-
TI-IK11» SIBJIRIOTCSI «cnoco6bl KOM611Hl1p08aHIHI CJIOBCCHOro MaTep11a.JJa B
XYllO)l(CCTBCHHble Clll1HCTBa» 11 'lTO «8 o6weíi TI03Tl1KC q>yHKU110Ha.JJbHoe
l-t3)"-ICHl1C Jll-tTepa,ypHoro np11eMa 1-t S'IBJISICTCSI PYKOBOllSIW11M n p11 HUH TIOM
B on11caHl1H H KJ1acc11q>11Kau1111 SIBJJCH11H» (c. 26). OcraeTCSI HCl138CCTHblM,
llOJDl(Hbl Jll1 TIOHSITIUl C0CTaBJ\RTb onpe.LJ.CJJCHHYJO CHCTCMy. Opa a.na, Ha 3TOT
aonpoc co BCCH onpe.neneHHOCTblO OTBC'laCT B. M. )K11pMyHCKl11i B «3a.na-
'lllX TI0 3Tl110l»: roaopsi O <<Cl1CTCMaTl1 '-ICCKOM 113)"-ICHl111 TT03Tl1'!CCKl1X np11-
CM08 , ltx cpa8Hl1TCJlbHOM on11caH1-tl1 11 KJJaCCllQ)HKaUH11», OH yYT )l(C .no-
6aBJISICT, '!TO «TeopeTl1'lCCKa51 TI03THKa .11.0JJ)l(Ha TIOCTp011Tb, on11paS1Cb Ha
KOHKpCTHblÍI 11CTOpl1'lCCK11H MaTep1-ta.JJ, TY CHCTCMY Hll)"IHblX TI0HSITHH, B
KOT0pb(X H~aCTCSI 11CTOPHK TI03Tl-l 'lCCKOro 1-tCKyCCTBa np11 pa3peweHl1l1
BCTIIIOIUl1X nepe.n H11M 11H.Ll.11811llYa.JJbHblX npo6neM» (c. 28). Ho KaK pa3
6naro.napsi 3TOMY 3aMC'laHl1IO CTaH0811TCSI O'lCBH.11.HblM onpe.neJJCHHOC npo-
T1180pey11e.
<<KOHKpCTHblH l-tCTOPl1'lCCKl1H ~1aTCpl1a.JJ >> -- 3TO BCllb TC caMblC no3-
Tl-t'lCCKl1C npl1CMbl, KOTOpblC HY)l(HO 113)"-lllTb, cpaBHltBllTb 11 KJl;JCCltQ)l-tUl1-
poaaTb. Bce 3TO HCB03MO)l(H0 6e3 COOTBCTCTBYIOWl-tX nOHílTl-tH . Ho, TaKltM
o6pa30M. e 0.11.HOÍi CTOpOHbl. CHC'feMa ll0H.ílTl1¡¡ HHKaK He M0>KeT 6b1Tb
TIOCTpOe Ha e <,onopoÍI» Ha 3TOT MaTCl)Hé.lJl, a MO:+:CT JllllUb C,Hla 6b1Tb oc-
HOBOÍI ero paCCMOTpCHlffi: ae.LJ.b ;.urn cpaBHCHllii Heo6xo.11.m1 Kp11Tep1tii.
C .11.PYíOÍI CTOpOHbl, .!l,JISI C03D.aHl1SI CUCTC~tbl TIOHSITll~I, K010paSI ~torna
61>1 OXBi:lTltTb BCIO COBOKYTIHOCTb HCTIOJJbJyC~lblX II JII-ITCpaTypc np11eM08 B

17
HX OO'bCKTHBHhlX COOTHOWeHI-UIX, npeD.BaPHTCnhHO D.OIDK.Ha cyweCTBOBaTb
o6ocHOB3HHéUI HX KJJaCCHcj)HKaUHSI. 8blXOD. H3 3TOfO nopO'lHOro KpyTa
coapeMeHHéUI nO3THKa HaxOD.HT B COOTHeCeHHH Bcex CBOHX nown~ co
CTpyl<l)'pOH JJH'rcparypHoro npOH3BeD.eHM. A AllSI 3TOfO KaK pa3 H Heo6-
XOD.HMa onopa «'faCTHOA HayKH• Ha cj)H.11oco<1>cKy10 3CTCTHK}': Ha'lHHaTh
«npocTO e cj)aXTOB•, KaK BHJlHO, - He caMOe JIY'IWee peweHHe.
HeD.OCTaTO'lHéUI onpeD.eJJeHHOCTh MeTOD.OJIOrH'fec><HX OCHOB no3THKH
6.B. ToMaWeBcKoro npo.llBH.llach He TOJlhKO a COOTHOllleHH.H BBOD.HMhlX
HM nOHSITHA, HO H B npeD.CTaBJleHMX Y'leHOfO O CTpytcrype 3TOH HaY'IHOH
D.HCUHnJJHHbl H o ee MeCTe B JIHTeparypOBCD.eHHH.
CoapeMeHHOMY 'lHT3TeJllO MOJKCT npe:lKJJ.e acero OOKalaTbCSI cTpaH-
HhlM TO, '!TO B 06wy10 TeOpHIO JIH'repaTypbl BXOD.11T, no 6.B. ToMaweBCKO-
MY, p11Top 11x:a. Ho KaK pa3 B Ha'lane Hawero aex:a no3THKa - 'lYTh n11 He
anepBble - 'leTKO OTrpaHH'fH.lla cefü¡ OT PHTOPHIOI B Ka'leCTBe Y'le.KM o
DO33HH. 4TO )l(e KacaCTCSI npO3hl, TO poMaH , HanpHMep, TOfD.a ewe MHOfH-
MH C'lHTaJJCSI 'fHCTO pl1TOpH'leCK11M )1(3HpOM.
He MeHee CTpaHHOe ane'laTJJeHHe npOH3BOD.11T npoTHBonoCTaB11eH11e
OO3THIOI 11 11CTOPHl1 Jll1Teparypbl. Bo-nepBblX, KMeeTCSI B BH.llY, O'leBHD.HO,
npHHUHOl1anbHOC pa3./1H'!He CHHXPOHHH H AHaxpoHHH 26 • Ho 8 TaKOM cny-
'lae, BnpaBe cnpOCHTh 'lHT3TCJlb, rAe )l(e HCTOPH'leCKéUI 003THKa? ÜKa3bl-
aaeTCSi, :na AHCUHnJJHHa «npocJJe)l(HBaeT HCTOPH'leCIOle CYD.h6bl H30- <... >
JIHpyeMblX B H3Y'leHHH np11eMOB•, TOfAa KaK «HCTOPHK JIHTeparypbl H3y-
'laer BCSIKOe n pO H3BeD.eHHe KaK Hepa3./1O)1(HMOC, UCJIOCTHOC e.llHHCTBO, KaK
HH.nHBHllyanbHOe SIBJleHHe B PSlllY D.PYrHX HH.nHBHllYaJlhHhlX SIBJleHHH•. Ho
pa3Be He •OOWéUI• H.IIH «TeopeTH'leCKJUI• no3THKa AOIDK.Ha A3Th MCTOJl AllSI
aHanHJa J1106oro XYAO)l(eCTBeHHOfO npoH3BeD.eHHJI HMeHHO «KaK Hepa3.llo-
)l(HMOro , UCJIOCTHoro eAHHCTBa•? Tyr-TO H Bhl.SICHAeTCSI, '!TO, 8O-BTOPhlX,
•npH TeOpCTH'leCKOM OOAXOJle JIHTeparypHble Af3JleHM OOABepralOTCSI o6o6-
lUCHlUO , a noTOMy paccMaTpHBalOTCSI He B CBOCH HH.nH.BH.llYanhHOCTH, a
KaK pe3yJJbTilTbl npHMeHeHM 06w11x 33KOHOB nocTpOCHHJI JIHTeparypHhlX
npol13BeAeHl1H• (c. 25).
npeAOOJIO)l(HM, 'lTO J1106on1>1TCTBO 'll1TaTeJIJI npOCTHpaeTCSI TaK JlaJJe-
KO, '!TO OH nocTaBHT O'lepeD.HOH aonpoc: 4eM )l(e OO'bSICHSieTCSI caMO cy-
weCTBOBaH He • O6w11x 3aKOHOB noCTpoeHM Jll1TepatypHhlX npoH3BCAe-
Hl1ih? TPYAHO cx:a3aTh, '!TO HMeH HO OTBCTH.ll 6hl Ha 3TOT aonpoc 6.B. To-
MallleBcKHH, HO, paccy)l(lléUI JIOfH'·leCKJ-t, o6wHOCTb CTpOeH.1-Ul XYAO)l(eCT-
BeHHhlX npOH3BCD.eHl1H (Hanp11Mep, Jll1TepatypHhlX) MO)l(CT npOHCTeKaTh
H3 np11HalI)1e.lKHOCTH 11X K OAHOMY 11 TOMY )l(e BH.llY 11CK)'CCTBa. 11Ha'le
fOBOPSI, ee MO.lKHO OO'bSICHl1Th, Bo-nepBblX, o6weA np11poAOH HCK}'CCTBa,
H , 80 -BTOPhlX, OCOOhlMH CBOHCTBaMH MaTep11ana (Hanp11Mep, pe'lH), B KO-
TOPOM ocyweCTBIISICTCSI npOl13BeAeHHe.

i. 0 JHa'leH111t 3TIIX noltlrntii JIJUI •<l>oPMllllbllOíO MeTOJ13• 11 ero 3BOIUOIOIH CM. B

TeJ11cax IO.H. TblHJIHOBa H P.O. .RKo6cOHa •0po6nCMbl HJ)"lCHHJI JIHTepatypbl II AJblKa•
(T bl HA H o B IO. H. 003TH K:I, HCTOPHA IIHTCpa,ypbl. lútHO. M., 1977. 282-283).c.
18
 Ecm1 Hallle paccy)KlleHHC npaBl1JlbHO, TO TCOpCTii'{CCKaSI n03THKa .[lOJVK-
Ha OCHOBbtBaTbCR Ha q>HJIOCOq>CKOH 3CTCTHKC, a nocnt)KCHHC npoH38C.[lC-
HHff B Ka'ICCTBC 4<HCpa3JIO)l(HMOro, UCJIOCTHOro CllHHCTBa• - 0.[lHa H3 ee
Ba)l(HCAWHX Jaaaq _ 11 B nepBylO oqepe,llb HC06XO.[lHMO o6bRCHHTb 83aHMO-
CBR3b CTOJ!b 4<pa3HOOPHP0.!1Hb1X» acneKTOB npoH3Be.[lCHHR, KaK 3CTCTH'{CC-
KHH o6bCKT H opraHH30BaHHblH MaTepHan (TCKCT). 6e3 3TOf0 H3Y'IHTb
•Ka)K.[lblH np11eM <...> e TO'{KH 3ptHHSI ero XYllO)l(CCTBCHHOH uenecoo6pa3-
HOCTH», BblSICHHTb, •Ja'{CM npHMCHSICTCSI KIDKD.blH npHeM H KaKOH Xy.[lO-
)l(CCTBCHHblA 3<l><t>CKT HM llOCTHraeTCSI» (c. 26), Bprui JIH y.[laCTCSI.
HHoe .[lCJIO - MblCJib 6.8. ToMallleBCKOro o TOM, '{TO A1UI 003THKJ.I, B
OTJIH'iHC OT HCTOpHH JIHTepa,ypbl, «He SIB.IUleTCR cyweCTBCHHblM Bonpoc o6
HCTOpH'{CCKOM 3Ha'{CHHH JIHTepa,ypHoro npOH3BellCHIUI B UCJIOM• (c. 26).
ECJIH HMCCTCSI 8 811..UY p0Jlb npoH38C.[lCHIUI B JIHTeparypHOM npouecce ero
3nOXH HJIH llPYTHX 3nox , TO C 3THM nOJIO)l(CHHCM cnopHTb HC npltXO.[lHTCSI.
8 peueHJHH M.M. 6axTHHa 6WIO CKaJaHO, '{TO, OUCHHBlUI KHHry
6 .8. ToMalllCBCKoro He npOCTO KaK Y'!C6HHK, HO KaK «pa6ory no TCope-
TH'{CCKOH H HCTOPH'{CCKOÜ 003THKC, .[laJJCKO He 80 BCCM MO)l(HO C HCIO
COfJlaCHThCR». 3-ro BCPHO H cerO.[lHSI. He MCHee cnpaBC.MHBO, 0.[lHaKo, H
llPYfOC CY)K.llCHHC Toro )l(C aBTOpa: «He CJICllYCT, KOHC'{HO, Ja6blBaTb, '{TO
pa6ora 6 .8. ToMalllCBCKOfO - nepBblH y Hac onblT CHCTCMaTH'{CCKOro
H3Jl0)1(CHHJl 8 HaY'IHOM n.naHe TCOPHH JIHTCpa-rypbl• 27 •
MHHYBWHC co BpeMCHH 3TOH OUCHIOI .[lCCRTHJICTl11! noKa3anH, '{TO B
llaJlbHCÜlllHX «OnblTax» TaKoro polla 61,IJIO, KaK npaBHJIO, HCH3MCPHMO
MCHblllC Q03111KH. 6onee TOfO, B Y'!C6HHKax 00.[l Ha3BaHI-UIMH «TeoplUI
JIHTeparypbl• HJIH «8BC.[lCHHC B JIHTCparypOBC,llCHHC• peqb wna 3aqacry10
HC CTOJibKO O caMOH JIHTeparype, CKOJibKO O aewax, HC CBff3aHHblX C HCIO
HenocpC,llCTBCHHO, HO JaTO C'{HTaBlllHXCSI HCl13MCPHMO 6onee arutUiblMH .
fi03TOMY Y'!C6HHK, OCHOBaHHblH Ha CTPCMJICHHH C.[leJJaTb no:n111cy caMO-
CTORTCJibHOH HayKOH, 06naaa10wew CBOCH Cl1CTCMOH nOHSITHH, Cl1CTeMa-
TH'{CCIOI onpe,llCJUllOlllCH 3TH OOHSITIUI, COOTHOCff KIDl<.ll.OC 113 Hl1X C TOHKH -
MH H TO'{HblMH Ha6JIIO.[lCHIUIMH Hall q>aKTar.111 CJIOBCCHOfO 11CKYCCTBa, -
TaKOH Y'IC6HHK CCfO.[lHSI He Mettee HCOOXO.[ll1M A1UI cepbC3Horo q>HJIOJIOfH-
'{CCKOfO o6pa:ioBaHHJl, '{CM BO BTOpOH OOJIOBl1HC 1920-x rr.
1-ho )l(C KacaCTCff MCTOllOJl0fl1'{CCKHX H.llCH M .M. 6axTl1Ha, KOTOPblC

Mbl CTJ)CMHJIHCb - 8 38pHCTH'{CCIGIX UCJU!X - conocTa8HTb C •n03Tl1KOH

ToMaWCBCKOfO,., TO XOTSI OHl1 H 6W111 BblCKa3aHbl B TY )l(C 3noxy, HO 8
HaY'IHblH o6opOT BOlllJIH cpaBHHTCJlbHO HC.[latmo. A TOT q>aKT, 'ITO Ha ltX
OCHOBe COJ.[laTCJICM TCOPHH non11q>oHJ1'{CCKOfO poMatta 6b1Jla pa3pa6oTaHa
C,llHHlUI CHCTCMa OOHSITHH HaY'IHOH no3THKl1, ewe 11 llO CHX nop no-Ha-
CTOfflUCMY HC OC03HaH 28 • Col!l.aHHC Y'!C6HHKa, nonyJU!pHO HJJ1ara10wero
3'fY CHCTCMy, BH.llHMO, llCJIO 6YllYWCrO.

H3sema. 1925. N:l 3. C. 299.

l1I CM . o6 3TOMB uawe/l eran.e .no3rnKa 6axnu1a: ypo!Ul 6axTHHOJtornH• (113B.
PAH. Crp. nHT. H lll. 1996. N:l 1).

2'
19
 3

OcraCTCR CKa3aTb HCCKOJlbKO CJ108 O TOM, no'(eMy .IIJlff Hawcro nepe-

UJ.llaHHff H36paH TCKCT, ony6nHKOBaHHblft 8 1931 r.
CpaBHHllasl HCTOPH'(CCKHC ycnoBHR, 8 KOTOpblX noR.BHJlHCb nepBOC H
noCJlC.!lHCC, wccroe, HlllaHHC 3T0'1 KliHrH, JlCrKO npe.anOJIO)K}lTb, 'lTO ncpc -
pa6oTKa TCKCTl:l (BCC H3Ll8HHR co IITOporo no runoe BblXOLlHJlH C COOTIICT-
CTIIYIOWCA noMCTOA) Moma 6b1Tb CBR38H8 co BCC ycWIH88BWHMCR HACO-
JlO!lf'iCCKHM KOHTpOJICM H HUHMOM , 'lTO TCKCT 1925 r., e 3TOA TOl{KH
3peHWI, H88CpHoe, MaKCHMaJlbHO Bblpa)l(aCT CBOOOJlHYIO TB0p'(CCKYIO 80Jll0,
a, CJlCLlOBaTCJlbHO, H LlOJDKCH 6b1Tb npe,anO'(TCH.
IlOllTBCp )l(Jl.8IOTCff JlH Taiote coo6paxC HWI cj)a1mn,rn? c.AHHCTBCHHOC
MCCTO y'(C6HHK.a, ll K0TopoM ll K.aKOH-TO MCpe OLUYTHMa Cllff3b e non HTH-
'iCCK0H KOHblOHKTYJ)OH, - CJlC.llylOLUHH afüau ('i aCTb .. T cMaTHKa», paJ.llCJI
«CIO)l(CTHOC nOCTpocHHe», no.llpaJ.lle11 «Bb16op TCMb1»): «B Hawc apcMR
aKryanbH0H TCMOH ffllJUICTCSI TeMa pCBOJIIOUHH 11 pCBOJIIOUH0HHOro 6blTa ,
H :na TCMa npoHH3bl8aCT BCC TBOp'iCCTB0 nHJlbtuiKa, 3peH6ypra H MH0rHX
.llpyrnx B npo3e, MruiKoBCKoro, T11x0Hoea , AceeBa B no33HH•. 3Tor a63a u
CCTb B HJ.llaHHH 1925 r., a 8 HJ.ll3HHH 1931 r . OH OTCYTCTBYCT .
Pa3I1H'i3IOTCSI JIH B006we CKOJlbKO- HH6yJlb 3Ha'illTCJlbH0 TeKCTbl 3ntX
HJ.llaHHH ? He CBO.llHJlHCb JlH BCC H3MCHCHH.R K CTHJIHCTH'iCCKOH npaBKC?
J.,( CCJIH noMHMO HCC M0lKHO YBHACTb BCTaBKH HJlH, HJ306opoT, H3'bITT1UI 0T-
llCJlbHblX cj)paJ HJUI UCJlbtx a63auea, ncpCCTaHOBKH , cyweCTBCHHO B.IIHJUOLUHC
Ha CMblCJI , TO ll K.aK0M OOlUCM HanparuICHHH wna n cpepa6orxa 3TOro pOlla?
IloCJlC.llOBaTCJlbHOC cpaBHCHHC ncpaoro H wecroro H3llaHH¡;¡ noKaJbl-
83CT, 'iTO ncpen HaMH - puu.we pe)la.KIUOI KHHnt H 'iT0 pa6ora Hao. TCKC-
TOM y'(C6HHK.a HMCJla rny6oKo COllCp)l(aTCJlbHblH 11 3aKOHOMCpHblH xapaK-
rep. B 0CHOBH0M nepeoHa'ianbHbl¡;¡ TCKCT n onomUIJIC.R nocpC.llCTB0M BCTa-
BOK. BcTaBJUIJIHCb, K.aK npaBHJl0, H0llblC a63aUbl HJlH 'i3CTH HX, pC)KC -
0TllCJlbHblC npC.llJI0 )l(CHH.R; CCTb TaJOKC H0BblC HJlH pacurnpCHHblC npHMC-
'i3HHff. n o C0llCp)l(aHHIO 6oJlbllia.ff 'iaCTb BCTaeo K npcnCTallJUICT co6ol0
npHMCpbl HJ XyllO)l(CCTBCHHblX npoHJBCllCHHA, MCHbWaSI - TC0pCTH'iCC-
KHC fi0JI0)l(CHH.R, paCCY)K.llCHH.R , CCblJIKH Ha cj)aKTbl .
3Ha'iHTCJlbHOC yBCJIH'iCHHC o6bCMa TCKCTa B H3ll3HHH 1931 r. 0 O'iTH
HC CKa3aJIOCb Ha o6lUCM K0JIH'iCCTBe crpaHHU: .llCJIO ll TOM , 'iTO B nepBOM
HJ.llaHHH BCC npHMCpbl HJ n o3JHH H npoJbl Ha6paHbl TCM )l(C WpHcj)T0M,
'iT0 H aeropcKHH TCKCT; B n OCJIC.llHCM HJ.llaHHH BCC npHMCpbl llbUlCJICH bl
MCJlKHM WpHcj)TOM.
H aKo HCU, pa3HblC 'iaCTH KHHrH ncpcpa6aTb(BaJIHCb B HC0llHHaKoB0H
CTC0CHH . MeHbWC ecero fi0llBCPfJIHCb npaBKC BBC.llCHHC H «CpaBHHTCJlb-
HaSI MCTPHKa•>, BCCbMa 3aM CTHbl BCTaBKH 8 <<3JICMCHTax CTHJIHCTHKH», a
caMble 3H3'iHTCJlbHblC K0Mfi OJH UHOHHblC H3MC HCHHSI Haxo1111M B « TcMa-
THKe» (cj)pan.tCHT ..<1>a6y11a H CIO)l(CT» ).
KaKOBbl )l(C 6btJIH 06w11e Jaa.a'iH H Hanpaa..nCHI-UI ncpcpa6o TKH KHHíH,
o K0T0pblX Mbl 7-I0)l(CM CYllHTb , cpaBHHBaSI llBC ce penaKUHH?

20
 f oaopsi np116mtJHTCJibHO H cxe:.1aTH'iCCKH, cywecTBCHHblC HJMCHe-
HHlf MO)l(HO caecnt K CJIC.QYIOWH~ MOMCHTaM . Bo-nepBblX, npoHCXO.QHJI
noc,1e.aoeaTCJibH blH OTXO.Q OT HJHa'ianbHOH .aoKrpHHbl cpopManHJMa. Ü H
npol'IBHJICS! B HHTepece K 3BOmOUH11 cpopM, B aKUCHTC Ha cpyHKUl1JIX npH-
CMOB H Ha KY,'lbTYPHO-HCTOpll'iCCKOM KOHTCKCTC xy.QO)l(CCTBCH HblX CHC-
TCM. Bo-BTOPblX, HaY'lliblC HHTepecbl asropa JaMCTHO CMCWanHCb B CTO-
poHy npo6neM LIY)l(OfO cnoea H 'IY)l(OH (<JICKCH'iCCKOi-i cpe.Qbl», a B 3TOH
CBSIJH - H K 003THKC npoJbl. npeo6nana10wru1 'iaCTb HOBblX npHMepoB
TaKoro po.aa JaHMCTBoBal·la HJ npOHJBC.QCH Hi-i DoCTOCBCKOro.
B o6o11x HanpaW1eHHS1X owyr11Mo eoJ.Qei-icrsHe pa6or IO.H. Tb1HS1HO-
aa «DocroeeCKHi-i H foronb (K TeopHH napo.a1111)» (1921 r.), «fipo6neMa
CTHXOTBOpHoro SIJbl Ka» (1924 r.) H «Jl11TeparypHblH cpaKTI> (1924 r.), a,
BOJMO)l(HO, H «O JIHTeparypHoi-i 3BOJIIOUHH» (1927 r .) .
lfro )l(C KacaeTCl'I «<l>a6yJibl H CIO)l(CTa », TO 3.QCCb aBTOP nepeCMOTpen
CBOH npC)l(ffHj;! BJíJiful Ha COOTHOWCHHC 'iaCTH H uenor o B o6naCTH TeMa-
ntKH. B HJ.QaHHH 1925 r. nyrb OT <<6eccnopHoro MaTep11ana» (MOTHBOB) K
OOH.IITl1JIM 6onee BblCOKoro YPOBH.11 o6o6weHl1JI (cmyau11J1, KOJIJ1H311J1) 6blJJ
Ja!laHHblM H )l(CCTKO BbUJ:Cp)l(aHHbl M . B HJ.QaHHH 1931 r. COOTHCCCHHOCTb
MOTHBOB C TaKHMH <<rJiy6HHHblMH» CTpyKrypaMH, KaK c11ryau11J1 H KOJ1J1H -
311J1, Y'iTeHa e caMoro Ha'iana.
Bb1CKa3aHHblC coo6p3.)l(CHl1JI, Ha Haw BJf.lUI.Q, o6bffCHSIIOT Bb16op TeKCTa
lIJl.11 ttacro.11wero HJ.QaHl1JI.
 OIIPE.l(EJIEHHE II03THKH
3ana1.1eñ 003Tl1KH (HHa'le - TeOpHH CJI0BeCH0CTH HJlH JIHTepary-
pbl) .S1s11.11eTc.S1 H3Y'{eHHe cnoco6os nocrpoeH WI nHTeparypHblX npoH3-
se.lleHHA 1. O6'beKTOM H3y'leH WI 8 0 03THKe .SlBJUleTC.Sl XY.ll0)KeCTse HHa.Sl
JIHTeparypa. Cn oco60M H3Y'{eHWI .SlBJUleTC.Sl onHcaHHe H KJiaCCH(pHKa-
UWI .SIBJICHHA H HX HCT0JIK0BaHHe .
JlHTepaTYPa, HJIH CJI0BeCHOCTb, - KaK noKa3 b[BaeT 3T0 n ocne.llHCe
Ha3 BaHHe - BX0.llHT B C0CTaB CJI0BeCH0H, HJIH K3blK0B0A , .lleKTeJJbH0C-
TH 'leJI 0BeKa. ÚTCIO.lla CJICAYCT, 'IT0 8 P.Sl.llY Hay'IHblX JlHCUHllJIHH TC0-
PH.Sl JIHTepa'fYPbl 6JJH3KO npHMbU<aeT K HayKe, H3y'lalOl.l.(eA K3blK, T.e. K
Jll1HrBl1CTl1Ke 2. l1MeeTCK ueJJblA P.Sl.ll norpaHH'IHblX HaY'{HblX n po6neM,
K0T0pble M0)KH0 0AHHaK0B0 0TH eCTH KaK K npo6neMaM JIHHfBHCTHKli,
TaK H K n po6neMaM reopHH JIHTeparypbl. Ú.llHaKO HMelOTC.ff c n euHaJlb-
Hble sonpOCbl, npHHanJJe)Ka1.UH e HMeHH0 0 03THKe. 5l 3b1KOM , CJI0B0M
Mbl 00Jlb3yeMcK 00CT0.SIHH0 8 o6WC)K.HT11H 8 u enAA 'leJJ0Be'leCK0f0
o6weHWI. TTpaKT111.1ecKaJI c<l>epa n pHMe HeHW! Sllbl.U. = -~I9 o6bl.lle H -
Hble 4<pa3 rosopbt•, B. ~r.ooope K3b1K .S1 BJU1eTc.S1 c pe.llCTB0M coo6me-
HWI , H Hawe BHHMaHHe H HHTepecbl o6pawe ttbl 11CKJll0'111TeJlbH0 "ª
coo6waeMoe, • MblCJlb»; cnos ecH0A )Ke <POPMYJJHpOBKe Mbl o6bI'IHO
y.lle.lUleM BHHMaHHe JIHWb 0 0CT0Jlbt<y, 0 0CK0JlbKY crpeMHMC.Sl T0'IH0
n epe.llaTb co6eceAHHKY uawH MblCJIH 11 HallJH 'IYBCTBa, H .llJI.Sl 3T0f0
00.llblCK»BaeM Bblpél)KeHH.Sl, Ha116on ee C00TBeTCTBYIOWHC ttawefl MblCJIH
H 3M0UWI M . 8blprut<eH WI TB0pflTC.Sl 8 n pouecce n p0H3HeCeH WI H Ja6bJ -
BalOTCSI, HC'le3alOT nocne TOf0, KaK .ll0CTHralOT uenH - BHyweH WI CJIY-
waTeJIIO rpe6yeMOfO. B 3T0M 0TH0We HHH npaKTH'leCKa.ff p e'lb HC0 0-
BT0pHMa, 1160 º"ª )l(HBeT B YCJJ0BWIX ee C0lllaH W! ; ee xapaKTep H (pOpMa
onpe.lleJl.fflOTCSI o6CTOSITeJlbCTBaMH .llaHH0 fO pa3f0Bopa, 83aHM00TH0-
weHHeM f0B0pSIWHX, CTeneHblO HX 83aHMH0f0 00HHMaHH.Sl, B03HHKa-
lOWHMH a npouecce pa3rosopa HHTepeca MH H T .n. TT ocKoJJbKY tteno-
BT0pHMbt B ueJJ 0 M YCJI0BH.ff, Bbl3b1Bal01.l.(He pa3f0B0P, 0 OCT0Jlbt<y tte n o-
BT0PHM H caMblA p a:3f0B0 p . H o 8 CJI0BeCH 0 M TB0 p'leCTBe HMelOTC.ff H
TaK»e CJI0BeCHblC K0HCTPYKUHH, 3Ha'ICHHe K0T0pb!X H e 3aBHCHT 0T
OOCTOSITeJlbCTB HX n p0H3HCCeHW!; <POPM YJlbl, K0T0pble , pa3 B03 HHK-

22
HYB, He OTMHpalOT, nOBTOpSIIOTCH H coxpaHHIOTCH e TeM , l!TO MOryr
6b1Tb CHOBa BOCnpOH3BeD.eHbl H np11 HOBOM socnpOH3BeD.eHHH He Te -
pSIIOT CBoero nepBOHal!aJJbHOro 3Hal!eHIDI. TaKHe <pUK.CUp080HHble, co-
xpaHHeMble CJlOBeCHbl e KOHCTPYKU1111 Mbl Ha3b!BaeM JlHTeparypHblMH
npOH3BeD.eHIDIM11. 8 3JleMeHTapHOA (pOpMe BCSIKOe yD.al!HOe Bblpa)l(e-
HHe, JaOOMHHBweecSI H OOBTOpSleMoe, RBJISleTCSI JlHTepaTypHblM npo-
H3BeD.eHHeM. TaKOBbl H3pel!eHHSI, OOCJlOBHUbl, norosopKH 11 T.n. Ho
OObJl!HO OO.!l mrreparypHblMH npoH3BeD.eHHJIMH noD.pa3yMeBalOTCSI KOH -
CTpYKUHH HeCKOJlbKO 6ÓJ1bWero o6'beMa.
~~pellJUITl, c11c¡eMy
llkll:~~_HHH !"'~~~Be~~~-~ _::..~ -
PH, e~~ meKcm - MO~_Qª~-~~O:lKHO 3aKpeOJ1SIT b p e % B OHCb-
MeH_HoR ~ -:,o T~-W>! .!!~J!rijl_e~ -~ ~-HHYIO

JlH ~ ~ ; BO3MO}l(HO 3anOMHHaHHe TeKCTa HaH3YCTb H H3yCTHéUI

nepeD.al!a ero - TOrD.a Mbl nony<¡aeM yCTHYIO JlHTeparypy, nony<¡aJO-
uzytO CBOe pa3BHTHe rnaBHblM o6pa30M B cpeD.e, He 3HaioweA OHCb-
MCHHOCTH. TaK Ha3blBaeMblA (pOJlbKJIOP - HapOD.HéUI 113YCTHéUI J111Te-
parypa - coxpaHSleTCH 11 BO3HHKaeT npeHMYlUeCTBCHHO B CJ1O$1X, l!y)l( -
.!lblX rpaMOTHOCTl1.
Tax11M o6pa3oM, mtTeparypHoe npoJ1JseD.eH11e o6naD.aeT D.BYMJI
CBOACTBaMH: 1) He3aBHCl1MOCTblO OT Cllyl!aAHblX 6blTOBbIX YCIIOBHH ·
npoH3HeCeHHJI* H 2) JaKpellJleHHOA HCH3MeHHOCTblO TeKcTa. Jl11Tep~~ 1
rypa CCTb caMOUeHHéUI (pHKCl1POBaHHéUI pel!b3. :..J
CaMbl.H xapaKTep 3THX npH3HaJ<OB OOKa3blBaeT, l!TO TBepD.Oft rpa-
HHUbl Me)l(Jly pel!blO npaKTH'lCCKOft H JlHTeparypoft HeT. ll.aCTO Mbl
(pHKCHpyeM CBOIO npaKTHl!ecKYJ:O pel!b, HMelOlUYIO CJ1yl!al1Hbll1 H Bpe -
MeHHblA xapaKTep, no ye11OBHJ1M ee nepeD.all11 co6eceJl.HHJ<Y. Mbl nH -
weM O11CbMO TOMY, K KOMY He MO)l(eM HenocpeD.CTBCHHO o6paTHTbCSI e
)1(11B0.A pel!blO. IlHCbMO MO)(eT 6blTb JlHTeparypHblM npOH3BCD.CHl1CM,
HO MOJCeT HM H He 6b1Tb. C D.pyroit CTOpOHbl, J111TeparypHoe npOl13Be-
.!lCHHe MO)KeT OCTaTbCSI HC3a(p11KCHp0BaHHblM; COl!laBéUICb B MOMeHT
ero socnpOH3BeD.eHHSI (HMnpOB113aUIDI), OHO MO)l(CT HCl!e3HyYb. Taxo -
Bbl 11MnpOBl13Hp0BaHHble ObeCbl, CTHXH (3KCnpoMTb1), oparopcKHe pel!H
11 T.n. HrpéUI B 4eJlOBel!eCKOl1 )1(113HH Ty )l(C pOJlb, l!TO 11 l!l1CTO JlHTepa-
TypHble npoH3BeD.eHIDI, 11cnOJ1fül$1 HX (pyttKUHIO H np11HHMéUI Ha ce6SI
HX 3Hal!CHHe, 3TH HMnpOBH3aUl1H BXO,IDIT B COCTaB JlHTeparypbl, He -
CMOTpSI Ha CBOA CJlYllaHHbltl, npeXO.ID!lUHtl xapaKTep. e D.pyroA CTOpo -
Hbl, H HeJaBHCHMOCTb JlHTeparypbl OT YCJ1OB11H ee BO3HHK.HOBCHIDI cne-
D.YCT nOHHMaTb orpaHHl!l1TCJlbHO: He HaD.O 3a6blBaTb, l!TO BCSIKéUI JlHTe -
parypa HeHJMeHHa JlHWb s 6onee J1J1H Mettee w11poKHX npeD.enax HC-

• B:iaHMOOTHOWCHHC MelK.lly /IHTeparypoU H npoHJHeceHHCM 6y.aer Bbll!CHCHO B

.lla/lhHeRweM. (3HaKOM • J.llCCb H .nanee BBODJITCll npHMe'laHHll 6 . 8 .ToMaweBCKOfO,
UH<l>paMH - KOMMCJmlTOpoB.)

23
TOp11Y.eCKOH 300Xl1 11 noH.RTHa .llJl.R cnoea HaCeJ1eHl1.R onpe.neneHHOfO
KYJlbTYPHOfO 11 COUHaJlbHOfO ypoBHSI. He 6y.ny YMHO)KaTb np11Mepoa
norpa.Hl1'1HblX Sl 3blKOBblX S18JleH11 ii ; SI XO'l.Y 3THMl1 np11MepaMH J111Wb
yKa3aTb Ha TO, 'ITO B HayKax, no.no6HblX n03THKe, HeT H}')K.llbl CTpe-
MHTbCR CTpofO 10p11.!1H'l.ecK11 pa3rpa HH'l.HTb H3y'lae Mble 06n acn-1, HeT
Heo6XO;J,11MOCTl1 0O,!lblCKl1BaTb MaTeMaTH'lCCKHe 1iJ111 ecTeCTBeHHOHa-
y>¾ Hble o npe.nenemrn. )locTaTO'lHO, eCJlH 11MCCTC.R pu.n SI BJleHHH , HCCO-
MHeHHO npHHa.a.n e)l(a lUl1X K li3y'laeMOH 06J1aCTl1, - HaJtH•rn e )Ke SIBJIC-
HHH, TOJlbKO 6011ee 11J111 ,'deHee o6na.natouu,tX OTMC'leHHblM npH3HaKOM ,
TaK CKaJaTb, CTOSIIUI1X Ha rpaH11uax 113y'laeMOH o6nac-rn, He J111waeT
Hac npaaa 113y>¾aTb 3TY o 6n acTb SIBJleHHH H HC MO)l(CT n o p O'lHTb 1136H-
paeMoro onpe.neneHH.lt.
O6nacTb JlHTepaTYpbl H e e.n11H a. B JlHTepaTYPC Mbl MO)KeM HaMe-
THTb .naa 06w11pHb1X KJtacca npoH38C,!lCHHH. TiepBbl H KJtacc, K KOTOpo-
My np11Ha.a.ne:lKaT Hay>¾Hble TPaKTaTbl, ny6 J111UHCTH'lCCKHe npoH3Be,!lC-
HHSI H T .,!l., o6na.naeT seer.na SIBH OH , 6e3yCJ10BHOH, o6'beKTl1BHOH ue-
JlblO BblCKaJblBaHHSI , JlC:lKallleH BHC 'IHCTO JlHTCpaTYPHOH ,!lCSITCJlbHOC-
TH 'lCJlOBCKa . H ay>¾HblH HJIH y>¾e6HblH TpaKTaT HMeCT ueJlblO coo6 WHTb
061,eKTHBH OC 3HaHHe o 'ICM - Jll,160 .!lCHCTBHTeJlbHO CYIUCCTBYIOIUCM;
llOJIHTH'ICCKaSl CTaTbfl HMCeT UCJlblO no6y.nHTb 'lHTaiow.ero K KaKOMy-
HH6YAb .neflCTBHIO. 3Ta o6naCTb JlHTepaTYPhl HMCHyeTCSI npo30Ü B WH -
poKOM CMblCJle 3TOfO CJlOBa. Ho cyw.ecrnyeT JlHTCpaTYPa , HC o6na.naio-
lllªSI 3TOft o6'bCKTl1BHOH, Ha noaepXHOCTH JlC)l(alUeA, .RBHOH UCJlblO.
T 11nH'l.HOH Y.epTOH 3T0tl JlHTepaTYpbI SIBJlSICTC.lt TPªKTOBKa npe.nMeTOB
BblMbllllJICHHblX H ycJlOBHblX. EC11H .!la:JICC aBTOp H HMeeT UCJlblO coo6-
WCH11e 'lHTareJIIO Hay>¾HOH 11CTHHbl ( nonyJUlpHo-HaY'{Jible poMaHbl) HJlH
B03,!lCHCTBOBaTb H a ero n ose.neHHC (arnTaUHOHHéUI JlHTepaTYPa), TO
.nenaeTCSI 3TO nocpeiJcmeo.M B036}')1<.lleHH.SI HHblX HHTCpecOB, 38MKHyTblX
B caM0M JlHTCPªTYPH0M npoH3BC,!leHl1H. 8 TO apeMSI KaK B npo3aHY.ec-
KOH JlHTCPªTYPC 061,eKT H e nocpeJICTBCHH0fO HHTepeca seer.na JlC)K}tT
BHC npo113BC,!lCHH.SI , - B 3TOH BTOpOH o6naCTH HHTepec ttanpaBJleH Ha
caMOC npOH3Be.neHHe. 3-ra o6J1aCTb J111TepaTYpbl HMCH yCTCSI no33ueü ( B
WHpOKOM CMblCJlC).
H.HTCpeC, npo6Y)K,llaeMblH B H ac 11033HCH, 11 'lYBCTBa, B03Hl1Kal0-
1UHC npH BOCllpH.RTHH noJTH'ICCKHX npoH3BC,!lCHHH, 11CHXOJ10rH'l.CCKH
p0.!lCTBCHHbl HHTepecy H 'fYBCTBaM, B036}')1<.llaCMblM BOcnpH..ltTHCM npo-
H3Be,!lCHHH uc,cyccmBa, MYJblKH, )K}tB00HCl1 , TaHua, OpHélMCHTII, - 11Ha'le
rosopsi , 3 TOT HHTepec .RBJISICTCSI 3CTCTH'leCKl1M HJlH xy.nO)l(CCTBCHHblM .
TIOJ TOM Y 110 ) 311.SI H MCHyeTC.R TaK)l(C xyiJoxecmeeHHOU 11umepamypoü B
npornson ono)l(HOCTb npo3e - nexyiJo:,,cecmeennoü 11umepamype'. 3TH-
MH TCPMHHaMH Mbl H 6y.neM 110Jlb30BaTbC.R npeHMylUecTBCHH0, 8B11.!lY
Toro 'ITO cnosa «n 033H.R • H «npo3a,. HMCIOT CIUC .npyroe 3H a'I CHHC,
KOT0pblM Y.aCTO npH.!lCTCSI 0OJ1b30BaTbCSI B .na,1bHCHWeM H3J10)1(CHl1H.

24
 ,U11CUIHUll-tHa, 113Y'ialOl.l.(aJ1 KOHCTPYKU11IO HeXY.!lO)KCCTBeHHblX npo-
113Be.neHHft, Ha3blBaeTCH pumopui,.;ou; .!l11CU11nJJl1Ha, 11JY'ial0lila>l KOH-
CTpyKU11IO XY.!lO)l(CCTBCHHblX npo113BC.!leH11H, - 1103111UICO. P11rop11Ka 11
no3r11Ka cnara10rcsi B o6wyio reop1110 mueparypw.
He o.nHa no3r111<a 113y1.iaer xy.no)KecrseHHYIO n11reparypy. Cyi.uecr-
syer p$1,U. 11Hb1X .!l11CUl111Jll1H, 113Y'!al0lill1X TOT )Ke caMblH o6beKT. ,U11c-
UH0Jll1Hbl 3Tl1 ornwrnJOTCR .npyr OT .npyra 00.!lXO.!lOM K 113yqaeMblM HB-
JleHl1SIM .
.Hcropw-teCKHH 00.!lXO.!l K XY.!lO)KCCTBeHHblM npo113ae.neHl1RM .naer
11crop11H J111Teparypbl. HCTop11K J111Teparypb1 H3Y'iaeT BCHKOe npo113Be-
.!leH11e KaK HCplllJIO)l(}tM0e, uenoCTHOC C.!ll1HCTBO, KaK 11H.!l11B11.!lYaJlb-
HOe 11 caMOUCHHOC RBJ1CHl1C B PMY .npyrnx 11H.!lHBH.!lYaJlbHblX RMe-
HHH. AHan11311pyR OT.!leJlbHble 1.JaCT11 11 CTOpOHbl npo113Be.neHl1H, OH
CTpCMl1TCSI J111Wb K nOH11MaHl1IO 11 l1HTCpnperau1111 uenoro. 3-ro 113Y-
'ICHHC BOC0OJlHSleTCSI 11 06bC.!ll1HHCTCR 11CTOp114CCKHM OCBCl.l.(eHl1CM
113Y'iaCMOro, T.e. ycraHOBJ1CHl1CM CBSl3eH MC)Klly J111TeparypHblMl1 RB-
J1CHIDIMl1 11 MX 3Ha'!CHHH B 3BOJ1IOU1111 J111Teparypbl. TaKHM o6pa30M,
11CTOpHK 113y4aer rpynn11poB1<y J111reparypHblX WKOJl 11 CTl1J1CH , 11X
CMCHY, 3Ha4eH11e rpa.n11u1111 B J111Teparype 11 creneHb Op11rHHaJlbHOCTl1
OT.!le.JlbHblX n11careJ1eH 11 MX npo113BC.!lCHl1A. On11Cb1BaJ1 061.Ul1H XO.!l
Pa.3B111'11SI J111Teparypbl, 11CTOp11K 11HTepnpernpyer 3TO paJJJ11'll1C, 06-
HapY)KHBaH npwrnHbl .naHHOH 3BOJ1IOU1111, 3aKJI10'!a10w11ecsi KaK BHYT-
p11 caMoA J111Teparypbl , raK 11 B OTHOWCHl111 J111Teparypbl K 11HblM RBJle-
HHHM '!eJloBe'!eCKOH KYJlbTYPbl, B cpe.ne KOTOpblX J111Teparypa pa3Bl1Ba-
CTCSI 11 C KOTOpblMl1 Ha)(0.!ll1TCSI B 0OCTOHHHblX B3al1MOOTHOWCHHHX.
HcropHH n11reparypb1 HB.JUICTCH orpacJiblO o6i.uen 11crop1111 Kynbrypbl.
HttoA no.nxo.n - reoper11qecKHft. CTp11 reoper114ecKOM no.nxo.ne
J111TeparypHble RBJleH11H no.nBepralOTCSI 06o6U{eHUIO, a OOTOMY paccMaT-
p11Ba10TCR He B CBOCH 11H.!lHBl1.!lYaJlbHOCTl1, a KaK pe3yJlbTaTbl np11Me-
HeHHH o6lill1X 3aKOHOB nocrpoeHl1SI J111reparypHblX npo113Be.neH11it
Krut<.n.oe npo113se.nett11e co3ttarenbHO pa3Jlaraercsi Ha ero cocraBHble
4aCT11, B nocrpoett1111 npo113Be.neH11S1 pa3J1114aiorcsi npue.Wbl no.no6ttoro
nocrpoeHl1R, T.e. cnoco6bl KOM611tt11poBaH11S1 CJlOBCCHOfO Marep11ana B
XY.!lO)KCCTBCHHblC C.!lJ.tHCTBa5. 3r11 npJ.tCMbl HBJlHIOTCSI npHMbIM 06beK-
TOM n03Tl1Kl1 . Ecn11 BHl1M3Hl1C o6pameHO Ha 11CTOp114CCKl1A reHC311C,
Ha npo11cXO)KllCHJ.te 3Tl1X np11CMOB, TO Mbl 11MeeM ucmopuiteCKYJO no3-
muKy, KOTOpaH npocJIC)l(}tBaCT 11CTOp111.fCCKl1C CY.!lWbl raKl1X 1130J111py-
CMblX B 113Y'!CHl111 np11eMOB*.

• Ec..,w reHC3HC npHCMOB H npoH3BCllCHHl-l paccMarpHnaeTCJI B npeJie/lax HHllHBH·

lly&,lbHOíO TBOp'ICCTBa, Mbl HMCCM •nCHXO/lOíHIO TB0p'ICCT88•, pewalOUlyto BOnpoci.1,
K8K M ílO'ICMY JJ.BHHblll fiHC8TC/lb TBOpWI .

25
 Ho B o6~eün03mU/(,e 6 113y'laeTCR He npo11cxo)l(JleH11e n03nt'leCKHX
np11eMOB, a HX xyiJoxecmeeHHaJI <PYHK~UJl 1 , }(a)i(JlblA np11eM 113Y'laeTCfl
e TO'IKl1 3peHl1fl ero XY.llO)l(CCTBCHHOH uenecoo6pa3HOCTH, T.e. aHaJlH-
311pyeTcfl: Ja'leM np11MeHf!eTCfl 11aHHblH npHeM 11 KaKOA Xy.llO)l(eCTBeH-
HblH 3<l><l>eKT HM 11ocTttraeTCf!. B o6weA no3THKe <PYHKU110HaJlbHOe
HJY'leHHe nHTepa-rypHoro npHeMa 11 f!BJUleTCfl PYKOBOllf!LUHM np11HUH-
noM B o nHCaHH11 11 KJ1acc11cp1-tKauw11 113Y'laeMbJX JIBJieHl1H.
TeM He MeHee, XOTR MCTO.llbl 11 Jana'll1 TeopeTH'ICCKOro H3y'leHJ.Ul
cymecTBeHHO OTnH'lalOTCfl OT MeTO.llOB H 3a_na'I 11CTOpH'leCKHX llHC-
UHllJlHH, - B n0'.3THKe ecerna .llO.ll)l(}ta npHCYTCTBOBaTb 3BOnlOUHOHHaJI
TO'IKa 3peHI-Ul1. EcnH B n onHKe He f!BJUleTCfl CyLUeCTBeHHblM eonpoc
06 HCTOpH'leCKOM 3Ha'leHHH JIHTepa-rypHoro npoH3Be11eHHJI B uenoM,
paccMarp11eaeMoro KaK HeKOTOpM opraHtt'leCKM CHCTeMa, TO H3Y'!C-
HHe H HHTepnpeTauJ.Ul Henocpen.CTBCHHOro Xy.llO)l(CCTBeHHOíO 3<l><l>eK-
Ta ecer,aa JlOJDKHa npoH380,llHTbCfl Ha cpoHe npHBbl'IHOro, 11CTOPH'lec-
KH CJl0)1(}1BlllerocJI npKMeHeHJ.Ul .llaHHOro npHeMa. Ó.11,HH H TOT )l(e npHeM
MefUleT CBOIO Xy.llO)l(CCTBeHHY}O <PYHKUHIO B JaBHCl1MOCTH, HanpHMep,
OTIOro, JIBJUICTCJI nH OH npH3HaJ<OM mnepaT)'pHOro M0.11epHH3Ma 11
owymaeTCH KaK HenpHBbl'IHblR, Hapywa10w11_n TPallHUHIO, HJlH )l(e OH
JIBJIHCTCJI 3neMeHTOM 3TOA TPallHUHH, npHJHaKOM ~crapon lllKOJlbl».
11MeeTCfl eLUe O.llHH non.xon. K n11Tepa1)'pHb1M npo113ee.11eHJ.U1M,
npen.craBJieHHblR B H0pMamU6HOÜ no3muKe. 3ana'le0 HOpManteHOR
n03THKH HBJUleTCfl He o6'bCKTHBHOe on11caH11e cywecreytOLUHX npH -
eMOB, a ouetto•rnoe C)')l(.lleHHe O HHX 11 npe.11n11caH11e Tex HJlH HHblX
npHeMOB KaK en.ttHCTBeHHO JaKOHOMCpHblX. HopMaTHBHrut nonHKa
HMeeT uenblO HaY'll1Tb, KaK CJle.QYeT rntCaTb JIHTCpaT)'pHble npo113ee-
11eHJ.Ul. l<ruK.aM Jmrepa-rypHa.11 lllKona 1-lMeeT CBOl-l 83íJUl.llbl Ha J111Te-
pa-rypy, CBOH npaeHJta H, cne.11oeaTeJibHO, - CB0IO HOpMaTHBHYIO nro-
THKY. IIHTepa-rypttble KO,lleKCbl, BblpruKalOLUHeCfl B nHTepaT)'pHblX Ma-
HH<pec-rax tt n.eKJ1apau11J1X, e ttanpaBJieH'leCKOH KPHTHKe, e 11cnoee-
11weaeMwx palJIH'IHblMH n11repa1)'pHb1MH Kp}')l(KaMH CHCTeMaX y6e)l(-
.11ett11A, H npen.cTaBnHIOT co6010 palJIH'IHble cpopMbl HOpMaTHBHOH
n o3THKH. 11cTOpl-Ul nHTepaT)'pbl HBJUleTCH OT'laCTH BCKpblTHeM peanb-
HOíO co.11ep)l(aHJ.U1 HOpMaTHBHOA n o3THKH, onpe.11eJU110LUCH 6b1Tl-le
OT.llCnbHblX npOHJee11eHHH H 3BOnlOUHIO noro co11ep)l(aHJ.Ul B CMCHax
mnepa-rypttblX lllKOn.
To, 'ITO HaJweanocb •no3THKOH• K Ha'lany XIX e., npen.c-raBJUU10
co6ol0 CMelllCHHe npo6nCM o6weA 11 HOpMaTHBHOA n o3THKH. •Ilpa-
Bltna» He TOnbKO onHCbleaJll-lCb, HO H npen.n HCbleaJlHCb. 3-ra IT03THKa B
CyWHOCTH 6b1Jla HOpMaTHBHOA n03THKOH cppaHUY3CKoro KJ13CCHUH3-
Ma, ycTaHOBHBllleiicJI e XVII e. tt rocn o.11CTB0BaBwert e n11Tepa1)'pe Ha
npoTf!)l(eHHH n.eyx BCKOB. IlpH OTHOCHTenbHOH MC.llneHHOCTH n11Tepa-
TYPHOH 3BOnlOUHH 3Ta nonHKa Moma Ka3aTbCH tte3bl6JleMOA.!1,JlSI coepe-

26
MCHHl1KOB, 11 ee Tpe6oeaHM MOfJ111 K333TbCH 11p11cylUl1Ml1 C3MOH npH-
po.ne cnoeecHoro HCKYCCTBa. Ho e Ha'iane XIX e. npo113owen n11Tepa-
TYPHbIH pacKon MC)l(,Lly KJ13CCl1K3Ml1 11 pOM3HTl1KaMl1, B03rJlaBJUIBWl1 -
Ml1 HOBYIO n03Tl1Ky; 33 poM3HT113MOM np11wen HaTypaJil13M; 33TCM B
KOHUC BCKa Cl1MBOJll13M, cpyrypl13M H T.ll., 6blCTplUI CMeHa Jllffepazyp-
HbIX WKOJI, oco6eHHO 33MCTHWI B HaCTOH1Uee epeMH, RBJUIIOIUCCC.fl pe-
BOJIIOUl10HHbIM BO ecex o6naCTRX 'ieJIOBC'iCCKOH KYJlbTYPbl , ll.OK33bIBa-
eT 11nJII030pHOCTb CTpeMnCHl1ff H3HT11 eceo61Uy10 HOpM3Tl1BHYIO 003-
Tl1Ky. BCRKWI Jll1TepazypHlUI HOpMa, Bbl.nBl1raeMa.fl O.LIHl1M TC'iCH11CM,
06bl'iHO BCTpeqaeT OTP11U3Hl1C B npoTl1BODOnO)KHOH n11TepazypHOH
WKone. HeCMOTPH Ha TO, 'iTO KIDK.O.lUI n11TepaTyptllUI WKOJJa o6bl'iHO
npeTeH,LlyeT. Ha TO , 'iTO 11MCHHO ee 3CTCTH'iCCKl1e np11HUl1nbl HBJIJilOTCH
06lUC06H33TCJlbHblMl1, - e naneHl1CM n11TepazypHoro B.JJl1HHHH WKOJlbl
nanalOT 11 ee npl1HUl1Dbl , 33MCIUICMblC HOBblMl1 B HOBOM TC'iCHl111 ,
npHXO.lUllllCM Ha cMeHy craporo. CTPOl1Tb cei1•1ac K3KYIO 6b1 TO H11
6b1Jlo HOpMaTl1BHYIO 003Tl1KY, llpeTCH.LIYIOlllYtO Ha yCTOH'il1BOCTb, -
HeJJb3H, TaK KaK KPl1311C 11CKYCCTBa, Bblpa.)K310lJ.ll1HCH B 6blCTpOH CMCHe
n11TepaTYPHbIX TC'iCHl1H 11 B 113MCH.flCMOCTl1 11X, ClUC He Ml1HOBaJI.
3.necb Mbl He 6y.neM CT3B11Tb ce6e HOpM3Tl1BHblX 3ana'i, JlOBOnbCT-
BYHCb o6bCKTl1BHWM on11caH11eM 11 11HTepnpeTau11eA n11TepazypHoro
MaTep11ana, T .e. orpaHl1'il1MCH eonpocaM11 061Uew no3Tl1KH .
B Bb16ope M3Tep11ana Mbl 6y.neM 06pa1U3TbCH rnaBHblM o6pa30M K
n11TepaTYPe XIX e . KaK Ha116on ee 6nl13KOH HaM. Mhl 6y.neM no eo3-
MO)l(HOCTl1 1136eraTb 06pa1UCHl1H K n11TepaTypHOMY M3Tep11any .no
XVII e . , 1160 11MeHHO e XVII e. e Eepone H3'il1HaeTCH 11cTopHJI HOBOH
n11TepaTYPW, Ha'i11HaeTCH HenpepblBHWI nepe.lla'ia Jil1TepazypHoH TPª-
.n11u1111 113 noKoneHl1.fl B noKOJICHl1e, 11 Jll1Wb HCMHOr11e npol13BC,LICHl1.fl,
COl!l3HHble paHbWe, OKa3bIB3IOT ceoe BOl!lCHCTBl1C Ha TBOp'iCCTBO 003.!l-
HCHWl1X 3nox, .u.a 11 3Tl1 npOl13BC,LICHl1.fl (KaK, Hanp11Mep, 3HTl1'iHlUI
Jll1Tepazypa, nHTepazypa BOCTO'lHblX Hapo.noe) HaCTOJlbKO BH,llOH3Me -
lUltOTCH, npenOMJI.su!Cb CKB03b YCJIOBHYtO HHTepnpeTau11t0 Hoeewwero
BpeMeHl1, 'iTO TPY.LIHO roeopl1Tb O Henocpe,LICTBCHHOM 11 uenoCTHOM 11X
eo3.11e11CTe1111 Ha mnepazypHylO TPan11u11t0.
 3JIEMEHThl CTHJIHCTHKH 1

PEqh XY)lO)K.ECTBEHHAH
U: PEqh IlPAKTU:qECKAH
B 0611XOD.e CJIOBO 06bl'IHO HrpaeT pollb CpeD.CTBa nepeD.a'll1 coo6 -
w.eHl1H , T.e. m.1eeT KOMMyH11KaT11BHy10 4>yHKU1110. Ue11b10 rosopeHl151
HBJU1erc51 BHywett11e co6eceD.Hl1K)' HaweA MblCJJH. 11Me51 06b1'iHO BO3-
MO)KHOCTb npOBCp51Tb, HaCKOJl bKO HaC nOHl1MaeT co6eceD.Hl1K, Mbl OT-
HOCl1MC51 He6pe)l(H0 K Bb16opy 11 KOHCTpyKU1111 4>pa3, D.OBOJlbCTBY.ffCb
JII06OA 4>opMOl1 Bblpa)l(CHH.ff , JIHWb 6bl 6b1Tb nOH.ffTbl MH. CaMoe Bblpa-
)l(C(-111e BpCMCHHO, CJIY\JaHHO, BCC BHHMaH11e HanpaBJJeHO Ha coo6w.e-
Hl1C. Pe'lb 51Bi1.ffCTC.ff cny'iaHHblM cnyrHl1KOM coo6w.emut, 11 ec1111 coo6 -
w.eH11e MO)l(HO n epeD.aTb Ml1Ml1KOH 11JIH )l(eCTOM, TO Mbl paBHOnpaBHO
co CJIOBOM nOJJ b3yeMC.ff 3Tl1M11 cpeD.CTBaMH. l<.HBOK f OJIOBbl, .!1BlOKeH11e
PYKl1 'laCTO JaMeHRIOT Bb1pa)l(eH11e 11 .ffBJUIIOTC.ff opraHH'ICCKHM11 3 Jle -
MeHTaMH a11ano r a (cp. peMapK11 B apaMaTH'lecKHx nbecax, yKa3b1Ba10-
w.11e, KaKOH Ml1Ml1KOA l1JIJ,t )l(eCTOM aKTep AOJJ)l(eH BOCnOJIHITTb reKCT
pen1111K) .
.[(pyroe D.CJIO B npo113BeD.eHJUIX Jll1Teparypbl, KOTOpble UCJll1KOM
COCTO.ffT 113 4>HKC11pOBaHHblX Bblpa)l(eH11A. 8 3THX npO113BeaeHWlX 3a -
Me'laerC51 csoeo6pa3Ha.R I<YllbTYPª Bblpa)l(eHIUI, oco6a.R BH11MaTeJJbHOCTb
B nOD.60pe CJIOB J,t B 11X pacnoJJO)l(eH1111. BHHMaH11e, o6paw.eHHOe Ha
CaMoe Bblpa)l(eH11e, ropa3AO BbJWC, '!CM B 06HXOAHOH npaKTH'ICCKOH
pe'l11 . 8blpa)l(eH11e .RBJU1erc51 tteoneM.11eMoA 'laCTblO 3aKJ110'la10w.eroc51
B HeM coo6weHH.ll. 3ro nOBbJWeH11e BHHMaHIUI no OTHOWeHl1IO K Bbl -
pél)l(CHl1IO Ha3b!BaCTC51 ycmaflOBKOÜ Ha 8blpOJ1Ce11ue2. TTpH socnp11.RTl1II
TaKo~i pe'IH Mbl HeBOJlbHO OU<)IU{OeM 8blpOJ1CeHue, T.e. o6paw.aeM BHH -
M aH11e Ha BXOJJJIW.11e B Bblpa)l(CH11e CJIOBa 11 Ha HX B3aHMHOe pacno11O-
)l(eH11e. Bblpa)l(CHl1C B HeKOTOpOH creneH11 CTaHOBl1TC.ff caMOUeHHbl M .
Pe'lb, B KOTOpoH np11CyTCTByeT ycTaHOBKa Ha Bblpa)l(eH11e, Ha3blBa-
eTC.ff xydoJtCeCm8eHHOÜ B OTJIH'll1C OT ofüt.xOD.HOH npaKmU1tec1<-0ü 3, íD.e
3TOH ycTaHODKH HeT• .

• He c.1e.nycr .nyi,iarb, '!TO • YCT8H08Ka Ha Bblpx+:eltHC» npoHCXO.ilHT 8 yU1ep 6 MblC -

,lH, '!TO, c.~eDJI 3a BblpXl<eHHCM , Mbl 3a6bJBaCM o CMblC..1e. Hao6opor - Bblpa:.<eHHC ,
oópawaJOI.Uee Ha c c611 BHHMamte, oco6cHHO eoJ6}')1(Aaer Hawy MblCJlb H 3acraa.1u1er ce

28
 6blJ10 6bl ow1160':IHblM nonaraTb, '¾TO XY.llO)l(eCTBeHH3H pe% CBOH-
CTBeHHa TOJlbKO Xy.llO)l(eCTBCHHOMY np0113Be.lleHHIO. CywHOCTb xy.110-
)l(eCTBeHHOfO npo113BC.llCHHlf He B xapaKTepe OT.llCJlbHblX Bblpa)l(eH11j,j,
a B CO'leTaHHH HX B HeKOTOpble e.11.HHCTBa, 8 >..yooJtCecm8eHHOÜ KOH-
cmpyKl{UU C108tCHOlO MamepuaAa 4 . TipHHUHílbl 06'be.L1HHeHtu1, KOHCTpy-
11poBaHHSI npoH3BC.ll,CHHSI MOryT He HaXO,llHTbCSI HH B KaKoA CBSl3H C
Ka'ICCTBOM BblpaiKCHHSI.
C .11pyroft CTOpüHbl, B 06HXO.lle CílJlOWb H p)IJ.lOM Mbl ynoTpe6Jll{CM
q>pa3bl e onpell.eneHHblM ynopoM Ha Bblpa)l(eHHe, e no.11':lepKHBaH11eM
CJlOBeCHOA CTPYKTYPbl OT.llCJibHblX CJlOB 11 o6opOTOB. Ü'ieHb 4aCTo B
ofü,UleHHOM paJroBOpe Mbl, TaK CKa3aTb, «nOKa3b!BaeM• Hawy pe'ib,
o6pawaSI BHHMaHHe co6ece,llHHKa HMeHHO Ha Haw cnoco6 Bblpail<aTbClf.
TIOfülTWl - XY.llO)l(eCTBeHHa.R pe% H pe% Xy.llO)l(eCTBeHHOfO npo-
113Be.11eHHlf - He BnOJtHe cosnan,alOT. Xy.llO)l(eCTBeHHa.R pe% MO)l(eT
6b1Tb H BHe JlHTeparypbl, - e .llPYfOH CTOpüHbl, MO)l(HO B006pa311Tb
npOH3Be.aeHHe co «CTepTblM», HeOlUYfHMblM lf3blKOM.
O.11HaKO, noCKOJlbK)' xy.110)l(CCTBCHHa.R pe% npeHMytUeCTaeHHO np11-
cyrcrayer B XY.llO)l(CCTBCHHOM npOH3Be.11eH11H, DOCTOJlbK)' He 6e3pa3-
J111':IHO npH aHaJil13e XY.llO)l(ecrneHH0ft JlHTepaTypbl }"¾HTb!BaTb CBOHCT-
Ba XY.llO)l(eCTBeHHOH pe':IH.
l13}"¾CHHe CBOHCTB xy.11o)l(eCTBC HHOH pe4H sceueno npHHaJlllC)l(HT
JtHHrBHCTifKe, HayKe, H3}"¾aioweH ':lenose':leCK)'IO pe% so scex ee npo-
S1RJieH11S1X. B '¾aCTHOCTH, npo6neMbl, K KOTOpb!M Mbl 00.llXO.llHM, OTHO-
C.RTC.R K o6naCTH CTHJ1HCTl1KH, ll3}"¾a101UeH HH.llHBH.llyaJibHble 4>opMb1
pe':111. EcnH )!(e Mbl ace )l(C 3.11ecb, a no3THKe, KacaeMCSI 3T11x aonpo-
cos5, TO npoHCXO.llHT 3TO no .llByM npH':IH HaM.
l) Y':leT OCHOBHblX .RRJieHHft, conyrCTBYIOlUHX yCTaHOBKe Ha Bblpa-
)l(eHHe, cosepweHHO Heo6xo.11HM ,a,Jll{ DOHHMaHwt KOHCTpYKU11H xy.110-
)l(CCTBeHH'bIX npoH3Be.11eHHH, H n03TOMy CTHJlHCTHKa .RBJUleTCSI Heo6-
XO.llHMblM aae.11eHHeM B 003THK)'. Tipo6neMbl CTHJlHCTHKH ,RBJlj{IOTC.R
cneuHq>H':leCKHMH npo6JteMaMH XY.llO)l(eCTBeHHOH JlHTepaTypbl.
2) 803HHKJIH 3TH BOnpOCbl B He.11pax crapHHHblX 003THK 11 pHTO-
pHK 11 T})MHUHOHHO CITHOCHJ111Cb He K JlHHfBHCTHKe, a K reop1rn JlHTe-
parypbl, DO'¾eMy H B npeno.11aaaHIIH CJlOBeCHblX HayK OHH BXO.llllJlll
06bt':IHO He B CHCTeMy HayK o lf3blKe, a B CHCTeMy HayK o JlHTeparype.

npoJiyMblBaTb yc,1blwaHHoe. Hao6opor - np11Bbl'IHb1e . 11e :xue11.110w11c 11awero s1111-

t.1aH1111 ct>op~lbl pe'll1 KaK 61,1 yCblfl.,1lliOT BHl1MaHl1e II He llblJblBaiOT 8 Hac HHKaKIIX
npeJICTallJl<!Hl1ii . 1-kllOBt:I(, KOTOpO!.tY 11e•1ao COOÓWIITb. HO K010pblll ofül3att ro110p11n,,
np116eraer K 06w1110U •wraMno11aHH011 ct>pa3eo,1orn11•, KOlOPJ.11 .aaer ei1y BO.JMOlK-
HOCTb C0),1:\BaTb BIIJlllMOCTb pe•m, lle JaK..110•JalOWC:li B cc6e HIIKa1<01l ~lbl': 111. To•mo
TaK lKe 11 c;iywareilb, npl1BblKW111l K noil •IUT:\MOOB:\HIIOH ct>pa3C0,10r1111 • , aBTOMaT11-
•1ec1<H c,1ywaer ee, He JMepJK11aasicb BH1tMaHl1<!~1 ua cMblc,,e c1<aJaH11oro.

29
 11-raK, B 3TOH BBO!lHOH mase B n 03Tl1KY Mbl KOCHeMC.R OCHOBHblX
aon pocos, CB.R3aHHblX C C0311att11eM OWYTl1MOro Bblpcl)l(eHl1.R, c n oco-
00B uHdu6udyMu3a~uu pe411 , T.e. cnoco6os n ocTpoett11.11 113 061Uero
.R3blKOBOro Marep11ana pe•111, xapaKTepHOH n.n.11 11aHHOrO npOH3Be11e-
Hl1.II HJ111 aaTOpa; Hap.1111y e 3TIIM Mbl nocTapaeMC.II Y4CCTb - KaK00
3(p(peKT B BOCnpw!TH1111ocr11raeTC.R 3THMII np11eMaMH nOCTpoe HH..R pe411.

KJIACCHct> HKAIJ;IUI
IIPOEJIEM CTHJIHCTHKH
Bc.RK.asl pe4b COCTOHT 113 CJlOB, opraHl130BaHHblX BO (ppa30Bble e!ll1H-
cTBa. l13Y4a.R Bblpa:lKett11e, Mbl llOJl)l(Hbl o6paTl1Tb BHl1Matt11e "ª Bbl60p
ca Ml1X CJ!OB 11 Ha c n oco6 HX 061,e1111 tt eHH..R.
Bon poc o Bbl6ope OT!lenbHblX cnoa, BXO.IVUJJ.HX s COCTaB XYllO)l(eCT-
BeHHOH pe411, paccMaTp11saeT no:,mu'teCKOJl 11eKcuKa. Otta 113Y4aeT cno-
sapb npo113ae11ett11.R 11 nOJlb30BaH11e 3Tl1M CJlOBapeM - OTTeHKH 3Ha4e-
Hl1H, snaraeMblX aaTOpOM a ynoTpe6JUteMble 11M cnosa, 11 KOM611tt11po-
aatt11e 3Tl1X 3Ha4eHl1H.
llromu'leCKUÜ CUHmQKCUC paccMaTp11BaeT cnoco6 C04eTaHH..R OT!leJlb-
HblX CJlOB B npellJlO)l(eHH..R , T.e. TaK Ha3b1BaeMble o6opOTbl pe411 ; np11
3TOM Y411TblBaeTC.II Bblpa311TeJlbHOe 3 tt a•Iett11e 3THX o6opoTOB.
Cne11yeT n p11H.RTb BO BHl1Matt11e, 4TO l1HOr11a Bblpa311TeJlbHOCTh pe411
11ocT11raeTc.11 nYTeM 36y1<oeow 11oiJ6opa cnosecttoro MaTep11ana. 113 pas-
HOB03MO)l(HblX Bb1pa)l(ett11ft 113611paeTC.II TO, caMOe 3BY4att11e KOTOporo
He3aBl1Cl1MO OT 3Ha4eHH..R CJlOB .IIBJ'UleTC.R 01.lJ.YJl1MblM 11 3Ha4alUl1M CBOH-
CTBOM p e411. "lfaCTb CTHJ111CTl1Kl1, 113y4a101Ua.R np11H Ul1nbl 3BYKOBOH
o prattH3au1111 pe411, 11MeHyeTC.11 36</x mueu.
flo3mu11eCKQJl /leKCUKQ, no:JmU'leCK.UÜ CUHmQK.CUC 11 36,j;OHUJl 11 .RBJ'UI-
IOTC.11 TpeM.R OT11enaM11, HC4epnbU3alOlU11Ml1 npo6neMbl n03T114eCKOH
CTHJ111CTl1KH .

II03TUqECKA.ff JIEKCHKA
Hawa pe'lb npe11cTaBJU1eT co6oit paC'iJle ttettHblH 3BYKOBOH n OTOK.
3 ByKH 061,e111tHUIOTC.R B HeKOTOpbie e1111HCTBa, C04eTa10w 11ec.11 B CBOIO
O'iepe11b Me~ co6010. H a11t.teHbw11e 3BYKOBble e11HH CTBa, omymae-
Mble Ha!'.rn KaK OT!leJlbHble 4JleHbl pe'!l1, eCTb cnosa. 8 np0113HOWeHl111
Mbl BbllleJl.ReM cnosa 113 <t>pa3, 11ena.11 Ha Ka)l(.llOM cnose 6onee HJ111 Me-
Hee CHJlbHOe y11apett11e. 8 nl1CbMe Mbl CJlOBO OT cnoaa OT11en.11eM npo-
6enOM. TaK11M o6pa30M, Y)Ke MexaHlt3 M Haweit YCTHOH 11 n11CbMCHHOH
p e4H 11aeT Hat.l npe11CTasneH11e O cn o sax KaK HeKOTOpblX caMOCTO.R-

30
TeJlbHblX e,LU1HCTBax. Ho B OCHOBe Hawero MeXaHWieCKOfO 'VJeHeHl1R
pe•rn Jie)l(aT npe.L1CTaBJ1eH1-r n, CBR3b!BaeMwe HaMH e pe'ieBWM npouec-
COM • .KruK,noe CJIOBO RBJUl.eTCR ueHT'pOM oco6oro npe.L1CT88JleHHR, OT-
.lleJibHOfO 3JieMeHTa MblCJIH, 38KJIJO'ieHHOA B pe'il-1. TOJlbKO CJIOBO B
ueJIOM Bbl3blB8eT caMOCTORTeJibHOe npe.L1CTa8JleH~e. - 'i8CTH CJIOBa
T8K0f0 npe.llCTaBJieHHR He Bbl3bl88IOT•. 803bMeM npell.JIO)l(eHHe «Ce-
fO.llHR XOpOWlUI DOf0.!18,.. nepaoe CJIOBO Bbl3b!BaeT B HaC speMeHHble
npe.L1CTaBJ1eHW1. ConOCTa.BAflJI 3TO e 4>pa30A - «CerO.llHJi R H.!IY B TeaTP» ,
Mbl Blt,D,HM, 'iTO 3TO npe.L1CTaBJ1eH1-1e o BpeMeHH o6we o6e11M (ppa3aM,
H HOCHTeJib 3T0f0 o6wero npe.L1CTaBJ1eHW1 ecTb CJIOBO •cero.lltlR•. CJI0-
80 «xopowaR,. Bbl3blBaeT B Hac npe.L1CTaBJ1eH1-1e O 'iYBCTBe Y.llOBJleTBO-
peHHJi (cp. «XOpOWlUI KHHra,.) H T ..ll. Ho C8MH no ce6e 'i8CTH 3THX CJIOB
HHK8KHX npe.L1CT8BJ1eH11A He Bbl3blBalOT: Hanp11Mep, 38YJ(H «xopo ..••
H.nl-1 « .•. f0.!18• - 6eCCMblCJieHHbl, H IT0.!10003BY'J8lUHe CJIOBa «xopo-
WlUI», «XOpOHHM• , «xopoMbl,., «nOro.lla•, «.!188 f0.!18• no CBOHM 3H8'ie-
HWIM He cpaBHHMbl. Cnoao so (ppaJe acer.L1a coe.L1HHeHO e onpe.L1eJieH-
HblM 3H8'ieHl1eM, HMeeT CBOA CMblC/1. OrCI0.!18 He CJie.llyeT, 'iTO 3THM
CMblCJIOM CJIOBO 06Jia.JlaeT caMO no ce6e. CJI08 8He (pp83bl He cywecT-
syeT, OT.lleJlbHble CJIOBa Mbl BCT'petiaeM TOJlbKO 8 CJIOaap,ix. Ho Y'JHMCR
HlbIKY 11 CBblK8eMCH C R3bIKOM Mbl He no CJIOBapRM, a B )l(ffBOA pe'iH,
T.e. aocnpHHHMa11 (ppaJbl. TO'iHOe 3H8'ieH11e, nOJIHblA CMblCJI CJIOBO
HMeeT TOJibKO 80 (ppaJe . .llOCTaTO'iHO nepeMeCTHTb CJIOBO 113 0.llHOfO
CJIOBOCO'ieTaHIDI 8 .llpyroe, 'iTOObl 3H8'ieHHe ero HeCKOJlbKO H3MeHHJIOCb.

• c,eayer OTMCTHTI,, '!TO C,1080, BbUlCJUleMoe nyreM OCMblCnCHl1JI (j>pa:iw, HC seer-

ªª CBOHMH rpattHU3MH cosnanaeT C 'IJICHCHHCM npoHJHOCHTenbHblM HJIH rpa(j>w1ec-
KHM. HanpHMep, •B necy• npoHJHOCHTCSI B ºª"º cnoBO, nuweTCll B ,1183. ÚIOBO •HC
3H3IO• 3BY'IHT K3K OllHO, OHWCTCSI K3.K ,1183 cnosa. 8 CMblcn OBOM OTHOWettHH •He 3H3IO•
T3K lKe OTHOCHTCII K •3H3IO•, K3.K «He3H3HHC• K •3HattHIO•, MCllC TCM B n epBOM cny'lae
Mbl HMCCM llBa rpa(j>H'ICCKHX cnosa npoTHB OlUioro, 80 BTOpoM - OllHO npoTHB 0.!l.HOTO.
TaM, rae HC06XOllHMO paJnH'lHTb, npo JCaKOll cnoco6 'IJICHCH11Ji lf.JleT pe'lb, PaJJIH'lalOT
cnoBO <l>ottent'ICCKoe (p3lll.CnbHO npoH3HOCHMOC), cnoBO rpa(j>H'leCKOC (KOTOpoe OT-
aenbttO OHWCTCII) H cnoso CCMattTH'ICCKoe (Ht.te10wee OTllenbttOC 3H3'1CHHC).
803MOllOibl cny.¡au, Koraa CCMattTif'lecKoe cnoso cnaraeTCII H3 HeCKOObKMX (j>oHC-
TH'ICCKHX H rpa(j>H'ICCKHX cnos. TaKOBbl cnOllQible HMCHa H TCpMHHbl: HHllOiHll HoB-
ropoa, 6onbWaJ1 MeJLBC.llHua, llCeneJHaJI aopora. 8 3rnx CO'ICTalfflllX He .l1B3 ue11Tpa
o6p33083Hl1JI npeacrasnettl1JI, a no OlUiOMY "ª
Kall(Jl}'IO cnoBCCHYIO rpynny. fiOHllTHC,
Bb13bl83CMOC CO'ICTalffleM •llCene3HaJI aopora•, HC cosnanae-r C CO'ICT3HHCM OOlflfTHll,
BblJblBaet.twx cnosaMH •J1CeneJttaJ1• H •aopora• (T.e . •llCencJttall aopora• tte ecTb •aopo -
ra, caenatttta.a HJ J1Cene~). TaK, B oa11oll raJere MaMOHT 6blJI ttaJBatt «noneJHblM
HCKOnaeMblM•. K OMHJM T3KOfO HMCHOBaHHll 33Knl0'13CTCll B TOM, 'ITO aBTOp JaMCT!Oi
OOHAA CO'ICTattHe •n0/1C3HOC lfCKonaeMoe• KaK ,1183 Ce MattTH'ICCKMX cnosa - «noneJ-
HOC• (MaMOHT, KOHC'I HO, HHKOMY BpcJia HC npH'IHHllCT H noneJeH ll/111 H3YKH) H •HCKO-
naeMOC• (•HCKonaeMoe llCHBOTHOC• , T.e. BblMepwee H lf8XOllHMoe np11 pacKonKax), B TO
BpeMII JCaK CO'ICT3HHe •none3HOC HCKOnaeMoe• ecTb OllHO CCM3HTH'ICCKOC cnoso, o6o-
3HB'latowce llOOblBaCMblC B npot.tblwneHHblX uen,u: B PYlUiHKax M)IHCpallbl, yronb H T.,ll.

31
«Xopowa11 noroAao, «xopowa.11 -rpem <a• - lll.eCb CJI0B0 «xopowa..11•
JHa'IHT secbMa pa3H o e . «CerOAH.11 xo pow a.11 noroAa•, «ceroAH H
BOCKpeCeHt.e•, 4CCí0AtUI $1 HA)' 8 Tearp• - CJI0B0 «CCl"O.lltUI• lll.CCb HMCCT
TPH 0TTCHKa 3H U'ICHH.ll: B n e p B0M CJiy'!ae 0 H 0 o603 Ha'!aeT
HeonpCACJICHHblA npoMe)Kyr0K speMeHH, HblHC ,!lJl.llWHitC.11 H, no aceA
1:1ep 0 SlTH0CTH, l:lblX0A.IIWHH 3a 1:1peMCHHble npeACJJ.bl A H.11 ( «CCH'laC
xopowa.11 n oroJJ.a w, aep o ffTH 0, s ecb AC Hb 6y.ner xopowü n o ro.aa•), so
BT0p0M CJIY,.1a e Mbl UMeeM TO'IHblA npoMC)KYT0K BpCMCHH ,
llP0A0ml(.2IOWHACff p0BH0 24 'laca, B rperbeM CJiy'!ae - T0JlbK0
He60JlbWOA np0MC)l(YJ'0K speMeHH, BX0.!UI WHA B cerOAH.llWHHA .neHb
( HanpHMep : «e rearp .11 HD.Y s e'lep oM, e 8 'lacos•). B ~ o A q>paJe
CJI0BO HMee-r CB0 H CMblCJI0Bble accou11awrn. E CJIH Mbl HCK)'CCTBCHH0
Bbl.lleJU!eM CJI0BO 11 cocpe.noT0'IHBaeM Ha HeM caoe BH11MaH11e, TO BMeCT0
T0'IH0ro 3Ha'-!eHfüf Mbl n0JIY'faeM MH0)l(eCTB0 603MO:>ICH.blX, noTeHUH-
aJlbHblX CMblCJI0BblX acCOUHaUHH. 3TH CMblCJIOBble accouwau11H ttano-
MHHalOT cpo.nCTB0 XHMH'leCK0ro aT0Ma. AT0M so.nopo.na - He eCTb
KaKM-T0 XHMH'leCKa..11 peaJibH0CTb. OrAeJibH O OH B np11po.ne He cywe-
CTByeT. H o, COC.!lHHHBWHCb C .np y rnM aT0M0M Bo.nop0Aa, OH .nacr ra3
- ao.nopo.n, B .np yrnx C0eA}1HeHl1JIX OH .naCT B0AY, B UHblX - Hawa-
Tblpb H T ..!l. B HeK0T0pble )l(e COCAHHeHfüf OH s0An1 He cnoco6eH.
TO'IHO TaK )l(e H CJI0B0 - B 0AHH coeA11HeHfüf 0HO BX0A HT H .naeT
CMblCJI, B .npyrne - 0 H0 He cnoco6 Ho B0HTH. AliaJIH3HPYff 3TH acco-
u11au1111 - TO, '!TO Mbl 'IYBCTByeM, AYMasJ 06 OTAellbH0M CJI0BC, - Mbl
HHor.na Hax0AHM o6wee B ero CMblCJI0BblX B03M0)l(H0CT$1X. 3ro o6wee
Mbl Ha3blBaeM <•OCH06HblM 3HQ•te Hue,w». HHOrAa 3THX 3Ha4CHHA M0)l(eT
6b1Tb HCCKOJlbKO. H anpHMep, CJI0BO «3CMJUIO MO)l(CT o6o3Ha'!aTb H fIJla-
HeTy, Ha KOTOpoH Mbl )l(HBCM , H n0'IBY, no KOTOp0H M.bI X0IDIM (B 3T0M
CMblCJie B q>aHTaCTH'-ICCKHX p oMaHax, pwcyJOUlHX )l(}l3Hb Ha HHblX nna-
HCTiiX, M0)l(H0 n po'-!CCTb, '!TO Ha Mapce X0.!UIT no 3CMJ1e), H TO, H3 '!ero
3Ta 3eMJI.ll COCTOHT ( «)l(}lp Hasl, T0lUasJ JeMJUI• , «XH.MH'leCKHH COCTilB
JeMJ111»), H, HaKOHCU, HeKOTOpylO TeppHT0pHIO («H JeMJIH or.nasan B
3aJI0r», «0TKpblBaTb H0Bble JeMJIH» ). BH.1lOH3MeHeHHe 3TH X n epBH'-1-
Hbl X 3Ha'-!eHHH, npH3HaKH, B03HHKalOWH.e npH 0CMblCJICHHH CJI0.Ba B0
cppa3e, - .llBJUllOTC.ll emopU'IHblMU npU3HQK(L\tU 3HO'leHUJI . KpoMe ror o,
co CJI0B0M acC0UHHpyeTC.ll H n pe.nCTaBJ1e1rne o JleKCU'leCKOÜ cpeiJe, B
K0T0p0H 0H0 ynorpe6JlffeTC.ll; HHble CJI0Ba $18JUIIOTCR npHHa.Il)le)l(HOC -
TblO 0 TAeJibHbl X C0UHaJlbHblX rpynn (CJIOBa ropo.ncKHe, «HHTeJl.,1HreHT-
CKHe», KpeCTb.llHCKHe) HJIH 3THH'!eCKHX (AHaJJ.eKTbl, o6JiaCTHble CJI0Ba
H T.n .) li.ll H B03HH KalOT B onpe.neJieHH0H 6btTOBOH 06CTílHOBKe (CJIOBa
«Oq>IIUHaJibHble», BYJibrapHbl e, q>aMHJlb.llpHble, rexHH'-!eCKHe, MHTHH-
r0Bble) , HJIH yno-rpe6JUIIOTC.ll e onpe.neneHHblX po.nax JIHTepaTypbl (ra:lCT-
HblH lleKCHK0H , « n03TH'!eCKHe CJI0Ba», .inp03aH'!eCKHe» H T.n.); 3TO
npe.ncraBJICHHe O JieKCH'-!eCKOH CpeAe .naer lleKCU'leCKYJO OKpac,,,y CJI06a6.

32
 l1fa scex noTeHUHaJlhHhlX CMhlCJIOBblX accouuaUHH CJIOBa HeKOTO-
pblMH Mbl nOJlb3YCMC.ll npeHMywecrsettHO, K llPYrHM npH6eraeM cpas-
HHTeJlbHO pe.LU<O. ECJIH Mhl coe.UHH.lleM CJIOBa no 3THM HJJJI06JICHHblM,
npHBbl"IHblM accouHaUlli!M, Mbl nony"!aeM wa61IOHHble q>pa3bl - TH-
nH'-IHaJI <l>opMa 06hl.lleHHOH pe'-111, Bhl3h!DaeMOH 06b1KHOBeHHhlMH, npH-
Bbl'-IHblMH, noBTOp.lllOWHMHC.11 6h!TOBblMH 06cro.11reJ1hCTBaMH.
O6bl"IHhlH cnoco6 C03,!laHlli! XY.!lO)l(eCTBeHHOH pe'-IH - 3TO ynoT-
pe6neHHe CJIOBa B He06bl'-IHOlt accouHaUHH. Xy.uo)l(eCTBeHHaJI pe%
npOH3B0.!lHT sne'-laTJleHHe HeKOTOpoi-í HOBH3Hbl B o6paweHHH co CJIO-
BaMH, .IIBJUICTC.11 csoeo6pa3HhlM HOBoo6pa30BaHHeM. Cnoso KaK 6hI
nonyt:¡aeT HOBOe 3Ha'-leHHe (BCTynaeT B HOBhte accouuauHH). npH no-
BTOpeHHH aHaJIOíH'-IHhlX KOHCTPYKUHH 3Ta HOBH3Ha MO)l(eT HC'-le3HYTb,
Mbl MO)l(eM npHBhlKHYTb K TaKOMy ynoTpe6neHHIO CJIOBa, H OHO MO)l(eT
BOITTH B 06HXO.!l e HOBblM 3 H a'-leHHeM. 3aKOHbl o6pa30BaHllil HOBblX
3Ha'-leHHH HMelOT MHOfO attaJIOfH'-IHOro C 3aKOHaMH o6pa30BaHllil í103-
TH'-leCKOH pe"IH, H o6bl"IHO Ha KlUKllbIA npHeM XY.!lO)l(eCTBeHHOfO CJIO-
BOYflOTpe6neHllil MO)l(HO npHBeCTH aHaJIOrH'iHble npHMCpbl 1-13 HCTO-
PHH .113b1Ka, KOTOpble flOKa3blBalOT, KaK CJIOBO npH06peTanO B ff3b1Ke
HOBble 3Ha"leHlli! no.u .ueliCTBHeM Tex )l(e 3aKOHOB.
8 OCHOBe n03TH'-leCKOíl JleKCHKH Jle)l(HT ílO.!lHOBJleHHe CJIOBeCHblX
accouHauHW.
3To flO.!lHOBJleHHe MO)l(eT llOCTHraTbCR nyreM nepeMeweHHff CJIOBa
B HeOObl'-IHYIO JleKCH'-!eCJCYl() Cpe.lly HJIH ílYTeM npH.!laHH.11 CJIOBy He -
OObl'-IHOfO 3Ha'-leHlli!. 3TH .usa cnoco6a nO.!lHOBJleHllil JleKCHKH Mbl H
paCCMOTpHM.

l. OT60P CJIOB PA3JIWIHOH

H3LIKOBOit CPE.llhl

MO)l(HO BhtpruKeHHe c.uenaTb OWYTHMblM, BHe.!lp.llR B pe'lb CJIOBa,

3aHMCTByeMhte H3 '-IY)K.nOH neKCH'-leCKOH cpe.ubl. Ha q>OHe '-l}')l(OH cpe-
llbl TaKHe CJIOBa 6y.u:yr o6pawaTb Ha ce6R BHHMaHHe. TipH H3Y"fCHHH
3TOfO .IIBJleHHff cne.uyeT Y"fITTblBaTb q>yHKU,UIO TaKoro BHe.UpeHH.11, KOTO-
pa.ll 3aBHCHT: 1) OT 6blTOBOH pOJIH TOH cpe,!lbl, H3 KOTopoil .uenaerc.11
3aHMCTBOBaHHe, 2) OT OTHOWeHHR 3TOH cpe.!lbl K H3blKOBOMy q>OHY
npOH3Be.UeHlli!, T.e. K TOH pe'-IH, B KOTOPYIO 3TH CJIOBa BHe.!lpRIOTC.11,
3) 0T JIHTeparypHOH Tp8.llHUHH B nOJlh30BaH.HH ,!laHHhlM npueMOM, 4) OT
MOTMBHpOBKH 3TOfO BHe.upeHllil, .uasaeMOH asropoM, H 5) OT CBR3aH-
HOH C 3THM CIO)l(eTHOH pOJIH npHeMa (T.e. BCTpe'-laerc.11 Jllt 3TO BHe.upe -
HHe '-l}')l(epo.!lHblX CJIOB B pC'-IH repoes, B pe"IH paccKa3'-IHKa, B onpe.ue-
JleHHhlC MOMeHTbl flOBeCTBOBaHlli! H T ..!1.).

3-964
33
 BAPBAPH3Mhl
Bapaap113MOM HMeHyeTC11 BHeD.peHHe B CB113Hy\O pe'ib cnoa LJ:Y)l(Oro
113btKa. Ha1-16onee npoCTblM cny>1aeM 11BJ111eTC11 e11e11pe111-1e HHOCTpaH-
HOro cnoaa B HeH3MeHeHHOH q>opMe. BoT HeCKOnbKO npHMepoa H3
« Eere11w11 O11ern11a&.

BoT MOH ÜHerHH Ha cao6on.e;

O cTp.H)l(eH no nocnen.Heli MOD.e;
J<aK dandy JlOtUlOHCKHÜ 0Ae-T;
11 H3KOHeu YBHJleJI CBeT.

Hmcro fü,¡ a HeA HalhH He Mor

Toro, LJ:TO MOD.OH C3MOM3CTHOA
8 BblCOKOM JIOtUlOHCKOM KPYTY
3oeeTCR vulgar. He MOry...
Jl106ruo R O'leHb :no CJIOBO,
H o He Mory nepeaecTH...

ÜHa K33a.Jl3Cb BepHblH CHHMOK

Du comme il faut ( WHwxoe, npocrn:
H e JHa10, KaK nepeaeCTH)...

fip.HXOAHT M}')K. ÜH npepbU13CT

Ceit HenpWITHblH tete-a-tete.

3TH BapeapH3Mbl MOTHBHpoaaHbl IlyWKHHblM HeB03MO:lKHOCTblO

nepeaecrn, T.e. OTCYTCTBHeM COOTBeTCTBYl()wero c,noaa a pyCCKOM j¡JbD(e.
Ho :no 06'bSICHeHHe HeAOCTaTO'iHO. EcnH q>paHUY3CKHe repMHHbl,
np1-1Bbl'iHble a 06pa3oaa11110M Kpyry pyccKoro o6weCTaa 20-x roaoe,
nonh3oaaaweroc11 H a 061-1xoae q>paHUY3CKHM 113blKOM, 1-1 JaMewa.n1-1
CBOOOllHO cnoea, OTCYTCTBYIOWHe B pyCCKOM 113blKe: tete-a - tete, com-
me íl faut ,• TO cnoea a11rn1-1iicKHe tteMeMeHHO Bbl3blaaJtH npe11CTaane-
HHR O TOM 113btKe, 1-13 KOTOporo OHH 3aHMCTBOBaHbl ( «KaK dandy /1011-

• CpaBHlt B •fope OT yi,1a• :

Hy KaK nepellCCTlt Ma.aaM, Ma.tlMY33C/lb¡

YlK.1111 cy.napb1HJ1!!.

34
OOHCKUÜ», <tB Bb!COKOM llOHOOHCKOM Kpyry>> ), tt HX 3Ha'leHtte .uonOJIHj{-
eTCj¡ npe.ucraBJJeHtteM o 6b1Te tt Hpaoax Toro Hapo.ua, y KOToporo OHtt
JaliMCTBOBaHbl. KpoMe Toro, ynoTpe6JJeHtte 3THX CJIOB HanepeKOp cy-
weCTBOBaaweH Tor.ua pyCCKO- CJlaBj{HCKOH TpaLlttUlitt CTliXOTBOpHOfO
j{JblKa pe3KO pa36ttBaJIO «TOp)l(eCTBeHHOCTb• o6bl'-IHOH CTliXOTBOpHOH
pe'IH tt Bb13blBaJio aneqarneHtte HenpttHy)l(lleHHoro paJroaopa.
CpaBHtt:

KaK 6btCTpOTa, OH He OCTblJl -

Tbl aepeH 3D.ecb, D.lt<oH PH.11,
CKaJaa npo TO, 'fTO BH.11,eJI Tbl:
- Very good speed!

(H. T II X OH O 8.)

ECJJtt pe'-lb rycro HacblweHa aapoaptt3MaMtt, To npott3ae.ueHtte Ha-

Jb1aaeTcj{ «.MOKapOHU'teCKUM». 8 MaKapoHtt'leCKOM CTHJie HanttcaHO
Mj{TJieBbIM 6onbwoe npottJae.ueHtte «CeHcautttt 11 JaMel.fa1nu1 r-)l(H
Kyp.UIOKOBO.t 3a rpaHHUeJO, .uaH JI'3TpaH.lKe» ( 1841 ).

YTpo sicHo unb </>e 6o;

,ll.HJJ csenU1O, 11i tpAaM6o,
Comu.te no 11e6y ry;rneT,
l1 pOCKOWHO OCBeJUaCT
3H WBeH.UapcKHA neÜ3a:>t<:, -
To ecTb: 4>epMbl, 03 6unax,
fopbl Be'IHO CHerOBble
l1 o3epa rony6ble ,
1
Ha KOTOpblX, JIC UMQJICUH ,
llupocKa</1, H He O.IOIH, -
l1 nacrywe-.KH, 6epxepbl;
Ke11b myQJlem! lfro Ja MaHepbl!
4TO Ja CKJla.LUGI a JIJI UIQ/lb!
ManeHbKHA wano o3 naU!lb,
ITo KOJICHO TOJlbKO J06KH -
TeaTpanbHble rony6K.H;
ÜD.HHM CJIOBOM, e '.3 UIOpMaH;
Ho He 3HaJO .A, KOMaH
ITyrb YMHee 6bl HanpaBHTb,
4T06bt 03 JIQ C6UC COCTaBHTb
lOH U03 OO'-ITH KOMTIJlem ...

3.uecb Mj{TJJea, ttMttrnpyj{ Tttntt'IHblH llJlj¡ 3nox11 roaop, nepeMe-

WttBaJOWHH pyccK.11e CJIOBa e cppaHUY3CKHMli, .QOCTttraeT oco6oro KO-
Mttl.feCKOfO 3cpcpeKra HeO)l(tt.QaHHOCTblO CJIOBeCHblX CO'-leTaHHH.

)º 35
 06hl'IHO BapsapH3Mbl BBOARTCR He B 'IHCTOM, HeH3MeHeHHOM BHlle,
a B ycsoeHHOM p ycCKOH q>OHeTHKOH H MOpqlOJIOrHeA, T.e. 3BYKH HHO-
CTp8HHOfO Sl3b!Ka 38MetullOTCSI COOTBeTCTBYIOWHMH pyCCKHMH, HH0-
CTp8HHhle cyq>q>HKCbl TalOl<e 3aMeHSllOTCSI PYCCKHMH.
<t>paHUY3CKOe CJIOBO résignation npespawaeTCSI B pyCCKOe «pe3H-
HbRUHff» (y TypreHeBa}, aHrnH»CKoe fashionable B «q>eweHe6enbHbtth
H T.A.
lfawe acero sapBapH3Mhl BCTpe'lalOTCff HMeHHO B TaKOH ycBoeH-
HOH Sl3btKOM q¡opMe. HanpHMep:

«Korna 6b1 ru aJr.lUIHYJI Ha Hee, oiie-ryio a nerKoe nnan,e, OKp)')KeHHYIO

6naroaoHHOH poJoaoH aTMOCq>epoH, ae10weA e Kacc011ema, Tbl 6bl Ha3BaJt ee
B03l1YWHOIO nony6ornHCH TiepH .....
(M a p /1 11 H C K H ll.)

«Bce 3To npltll.ano ace¡':\ K.BapTHpe B11.11 ,10:,,ceMeHma 6orarnR iiaMbl demi-
monde'a, non}"lat0weR aewH JPSI H 6eJ TOJIKY•-
(Jl e e K o e.)

<t>yHKUHH sapsapH3MOB pa3.11H'lHhl. l1Horna sapeapH3Mhl yn0Tpe6-

J1S110TCS1 B nmtCKaX TO'lHOro repMHHa, OTCYTCTBYIOwero B pyCCKOM Sl3blJ<e.
l1HOH pa3 pyccKoe CJIOBO 3aMeH.ReTCSI HHOCTpaHHblM, 'IT06hl oceo6o-
A HTb nOH.RTHe OT nocropOHHHX aCCOUH81UtA, CBR3aHHblX C pyCCKJ-tM
CJIOSOM (HHOCTpaHHble CJIOBa, He 6h11)'10WHe B pycCKOM Sl3b!Ke, 3THX
acCOUH8UHA He HMelOT H 3ByqaT KaK 6011ee TO'lHOe o6o3H8'leHHe no-
HSlntSI}, }1Jl}1 npHMe'lb BHHM8HHe HOBH3HOH BblpruKeHHSI. lfaCTO eap-
sapH3Mbl yn0Tpe6J1S110TCS1 Jl.1Ul nplUlaHHR MecmHozo ,co,1opuma pe•rn.
TaKOBhl, Hanp1tMep, KaBK83CKHe TepMHHbl B onHcaHHJIX KaeKa3a:

"TypeUKcUI UIQ,l ó o6BltBaJla noii HCOOllOM Hao.eruR apxanyK HJ 6yxeTOBOH

mep.1taJ1aMW. KpacHble wa,1b6apw cKpb1Ba11.HCb a aepxoa1>1e JKCJITble canorH e
BblCOKHMH Ka6JlyxaMH• (Mapm!HCKHJ{. CpaBHH KaBKaJCKHe TePMHHbl a no:r
"MC Tiywx»Ha -.K.aaJCaJCKHH fiJICHHH K,. H y JlepMOHTOBa).

3ToT «3K30TH3M» C03AaeTCSI K8K eapeapH3M8MH, TaK H co6cTBeH-

HblMH HMe ttaMH , H8KOruleHHe KOTOpblX C03AaeT ene'laTJleHHe 'lero-TO
'l)')K.llOro pyccKoMy 6b1ry:

Or PyuzyKa llO CTapoj:j CwupHw,

Or TpaneJyHoa llO Ty,lb'IU,
CKJIHKcUI paTb Ha npaJru-tHK )KJ1pHb1R
TonnoR XOJ111JUt nana'!H.
(n Y W K II H .)

36
 liapoH iJ 'O,1bóax, Mop,1e, [a,1bJIHU, ,D.uaepom
311UHKJIOne.mtH CKeDTH'leCKHA npH'ieT.
(fl y W K H H.)

Ho TI\M, cpe.m, yc.nHHeHbSI

.llom1H, TMWHXCll a ropax,
fHel/lllTCSI H 6a,1Kap, H 6ax,
H a6<J.3ex, H KOMyl{uHel{,
H Kop6y,1aK, H a.-1óa3uHel{,
H 11u11epeel{, H wancyK,
fiHWaJlb, KOJlb'iyra, ca6m1, JIYK,
11 KOHb, copaTHHK 6blCTPOHOrHA -
Hx " COKpoBHWa H 6orn.
()K y K O 8 C K H il.)

Httor.ua :no aenaeTCH .llJUI noattoBJieH1-1H JByKosoro coCTasa pe•rn,

nocKOJlbKY HHOCTpaHHbte cnosa H 1-1MeHa BbIAeJISIIOTCSI CBOHMH 3ByKa-
MH H3 KOHTeKcra. TaKOB nocneAHHH np1-1Mep.
Cpastt11:

BllOJlb DOTOKOB, no paBHHHaM,

WnH BOlK.llH OT acex Hapoaoa,
illJIH 'I0KtnOCbl H K0,t/0H'IU,
illJIH UJ0UJ0Hbl H OM0lU,
WJIH l YP0Hbl H M3H03Hbl,
//311083pbl H M0lOKU,
t{epHOHOrHe H n0Hbl,
OiJJ1Cu6seu H 0OKOmbl -
WJIH K ropaM bOJlbWOA PaBHHHbl,
TTpe.n JIHUO Blla.nb1JQ1 )l(J.jJHH .
(6 y H " H. «necHi. o faRJ1eare•,
nepee. H3 no H r 4> e 1111 o.)

K 'il-lCJIY sapsap1-13MOB cneayeT OTHeCTH TaK Ha3bIBaeMbie «KaJlb-

KH>>, T.e. 6yKBaJibHble nepeBOAbl I-IHOCTpaHHblX Bbtpa)KeHUH, spoae
411-!MeTb MecTO» (avoir lieu), «caenaTb JHaKOMCTBo» ( «faire la connais-
sance-.,,), <'<BbtrJIHAHT 113 ce6H» (<<Sieht aus-,,).
Cpastt1-1:

6pOCb, MepH, er, BOllbl a JIIIUO.

(fl y w K II tt: •jcltc de l'eau».)

Cpea11 3THX sapsap113MOB cneayeT OTJIH'laTb C03HaTeJlbHO o6paJO-

BaHHble OT Tex, KOTOpble npHBbl'iHbl JUIH H3b1Ka asTopa (socnHTaHHOfO
37
Ha HHOCTpaHHOM .ll3b1Ke) H KOTOpble .llBJl.lllOTC.ll aapeap11 3MaMl1 no npo-
HCXO)K.ll.eH1110, a He no <PYHKU1111.
KaK oco6brH B11.!l aapaap113MOB cne.!lyeT OTMeTHTb yno-rpe6nett11e
HHOCTpaHHblX cy<l><t>HKCOB D.Jl.ll PYCCKHX cnoaoo6pa30BaHHH. TaK, cyq:,-
q>HKC «H3M» Hap.lllly C HHOCTpaHHblMl-1. «pean113M~, «aTel13M• .!laeT «6oJ1b-
weB113M•, cy<t><P11Kc «aT» ttap.lllly e «ceKpe-rap11a-r» .!laeT «cTapoc-ra-r»
(coaeT cTapocT). H l!leCb cne.!lyeT orn11'-iaTb cyq:,q:,11KCbl, yceoeHHble
.ll3blKOM, OT cy<t><P11KCOB, owywaeMblX KaK 11HOCTpaHHble.
no Mepe noarnp.11eMOCTH aapaap113Mhl ycaa11aat0Tc.11 .ll3blKOM 11 nepe-
crat0T 6b1Tb CfflUJ/UCmu11eCKUMU eap6apU3MaMU, npeapama.RCb B CJlOBa
11HOCTpaHHOrO np011CXO)l(JleHHR, 3311MCTBOBaHHble B Pa.3Jl11'lHbie 3no-
x11 KYJ1bTYPHhlX OTHOWCHHH y .!lpyrnx ttapo.!loB: y rpeKOB ( «aKaq:>11c-r»,
«HCnOJlaTb•> 11 llPYrHe CJIOBa KYJlbTOBOrO Ha3Ha'lCH11.ll; n03.!lHeAwero
npOl1CXO)l(JleHHR 'lepe3 3amu1HoeBponeHCKHe .ll3blKH - Hay•iHa.ll Tep-
Ml1HOJIOrH.ll - «reorpaq>HR, JlOrHKa, Teneq>OH• ), y TIOpKCKHX HaPO.!lOB
( «KonnaK•), y q:,paHUY30B ( «HHTepec•, «KOHCepBHpOaaTb» - nOCJie.!l-
Hee CJlOBO e HCMeUKHM cyq>q:>11KCOM), y 11TIUlb.llHUCB (npe»MyWeCTBCH-
HO repMHHbl MY3bl KH: «cepettana•, «COHaTa», «onepa»), Y HCMUCB ( (j(pa-
H CU», «WTblK•, «q:,n11renh•, «6yxranTep», «paTYWa» - nocne.!lttee co6-
cTBeHHO HCKIDKeHHOC fOJIJiaH.!lCKoe: «rathuis•) H T ../l.
B 3aBl1CHMOCTl1 OT .ll3b1Ka, OTK)'.!la 33HMCTBylOTC.ll BapaapH3Mbl, OHH
.!leJUITC.ll Ha raJIJl11U113Mbl (q:,paHuy3CKOro npOHCXO)l(JlCHM), repMaHl13-
Mbl (HCMCUKOro npo11CXO)l(JlCHI-Ul) , nonOHH3Mbl (nOJlbCKOro npoHCXO)K-
.!leHM) 11 T ../l.
TepMHHbJ 3Tl1, xapaKTep113yt01llHe neKCl1'-ICCKHe aapaap113Mbl , npH-
MeH.lllOTC.ll TalOKe 11 K Cl1HTaKCH'ieCKl1M KOHCTp)'KUl1.llM, 3aHMCTBOBaH-
H blM 113 11 HOCTpaHHblX .ll3b1KOB. 06 3TOM CM. HH.)l(e B «n03TH'lCCKOM
CHHTaKCHCe».
B PYCCKOH JlHTepa~ 11HOf.lla B03Hl1KanO rottett11e Ha aapaapH3-
Mbl , KOTOpble 3aMCH.llJll1Cb HOBoo6pa30BaH11.llMl1, <itPYCC11UH3MaMm•;
OCOOCHHO naM.RTHa .!le.llTeJlbHOCTb lll11WKOBa, npo KOTOporo 6ette.!ll1K-
TOB n11wer.

Bocc-raHb, eoJpa,¡zytícri, W11w1<oe!

He Tal< TBOH nOTOMKli mynbl;
8 HHX PYCCHUH3M TBOCH .nywH,
TeoH po.nHble • Mo1<pocrynb1»
\1 .nJifl 8H3HT08 xopoWH.
3a'ieM lK.C ece 8 'iY)KOH KYMHpHe
MOJ1HTbCS1 HaM? - W11w1<oe! Tbi n pae,
XoTri - ye1,1! - 8 TBoeA •XOAblpHC>
3eyK pyCCKHfl HCCl<OJlbl<O Abtpae.

38
 Te6¡¡ Jlb He 'ITHTb H3M cep.nua 83JlOXOM,
B npoe3ll BH3HTHblH 6pocHe 83rJIUll
11 3pll, K3K íp$13H0-6opo.naT
MapKep TpaKTHpHblH e «waponexoM»
CTOHT, CKJIOHSICb Ha «wapoKaT*.
(«nocnaime o BIIJHTax• .)

.lUIAJIEKTH3MLI
,lbtaneKTH3MaMH HMeHylOTC$1 3aHMCTBOBaHH$1 CJIOB H3 roaopoa Toro
)l(e $13blK.a. SIBJUU!Cb no npwpo.!le TeMH )l(e aapaapH3MaMH (nocKOJlbKY
rpaHHUbl Me)l(Jly .!lHaJleKTaMH H H3blKaMH He MOfYT 6b1Tb YCT3HOBJleHbl
TO'IHO), OHH OTnH1.falOTC$1 JIHWb TeM, 'lTO 6epyr cnoaa H3 roaopoa 60-
nee 3HaKOMblX H npeHMYLUeCTBeHHO HeJIHTeparypHbl X, T.e. He o6nMa-
lOlUHX CBOeH nHCbMeHHOil mrreparypow. IlpH 3TOM CJle,!lyeT pal11H1.f3Tb
JlB3 C./Iy'laJI: HCnOJlb3OB3HHe· roaopoa 3THH1.feCKHX rpynn, HJIH o6nacT-
HblX (t<npoBHHUHaJIH3Mbh>), H HCnOJlb3OBaHHe roaopoa OT,!leJlbHblX co-
UHaJlbHblX rpynn.
3-rHH'leCKHe .!lHaJleKTH3Mbl, 3aHMCTByeMble H3 p33HblX Hape1.fH'1,
ynoTpe6JUIIOTC$1 06bi'lHO .!lJUI npH.!laHH$1 t<MeCTHOro KOJIOPHTa• Bbtpa-
)l(eHHIO. KpoMe Toro, )"iHTblBaJI TOT <l>aKT, 1.fTO OHH 6epyrcj{ H3 roso-
pos JIHU, .!laJleKHx OT JIHTeparypHOH K)'JlbTYPbl, 3,!J.eCb Mbl Be3,!le 3aMe-
1.f3eM HeKOTOpoe «CHIDKeHHe• $13b!Ka, T.e. noJlb3OBaHHe <l>oPM3MH pe'lH,

• PycclOIR RJblK llC/IHTCR Ha TJ)H rnaBHblC rpynm,1 : Be/lHKopyccKOe Hape'IHe,

6e11opyccKoe (6.C.C.P. 11 'laCTb CMo/leHCKOll ry6.) H MMopyccKoe (yKpaHHCKOe,
Y.C .C. P.). nocne.zurne J1ll8 11ape'llUI HblHe pa3BH/IHCb B caMOCTOllTC./lbHble R3blKII co
CBOCII /IHrepal)'poll. BenHKopyccKoe 11ape'IHe ,11e1111rc11 Ha ceBep110-ee1111KopyccKoe
(ceeep II BOCTOK - noBOIDKLe) H IO.IKHO-BC./IHKopyccKoe (ry6. TyllbCKaJI, ÜpllOBCKaJI,
KypcKaJI, Pll33.HCKaJI, BopOHCllCCIUlll , TaM6oBCKaJI, lloHCKaJI 0611acTb). MellC.!ly HIIMII
. Y3KOII nOJJocoll TllHCTCR o611acTb nepeXOllHOfO cpe,1111C-Be/lHKopyccKoro H3pe'IHll ('le-
pe3 ry6. HOBfOpoD.Cl<Y)O, TBepcl<Y)O, MOCKOBCl<Y)O, ne113eHCKYJO). HapC'IWI OT/IH'la-
lOTCll ,11pyr OT ,11pyra B nepBYJO O'ICpe,llb np0ll3HOWCHHCM, 3.1TCM JanacoM C/108 H CHH-
TaKCHCOM. r11ae11ellwHe - npe11MywCCTBCHHO <POHCTll'ICCIOIC - oco6e1111ocr11 roBO-
pOB C/IC.ayKIIJ.l,}le: B CeBepHblX roeopax •OK3IOT•, T.e. B C/IOBax, r,11e nHWCTCll • o • , OHO
C/lblWIITCll H He no,11 y,11ape11HeM (11anp. •B0,113•); Mell(Jly f/l&CHblMH 11er Rora (CM. CTp .
85), T.e. íOBOpllT •6bl8 3JTO BMCCTO MOCKOBCKoro •6bleall3T• (6bleaer); nocne cywecr-
BlfTC/lbHbU( OObl'IHO npH6a811RIOT «01"0, •Ta• , •TY•, •TH• (,IIOM-OT, 1136a-ra, H36y-ry, B
H36e -TH). 8 IO)l(HO-Be/lHKopyccKHX roeopax •3KalOT•, T.e . fOBOpRT «Baa:a•; BMCCTO •f•
KpaTKoro (B3pb1Btl0ro) npOIIJHOCllT •r• .!IJIIITe/lbHOC (<t,pHIUITHBHOC), Koropoe C/lbl-
WIITCll 80 BCex roBOpax B crapoM fip0H3HOWCtlllll B C/IOllllX 0611aro, rocno,11,b•; B rpe -
TbeM /IHUC r11aro/lOB npo113HOCllT MRfKO •Tb• - •H,IICTb, JH3l0Tb• . PyccKall /IHTCpa-
l)'pHaJI pe'lb llBll/lacb B peJY/lbT3TC CMCWCHllll uepKOBHO-C/laBRHCKOfO ll3b1Ka C llCII-
BblM MOCKOBCIOIM fOBOp0M (np1111aanellCaWHM K cpe,1111C-Be/lllKOpyccK0My Hape'IHIO),
C H3C/IOCHHeM HOBblX C/108, Bbl383HHblX norpc6110CTblO HOBOil KY/lbT)'pbl H o6puye-
Mb1X H/111 no o6paJuy y-..«e pa11ee cywecreoeaew11x c11oe (Hanp., •npoMblWIICHHOCTb•,
•TpOrare/lbHblll•, «BJlllllHIIC•) IIJIII , 'l&We, JaHMCTBYCMblX Y ,11pyr11x R3b1KOB («raJCra•,
•rpaMMO<POH•, •nO'ITa•, •&KTIIBHblll• H T.n.) .

39
npeHe6peraeMb1MH a roaope cpeJJ.Hero «JIHTepaTypHo o6pa30aaHHoro•>
"lenoaeKa*.
3TH .nwaneKTH3Mbl WHp0K0H CTpyeH BJIHnliCb B pyccKylO JIHTepa-
TYPY B 30-x ro.nax B np0H3Be.neHmIX .Uam1, TioropeJibCKOfO H oco6eH-
H0 ÍOfOJUI..

«H TaK BCIO 6eAY 3Ty CBaJIHJlH Mbl C llJle'l ,UOJlOH, cnoJ<YTKOBaJIH, KaK
roeoprir Ha YKpaHHe».
()la11 b.)

«HraK , KaJaK MOH OTKHHYJlCfl OT .UHB'IHHbl, e KOTOPOH 6blJIO )l(eHH-

XaJICfl ... ,.
()la11 b.)

3THMH yKpaHHHJMaMH HJIH ManopyCCH3MaMH .Uanb B UltTHpyeMblX

npHMepax He T0JlbK0 CTapaeTC.R nepe.naTb MeCTHblA KM0pHT np0HCX0-
.zuuuero, H0 TaJOKe HMHTHpyeT CKa306YIO MOHepy 8 BblMblwneHH0f0 pac-
CKa3'-Ui Ka-yKpaHHua:

«.H CKa3aJI y::4<e, '!TO AeJJO 6blJIO Ha YKpai,rne, nyCTb )Ke He neHJUOT Ha
MeHri, 'ITO CKaJKa MOR necrpa )'KpaH.HCKMMH pe'laMH. CKaJKy 3Ty npHCJlaJI
MHe TO)I( KaJaK : fpHUbKO ÜCHOBbSIHeHKO, l<OJIH JHaea,rn ero».
()1 a 11 b. •Be,m,Ma•.)

TO'fHO TaK )Ke forOJlb M0THBHpyeT yKpaHHH3Mbl roaopoM paccKaJ-

'fHKa Py.noro TiaHhKa.
6m-13KO K .nwaneKTH3MaM (T.e. K CJI0BaM, He ynoTpe6JU110lUHMC.R
H0pManbH0 e roeope nwu, roaop.RlUHX Ha o6mepyccKoM nwrepa-ryp-
H0M .RJblKe) CT0.RT np0BHHUHaJIHJMbl, T.e. cnoea .H pe'feHH.R, np0HHK-
WHe e roeop JIHTepa-rypHo roaop.RlUHX ropo~H, Ho He nony<¡11aw11e
pacnpocTpaHeHIDI no acett TeppHT0p.HH 11 ynoTpe6JU1eMble T0J!bK0 a
KaK0H-HH6y.nb 0.QHOH MeCTH0CTH. MHoro npHMepoa M0)t(H0 HaHTH,
Hanp., B MeCTHblX Ha3BaHIDIX )K}fB0THblX, nTHu, pb16 H pacteHHH. Oct-
P0BCKHH e n1>ece <<6eweHble .neHbrH,. taK xapaKtepHJyeT caoero re-
po.11-npoBHHUHana BacHJibKOBa:

,.fosopur CJJerKa Ha «o», ynorpe6J1J1er norosopKH, npHH8.ll,lle)K31UHe )l(}t-

reAAM ropo.nos cpe,nHero Te"leHH.11 Bonrn: KoziJa :,,ce Hem - BMecro .na; Hu 6o:,,ce
.11oií! BMecro orpHuaH11ri , wa6ep BMecro coce,n».

HecKOJ!bKO HHYJO <pyHKUHIO HMelOT JaHMCTB0BaHH.R HJ roaopoe

pa3JIH'·IHblX C0UHa.JlbHblX rpynn. TaKOBO, HanpHMep, xapaKTepHoe HC-
n0JJb30BaHHe TaK HaJblaaeMoro <<MelUaHcKoro roaopa», T.e. roaopa ro-
po.ncKHX CJ!0ea, JaHHMalOlUHX npoMe)l(yt0"IH0e noJJ0)l(efüte Me)l(,lzy CJl0-
40
SIMH, fiOJl bJYIOlllHMHCSI JIHTeparypHblM Sl3bl.KOM, H CJIOSIMH, f060PS111.ll1-
MH Ha 'IHCTOM AHaJleKTe.
KyneqecK1-1e nepcOHruKH 6 KOMeAHSIX ÜCTp06CKOfO o6bl'IHO fi0 1lb-
3}'IOTC.R MelllaH CKHM rosopoM.
O6pallla.RCb K MelllaHCKOMY rosopy, flHcaTeJIH o6bJI-IHO on1e'1alOT
CJleAylOlllYIO oco6eHHOCTb JJeKCHKH: MelllaHCKHe CJIOH TSlfOTelOT K yc -
BOeHHIO 'IHCTO JIHTeparyp HblX CJI06 ( «o6pa306aHHblX>>), HO, ycBaHBaH
HX, KOBepKalOT H nepeOCMblCJISIIOT. TaKoe H3MeHeHHe CJIOBa C ero nepe -
OCMblCJleHHeM HMeHyeTC.R HOpGOHOU 3mU.M011oweu. npoH3BeD.eHHSI, nO,lb-
3}'10lllHeC.R JJeKCHKOH MemaHCKHX rosopos, o6bl'IH O WllpOKO ynorpe6-
AAIOT JJeKCHK}' HapOAHblX 3THMOJJOrn.t. H anpHMep:

6 a Jl b 3 a M H H o 8 a. BoT '!TO, MHwa, eCTb TIIKHe q>paHUY3CKHe CJl08a,

0'leHb n oxo:i1CHe Ha pyccKHe; SI HX MHoro 3H8l0, Tbl 6bl X0Tb HX 38Y'fH.11 Kor.na
Ha 11ocyre. nocnywaewb 11Hor11a Ha HMeHHttax, HJIH r11e Ha c11a11b6e , KaK
M0Jl0llbte Kaaanepbl e 6apb1WHJIMH pa3ro8ap118at0T, - npocTo npe.necTb CJJy-
waTb.
6 a Jl b 3 a M 11 H o 8 . KaKHe )Ke :n o cnoea, MaMCHbKa? Be11b KaK 3H3Tb,
M0XeT 6b1Tb 0HH MHe 11 Ha nOJib3Y noiUtyr.
6 a JI b 3 a M H H o 8 a . Pa3yr,1eeTcll, Ha noJib3y . BoT nocnywaR! Tbr ece
ro8opHWb: .c.H ryJU1Tb noiUty!• 310, MHwa, Hexopowo. JlY'fWC CKa)KH: «.H xo'ly
npoMHHa)I( c11eJI3Tb!•
6 a JI b 3 a M u H o 8 . .Ila- c, MaMeHbKa, :no JlY'fWe . 3-ro Bbl npaB11y ro8o-
pure! ITpoMHHruic JtY'fWe.
6 a JI b 3 a M H H o 8 a. ITpo Koro nyp110 r oaopsiT, :no - Mopanb.
6 a JI b 3 a M H H o 8. '.:h-o .11 3HaJO.
6 a JI b 3 a M H H o 8 a. Kom, 'ICJl08eK HJlll 8eWb K3Krul - HH6Yllb He CT0HT
BHHM3HM, HH'IT0)KH8jl K3Ka.A-HH6Yllb, - KaK npo Hee CK838Tb? .IlpllHb? 3-ro
KaK-T0 HeJl0BK0. JlY'fwe no-cppattUY3CKH: <<ÍOJibTena» .
6 a JI b 3 a M H H o 8. Í OJJbTena . .Ila, 3T0 xopowo.
6 a JI b 3 a M H H O 8 a. A 80T, CCJlH KT0 3aBaJKHH'!aeT, 0'leHb B03Me'!TaeT O
ce6e H WlPYT eMy q>opc-To co6bt0T, - 3T0 • aca)l(e• Ha3bteaercll.
6 a JI b 3 a M H H o B. .H 3T0fO, MaMeHbKa, HC 3HaJt, a 3T0 CJI0B0 xopowee ,
Aca)l(e, aca)l(e......
(O e T p O B e K H 11. •CB011 co6aJ<Jt rpb13ytCll - 'IY)l(all HC npHCTaBaii • .)

-CeJI TyT Jie8wa 3a cron H CMHT, a KaK qero-H 116y11b no-amHuKH cnpo-
CHTb - He yMeeT. H o noT0M 11orananc¡¡ : 0MTb npocT0 no CTOJIY ncpCT0M
nocry'IHT 11a e poT ce6e noKa)l(eT - aHrJIH'laHe 11o r a11brna10TCll 11 no11:1t0T,
TOJibK0 He 8cer11a Toro, '!TO Hano6Ho, H0 OH '!TO eMy He n0llX0lll!Wee He npH-
HHMaeT. no11anH eMy HJmero npHí0T0BJleHHJI ropll'111ÍI CTYAHHr B orne; - 011
roeopHT: 3T0 ll He 3HatO, 'IT06bl TaK0e M0)KH0 eCTb, - H BKy waTb He CTaJt -
0HH eMy nepeMeHHJIH H 11pyroro KywaHbll nocTaBHJIH. TatoKe H 80.flKII HX
nHTb HC CTaJJ , noT0MY '!TO 0Ha 3eJlCH8ll - epo11e KaK 6y11To KYn0p0C0M 38-
n pa.BJieHa, a Bbt6pan, '!To acero HarypaJJbHee , H )l(,l),eT KypbCpa e npoXJ1a.ne 3a
6aKJJ3)Ke'IKOH.

41
 A Te nHua, KOTOpblM K)'pbCp HHM(p030pHIO Cllan , CHIO )KC MHHyTy ee pac-
CMOTpenH B C3Mbllt CKJlbHbllt MCnKOCKOn H ceA'laC B ny6nHUCltCKJ1 C BCllOMOC-
TH OOHC3HHR, 'ITOObl 33B11)3 )KC "ª eceo6wee HJBCCTHC KJICBeTOH BbllllCJI• .
(JI e C K O B. «JI e8 W a•. CKaJ O TynbCKOM KOCOM Jleewe M O CTIIJlbHOlt 6noxe.)

3JleCb ceoeo6pa3HaJI JlCKCHKa CJiy)l(HT, eo-nepBblX, .ll/UI C03JlaHJ-Ul

xapa,anepucmU'IHOZO CKa306020 <f>oHa. CaMoft JieKCHKOft (a TalOKe H CHH-
TaKCHCOM) xapaKTepH3YeTCSI paCCKa3lfHK. C Jlpyroít CTOpüHbl, <iHapoJl-
Hble 3THMOJIOrHH• JlatOT npocrop .ll)'Ul CMblCJIOBblX con ocraBJiemnl ( •KJie-
eeTOH» paeJU1eTCS1 (pCJlbeTOH H T.Jl.), npoH3BOJlSIIUHX KOMHlfecKHft 3<1>-
q>eKT. Oco6eHHO 6oraT 3THMH HOeoo6pa30BaHmlMH , MOTHBHpoBaH-
HblMH •HapoJlHOH 3THMOJIOrHeft•, Sl3bll< JlecKOBa: •A6oJIOH n onee)lep -
CKHH•, «6ypeMeTPbl•, «éUICH.llauWI•, «eepOSIUWI•, «yK}'lllen<a•, «BOJlO-
rJiaJ•, «T)'TaMCHTi., «fpaq> KltcenbBpüJlC• , «TeepJlH3eMHoe MOpe•, «Jl0Jl-
6Hua YMHO)KeHW!.• H T.Jl.
ÜTMeTHM, lfTO JlCACTBHTCJlbHO o6pamaiomHeCSI e roeope «HapoJl-
Hble 3THMOJ10rHH• cpaBHHTeJibHO peJlKO )lalOT npHMep KOHTaMHHa-
UHH CJIOB no HX 3HalfeHHIO. TaK, CCJIH BMCCTO «KepoCHH• roBOpSIT
«KapaCHH•, c6mOKaJI :no CJIOBO co CJIOBOM «Kapaci,., TO HHKaKOH CBSl -
3H KCpüCHHa C KapaceM HHKTO He ycMaTPHBaeT. ,llm1. HCKYCCTBeHHblX,
JlHTeparypHblX «HapOJlHblX 3THMOJ10rHH• xapaKTepHa HMCHHO KOHTa-
MHHaUIDI no CMblCJIY, KOTOPlUI HMeeT KOMH'ICCKHA 3q>q>eKT BCJle)lCT-
BHe HCO)KHJlaHHOro c6JIH)KeHHSI JlBYX nOIUITHA: «(peJlbeTOH-KJieee-
TOH• (T.e. (peJlbeTOH KaK q>OpMa raJeTHOH KJieBeThl). 3-ra CMblCJIOBaJI
KOHTaMHHauWI B03MO)l(Ha H 6e3 MOTHBHPOBKH MelUaHCKHM roeopoM,
Hanp.:

«.lloporoA'ICHKO, fepaCHMOB, l<HpHllOB, POllOB - KaKOA OOHapo6p03HblÜ

nelt3a)I(• .
(B. M a II K oee K 1t A.)

K 3TOMY )Ke KJiaccy CTHJIHCTHlfecK.Hx RBJieHHA, ocHOBaH.HhlX Ha

HCKa.)f(eHHH pe'IH, OTHOCHTCSI HMHTaUWI pyccKoro roeopa HHOCTPaH-
uee, n.noxo BJla)lelOIUHX pycCKOH pelfblO. 3JleCb OObl'IHO flOJl4CpKHBa-
eTC$1 n peHMYllleCTBCHHO q>oHeTH'leCKoe H MOpq>oJIOrHlfeCKOC H3MeHe-
HHe CJIOB, paeHO KaK H BHCJlPeHHe HHOCTpaHHOft JICKCHKH B pyccKylO
pe'lb:

•BH nOJlY'faHT Ka3CHHblA KBapntp, C llp083MH, C JlHXT (Licht - CBCT) H C

npHcn y roA , qero BH HC.llOCTOHH, - crporo H Y)l(aCHO KruC npHroeop, Tip03By-
'lan OTBCT KpeCTblUia HeaHOBH'la•.
(.U o e To e Be K M lt.)

42
 Cp. o6paTHOC - HCKruKCHHC HHOCTpaHHOfl pe'IH B yCTaX pycc1rnx:

e- Ilypicya By -rywe, nypicya By T)'We, - 33KpH4an AHTOH na(pHYTbH4,

cnpRra.11 e rpexoM nononaM pyccKHA rnaron mywy Ha q,paHuyJCKHR nan. - .SI
He MOry .11.0PMHP B noteMKaX•.
( n y W K H 11.)

K o6JtaCTH pa:lHOBHllHOCTeft ,llHaJlCKTH3MOB cneayeT OTHCCTH TilK-

)KC ynoTpe6neHHe neKCHKH npoq>eccHOHaJtbHbtx rpynn, a TalOKe roso-
pos, 803HHKalOU.\HX B H38CCTHOH 6blTOBOH o6CTilHOBKe - TaK Ha:lblBa-
eMbtx xraproHOB (sopOBCKOÍI :lKaprOH, Yll H'IHblH • argot• 11 T .rI.). TipH -
MCPbl rIO.Ll06Horo po,lla ,llHaJICKTH3MOB MO)l(HO HaITTH B MOPCKHX pac-
CKa:laX CTaHIOKOBH'la, B OOCSIUKHX paCCKaJax MaKCHMa fopbKOro H
T .,ll. BoT o6pa3eu HMHTaUH H n poq>eCCHOHaJlbHOH JlCKCHKH (MC.LlHUHH-
CKOfl) B 0,llHOM H3 paHHHX paccKa30B lJexosa:

cPOMOH OOKmopa. EcnH Tbl .11.0CTHr B03MY)KanOCTH H KOHl{HJl Hayx.H, TO

recipe: feminam unam H npH.U.aHoro quantum satis. .SI raK H c.11.enan : B:ulJI fem-
inam unam (.aByx 6paTb He .II.03BOJIRCTCR) H npH.U.aHoro. Ewe .n.peBHHe nopHua-
JlH rex, KOTOpble, )t(eHRc&, He 6epYT npHAaHoro (H xTHoJaBp, XII, 3) . .SI npo-
nHcan ce6e nowaneA, 6enb3Ta)I(, CT3JI nHTb vinum gillicum rubrum H lcynHJI
ce6e wy6y 3a 700 py611elt Ü.11.HHM CJIOBOM, 38.)l(HJl lege anís. Ee habitus He-
nnox. POCT cpe.ll}IHA. ÜKpactca H8KO)l(.}lblX noKpoBOB H CJU13HCTblX OOOJIOl{eK
HOpMan&Ha, IlO.II.KO)l(.}IOKJIC1'1an,1A CJIOR pa.3BHT Y.11.0BJICTBOpHTCJlbHO. ÍPY.11.b
npaBHJThHaR, XpHnOB HCT, DJ,OOlHHe Be3HK)'JUJpHoe. TOHbl cep.11.u.a l{HCTble. 8
c<t>cpe nCHXH4eCKHX RBJleHJd\ 3aMeTHO TOJlbKO 0.11.HO YKJIOHeHHe: OHa 6oJrrJIH-
Ba H KpHKJtHea. '611aro.11.apA ee 6omnHBOCTH ll CTpanaJO rnnepecTeJHeH npaso-
ro CJIYJ(OBOro Hepea• H T..11..

K xraproHH3MaM npHMblKalOT H TaK Ha:lblBaeMblC •BYJtbrapH3Mbl•,

T.e. yno-rpe6JtCHHC s JlHTepaTYJ)C rpy6b1X CJIOB npOCTOpe'IIDI ( f:CBOJIO'lb•,
..CTepsa• H T.,ll.).
HanpHMep:

HaMH
nHpmca
8 UITblKH
He0.11.HOKpaTHO aTaKOBaHa,
HweM pe'iH
TOl{HOH
H HaroA.
Ho no3JHR -
npeCBOJl04HeHW8R WT)'KOBHHa,
CyureCTeyCT -
H HH 8 3y6 HoroA.
(B. M a¡¡ K oeeK H il.)

43
 Co6cTBeHHO fOBOpR, 11MeHHO B 3TOH o6nacrn pa3J11-NHblX «)l(apf0-
H113MOB» 3aK/ll048eTCR CTl1JlHCTl14eCKOe pa3H006pa311e npo3a114ecKHX
npol13Be.[leHJ-ti:í, KOTOpble B xyllO)l(eCTaeHHblX ueJUIX flOJlb3ytOTCR TeMH
q>OpM8Ml1 )l(HBOro pa3fOBOpHoro R3bIKa, KOTOpbie J<aK 6bl «OTCTOWIHCb»
11 np11Bbl'{Hbl B onpelleneHHblX YCJlOBWIX )l(J13Hl1 11 B onpelleJleHHblX CJlO-
AA. C T8KOH pe4bl0 CBR3blB8CTCR npellcraBJ1eH11e 06 ee 6bITOBblX yCJlOBl1-
.HX, 11 xy.[lO)KHl1K np116eraCT K 3TOMY cpellCTBY, HJll1 4To6bl xapaKTepH30-
B8Tb Ofll1CblBaeMYJO cpelly, 11JlH CKJIMOM pe4H o6p11COB8Tb nepcOHa)l{eH
caoero noaeCTBOB8HWI, HJll1 - B napoll114eCKOM 11Cfl0Jlb3088HHl1, -
'{TOObl KOHTpaCTOM Me)l(,lfy TeMOH 11 CTHJJeM npOH3BecTH ane4arnett11e
K0!\(113Ma HJ111 rpoTecKa (ypo.llJll1BOro, 6one3HeHHoro KOM113Ma).

APXAH3Mhl
ApxaH3M8Ml1 H83bl88IOTCR CJlOBa yCTapeaurne, BblWellWl1e H3 ynoT-
pe6neHHR.
Ilp11MepoM HaKonneHH.R apxal13MOB, 3al1MCTBOBaHHblX H3 neKCl1KH
XVIII a., MO)l(CT CJtY)KHTb cnellyiotUee CTHJ111Joaattttoe no.El XVIII a.
fll1CbMO fop6yHoaa:

~TipHCblJlaeMM npu ceM nepcoHa C)'KUeccopa e Ha,aneJKaweü KoH$H.lleH-

Ul1H Haxo.nHTbCSI y eac HMCCT ff HHKOMy reHepanbHO OHYJO He o6MBAATb ff 0T
nO;'l,./lblX 8CSl4CCK.11 CKPblBaTh HaJl/lC)l(J1T, .na6bl K.3KOH 6el!leJibHblH " MHJepa-
6eJlbHblH 4CJ10BeK Mano.nywHeM CBOHM CaTHC$aKUHH He ;"iHHHJl H 8 TaJIHYJO
KaHUemlPHIO o ceM He .LlOHCC•.

TaK KaK JlHTeparypHbIM R3blKOM a PoccHH llO XVIII a. 6blJI uep-

KOBHo -cnaaR HCK11i1, JteKCHKa KOTOporo 6b111a ycaoeHa pyCCKl1M JlHTe-
parypHblM R3blKOM H JlHWb nocTeneHHO OTccynana B ynoTpC6neHHl1
nepe.El PYCCKHMl1 q>OpM3Ml1, - TO Tl1fl114Hb1Ml1 apxatt3M8Ml1 .RBJUIIOTCR
CAQ8JlHU3.Mbl. ÜHl1 RBJUIIOTCR npl13HaKaMl1 803BbJWeHHOfO CTHJIR H B
CTHXOTBOpHOH pe411 XlX B. flO'tTl1 He OmyI'11Mbl - B CHJJy TpMHUHOH-
HOCTl1 H npl1Bbl4 HOCTH. TaK, KOflla IlywKHH flHCaJt:

CTOAAl1 cm02Hbl OJepaMH

TO OH He OllJ.YlUaJI Ha q>oHe CTHXOTBOPHOH pe411 oco6oro apX3113Ma

CJlOBa «CTOrHbl•. Ho B nyWKHHCKOH npo3e 310 6blJIO 6bl }')!Ce apxaH3-
MOM. ApxaHCT114eCKHH OTTCHOK HOCRT CJTaBRHl13Mbl B fl033HH Hawero
BpeMeHH, HanpHMep:

Korna neyx BOJlb BOJHOClIT OKPbtJleHbSI

EiJUHblÜ CTOH,
11 CHHTCSI .LlByt,t, 8 ,oiJo11u paJ.LleJICH bSI,
ÜIIHblH COI!, -

44
 .[lB}'M an1tyU4UM - Ha.ll. 38C3,ll8MH pa3ilyKH
ElrnHblA nm.:, -
Konb HJ .asyx .nyw ucmopzCJ1 cMep·rnoA MYKH
EJrnHblA KPHK
Ce, OH BOCKpec! - a HX ;+:eprBeHHble cneJbl
fmtnHT 3apll ...
Ce, B MHPT o.aeT H e yrpcmrne po31,1
fpo6 aJJTapll ...
(B n 'I e e JI a a H a atto a.)

MonOTb yCT8JIH )KCPHOBa.

6eryr 1tcnyraHHble cmpaxu,
11 ecex o61,eMJJem npHJpaK Bpa.Jl(JtA
11 dMY rHyrc¡¡ .aepeea.
(A. 6 JI O K.)

tCJiaBHHH3Mbl» :noro po.na .naior HaM npe.nCTaBJleHHe O Tpa.o.HUHH

8blCOK020 no3Ttt4eCKoro cnurn.
CnaBHHCKHH 83b!K npHMeHHeTCH B KHHrax peJIHfHO3Hb!X - B 6tt6-
JIHH, B 6orocny:,KeHHH H T ..n. lfacro K CJiaWIHH3MaM np1t6era10T .llJljl
Toro, 4To6bl C03.llaTb Bne4arneH1te 61t6JieikKOfO CTH./Ul. B TaKOM cny-
4ae OHH CTaHOBHTCH 6u611euiwa.Mu. TaK, B n ylllK HHCKOM CTHXOTBOpe-
HHH <•IlpopoK» o6HJJbHble CJlaBHHH3Mbl Bbl3hlBaIOT npe.ncTaBJJeHHe O
83bIKe 61t6J1HH:

BocCTaHb npopoK, H 6UJH:db H 6HeAUU,

HcnoAHUCb eone10 MOeH,
11 06XOD;I MOpll H 3CMJIH
fAa¿o.,10M )K.rH cep.aua n10.aeit

CoaepweHHo oco6o ene.ayer paccMaTpHBaTb re cnaBHHH3Mbl, KO-

TOpb1e HBHJIHCb .noCTOHHHeM «npHKa3HOfO» CTHJIH H .no CHX nop npo-
.noIDKalOT 6blTOBaTb B KaHUeJIHpCKOM 83h1Ke, .llJljl KOToporo xapaKTep-
Hbl CJIOBa H o6opoTbl spo.ne: «TTpenpoBO)KLl.aH npH ceM», «B OTBeT "ª
KaKosoe OTHoweHHe», «cornacHo eawero pacnopsDKemui• H T .n.
no.no6Hble CJiaBflHH3Mhl He flOBbllllaIOT, a nOHH)l(alOT CTHJ!b.
ÜTCTHJIHCTH4eCKHX apxaH3MOB cnc.nyeT OTJIH4aTb apxaH3Mbl B 83bl-
Ke. 8 JIHHrBHCTHKe apxaH3MOM Ha3bIBalOT CJIOBO, npHHM)Je)l(amee K
BbJMepweH s fl3bIKe rpynne H nepe)l(HBwee aHanorn4Hbte eMy CJJosa.
TaK, B PYCCKOM fl3b1Ke coxpaHHJ1OCb 60Jibllloe KOJlH'leCTBO CJiaBflHH3-
MOB, cymecTBYIOlll.HX HHor.na napanneJibHO C HX PYCCKHMH 3KBHBaJieH-
TaMH. HanpHMep: rpa)KLl.aHHH ·· 1opo)l(aHHH, Ha.o.e)KLl.a - HMCJKa (3ra

45
pyCCKaJI q>OpMa C'lHTaeTCSI npHHaJl}le)l{lfOCTblO HenHTepa'J'YpHoro AHa-
neKTa), masa - ronoea, Hpas - Hopos. 3TH apxaH3Mbl o6bl'tHO HMe-
lOT HHoe 3Ha'leHHe B cpaeHeHHH e pyCCKHM CJIOBOM, OTHOCS!Cb K o6-
naCTH OTBJle'tCHHblX H éBblCOKHX• CJIOB (cp. 3Ha'tCHHSI CJIOB: masa,
maaHhlH - ronoea, ronoeHoH; nperpa.a.a - neperopoAKa).
KaK H BCSIKHH neKCH'leCKHH CJIOH, cnaeSIHH3Mbl, 6yA}"iH ynorpe6-
JlCHb1 He B COOTBCTCTByl01Uei1 o6cTaHOBKe, .RBJU1IOTCSI HCTO'IHHKOM KO-
MH'teCKOrO, napoAH'lCCKOro 3 <t><peKTa. Ha 3TOM OCHOBblBaJIHCb, oco-
6eHHO B XVIII B., aBTOpbl KOMH'lCCKHX n03M, BblCOKHM CJIOfOM H3JJa-
raewHe BYJlbrapHO-KOMH'teCKHC flp0HCWCCTBIUI.

HEOJIOrH3MbI

HeoJIOfH3MaMH Ha3b1Ba!OTC.R BHOBb o6pa30BaHHblC cnoea, paHee B

.R3b1KC He cymecTBOBaBWHC. nonb3y.RCb 3élKOHaMH pyccKoro CJIOB006-
p a30BaHIUI, Mbl MO)KCM no aHanOfHH C CYlUCCTBYlOlUHMH CJIOBaMH co-
lJlaBaTb HOBble cnoea TaK, '!TO OHH 6yJzyT noH.RTHbl llJISI aocnpwrnUI.
YnoTpe6JlCHHe HeOJ10fH3MOB, TaK Ha3blBaCMOe «CJIOBOTBOp'leCTBO•,
HMeeT WHpoKoe pacnpocrpaHeHHC B fl033HH, npH'teM <PYHKUIUI HOBO-
o6pa30BaHHH MH0rOpa3JJH'IHa B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT c noco6a, KaKHM co-
l]laHo 3TO HOBOC CJIOBO. EcnH cnoeo COl]laeTC.R no aHanOrHH C apxaHC-
TH'lCCKHMH CJIOBaMH, TO HCOJIOrH3M MO)KCT CblrpaTb p011b apxaH3Ma.
HanpHMep, CCJIH B CTHJlH30BaHH0e flHCbMO BPOAC UHTHpOBaHHOrO r op-
6yHOBCKOro BBeCTH HOB006pa30BaHHC e q>paHJzy3CKHM KOpHCM, TO no
aHanOfHH e OKpY)Ka!OlUHMH ero CJIOBaMH OHO npHo6peraeT xapaKTep
apxaH3Ma. TaK, e cne.!{y!OlUHX cnoaax uap.R BepeHJJ.e.R H3 •CHerypo'I -
KH• OcTpoecKoro:

H e6eCHhlMH KpYf3MH yKpaw3lOT

floiJnuC'tUKU B naJJ3Tax nOTOJIK}f
Bb1COIOle ...

CJIOBO «nOMHC'lHK\> B 3HatteHHH «Xy.llO)l{lfHK• SIBJU1CTC.R, eepOSITHO,

H0B006paJOBaHHeM OcrpOBCKOfO, HO B P.RllY apxaH3HpoBaHHOH neK-
CHKH pe'lCH 6epeHJJ.eSI 3TOT HeOJIOrH3M HrpaeT <PYHKUHlO apxaH3Ma.
HapO.llHblC 3THMOJIOrHH y ÜCTpOBCKOfO H JlecKoaa, ynorpe6JI.Re-
Mb1C KaK JleKCHKa MClUaHCKOrO roeopa, SIBJU1IOTCSI B 60JlbWHHCTBC cny-
qaee HOB006pa3oBaHH.RMH . TaKMMH )KC HOB006pa30BaHH.RMH e yCTa-
HOBKOH Ha oco6eHHOCTH roeopoe (ncee.aoeapaapH3Mbl, MOTHBHpoBaH-
HblC 6blTOBblM CJIOBOynorpe611eHHeM) SIBJUIIOTCSI cne.ayJOlUHe npHMepbl
H3 JlecKOBa:

•A-3! ,[13 y 83C TYT CCTb H WKOJIKa. H y, 3T3 KOMJ-13T)(a 33 TO H 11110:XOHiJpoc:

Hy, ,[13 AIUl WKOJlhl HH'iCTO•.

46
 «Hy, BOT H npeKpacHo: CCTb, rocnoAa, y 11ac nHBO H MCA, 8 BaM COCTpa-
naJO HJ 3Toro TaKoe,1aMnono, '!TO... - TepMocecoe nouenoean ceo11 na.nbUbl H
AOrOBOpHJI: - 83blK ceoR, H TOT, AOmteaa, npornOTHTe.
- '-ho 3TO Ja JiaHnono? - cnpoCIIJJ AxHJIJ\a.
- He mumono, a mu,mono - HanHTOK TaKOÜ JIJ nHea H H MCJly ACJJaCJ;C81t.•
( «Co6opJ1He• .)

Bo ecex 3TKX cny'-llUIX HCOJ10rH3Mbl BB0.11.llTC.R KaK npH3HaK 'i}')KC-

pü,QHOÜ JlCKCHKH. Ho '!aCTO HCOJ10rH3Mbl BB0.11.llTC.R KaK JlCKCHKa, CBOH-
CTBCHHlUI .R3blKY CaMOro npoH3BCACHWI. TaKOBbl, HanpHMep, HCOJ10-
rH3Mbl EeHC.llHKTOBa:

"ª
KTO )K HJICT Bll.11 ípeM}"lffA
'l.{epeJ MO/l}IHto He6ec?
31-o OH - KOpa6Jib MOJ)"IHR,
6enonapyCHblA, ruJaB}"IHH
Bo11Ho6ope14 - 8000pe3!
«TipocTH!• 8 npoMOJIBHJI MOCA HCHarJULnHOR,
y HOr ee 6p8KHYJI npeiJ6umBeHHbtÜ MC'! ...

y EeHC.!lHKTOBa BCT¡)e'!alOTC.R HOB006pa30BaHH.R Bpo.Qe: «BOJlHOTC'i-

HOCTb», « B03M}')KCCTBOBaTb•, «rOJlOBOCCK•, «JanaHUhlpHTbC.R•, <t3y6o-
J10MHblÜ•, «HCTOnTaTCJlb•, «COpBHroJlOBHbl"•· «'!Y)KCpe'iHTb•, «.RH'i-
HOCTb» H T.n.
B HOBeHWee BpeMH KYJlbTHBHpoBaJI CTHXOBble tteonornJMbl Hropb
Ceeep.RHHH:

.si, reHHR, Hropb Ceeep8HHH,

CaoeR no6eAOR ynoeH,
.si noecerpa.aHo O3KpaHeH,
.si noececepAHO yreep)KlleH...

HeoJIOrH3Mbl Hecyr pa3JJH'!HyJO <PYHKl.lHto. B nepttOAbl ycTattoBJJe-

HWI JlHTeparypHoro .R3b1Ka HCOJ10rH3Mbl COl!latoTCSI B nOHCKax HOBblX
CJIOB .ll.JHI HOBbIX nOHATHÜ. TaK, MHOro CJIOB B JlHTeparypHblÜ .R3b1K
BBCACHO KapaM3HHhlM (Han pHMCp, CJIOBO «npoMblWJICHHOCTb»).
Heonorn3Mbl Eette.QHKTOBa H Ceeep.RHHHa, noHATHO, ttttoe: 3TO
HOB006pa30BaHWI AIUl HMCHOBaHH.R crapblX nOH.RTH¡;¡. 06pa3ylOTC.R OHH
AIUl o6HOBJJCHWI CJlOBCCHOro Bblpa)t(CHWI 6aHaJibHOH <POPMYJlbl 80 H3-
6e)l(aHHe pe'!eeoro wa6J10Ha.

• Cnoso 4.llaMnono• o6paJO&aHO nyreM nepecraHOBKJt HJ cJtosa «nonoJtaM•: Ha'!a-

JtO H KOHCU cnosa nepecraaneHbl; npHeM, npaKTI1K)'IOWHikll B ~llHhlX• .113b1Kax -
lKllpfOHax.

47
 Bnpo'leM, B HeOJIOrH3Me aoo6w.e aruKHa He CTOJlbKO ero CJIOBeCHrul
<PYH KUHSI' KaK c noco6 ero o6pa30BaHWI. ,llJUI Toro '1To6hl HeOJIOrH3M
6bJ,1 nOHRTeH, Heo6xo.nHMO, '1To6bt OH 6bIJI o6pa30Batt npH noM0WH
TaK H83blBaeMb!X «)KHBb!X MOP<l>eM», T.e. MOp<t>eM , 3Ha'leHHe KOTOPhlX
B o6pa30B8Hl1H CJIOBa .QOHblHe )KHBO aocnpHHHMaeTCH H KOT0pble
no3TOMY a HacroRw.ee apeMH 06pa3oablaa10T HOBbte cnoaa. B cnoae
ow.ywaeTCSI TO, KaK OHO c.nenaHO, H3 KaK.HX 'lacrej;j H MOP<l>eM OHO
cocraaneHo H no KaKOMY npHHUHny. ÜCMb!CJIHeTCH caMblH 06pa3 co-
3.QaHH>I cnoaa - no3mu11ec,ca.J1 Mop(/>ollOZWl. 11 o6bI'lHO K8)KLl.éUI 3noxa
HMeeT cao10 no3TH'lecKyJO Mop<t>onorn10. TaK, .llAfl Ha'lana XIX a. (H
.na)Ke pat1bu1e - ,iJJlfl K0HUa XVIII) xapaKTepHbl 6b!JlH cocraBHbie npH -
11araTe;1bHb1e Bpo.ne noCTORHHbl.X roMepOBCKHX 30HTeTOB (CM. HH)Ke) -
«po30-)KCJITb111», «cpe6po-mnypHblH•>, «6blcTpo-6eryw.1-111», «3eJieHo-
Ky.npbtH», «lllaTo-61-1p103oab111,> H T.n.
B HeOJIOnt3M8X 6eHe.nHKTOB8 oco6eHHO 'l8CTO o6pa30BaHHe cyw.e-
CTBHTeJibHOro OT npHJiaraTeJibHOro npH nOM0lUH COCTaBHOro cy<l><t>HKca
«HOCTb»: «RH'lHOCTb», «CJianKoneBHOCTb», «pa3fYJlbHOCTb», «He.nonro-
Te'lHOCTb», cp. «He)'MRJ'laeMOCTb». e
.npyroH CTOpOHbl, 06h1'1Hbl rna-
r0Jibl 0T cyw.eCTBHTeJibHblX Ha '<CTBOBaTh» - «cenanoHCTBOB8Tb», «pH<l>-
MOnJieTCTBOBaTb», (<803MY)KeCTBOBaTM. HapMy C 3THMH HeOJIOrH3Ma-
MH np1-1o6pera10T xapaKTep Il03TH'ICCKHX CJIOB H Y)Ke paHee cyw.eCTBO-
aaaurne B H3btKe cnoaa Ha «HOCTb» H «CTBOBaTb» - «Be'JHOCTb», «6e3-
YMCTBOBaTb».
B no3TH'ICCK0M CTHJie HHor.na MbI HMeeM oT6op npHJiarareJibHbl.X -
3nHTeTOB C onpe.neneHHblMH cy<t><l>HKCaMH - Ha «HBblH»: «MOJl'laJIH -
ttblH>>, (<peBHHBbtih, <,fYJlbJIHBbJH•> H T ..n., Ha «HCTblíl»: «~HCTblH»,
(<cepe6pHCTblH-.>, <<llOJIHHCTb!H•> H T.n. BccbMa xapaKrepHbt co~pweH-
H0 caoeo6pa3Hble HeOJIOrH3Mbl Xne6HHKOBa, Cb!rpaawHe OOJlblU)'JO poJib
8 Bblpa60TKe H3b1Ka COBpcMeHHOro <l>yrypH3Ma.

IlP03AH3Mbl
Opo3aH3MOM HMeHyeTCSI CJIOBO, OTHOCSIW.eecsi K np038H'leCKOH
JleKCHKe, ynorpc6neHHoe B n03TH'leCKOM KOHTeKCTe9.
8 0033HH BeCbMa CHJieH 38KOH neKCH'leCKOH TpaQHUHH. 8 CTHXax
)l(HBYT CJlOBa, .naBHO y.lKe BblWe.nw1-1e H3 ynorpe6JteHWI B npo3e, H, e
.npyroH CTOpoHbl, B CTHXH C Tpy.noM npOHHKalOT cnoaa HOBoro npoHC-
XOiK..UeHHH, HMetow.He no,rnoe npaao rp8)KLl.aHCTBa B np033H'leCKOM
HJbJKe. Oo3TOMY a K8)KLl.y10 3noxy ecTb pH.ll cnoa , He ynorpe6nsieMblX a
CTltXax. Bae.neHHe 3THX CJIOB B CTHXH HMeHyeTCSI npo3aH3MOM:

.sJ CHOila )l(lt'lH11 IIOJlli: T3KOII MOH opramtlM

(l131lOJlbTe MHe npoCT11Tb HCHYAülblH npo38H3M).
(O y W 1( H H.)

48
 TaKttMH npo3a H3MaMtt a H84aJJe XIX a. 6b1JIH cnoaa, 11Meaw1-1e
n03TH'feCKHe CHHOHHMbl. H a npHM ep, CJIOBO «Kopoaa,> B CTHXax JaMe-
HSIJIOCb CJIOBOM «TeJlHUa», «JlOWanb>> - «KOHb», «rna3a» - «O'fH»,
«UJ.eKH» - <<Jl8HHTbl», <<POT» - <<yCTa».* no3Tlt'leci,;¡u¡ CHH0HHMHK8
fü,ma KaHOHH30Ba Ha CTHXOBOH rpanttutteH. Bae11etttte pa3roaopttoro
CHHOHHMa ílO'fHTa.Jl0Cb 3a <<rtpo3att3M». TaKHM )Ke npo3aH3MOM 3BY'H1T
a CTHXe ynoTpe6JleHHe Hay'fHOro HJIH TeXHH'fecKoro TCpMHHa.
Y'feHHe o no116ope CJIOB pa3Jltt'fHOH JieKCH'feCKOH OKpaCKH 6bIJJO
Pa3BHTO ew.e JloMOHOCOBblM, 11eJIHBWHM CTHJlb Ha BblCOKHH, cpe11HHH
H HH3KHH B JaBHCHMOCTH 0T ynorpe6JieHHSI CJIOB B mrreparype H B
6bITY. KoHe'fHO, pa3HOo6pa3tte JieKCH'feCKHX CTHJieH 3THMH TpeMSI
KJiaccaMtt He orpaHH'fttaaeTcSJ.
flepe'fHCJleHHbte 3lleCb KaTeropHH oroopa CJIOB no HX JieKCH'fec-
KOH oKpacKe llaJICKO He ttc'fepnhtBalOT acex CJIY'Iaea no11o6ttoro oT6o-
pa. Ho npHHUHn nptteMa SICCH: OH COCTOHT B OT6ope CJIOB, acC0UHH-
pyeMbIX e onpe11eJICHHOH JleKCH'feCKOH cpe11ou.
8 npttMeHeHHH 3T0ro nptteMa CJICllYCT pa3Jltt'faTb llBa CJlY'laSI. B
nepaOM XYllO)KCCTBCHHaSI pe'fb HaCTOJlbK0 H8Cb1WaCTCSI CJl088MH Oll-
HOH JICKCH'fCCK0H OKpacKH, 'fT0 3Ta OKpacKa pacnpocrpaHRCTCSI Ha
BCJO pe'fh a UCJlOM. JleKCH'fCCKHH CTHJlb pe'fH rtptto6peTaeT xapaKTCP
BblllCp)l(8HHocnt H ellHHCTBa.
TaKrut pe'fh - C 0 .!l.H006pa3HOH JieKCHKOH - tta3blBaCTCH cmUJ1U30-
60HHOÜ, CCJIH H36paHHbIH JICKCH'fCCKHH CTHJlb HC06bl'fCH B TOM JIHTe-
PªTYPHOM )KllHpe, B K0TOpOM npHMCHCHa p e'fb. TaK, paccKa3 JlecKOBa
HJIH nHCbMO fop6yHoaa H8JlSIIOTCSI CTHJIH3aUHHMH. CTHJIH38UHSI Tpe-
6yCT He TOJlbKO JICKCH'fecKoro OTÓOpa, HO tt CHHTaKCHCa, CBOHCTBCH-
Horo H36paHHOMY JICKCH'fCCKOMY CTHJIIO. B OCHOBC CTHJlH3aUIIH JIC)KHT
íl0llpa)KaHHC 'f}')l(OMY Sl3blJ<Y1 º.
ECJIH CTHJlH33UHSI conpoBO)l(JlaCTCSI K0MH'fCCKHM 0CMblCJlCHHeM
JICKCl·f'fCCKOf0 CTHJUI, Mbl HMCCM napoiJu,o cmUJIJl. ílapOllH'fHOCTb 11 .!l.0-
CTHraeTCSI HCCOOTBCTCTBHCM CTHJISI H TeMaTH'fecKoro MaTepttana PC'IH
(HanpHMCp, Sl3bIK0M XVII B. Onl1CblBaTb coapeMCHHbIC HaM COOblTIIH)
HJIH llPYrHMH KaKHMH - Htt6yllh CpellCTBaMII KOMH'fCCKOro KOHTpacTa .
8 pacc Ka3e JiecKOBa HMelOTCSI 3JICMCHTbl napOllHH, 'fTO rapMOHHpyeT C
caTHpH'fCCKHM CIO)KeTOM.
8 H8CTOSIUJ.Ce BpeMJl BCChMa pacnpocrpaHeHa CTHJlH3aUHSI no11 pa3-
roaopHblH Sl3b1K pa3JIH'fHblX COUHaJibHblX CJIOeB. O6pa3UOM TaK0H CTH-
JlH3aUHH Sl8JlSIIOTCSI pacCKa3bl 3ow.eHKH.

• A.n. Cy¡.1apoKOB OHC,IJI : •B c.,1aoe11CKHX 11aw11x Ktrnrax KOllb ,10WJ.ilbl0 IIHrae lle
11a3b1saeTc11. H c.,1oso . ,,owaab• xorn 1-1 11e11cxoanMo 11awcMy ll3bfKY np11csoe110. oa11a-
"º sceraa npe6yaeT CJIOBOM IIH3KHM. K.11-: •Kaipr.111• H BCe lfOBble . lfCKCr.lTII BBeae,rnwe
B 11aw Sl3bll( , .!lHKHC CJlOBa• . PaCCY)l(.I.IClflle :no xapaKTepHO aJlll CTll,111CTIIKII XVII I B.

4-964 49
 BoT npHMep raKoA CTHJlHJaUHH 113 paccKa.Ja H. 6a6e.1U1 H3 KHHrn
«KoHapMHSl• - «TTHCbMO~, f.lle CTHJlH3yeTCSl nHCbMeHHaSl JieKCHKa
pruioeoro KpacHoapMeitua:

•Jho6e3HaJ1 M3M3, EBJlOKltJI <l>e.aopoBH3 Kop.llJOKOBa. Cnewy BaM nHC3Tb,

'ITO SI H3XO)l(}'Cb 8 Kp3CHOA KOHHOA apMHH TOBapmua 6y.aeHOB3, a Taia:e TYT
H3XO.l1HTC.!1 BaW Ky>,t HHKOH BacHJibCBH'I, KOTOpblA ecTb B H3CTOSIUlee BPCMR
KpaCHblÜ repoA. ÜHH BJMH MeHJI K ce6e, B 3KCnC.!l)fUHIO IlonHTOT.aeJia, r.ae
Mbl pa3B03HM Ha OOJHUHH JlHTeparypy H raJeTbl - MOCKOBCKHe HJBCCTHJI
UHK'a, MocKoBcKaJI IlpaBJia H po.llffYIO 6ecnomarufY1() raJCTY KpaCHblA Ka-
BaJlepHcT, KOTOPYJO BCSIKHit 6oeu Ha nepe.aoeoA fiOJHUHH )KCJl3eT npO'IKraTb H
onOCJl.11 3Toro OH C repoACKHM .IIYXOM py6aeT nO.D,llYJO 1J.IJUlXTY, H SI )KHBY npH
HHKOHC BaCHJibCBH'le O'leHb BeJUtKonenHO•.

Cp. COOTBeTCTBYtom11e npHeMbl (IlOJlb30BaHHe npoBHHUHaJIH3Ma-

MH) y BceBOJIO.lla HaaHoea.
lJacTO JieKCH'leCKHH oroop no CBOeH Il0'.3TH'leCKOH «l>YHKUHH po,ll-
CTBeHeH UHTaTe 12.•

• UH Ta Ta. 11Hor.aa 'IYJl(Jle cnoaa BHe.aplllOTCll B pt'IJ, HMeHH0 KaK 'IYJIOIC , e TCM
'1To6bl B BOCnpHIITHH pe'OI 0Ul}'UWlaCb npHH31UlellOIOCTb 3TIO( CJI0B He C3M0MY roBO·
PJIUICMy. TaKMe CJl0Ba Ha3blBalOTCJI 1.01TaT3MH. 06bl'IHO wmmu.tH llB/lJIIOTCll HC OT·
.QCJlbHblC CJl0Ba, a UCJlblC q>J)a3bl, HanpHMCp Ha'laJlbHble CT14JOI nywKKHa H3 •PycnaHa
H JIIO.QMltJlbl•:

,llena .aaBH0 ..HHYBWHX .llHC!I,

f i ~ b l l CTaplOlbl rny6oKoll -

ecn, umara-nepeso.a H3 ÜCCHatfa. TalOKe 6n.o K BHC.apJUl B CBOH CTKX0TBOptHIUI cn.JOI

nOJ10HCKOro, Malbcoaa H .ap.
K UHTaT3M npH6eraeM Mbl 0OCT0JIHH0 B pa3r0BOPH0A pt'fH, oco6eHHO 0XOTH0
UHTIIPYCM 6aCHH (HanpHMCp, •A BacbKa cnywae-r ,aa ecn ), llJ)aMaTlf'ICCICHC llpoH3Be.ae-
HHJI H T JI. Cp. npHCM UIITilp0BaH.11JI s •EBreHllH OHeflOICIO IlywKHHa:

•Poor Yorick! M0JIBIUI oH YffblJI0,

OH Ha pynx MeHJI .aepJKaJ1•.

(rn. 11, crp. XXXVII; wmrra Hl •faM.lltra.. WeKcnHpa.)

11 MHHTCll, C YJl(aC0M 'IIITaJl

Ha.a KX 6poBJIMH H34nHCb a,aa:
Ocma11b Haoexoy Ha11cuiJa.
( f11. 111, crp. XXII; UKTalll Hl .llllHTe •l.asclate ogni spcranr.a.•)

11 B0T 06utCCTBeHHOC MHCHbC!

npy,1(J!Ha 'ICCTH, Haw J<YMHp!
11 BOT Ha 'ICM BepTIITCJI MHp!

(fil. VI, crp. XI, nepewll CTHX - wrrara Hl • ÍOpJI 0T ywa• Í Pl!ooe!lOBa.)
50
 HHOH xapaKTep m,,elOT CJI}"-laH, rJle 'lY)KepoJlHéUI. JieKCHKa C.II)"-laH-
Ha, CJlOBa C SlBHO Bblpa)f(eHHOH neKCH'leCKOH OKpaCKOH BHeJlpi:IIOTCSl 8
pe'lb, 3TOH OKpaCKH He HMe10my10: CJIOBO KOttTpaCTHpyeT C 11eKCH'leC-
KHM ct>oHOM . TaKOBbl CJl}"-laH eapeapH3MOB (la HCKJIIO'leHHeM MaKapo-
H}fl{ecKoro CTHJUI, jlBJUIIOUlerOCSl napoJlH'teCKOH CTHJIH3aUHeH), H30-
JIHp0BaHHblX npoJaH3MOB 8 CTKXax H T.n.
IlpH CTHJIH3aUHH OTJlenbHble CJIOea JlHWb nOMep:lK.liBalOT o6mee
enetfaTJieHHe; npH KOttTpaCTHOM BHeJll)eHHH 'lY)Kepo,!lHOH neKCHKH 3TH
CJIOBa npHBJieKalOT Ha ce6Sl BHHMéUme H npHo6peTaJOT 00.llbWOH CMbl-
CJIOBOH eec.

2. H3MEHEHHE 3HA'-IEHIDI CJIOBA

(Il03TWI.ECKAJI CEMAHTHKA. TPOilbl)
Cnoso non}"-laeT TO'lHblH CMblCJI eo 4>pa3C. B 3Ha'lHTeJibHOA qacTH
4>pa3 C.llOBa TaK KpenKO CfléUI.Hbl H TaK B3aHMHO onpeJleJUIJOTCSl, 'fTO
eCTb 803MO.llCHOCTb Bblttyrb H3 4>pa.Jbl OTJleJibHble cnosa 6e3 roro, 'IT0-
6bl 4>pa.3a noTepMa CMblCJl. B TaKOM CJl)"{ae MO.llCHO BMeCTO BblttyrOro
CJIOBa BCTaBHTb mo6oe, H 3HatfeHHe 3TOro HOBOro CJlOBa onpeJlenHTCSl
H3 KOHTCKCTa . TOT cl>aJ<T, 'lTO 3HatfeHHe onpeJlenSleTCSl tfaCTO HMeHHO
KOHTCKCTOM, a He CélMHM C.llOBOM, Jl0Ka3blBaeTCSl HaJIH'lHeM 8 pa.Jro-
BOpHOM Sl3b1Ke C.1108 6e3 3HatfeHWI HJIH, eepttee, - co eceo6mHM 3Ha-
'ieHHeM. Ta,coeo, ttanpHMep, CJIOBO «urryKa•, JaMeHSl101.Uee nJ06oe cy-
mecTBHTeJibHOe, HJJH <raKoA•, JaMem110mee nJ06oe npHJJaraTCJJbHOe.
8o 4>patttzy3CKOM Sl3b1Ke C.llOBY «IU'I)'Ka> COOTBeTCTByeT C.110BO «un chose•

11 BOT: •CBOOOJlHall CTKXHR•, -

CKala/1 6bl ttaw no:n poJ1HoA, -
illYMHWb Tbl, KaK BO JlHH 6wnble,
•11 KaTIIWb B0/IHbl fO/l>'ÓblC
11 6-,ewewb rop.aoto 1<p acolt! .. •
(T IO T 'I e a, UllTaT3 Hl n ywKIIHB.)

Cp. OOK/lbHblC H o6w.HpH.ble UIIT3Tbl B poMaHax nk/lbtt$1Ka.

8 np11MeHeHKJt UHTaT ene.ayer p331111'4an. D.B3 CJl}"lall: npllMCHCHIIC '4}')t(HX CJIOB B

T0'4HOM 3H3'4CHIIII, B KaKOM IIX npllMCHK/1 aBtop. TaKoe UIITilpoBaHHe rnnll'4HO llJIJI
Ha}"IHblX pa6ot. ,llpyroe npHMette1111e - o qettb '43C'rOC B no33HII - WITHpoBaHHe napo-
.QH'4eCKOC, Ko r.aa '4}')1(11e CJlOBa np1tMeHJ110TC$1 B HOBOM II HeOJKKll.3HHOM 3H3'4CHIIII.
Xy,ao)l(CCTIICWiblA 3q)(j>eJCT UHTiiTbl B TOM, 'ITO oHa Bbl3.b1113CT npe.acraB/leHHR o UIITMPY-
eMOM npoll3Be,D.eHHII 11 6/laro.aapR 3TOMY npollCXQllllT conoet38/lett11e .!lByx CJIOBCCHblX
pMoB - UIITHpyeMoro II UIITllpytowero . To ll(e cru.toe npOIICXO.aHT npll J1eKC11qeCKOM
oníope, r.ae <l>ott peqll aBTO¡>a KOlfTPaCTl!pyeT C $13b1KOM, TaK Ct<a33Tb, •WtrnpyeMblM•,
$13blKOM, 113 KOtopo.ro 4CJIIIIOTC$1 3aJlMCTIIOB3Jtll$1.

51
••
(My')KCKOrO po,na B OTnl-14.He OT OCMblCJieHHOro •une chose» - «BeLU.b»;
•chose» ynoTPe6m1eTCS1 H KaK npHJiararenhttoe), oT KOTOporo n poH3-
eo,nuTcsi TaKoA )l(,,e YHHeepcaJibHhlA rnaron •choser>, eeCbMa ynoTPe-
6HTeJihHblH e pa3roeope. Cnosa 3TH ynoTpe6mnoTcsi, Kor.aa rosopsi~
LU.HR 3aTPY.D.HSleTCSI B Bb16ope nO.!lXOlUlLU.ero CJIOBa, CMblC!l )Ke onpe.!le-
JlS!eTCSI KOHTeKCTOM . CMblCJIOBas! cpyHICUHSI 3THX CJIOB HaTIOMHH;leT
<PYHKUHIO MeCTOHMeHHH e TOH pa3HHUeA, 4TO MeCTOHMeHHe ynoTPC6-
AAeTC.H BMeCTO CJIOBa Y)Ke CKa3aHHoro H 3Ha4eHHe ero o n pe.neAAeTCSI
3THM CKa3aHHblM CJIOBOM, a 3TH HeATPaJibHble CJIOBa· nOJlY'{aJOT CBOC
3H a4eH11e TOJlbKO H3 KOHTeKCTa . Ee3 3THX CJIOB cppa3a Pa3PYlllaJiaCb
6hl, TaK KaK .llJUI CHHTaKCH4eCKOA 3aKOH4eHHOCTH H cnasiHHOCTH He-
xeaTanO 6bJ COCTaBHblX 4acTeA cppa3bl. 31,,t HeitrpaJibHble CJIOBa 3a-
nOJIH $1lOT n ycTOe MeCTO H TeM npHJJ.alOT cppa3e 3a.KpyrneHHblH H 3a-
KOH4eHHblH BHJJ.. KoHTeKcT npHJJ.aeT HM 3Ha4eHHe. TaKHM JKe o6pa30M
MO)KHO eoo6me 3aCTaBHTb BC.HKOe CJIOBO o603Ha'laTb TO, 4ero OHO B
CBOeM noTeHUHaJibHOM 3Ha'leHHH He 3aKJIIO'!aeT, HHa4e roeopjj - H3-
MCHSITb OCHOBHOC 3Ha4eHHe CJIOBa. npHeMbl H 3MeHeHltSl OCHOBHOl"O
mpona.Mu. Kor.aa Mbl HMeeM .ne.no C Tpo-
3Ha4eHJ,{jj CJIOBa HMeHylOTCSI
np.RMoe 3Ha'leHHe CJIOBa (ero
noM, TO Mbl .D.OJI)l(Hbl pa31IH4aTb B HeM
06bi4Hoe ynoTpe6.HTeJibHOe 3Ha'leHHe) H nepeliOCHOe, onpe.neJijjeMoe
06LU.HM CMblCJIOM acero .naHHOro KOHTeKCTa. TaK, rna3a Mbl MO)KeM
Ha3BaTb 3Be3,D.aMH. 8 TaKOM CJIY'{ae B HaweM KOHTCKCTe nepeHOCHl>W
3H a'leHHeM CJIOBa •3Be3,D.bl» 6y.neT nOH$1THe «rmna».
8 Tpon ax pa3pYll.laeTCSI OCHOBHOC 3Ha4eH.He CJIOBa; OOhlKHOBCHHO
3a C4eT 3TOro pa3pYllleHJ,{jj np.11Moro 3Ha4eHJ,{jj e eocnpHJITHe eetyna-
lOT ero BTOpH4HblC npH3HaKH. TaK, Ha3b1Bas! rnaJa 3Be3,D.aMH, Mbl B
CJIOee «3Be3,D.bl» ow.ymaeM npH3HaK 6nec1<a, sipKOCTH (npH3HaK, KOTO-
pbJH MOlKeT H H e TIOUBHTbCSI npH y nOTPe6JieHHH CJIOBa B npSIMOM 3Ha-
4eHHH, Han pHMep ~CKJible 3Be3,D.bl•, «yracwHe 3BC3.!lbl» HJIH B aCTpo-
HOMH4eCKOM KOHTeJ<CTe «3Be3.!lbl H3 CO3Be3,D.HSI JlHpbl»). KpoMe Toro,
8O3H HKaCT 3 MOUHOHaJibHas! OKpacKa CJIOea: TaK KaK TIOH$1THe «3Be3Jlbl•
OTHOCHTC}I K Kpyry yCJlOBHO •BbJCOKHX» nOH$1THH, TO Mbl BJiaraet.t B
Ha3BaHHe rna3 3Be3,D.aMH HeKOTopytO 3MOUHIO BOCTOpra H JIIOOOBaHH$1.
Tponbl HMelOT CBORCíBO npo6y')K.!laTb 3MOUHOHaJlbHoe OTHOWeHHe K teMe,
BH YlllaTb Te HJIH HHble 4YBCTBa, HMetOT 4YBCTBeHHO-OUeHO4HhlH CMblCJI.
8 TPQnax Pa.3JIH4aJOT ,D.Ba OCHOBHbIX CIJY'WI: MeTacpopy H MeTOHHMHI0 13.

META«I>OPA
8 3TOM CJIY'{ae npe.aMeT HJIH SIBJieHHe, O3H a4aeMoe npsiMhlM, oc-
HOBHblM 3Ha4eHHeM, He HMeeT HHKaKoro OTHOWeHHSI K nepeHOCHOMy ,
HO BTOPH4Hble npH3 HaKH B HeKOTOpOH HX 4acrn MOryT 6b1Tb nepeHe-
CeHbl Ha Bblp,ülcaeMoe TPOnOM. 11.Ha'{e roeopsi, npeD.MeT, O3H a4aeMblH

52
npHMblM 3Ha'leHHeM cnoea, m1eeT KaKoe-H116y}lb K0CBeHH0e CXOOC/1UJO
C npe.11MeT0M nepeH0CH0ro 3Ha'!eHHH . TaK KaK MbJ HeB0JlbH0 33.!laeM
ce6e sonpoc, no'leMy HMeHH0 3THM cnosoM o6o3Ha'!Hmt .11a1rnoe n o-
HHTHe, TO Mbl 6bICTpO .!l0HCKHBaeMCH .110 3THX BT0PH'!HbJX npH3HaK0B,
HrpalOIUHX CBH3YIOIUYIO ponb Me)KUy npHMblM H nepeH0CHblM 3HalJe-
HHeM. 1foM 60JlbWe 3THX npH3HaK0B H lJeM ecTeCTBeHHee 0liH B03HH-
KalOT B npe.11craeneHHH, TeM Hp'le H .11eHCTBeHHee Tp0ll, TeM CHJlbHee
ero 3M0UH0HaJlbHaR HaCbllUeHH0CTb, TeM CHJlbHee OH «n0pa)l(aeT B0-
o6pa)l(eH He•.
3ToT cnyqai1 rpona HMeHyercu Mematj:Jopoü. CTpHMephl Meracpop:

n'ieJia H3 ,ce,1bU BOCKOBOH

JleTHT 3a iJaHb/0 OOJICBOH.

«KeJlbR• o603Ha•rneT yneH, <<.!laHb• - UBeT0lJHblH COK. llCHXOJIO-

nuJ c6mtxeHHH 3THX n0HHTHH HCHa H He rpe6yeT n0HCHeHWl. Ba)l(eH
0TpHuarenbHblH M0MeHT: 0TCyrCTBHe KaKHX 6bl TO HH 6blJ10 npHMblX
CB.H3eH Me:lK.!ly ll0HHTHeM KeJlbH H noHHTHeM YJlbH C 0.!lH0H CT0P0Hbl,
.!lfillH H ueeT0l!H0f0 C0Ka - e .11pyro'1 CT0P0Hbl. Ho B npe.11craBJ1eHHH
KeJlbH B03HHKalOT BT0PH'lHble npH3HaKH (TeCHOTa, 3aTB0pHH'leCKaR
)1(}13Hb), aHaJI0rH'!Hble npH3HaKaM, conyrCTBYIOIUHM n pe.11craBJ1eHHIO
06 ym,e; TalOKe «.!laHb» Bb13b1BaeT n p H3HaKH co6HpaHAA H T.n., npH -
CYfCTBYIO.LUHe B npouecce C06HpaHM n'leJI0H C0Ka e uaeT0B.
MeTacpopa M0)KeT 6h1Tb Bbl.pa)l(eHa e rnarone:

I'opum BOCTOK Jape,o HOBOÍI .. .

BollHa naCAacb 11a acex nyrax .. .
B,cywamb coH ... u r.n.

·Oco6eHHO l!aCTbI Meracpopbr npHJ1araTeJlbHble: «::>tCeM'ly::>teuble ma-

la», «ceiJoü neHb•, «30/IOmoü JTY'l», «C(JUHL{O(JQfl MbICJlb>>,
lJ,rul Me-racpop xapaKTepHbI cne.11y10.LUHe •-iaCTHbie cn)"la11 c6nH)Ke -
HAA npHM0ro H nepeHOCH0 f0 3HalJeHM:
]) CTpe.llMeTbI H JlBJleHH.!I MepTB0H npHp0.!lbl Ha3b1BalOTC.H CJI0BaMH,
Bblpa)l(alO.LUHMH )l(}!Bble .HBJleH}fH, HanpHMep:

CoA.D.yr rJIYJOIC eeqepa ...

lMeü pacKJ1y6HTc11 11a.a. AOMa1>rn...
(A. 6 no K.)

3eMJUl ,cpu'la,10 npH o6aane ...

(H. T H X o H o B.)

L1J1iJumCJ1 TyCKJJblií a.:ub e oKHo...

53
 Cp. onHcattHe 3HMbl:

O, cmapocmb MOfY'iaR Kpyrnoro roJI.a,

Tefü¡ $1 npHBCTCTBYJO BHOBb...
(11. K o He a e K o ll .)

Cp. o6p3TtfYIO MeTaq>opy:

•3JlaTblC llHH MOCK 6eCJtbl> .

(M II no H o a.)

TaKoe C6JlH)KeHHe .!lBJleHHA npHpO.llbl e )KHBblMH noc-rynKaMH 'le-

JlOBeKa H33b!BaeTC.!l am-ponoMOpq>H3MOM.
2) OrBJle'leHHOC 3aMeHSleTC.!l KOHKpeTI{blM; .!lBJleHH.!l nopflJ:U<ll HpaB-
CTBeHHOro H ncHXff\{eCKOro - .!lBJleHHeM nopflJlKll q>H3H'leCKoro:

11BCKOB cmpye6bUJ BOOonaiJ,

Be'IHO rpycntoA cna11ru1 eonHoA,
He 3aMOCT K 6blJlOMY BOJBpaT.
Haecer11a 33CKBOJHB crapHHOA .
(A. 6 e 11 b1 A.)

Ecrb 'ICJ1oee1c: CMY cBeJICO -

OH nepecmpoeH CHU3Y BBepxl
(H. T H X o H o B.)

3<t><peKT, npoH380)1HMblH MeTaq>opoít, 'lacro o6o3Ha'lalOT CJlOBOM

«o6pa.3HOCTb•: MeTa<t>opH'leCKOe BblpWKeHHe o6paJHO. O,nHaKO CaMoe
CJlOBO «o6p~ 8 )laHHOM npHMeHeHHH j¡BJUICTC.!l MeTaq>opoít. B c.aMOM
.nene, MeTaq>opa MO)l{eT He Bbl3blBaTb HHKaKOro 'fYBCTBCHHOfO npeJl-
CTaBJieHIDI. Cnosa «KCJl.b.!l• H «,11.am,• HHKaKOfO o6pa3a B TO'IHOM CMblCJle
3TOfO cnosa He Bbl3b!BalOT. EcnH HeKOTOpble MCTa<l>oPbl, oco6eHH.9
npHJ1araTeJ1bHble ()KeM'IY)KHble rmua, ce.o.oA neHb, 3011oroit JJY'f) - H
MOryr 8bl3BaTb o6pa.3Hoe npeACTa.BJieHHe (H6o JIY'f HHOr.q.¡t. JU,lfJUIJlHT
KaK 30JlOTIUl HHTb H T. n .) , TO 3TO BOBce He OOJ13aTe./lbHO, H, ttanpH -
Mep, «CBHHUOBble MblCJlH• HHKaKOfO o6pa3a Bbl3BaTb HC MOryr. HCHO,
4TO .ll)UI 803M0.)l(HOCTH «o6pa.3Horo• npe.11CTaBJ1eHJU1 HCOOXO.llKMO, 4T0 -
6bl cnosa Bhl3blBaJIH caMH no ce6e 'IYBCTBeHHble npeJ1CTaBJ1ettJU1, 'ITO
scrpe'laCTC.!l s MeTaq>ope .llaJleKo He ecer)la.
3areM cne.11ye-r OTMeTHTb, 'ITO MeTaq>opH<leCKoe CJ1080 ecer)la CTO -
HT B KOHTCKCTC , 3Ha'leHHe KOToporo nperurrcreyc-r B03HHXHOBeHHIO
OT'leTJlHBOro npe.11CTaBJ1CHH.!l 8 PflllY nepBH'IHOro 3Ha'leHH.!l cnosa .
BMeCTO nO.ll06Horo npe)lCTaBJleHHfl 803HHK3CT O~CHHC HCKOTOpoH

54
803MOJICJtOcmu 3JtG'te>tUJl; npH 3TOM HO.llO6HaJl BO3MO:lKHOCTb nepe.lKHBa-
eTCJI 3MOUHOHaJlbHO, TaK KaK He MO.lKeT 6b1Tb )lO KOHUa OCMbICneHa.
•06pa3> Mor 6bl BO3Hl1KHYfb TOnbKO np11 113OJUIUHH cnosa 113 KOH -
TeKCTa, np11 Hapo'IHTOM O6pameH1111 BHl1MaHHJI Ha )laHHOC cnoeo "
npH HrHOpHpoBaHHH )laHHOro KOHTeKCTa. Ho np11 TaKOM O6.izyMbIBa-
HHH cnosa Moryr BOJHHKHYfb mo6b1e nc11xonorw-1ecK11e accouuauuu,
cosepweHHO cy6beKTHBHbie 11 npOl13BO/TbHble, He onpaB)lbIBaeMble H
He llO.llCKa3blBaeMble KOHTCKCTOM. Me)KJ.ty TeM MeTaq>opa HMeCT enon -
He OO'bCKTHBHOe, o6w.eo6J13aTenbHOe 3Ha'ieHHe. '.:h-11 cy61>eKTHBHble
accou11au1111, BO3HHKaiow.11e npH cocpe)lOTO'ieHHH BHHMaHHJI Ha no-
TeHUHaJlbHOM 3Ha'ieHHH MeTa(popH'ieCKoro cnoea, npHBO)lJIT K TOMy,
'fTO Ha3blBaeTCJI «pean113au11efl MCTa(popbI», T.e. K nom.lTKe OCMblC-
nHTb H npHMKpHTb cnosa B 11X nepBH'iHOM H nepeHOCHOM 3Ha'ieHHH.
Tax.rui: peaJ1H3al.OUI MCTa(popbl npHBO)lHT OObl'IHO K OCO3HaHHIO a6-
cyp.11Hoif OJ)OTHBOpe'IHBOCTH CJIOBa 11 npoH3B0.llHT KOMH'ieCKHÜ 3<1>-
q>eKT. KoMH3M peaJtl13aUHH MeTaq>opbI 11cnonb3OBaH B O)lHOH KHHeMa-
TOrpaq>11'1eCKOH KapTHHe, B KOTOpoA ecne)l 3a CJIOBaMH repoSl, OOHCbl -
BalOW.ero MCTa(popH'ieCKH KpaCOl)' repoHHH (rnaJa - 3Bel,!lbl, 3y6bl -
)l(eM'Jyr, WCSI ne6e.llJI), .11eMOHCTpHpyeTCSl Ha 3KpaHe pea.TlH30BaHHbIÜ
OOPTpCT repOHHl1, e J])JHHHOH ne6eJ1HHOfl weeA, 6neCTKaMH BMeCTO
fna3 H )l(eMlf)')KHOH 6poWKOH BMeCTO pTa.
ECJIH roeopHTb O ncuxonorn'ieCKOM 3Ha'ieHl111 MeTaq>opbI, TO cne -
.LzyeT OTMCTHTb, 'ITO MCTa(popH'ieCKoe yno-rpe6neHHe cnoea, pa3pyuJaJl
ero nom'ieCKoe co.11ep)K.aHHe, npo6Y)l(Aaer 3MOUHOHaJlbHble accou11a-
u1111, onpe)leneHHblM o6pa30M HanpaBJtCHHble (Ka.K 6bl CMYfHbl 11 He-
OT'ieTJIHBbl e HeKOTOpblX CJI)"faJIX OHl1 HH 6blJm). He nepe.lKHBaJl CJIÓBa
MhlCJiblO, Mhl Jaro nepe:iKHBaeM ero lfYBCTBOM. XapaKTepHo B 3TOM omo-
wett1111 TO, 'ITO 3MOUHOHaJ1bHble cnosa npaKTH'ieCKOI'O J13blKa HMelOT
OObl'IHO MCTaq>opH'ICCKoe npo11CXO)KJleHHe, HanpHMep, «MO/TO.lleu•, «ro-
ny6'111K•, «CKOTHHa», •flOJ])JeU• (nepBOHa'iaJlbHO - 'ienoeeK HH3wero
COCJIOBWI) H T.fl.
8blpa3HTeJlbHOCTb MeTa(popbI Bbl3blBaCTCff He TOllbKO xapaxrepoM TO-
ro 3a'iaTO'IHOro «o6pa:Ja>, KOTOpblit 3aKJUO'iaeTCSl B Meraq>ope, HO B 3Ha-
'IKre1IbHOft CTeneHH neKCH'iCCKOft OK.paCKOA Meraq>opH'ieCKOro CJIOBa,
T.e. ouzyw.eHHeM roif neKCH'ieCKOA Cpe)lbl, OTKY.llª CJIOBO 3aHMCTBOBaHO.
-MeTaq>opa OTHIO)lb HC JIB.IUleTCJI cneuHq>H'leCKOA OC06eHHOCTblO
TOnbKO OO3TH'ieCKOro Sl3blKa 11 ynoTpe6JUleTCJI TaKlKe B Jl3blKe npaKTH-
'ieCKOM, pa3roBOPHOM. ITp11 noBTOpeHl111 3a cnoBOM 3aKpellJUleTCJI ero
BTOpH'IHoe (nepeHOCHoe) 3Ha'ieHHe, H TaKHM o6pa3OM CJIOBO noJJ)"la-
eT HOBOC OCHOBHoe 3Ha'1eH11e. TaKHX cnoB co 3Ha'ieHHeM MeTaq>op11-
'1eCKOro npoHCXO.lK.lleHHJI (H HHOr)la C yTpaTOA nepBOHa'iaJlbHOro JHa-
'ieHHSl) B Jl3b1Ke O'ieHb MHoro, Hanp11Mep, ~pOHyrb .llYllJY>(OTCIO)la
C'fJ)OraTenbHblH>), «.lKHBOC cnoBO> H T.n.

55
 Oco6bLH KJlacc TaKJ1x Me-racpopli'-ieCKHX CJI0B, B0U1e.a.w11x B .H3b1K, -
3T0 CJI0Ba, BT0pHYH0e 3HaYeH11e K0T0pblX Bbl3BaH0 Heo6X0,!111M0CTblO
HaJBaTb H0B0e 6blTOBOe .HBJ1eH11e. O6b1YHO B TaKHX CJlyYrutX 3HaYeH11e
crapblx c11os pacnpocmpaH.J1emCJ1 Ha H 0Bble rt0HJtTH.H. T aK, Kor.na n o-
.Hu1111acb 6yMara, TO CJJ0B0 «mscn. o6o3HaYaswee T0JlbK0 .npeseCHble,
paCTHTeJlbHble 1111CTb.H , pacnpocTpaHeH0 6blJIO TalOKe 11 Ha 6yMa)KHble
Jl11CTbl. C 11306peTeH11eM 0rHeCTpeJlbH0f0 0pYJl(H.H CJI0B0 «CTpeJl.HTb•
CTaJI0 o603HaYaTb He 0,llH0 T0JlbK0 MeTaHl1e CTpeJI H 3 JIYK0B. Kor.na
00.HBl1JlaCb Me6e11b, TO YaCTl1 ee CTanl1 HaJblBaTbC.H TaKJ1M11 CJl0BaMl1, KaK
« H0)!Q(a» (CTOJla, C1)'Jla), «C OMHKa• (cp. p y YKa , H0Cl1K yaj;jH11Ka 11 T .n.).
3ro .HBJ1eH11e pacnpocTpaHeHHJI JH aYCHAA HaJh1BaeTC.H Kamaxpe-
3oü* 11 no np11po.ne 6moKe K MeToH11M1111 .
.sl3blKOBble MeTacpopbl (T.e. CJI0Ba C MeTacpop11YeCKHM npo11CX0)K-
.neH11eM 3HaYeHH.H) He .HBJUllOTC.H MeTacpopa.MH B CT111111CTl1lfeCK0M JHa-
yeHl111, TaK KaK B Hl1X BT0Pl1YH0e 3HaYeHl1e OC03HaeTC.H KaK 0OCT0.SIH-
Hoe 3HaYeH11e. CT11J111CTl1lfeCKa.H MeTacpopa JlQJl)l(Ha 6b1Tb H0Ba 11 He-
Q)KHJlaHHa.
Ho MeTacpopbl lfaCTo noBT0p.HlOTC.H. 8 00331111 11MelOTC.H Tpa.Ll11U11-
0HHble Mencpopbl, Hanp11Mep MeTacpopbI, Ja}"rnsaeMble e .neTcrsa B
npo113BeL1eHl1llX KJlaCCl1K0B 11 socnpo113B0.llHMble Y)Ke C .HCHblM C0JHa-
Hl1eM paHHero ynoTpe611eH11.H HX a C00TBeTCTBYlOWeM nepeHOCH0M
3HaYeHHH. TaKOBbl np1-1ee.11eHHbJe Y)Ke Mei-acpopbl: rnaJa - JBe3,!1.bl,
Jy6bl - )KeMYyra. 31'11 TPa.LlHU110HHbJe MeTacpopbi Hax0Ll.HTC.H Ha non-
.nopore K T0My, YTOObl CTaTb Sl3blK0BblMH MeTacpopaM11, 11 npH 6onee
'i3CTOM ynoTpt:ñ11eH1111 .neikrB11TeJ1bH0 np1-106peTalOT BTopoe JHaYeH11e.
T ax, <•ílJlaM.11• H3 Yl1H aeT 3HalfHTb «11106oe¡,.. H o 3T0 BTopoe JHalfeH11e
no.11o6Hble TPa!lHUH0HHble MeTacpopbl HMelOT JIHWb B neKCHKe n0331111.
EcnH yn0Tpe611Tb 11x a paJrosope, TO cpa3y C03.llaeTC.H eneYaTJ1eH11e
BbllfYPH0H, «n03THlfeCKo•h pe"IH (YaCTO C HpOHH'iCCKHM OTTeHK0M -
n apo.1111'-leCKH).
TT0.no6Hb1e «cmepwuecR» MeTacpopbl Moryr 6hITb noiJHOB/leHbl. TTp11
no.nHoBJ1e H11H MeTacpop1,1 np1-16era10T K cne.LIYlOWHM npueMaM: c-rep-
weeca CJI0B0 JaMeHSllOT 0.llH03HaYHblM CHH0HHM0M. TaK , eCJIH BMeCT0
CJI0Ba cílJlaM.11• (e 3 HaYCHHH «Jll060Bb») CKaJaTb «KOCTep•, TO JaTaC-
KaHHa.H MeTacpopa HCCK0JlbK0 no.11H0BJI.HCTCSI (cp. fl0JI.H0BJleHHe no-
CJl0BHUbl Y ,llocToesCKOro: «3T0 T0JlbK0 UBeT0lfKH , a Hacmo.R~Ue <PPYK-

• KaTaxpe3a 3Ha'IHT •pacnpoc-rpaHCHHC•, a TaJOKC • 3Jloynorpe6J1CHHC». HHo r,na

:>TOT TCpMIIH ynotpe6JIJICTCSI B CMblC/1(: ílpc)'BCII H'ICHHOll, yp0llJIHBoll cj>opMbl rpona,
11:inp .• 11om'leCKlt npornsopc•maon HJIH rpoMoJnKoií MCTacj>opb1, Hanp.: . npaaoe Kpbl-
.10 q,paKUlt ll p:iJ611110Cb Ha HCCKO/lbKO p y'leílKOB• • .llOCTOCBCKlli\. xapaKTcpiny11 naTC-
Tll'ICCl(Hli CTHJlb ílOllBblílHBWCro 'IC/lOBCKa. n pHOHCblBaCT CMY cnosa: •3-ro suiJu,n OJlff}f
TO..l bKO nepcnt BCCBblWHCíO•.

56
mbl anepe.!lH!» ). ,llpyroe Cpe.!lCTBO 00.!lHOBHTb Meracpopy - 3TO pa3811Tb
ee, T.e . .!lO0OJIHHTb 3 0HTeTOM HJIII .!lPYrHMH CJJOaar,rn, CB113aHHblMH C
HeH no npll.MOMY 3Ha'leHHIO. TaK .!l000JIH11IOT crepweec5t CJIOB0 «rony6-
'll1K» 30HTeTOM t<CH30Kpb1Jlbllh .
npH aHaJJH3e Meracpop acer.!la Heo6X0.11HMO Y'll1Tbll!aTb HX OTllOCH-
TeJJbHYJO HOBH3HY HJIH Tpa,LlHUHOHHOCTb.
Cpe.!lH palJIH4HblX cJiy'laea ynoTpe6neHH11 Meracpophl cne.!lye·r Bhl-
.!leJIHTh MeracpopH4eCKHe onpe.!leneHH11 (a o6LueM CJJy'lae npHnara-
reJibHhle ).

3IllITEThl
npH CTpOrOM OCMblCJieHHH CJIOBa 8 ero KaKOM-HH6y.!lh O.!lHOM 0C-
HOBHOM 3Ha'leHHH Mbl BH.lll1M, 'lTO OHO o603Ha'laer Ka Koe-HH6Y.!lh 11B-
JleHHe H3 uenoA rpynnbl eMy 0.!lHOPO.!lHblX. Ocao6o)l(J].a11 CJIOBO OT acex
acCOUHaul1H, CB1!3aHHblX C ero JieKCH'leCKOH, 113blKOBOH npHpO.!lOH,
T.e. OT JieKCH'leCKOH H 3M0UHOHaJJbHOH OKpaCKH, OT CJJy'laHHblX npu-
3HaKOB, Mbl MO)l(eM OOJlb30BaTbC11 HM KaK CTpOfllM ycJIOBHblM o6o3Ha-
'leHHeM OO'bCKTl18HOro, onpe.!leJieHHOro 1!BJleHH11, H Hawe 0THOUleHue
K CJIOBY 6y.!leT onpe.L1eJJ11TbC1! HaWHM OTHOWeHHeM K 0003Ha'laeMOMY
HM OObeKTHBHOMY jlaJieHHIO. npH TaKOM OCMblCJieHHH CJIOBa OHO CTa-
H0BHTC11 mepMUHOM. TaK, CJIOBO «TpeyrOJibHHK>> 8 CBoeM MaTeMaTH4eC-
KOM 3Ha'leHHH o603Ha'laer H3BeCTHYJO MaTeMaTH'leCKYIO cpHrypy, co-
CTaBJleHHYJO 113 nepece'leHH.R Tpex np1!MblX JIIIHHH (TO )l(e CJIOBO B
.!lpyroM caoeM OCMhlCJleHHH - yxe KaK MY3b1KaJJbHhlH repMHH - o6o-
3HaqaeT HHcTpyMeHT H3 rpynnhl Y.!lªPHblX). CoaoKynHOCTh 11cex 11ane-
HHH, 0003Ha'laeMblX repMHHOM 8 0.!lHOM onpe.!leJJeHHOM ero 3Ha'le-
HHl1, Ha3blBaeTC11 06oe..-110,'1fTepMl1Ha; COBOKynHOCTb npH3HaKOB, o6~ux
8CeM Jl8/leHUJlM, l!XO.l(SII.UHM 8 COCTaa o6bCMa, Ha3blaaeTC11 cooepJtCGHUe,11
TepMHHa (J1Jil1 COOTBeTCTBeHHOfO noHllmUJI, Bblpa)l(aeMoro repMl1HOM).
T aK, o6beM repMHHa (HJil1 flOHffTWl) t<.ll.OM• npe.!lCTaBJUleT COBOKyn-
HOCTb acex 3.!lfillHH , K KOTOPblM np.KMeH¡,tMO CJJOBO «.llOM» . Co.L1ep)l(a-
Hl1eM 0OHJITWI 6y.!lyr npH3HaKl1, OTJIH'laJOLUHe 3TH 3.!laHH11 OT .!lPYrHX
npe,llMeTO~ (B 3TH npH3HaKl1 BXO.!ll1T l1 npl13HaK npOHCXO)l(J].eH1-u1: .llOM
nocrpoeH, nemepa He ecTu .!lOM; H npH3HaK Ha3Ha'leHH.R: .!lOM CJIY)KHT
,ll,IUl BMemeHH.R JIIO.!lelt H T.n.). Ho eCJIH Mbl COCpe.!lOT04HM BH.KMaH11e
He Ha acex .uoMax, a Ha KaKOH-HH6Y.!lh oco6oü rpynne .110Mo11,
Bbl.!leJJSilOI.UHXCff 113 'lHCJJa npo4IIX oco6blM npH3HaKOM HJIH PM0M np11-
3HaKOB, OTCYfCTtlYIOI.UHX Y .!lPYfl1X .!lOMOB, TO Mbl COCTaBHM HOBOe no-
lffiTHe «MeHbUU!GO o6beMa» (He ace .!lOMa, a TOJibKO HeK0TOpble) H 60,1b-
UJezo cooepJtCGHUJl (ace npH3HaKH <t.!lOMa» l1 eme npH3HaK, CBOÜCTBeH-
HbÜÍ TOJlbKO Bbl.!le.llSleMoft rpynne). l1HOf.!la 3TO HOBoe noHHTHe MO.)l(eT
6b1Tb BblpaxeHo 0.!lHHM CJIOBOM-TepMHHOM, Hanpm,tep: BHJIJia, H36a,

57
11a'la, llBOpeu, OCOOHSIK, BOK3aJI H npO'l. Ho MO)l(eT CJIY'{HTbCSI, 'lTO
HOBOMY noH»THJO He 6y.ner COOTBCTCTBOBaTb ellHHblH repMHH . B ra-
KOM cny'lae Mbl npH6eraeM K COCTaBHblM TepMHHaM, npHCotllHtuUI K
o6meMy repMHHY rpa MMamqecKoe onpeaeneHHe, 33Kmoqat0mee B ce6e
npH3HaK, BbU1enS1101UHH .llaHHYIO rpynny .11BJ1eHHH H3 o6mero o6'bCMa
SIBJleHHfi, o6oJHa'laCMblX repMHH OM. T aK, C03,llaCM repM HHbl «11epe-
B.slHHbl8 .llOM», ..rpex:na)l(HblH .llOM», «Ka3eHHblH .llOM• H T.n. fpaMMa-
TH'lecKoe onpeaeneHHe, CY)l(at0mee o61.eM repMHHa H 33KJTJO'lat0mee B
ce6e HOBblH npH3HaK, npHCOeAHHSle MblH K co11ep)l(3HHIO TepMHHa,
Ha3blBaeTC.H /IOZU'teCKU.M onpeiJe.JleHUeM. <l>yttKUHH nOfH'leCKOfO onpe -
aeneHHSI COCTOSIT B TOM, 'IT06bl Bbl'.nellHTb 0003Ha'laeMOe .slBJieHHe H3
rpynm,1 eMy noao6HblX, 'IT06bl y1Ca.33Tb Ha npH3H3KH, KOTOpblMH OHO
ornw-1aerc.11.
Or norn'lecKoro o npeaeneHH.sl c}'lllecrBeHHO orm-1'1aercS1 no3mu-
"ec,coe, Koropoe He HMeer <t>YHKUHH BbllleneHH.sl .s1BJ1eHHS1 H3 rpynnbl
eMy rJO.ll06HblX H HC BBO.llHT HOBOfO npH3HaKa, He 3aJ<JllO'la101Ueroc11 B
CJloBe o npeaen11eMoM. TTo3TH'lecKoe onpeaeneHHe n0BT0p11er npH3HaK,
3aKnt0'laJ01UHi1c11 B caMOM onpeaen.11eMOM cnose, H HMeer uenbJO
o6pameHHe BHHMaHHSI Ha .llaHHblH npH3HaK HJIH Bblpa)l(3eT 3MOUHO-
HaJlbHOe OTHOWeHHe fOBOPS11Uero K npe,llMC1)'. T aK, KOr.lla Mbl f OBO-
PHM «WHpOKaSI crenb», «CHHee MOpe», TO 3THM caMblM He OT,llenJieM
«WHpoKOH crenH• OT KaK0 8 - HH6Y.llb apyroA (r.e . He MblCnHM Y3KOH
cremt ) H He npon1sonocrasn11eM «CHHero Mop11• - MOplO apyroro
uaer1, a nHWb BbUleMeM 3TH npH3HaKH BBHllY HX BWICHOCTit .ll/UI .ll3H-
HOro'1IOBOCOtJ eTaHHJt. B 6onbWHHCTBe cnY'{aeB, KOf.lla Mbl f OBOpHM
06 HH.llHBHllYaJlbHblX SIBJleHHJIX, o npeaen eHHSI .llalOTCSI He B norH'leC-
KOM , a B rJ03TH'leCKOM nOp.SlllKe. TT03TH'ICCKOe onpeaeneHHe Ha3blBa-
eTCSI 3numemoM.
n oao6HO rpaMM aTHtJeCKOM Y onpeaeneHHIO 3mITeT npH C}'llleCTBH-
renbHOM BblpruKaeTCSI npeHM}'l.l(eCTBeHHO npHJiaraTenbHblM (nyCTblH-
Hble neca, npoxn3llHblH MpaK), npH rnarone H npHJiaraTCJJbHOM - Ha-
pe'IHCM (ropSl'IO• mo6HTb - rop.s1'1M nto6oBb), HO MO)l(CT 6b1Tb Bblpa-
)l(eH H HHa'le, HanpHMep: «3ByxH paJl•, «.llblWaTI> npoxll(liJoií>. B YJKOM
CMblCne flO.ll 3nHTeTOM flOHHMaJOT TOnbKO onpeJieneHHC npH C}'llleCT-
BHTenbHOM.
Cneayer OTMeTHTb, 'lTO 0.llHO H TO )l(e rpaMM3TH'leCKOe onpe11ene-
HHe MO)l(eT 6b1Tb 3mrreroM, HO MO)l(eT HM H He 6blTb. HanpHMep, B
CO'leTilHHH «KpaCHaSI po3a», ecnH Mbl cnoBOM «KpaCHM• onpeaemleM
OC06blH cop-r poo, OT,llenSIR ee OT 'l3HH08 po3bl, 6enoii po3bl H T.,ll., TO
onpeaeneHHe SIBJI.HeTCSI norn'leCKHM. H o eCJIH Mbl HMeeM B BHJIY TOnb-
KO KP3CHble p03bl , HaH6onee OObl'IHble, TO B CO'leTaHHH «KpaCHaJI poJa•
onpeaeneHHe HX o6pamaer BHHM3HHe Ha CBOACTBO, Ytca.33HHOC CJIO-
BOM «p0331}, H onpeaeneHHe .SIBHTCSI 3nHTeTOM.

58
 Jlo1w-1ecKoe onpe.ne.neHue BMecTe e onpe.neJU1eMbIM cocraBJU1eT OJIHH
cnO}l(HblH TepMHH, H nOTOMY OHO ropa3,llo CHJibHee npHMblKaeT K on-
pe.nCJUleMOM)', '-leM 3f1HTeT, KOTOpblH HMeeT C8MOCTOKTeJlbHOe 3Ha'-le-
HHe H npoH3HOCHTCH C OOJJbWei:í CaMOCTOHTenbHOCTblO, npHHHMWI Ha
ce6H xo111 6bl OCJia6neHHoe norn'-leCKoe y.napett11e. BblJleneHHe 3UHre-
n B npoH3HOWeHHH TeM CHJibttee, 'leM HeO)KHllattttee CaMblH 3í1HTeT.
3nHTeTbl nocmORHHble, T.e. npHBbl'IHble u Tpa.llHUHOHHWe (CHHee He6o,
.nanbIDIJI .nopora, WHpoKoe none, KpacHoe conHue), BblJlCJUIIOTCH secb-
Ma cna6o.
B HeKOTOPblX no3nt'{eCKHX CTHJUIX 30HTeT ycHJieHHO JcynbTHBHpO-
BanCH, H Ka}l(,nOe f10'-ITH cymeCTBHTenbHOe conpoBO}l(JlanOCb 3f1HTe-
TOM. Hanp11Mep:

Y)I( yrpa ceexee AW(aui,e

B oKHo npoxna.a:oA eeCT MHc .
Ha o3apeHHoe colD.aHi,e
CMOTJ)JO B 80/lUJe6Hoií THWHHe;
Ha rnaeax CMOARHozo 6opa,
BllaJIH JIC)l(awcro BCHUOM,
BocroK nypnyp06WM KOBpoM
3a)KJ'Jla cmblOAUBOR ABpopa,
11 e MCCKOM tlllblM Ha eo.aax,
Me:JK.LlY pimaMH 'tepHblX CJieA
3aJIHB no•rnCT e 6eperax.
(A. M a A ICO B, 1838 r.)

TaKHe o6H3aTCJfbHhle 3nHTeTbl HMeH)'JOTCR «YKJ)awat01UHMH•. B cTH-

ne, 1<ynbTHBHpyiomeM YJ(pawaioumA 3í1HTeT, o6bl'IHO 3TH onpe.neJie-
HHR Tpa.llHUHOHHbl H He .neikTBeHHbl B CBOeM 3Ha'leHHH. TT03TOMY
'laCTO YJ(pawat0m11e 3nHTeTbl o6pa3YJOTCH HJ 6eJpalJlH'-1HblX, KO BCe-
MY npHJtaraeMWX CJIOB. Tai<, B nooJHH 20-x ro.nos XIX B. BCRKaJI cJiesa»
6b1Bana HenpeMeHHO .i0H3Jl•, «He)l(ffasi. HnH «MHJiaJI•, BCSIKHA •CYM-
pai<Jt - «TilHHCTBeHHblH•. B on11careJibHOA no33Hl1 XVIII B. BO <l>paH-
UHH BCSIKaJl .neTanb flCHJa)l(a 6blJla «CMCIOlUeAch (B PYCCKHX nepeeo-
.nax «secenoA• ): «riant bocage• ( «secenaJ1 pomuua•) 11 T.n. TToTpe6-
HOCTb B 6e3pa3JJH'IHOM 3í1HTere .IJ)HI npHJiaHHH cppa3e flOJIHOTbl H OK-
pyrneHHOCTM, .!UUI Bbutenett11S1 onpe.nem1eMoro, Mbl 'lacro 11cn1.,1rasa-
eM 11 B pa3í'OBOpHo0 pe'IH, nonblySICb B Ka'-leCTBe 3f1HTeTa CJIOBaMH
.-nlKOA•, «KaKOA- To• H T.n. Cp.: «B 3TOT pal H 6blJJa B 1'0KOM- mo
CMY1Uett1111• ()locToescKHít. «HeTO'-!Ka HeJBa.HOBa•, nep8a$1 pe.naKUHR
1849 r. Bo BTOpoít pe.naKU11H .naHHOe MeCTO '111TileTCH «H 6hlJla B C'I'paw -
HOM CMymeHl1H•. 113 3TOH nonpaBKH BHJIHO, '-!TO cnoBO «Klll<OÜ-TO•
BOBCe He JHa'-IHnO «Heonpe.ne.neHHblÜ•, «HeHCHblÜ•, KaK MO}l(HO 6wo
6bl npe.nnonaraTb, a JaMemano co6oít tteno,nblcKaHHblH 3nHTeT, tte -

59
o6XO,Ll.11MhlH A/U! nonHOTbl q:,pa3bl. 3-ro HCHO, ecn.11 OCTaB.HTb q:>pa3y 6e3
:,m.11TeTa).
8 aHTH'IHOH nO33.11.11 (Hanp.11M ep, B ÍOMepoBCKOM ::moce) 'iaCTO
Ha6J1t0.L1at0TCH «ílOCTOHHHble» 3n.11TeThl, T.e. 3n.HTeTLI, Pa:3 Haecer.ua
3aKpenneHHble 3a HeKOTOPblM.11 CJIOBaM.11 .HJIW .HMeHaM.11, Hanp.11Mep:
«AnoJUJOH cpe6ponyK.11it», «6hlC'I'pOHOrlUÍ A.xwmec», «CBeTnOOKM 6O-
rHHR», <•3JlaTOTJ)OHHa.sJ. fepa» .11 T.n.
B no3T.H'lecKOM cnoeoyn0Tpe6nett.11.11 3n.HTeT 6bleaeT eechMa 'lacro
MeTaq:>op.11'-leCKKM. TaKOBO CJIOBOCO'leTatl.He «CB.HHUOBble Mb1cn.11».
Mernq:>op.11'-leCKHH 3n.11TeT OTn.11'-laeTCJI OT o6blKHOBeHHOA MeTaq:>o-
Phl TeM, 'ITO B HeM eCTb 3JleMeHT conocma8/leHUJl. MO)l{HO, Hanp.11Mep,
B KOHTeKCTe 3aMeH.11Tb cnoeo «3y6bl» cnoBOM «)l(eM'IY)KHHbl•. Mbl no-
Jl)"l.HM '-1.HCTylO MeTaq:>opy, eecb 3q:><peKT KOTOpoH 3aKJIIO'laeTCH B TOM,
'ITO CJIOBO «3y6bl» He ynoTpe6neHo. Ho MO)l{HO CKél3aTb «)l(eM'IY)KHble
3y6bl». 3,LleCb 30.HTeT «)l(eM'IY)KHble» .11rpaeT Ty )l(e POJJb, 'ITO .11 CJIOBO
«)l(eM'IY)KHHbl» B nepBOM CJJ)"lae, HO OTJl.11 1-IHe TO, '{TO CJIOBO «3y6bl»
ece )l(e CKaJaHo, .11 0O3TOMY o6neNeHO OOHHMaHMe npeDJJO)l(eHHJI.
«)KeM'IY)KHble 3Y6bl» .HJl.11 «3y6bl-)l(eM'IY)KHHhl• ,LlaeT COOOCTaBJleH.He
cnoea, Hél3b1Bat0mero npe,LlMeT B np.llMOM 3Ha'leHHH, co CJIOBOM, Ha3bl-
BalOll.lHM e r o MeTaq:>opw-1ecKH.
B 3TOM OTHOWeH.11.11 C.11Jla MeTaq:>opw, e O)lHOH CTOPOHbl, ocna6ne-
Ha, a e .apyroit cropottbl, non)"laeTcH oco6blit 3q:>q:>eKT e conocraBne-
H.11.11 .aeyx CJIOB B pa311.H'IHOM CMblCJIOBOM npHMeHeH.11.11 (0.LlHO B npH-
MOM, .upyroe B nepeHOCHOM JHa'leH.11.11). qTOObl YCHJIHTb 3TOT 3q:,q:>eKT
conocraBJieHWR, noA6Hpat0T .11ttor.ua 3n.11-rer npor.11eonono)l{Hbl8 .HJIH
nporneope'lall.llUÍ onpe.ae.IUleMoMy, TaKOBbl - «CJI8JlKa51 rope'-11;», «lBY'J-
Ha.sJ. THW.HHa», «Mpa'IHblH caen .11 T. n. TT0.L106Hble npoTHBOpe'-IHBble (B
npHMOM lHa'-leH.11.11) 3O.HTeTbl HOC.RT Ha3ea.11.11e OKCIOMOpoH:
MeTaq:>op.1111ecKHH 3nHTeT ecTb nepewA war K. MeTaq:>opH'leCKOMY
cpaeHeHHIO. BMeéTo «)l(eM'IY)KHble 3y6bl» MO~O CKaJaTb «3y6bl, KaK
)l(eM'lyr.. 3.aecb eme HeT MOMeHTa nc.11xonorm1ecKoro cpaaHeHIUI, H o
CJIOBeCHa.sJ. q:>opMa y)l(e nO.ll,XO.U.HT K HeMy. Ecmf )l(C Mi>l CJ.<a.lKeM, 'lTO
«3y6bl CBOHM ueeTOM .11 6necKOM nOXO)KH Jfa JKCM'l.}'n, l'O· Mbl HMeeM
y)l(e 3aKOH'-ICHHOe cpaBHeHHe.
Me1aq:,opa cymecreeHHO orn.1111aeTcH oT cpaetteHHR Tell&, 'ITO a tteA
CJIOBO q:>.11ryp.11pyeT TOJlbKO B csoeM nepeHOCHOM 3.l:la'-1.eHHH, - H noro-
MY ero npHMOe 3Ha'ieH.11e OCOJHaeTCH eeCbMa HCOT'iCT.11.118O. B cpaime-
H.11.11 CJIO.Ba ynoTpe6nJIIOTCH B HX npj¡MOM 3Ha'-leHJUf, .11 BHWMaH.HC o6-
pamaeTClf Ha conocrawiett.11e .11Byx coeepwettHo OT'ieTnHeblX noHRTHH.
CpaBHeH.He MO)KeT 6bITb OCMblcneHO .ao KOHUa .11 flO3TOMY Bhij)ll)KaeTC.8
3aKOH'leHHblM npeDJJO)l(eH.HeM, OTMC'lalOUl.HM OT)leJlbHblH 3T8fi MblC-
Jl.11, - Meraq:>opa )l(e eCTb 3JleMeHT BhlpruKeHIDI .11 B CaMOCTOHTeJlbHYIO
MblCJlb He pa:38.HBaeTCH.

60
 HecMOTp11 Ha 3TO pa3nH 1-IHe MeTaq>opbl H cpasHeHH11, SO3MO)l(Hbl
npoMe)K}'TO'IHble q>opMbl SblpaJKeHHH, r.ne npHC}'TCTSYIOT H 3neMeHTbl
cpa11HeHHJI, H 3neMeHTbl MeTaq>Opbl, SO3MO)l(Ha rpanal.(HH SblpaJKeHHH
OT MeTaq>opbl K epasHeHHIO, H no3TOMY S Ka)KJIOM OT.nenbHOM en}"lae
ene.nyeT aHanH3HPOB3Tb - npHe}'TeTByeT nH S .naHHOM SblpaJKeHHH
npeHMyiueeTBeHHO MeTaq>opa HnH epasHeHHe 14• Bonpoe 3TOT SO3HH-
KaeT seer.na, Kor.na Mbl HMeeM enoseeHoe eonoeTaBJJeHHe MeTaq>op11-
11eeKoro H npHMoro cnosa*.

AJI.JlEfOPIUI
MeTaq>opa .nom1CHa 6blTb Hosa H HeO)KH,naHHa. no Mepe ee
ynoTpe6neHHH OHa «eTHpaeTCH», T.e. s enose pa3SHsaeTeH HOSOe oe-
HOSHOe 3Ha'leHHe, COOTBeTeTBYJOLUee nepsoHa'IMbHOMY cnepeHoeHO-
MY» 3Ha'leH HIO. Cnoso «O11aposarenbHblH» H.BJUleTCR npoeTblM o6o-
3Ha'leHHeM BbieOKHX Ka'leeTB 11ero-n1160, 6e3 BeHKOH MhlenH o <i'la-
pax» H KOJUlOBeTse.
ÜT T3KHX «C'repWHXeJI» MeTaq>op ene.ayer OTnH'laTb MeTaq>Opbl,
npoHeXO.nHLUHe OT yenOSHOro eBH3blBaHHH JIBJJeHHit, SblPa)KalOLUerocH
He TORbKO s enoseeHOM ynoTpe6neHHH. TaK, eep.nue sbipaJKaeT n10-
6osb s PMe yenOBHblX H300paJKeHHH (aepa - KpeCT, H3,ne)Klla - HKOPb),
KOTOpbie MOryT 6bITb npe,D.CTaBJJeHbl s )l(}tSOnHeH, eKynbn-rype H T.Jl.
J,faseCTHbl anneropHH MHq>onorn11eeKoro npoHeXO)KlleHHJI (AMyp -
nJ06osb, <l>eMHD.a - enpaseD)IHBOCTb H T.n.). AnlleropH.RMH H 6y,neM
Ha3blBaTb yenoBHbie npe,nMeTbI HnH HBJJeHH.11,. ynoTpe6m1eMb1e D)IJI
SblpaJKeHHJI HHblX nOHHTHil.
AnlleropHR o6bl'IHO KOHSeHUHOHanbH a (ycnOBHa), T.e. npe.unona-
raeT KaKoe-To 3apaHee H3SeCTHOe eOOTHOWeHHe Me)Klly ,nsyMH eono-
CTaBJUteMbIMH HBJJeHHJIMH , a TO speMSl KaK MeTaq>opa MO)KeT 6b1Tb eo-
BepweHHO HOBa H HeO.lKHJlaHHa.
B anneropHH (HHOeKa3aHHH) enoaa HMelOT esoe n epsoHa'lanbHOe
3Ha'leHHe, H RHWb SlB.lleHHe, HMH O3Ha'laeMoe, B eBOIO O'lepe.nb O3Ha-
'laeT TO, K 'leMy B KOHe'IHOM HTOre HanpaBJJeHa Mbienb fOBOPSlLUero.
TaKOSbl an.nerop1111eeKHe anonorn (6aeHH), r.ue no.u SHD.OM ycnosHoH
TeMbl «no.npa3}'MeBaeTC.R• He'ITO HHoe.
K anneropH'leeKoA eHeTeMe BbleKa3bU33HH.s! , nO'ITH seer.na pa38H-
TOH H npOCTpaHHOH, npH6mt)KaeTeSl H npo,!J,JleHHlUI, 111lHpa38epHymOJI.,

• Jlnll TalOIX conoc-raanettttR xapaKTeptta q>opMa, Korna MeTaq>opa n on}"lae-r e Ka-

'ICCTBe o npe.11eneHKS1 cnoeo, B CBOeM nepBOH8'1&nbHOM 3H3'1CHHH o6oJ H3'13IOWee TO lKC
C8Moe, 'ITO 3Ha'IHT (B nepcttOCHOM JHa•1eHItH) o npe11en.KeMoe, ttanpHMep: •JMCll cep-
JlC'IHblX yrpbllCHHih . 3.necb Ci10BaMH •Cep.ne'IHble yrpb13CHHll• YTO'IIUICTCll MCT3cpopH-
'ICCKoe JH8'1CHHe cnoea • JMCll•. Cp. «)l(CMlf}'T Jy60B•, ~llHT3pb H lfXOHT BHHOrpaJia•
(fl Y W K H H).

61
Mema</Jopa. B pa3sepHyron MeTaq>ope cnosa CO'leTaIOTCH no HX npHMO-
MY 3Ha'lemtIO, 6.llaro.napH lfeMy C03.llaeTCH KOHTeKCT, OCMbicneHHblH 11
B CBoeM npHMOM 3HalfeHl111, 11 Jll1Wb OT.neJJbHble CJIOBa, BBO.n11Mhle B
KOHTeKCT, paBHO KaK 11 o6wee 3Ha'1eH11e CWl3HOH pe'-111, noKa3b1BalOT,
'ITO Mbl HMeeM .neno C pe'lblO nepeHOCHOfO 3Ha'leHml. TaK KaK KOH-
TeKCT no.n.nep)l(HBaeT nOHHMaHHe cnoB B HX OCHOBHOM, npHMOM 3Ha-
lfeHHH, TO B CO3HaHHH npoXO.nHT napaJUleJibHO .nsa psma nowrrnA H
npe.ncrnBJJeHHH - no npHMOMy H no nepeHOCHOMy 3Ha'leHl1IO cnoB,
Me)l(Jly KOTOpblMH yCTilHaBJJHBaeTCH HeKOTOpaH CWl3b. BoT np11Mep
paJBepHyrou MeTaq>0pb1:

MOfHJIA JIIOBBH
B fPY.llH y JOH0WH CCTb rK6eJJbH.blH eyJIXaH.
ÜH D.blWCT. Mup nJ06BH no.n MaMCHCM nocrpoeH.
nOToM - npoWJ1H ro.na: Be3YBHR ycnoKoeH
H B nenne norpc6eH cep.ne'IHblR fepicynatt;
O0D. rpy.noR Jla.Bbl CMT MC'fTbl, JllOOOBb H peBHOCTb;
KHneewuR )l(}(JHbJO MHP Tenepb - CC.llaJI .npeBHOCTb.
H naMATb, HaK0HCU, KaK XJ13.!lHl,d\ PYD.0K0n,
BpblBaJICb B my6HHY, Cpe.llb TCX paJBaJJHH 6po.llHT,
Monvty WCBCIIHT, OTKaru.reaeT rpo6
H MYMJfJO JIJ06BH HCTnCHHYJO HaxoD.HT;
Y MCPTBOR Ha 'ICIIC 0lTCHKH rpe3 JJC'.lKaT,
Ecrb npeneCTH eme e qep-rax oueneHCJ1blX,
B oqax yraCHYBWHX 6necrirr
ÜCTaTKH CJICJ 0KaMCHCllblX.
lh .neyx BCHK0B, CH 6poweHHblX e YD.CJI,
ÜD.HH .llaBH0 HC'ICJ, D.PYT0H BCC CBClK, KaK H0BblH:
BeHOK HJ po3 D.aBH0 HCTJlCII,
Ji JJHWb 0D.HH BCH0K TCpH0B.blH
Ha BC'lH.blX RJeax yuenen.

(B. 6 e H e JI H te To B.)

CTHXOTB0pett11e 3To nocypoeHo "ª

Mern<Popax. Cnosa •B rpy.n11»,
•MHp mo6s11», «Me'ITbl, JII060Bb 11 peBHOCTb• pal'WICAAlOT HaM .neftcr-
BHTeJJbHOe (BTOpH'IHOe) 3Ha'leHHe MeTaq>OpH'leCKHX cnoB. Ho CO'ie-
TalOTCH cnosa no HX nepBH'IHOMy 3Ha'ieHHIO, K B pe3yJlbTaTe nonyqa-
eTCH «KapTHHa ... OCTblBWeH naBbl, B KOTOpOH py.noKon npoH3BO.nHT
paCKOnKH. Bo BTOpOH 'laCTH CTHXOTBOpeHl1H - Y)Ke HBHaR an.neropHJI
«TepHOBOfO BeHua..., 3aHMCTBOBaHHlUI. H3 eBaHreJlbCK.HX TeM. TaKHM
o6pa30M, J.necb Mbl HMeeM He npoc,-y10 MeTaq>opy (Ha3blBaHHe seweft
HeOObl'IHblM CJIOBOM), a aJJJieropH'leCKoe H3o6pIDKeHHe JII06BH B BH.!le
ByJJKaHa.

62
 Cp. aJIJieropH1i (pa.JsepHyrasi MeTaq>opa) y MU51KOBCKoro:

He6b18élJleH He 6bUIO y HCT0pHH e aHHaJJe

cpaKTa:
eqepa,
CKB03b HHeA,
3Bemt B HHTCpHauttoua.ne,
CJ1.10nbHblH
p1myncst
K pa6o'IHM e 6epnm1e.
H BAPYT
}'BHllenH
.!lellTenH CblCKa -
ece 3TH 3aBCCr.!laTaH 6apoe H onep -
TPH3Ta)K}lb1R
npU3pOK
C0 CT0p0Hbl POCCHHCK0A:
n 0JD-IJIJICst.
lllaraeT no Eeponc.
O6e.!laJOUIHe He ycncnH K0H'IHTb o6e.!l -
B MCCT0 3T0
rpoXHyncst,
H Hall AnJieeR no6C.!l -
3HaM11
•BnaCTb CoBCTa•.
HanpaCHO nyxm,ae PYJCH B3M0neHbl, -
He OCTaH0BHTb B ero HeCJlbl.WH0M Kapt.epe.
Pal.a.aettn
H .!laJlbWC PHHYJICB CMOJlbHblR,
pecny6nHK H uapCTB 6epst 6api,ep1,1.
H yxe
Hl nocKa
rporyapHoro rAAHua
6p,occenst,
HaTstrHBa11 Hepe,
poCJia nere ttna
npo c.11e-ryqero fonnaH.!llla• ,
• f OJU18H.!llla• pCBOnJOUHOHCp08.

3.necb aJIJ1eropH11 (pesomou1-u1 - npH3paK) JaHMCTBOBaHa H3 nep-

BblX cTp-OK KoMM yttHCTH'ICCKoro Matrnq>ecra: .nptt3paK 6po.n1n no
Espone, npH3paK KOMMyHH3Ma•.
Pa3BCpHyrrut MCTaq>opa - o6bl•tHblA npHCM pa.3BHTHJ1 JIHpH'¼CCKOA
TCMbl.

63
 METOHMMIDI

Bropoi1 06wnpHb111 KJiacc rponoa coc-rawrneT MemoH1wUR. Otta

0TnH'laeTC.SI 0T MeTaq>Opbl TeM, 'IT0 Me)l(Jly np.SIMblM H nepeH0CHblM
JHa'leH1teM rpona CYLUCCTByeT KaKa.SI -HH6Y.llb BeLUeCTBeHHa.SI JaBHCH-
M0CTb, T. e. Ca.Mb/e npeo,'rlembl Uo1U Jl81JeHUJl, 06oJHa'!aeMble 0p.SIMblM l1
n e p eH0CHblM 3Ha'leHHJIMH, HaX0,ll.SITC.SI a npH'IHHH0H HJIH HH0H o6beK-
T IIBH0i-i CB.Sl3H. TaK, Hanp11Mep, B CJl0B0C0'teTilHHH «BblOHTb 11awy .110
.ll.Ha» CJ10B0 <<'lama» 0603Ha'laeT Ha0HT0K, co.11ep:JKalUHHC.SI B '!awe, H B
.11aHH0H MeT0HHMIIH co.11ep)l(aLUee 83.SIT0 BMeCT0 co.11ep)l(HM0fO. TaKOBO
)l(e MeT0HHMH'leCK0e Bblpél)l(eHHe «.SI TpH TapeJlKH CbeJl» (anpO'leM, 3,lleCb
<•TapenKa•, q)HrypupyeT a Ka'lecrae Mepb1 - <<TpH TapenKH cyna,>, KaK
«Tp11 6yrblJ1KH M0Jl0Ka». ECJlH K0 HTeKCT0M onpe.11eneH0, o 'teM HJJ.eT
pe%, TO BMeCT0 «.SI KYTIHJI TpH 6yrblJlKH M0Jl0 Ka» r0B0p.SIT: «.SI K)'0HJI
TPH 6yrbJJ1Kl1» ). B Bblpél)l(eHHH «)l(HTb CB0 HM nepoM» CJl0B0 <<Oepo»
ynoTpe6neHO MeT0HHMH'leCKH, KaK o py.11He npoq>eCCHH , ,ll0CTaBfül lO-
weH cpe.ll.CTBa K )K}l3HH («)l(HTb» 3,lleCb Ta.lOKe MeT0HHMH'leCKH 3Ha'IHT
HMeTb rnaBHb)H HCT0'IH HK .ll.0X0.110B).
B CTHxax:

Bce Moe, CK33aJIO 3Jl3TO,

Bcc Moe, cKaJa.11 6ynar

«3JlaT0>> 11 «6ynaT>> CYTb MeT0HHMHH, 0CH0BaHHb)e. "ª T0M , '!TO MaTepHaJl

83.SIT BMeCT0 npe.11MeTa (3JlaTO - ,lleHbrH - 6oraTCTBO, 6ynaT - Me'! -
130\!HHa.SI CHJla).
Ta.lOKe reorpaq>H'leCKHe HaJBaHH.SI yn o rpe6JUIIOTC.SI BMeCT0 .SIBJle-
llllÜ, CB.SIJaHHbIX e ,llaHHblM MeCT0 M; ttanpHMep, «BaTHKaH» BMeCT0
<<nanCKa.SI BJlaCTbl\>, «<KaW!'.1Hp» BMeCT0 wepCT.SI H0H MaTepHH, BbIJleJlbl -
BaeM0H B KaWMHpe.
CB.Sl3eH Me)l(Jly .SIBJleHH.SIMH, npH 00M0LUH K0T0 pblX o6pa3ylOTC.SI
MeT0HIIMH'leCK He Bblpél)l(eHH.SI, 'lpe3BbJ'laHH0 MH0f0, 11 6b1Jl0 6bl 6ec-
110Jle3H0 HX KJiaCCHq>HUHpOBaTb. npHCOe,llHHHM K 0pHBe,lleHHblM npH-
MepaM eLUe HeCK0JlbK0, HJIJllOCTpHpy lOLUHX paJ.JUf'!Hble Me T0HHMH'leC-
KHe Bblpél)l(eHH.SI: <<0pe.!IJ(0)l(HTb pyKy U cepol{e», «B00JlJeT 0Kp0BaBJleH-
H0e 3.,¡oiJeücmeo» (BMeCTO <,3.JI0.lleH» - 0TBJle'teHH0e BMeCT0 K0 HKpeT-
H0ro; ynorpe611TeJ1bHbl H o6paTHble MeTOHHMHH); «'lHTalO llyUJKUHO»
(aBT0p BMeCT0 np0H3Be,lleHH1t). «CecTpa M0 .SI CK0pee B HtZpbl noA.n:er K
n naHTaT0 py HJlH B 11amblUJU K 0CTJel!CK0MY He MUY, '!eM 000.!IJ(HT .11yx
CB0H•> (.llOCTüeBCKHH) ( <<Herpbl» H (<JlaTbIW11» BMeCT0 «pa6bl», T .e. 'laCT-
H ble CJlY'Iª H BMeCT0 06LUero).
Oco6blH KJiacc MeT0HHMHH C0CTaBJl.SleT CUHt1'ooxa, r.11e HC00Jlb30-
13aH bl 0TH0WeHH.SI K0Jll!'leCTBeHH0fO xapaKrepa: 6eperc.si 'laCTb BMeCT0

64
u enoro HJlH o6paTHO, eD.HHCTBeHHOe '-IHCJIO BMeCTO MHO)KeCTBeHHOrO
H T.Jl. HanpHMep:

... 6 ecnoKOHHaJI Jlumoa

C TOJlflOIO )lepJKHX BOeBO)l
Ha JeMJJto pyccKy1O 11.0.eT.

Korn.a .nn11 CMepmHOW YMOJIKlleT W}'Mllbl A n.e11b...

CpaettH:

6 eC'IHCJie111u.1A, KaK pbl6a,

KaK pbl6a scex 6acceimos,
6aTpaK 33H}'MepOB3HllblH
H 11aJea1111blA con.naroM,
011 wen, KaK B3.Jl JleB/ITb1A,
6plllJM BD,OJlb 6acceAHOH.
(H. T II X O II O B.)

Pa.3JIK'fHe Me)K.lly CHHeK,llOXOH H MeTOHHMHeH YCJIOBHO, H TO '-IHOH

rpaHHUbl Me)K.lly HHMH 11er. TTo:noM)' y.no611ee paccMaTpHBaTb CHHeK-
.noxy KaK '-laCTHblÜ CJI}"laH MeTOHHMHH H ece npHee.neHHble npHMepbl
OTHOCHTb K Knaccy MeTOHHMHH.
K '-IHcny .SIBJieHHH, pO.llCTBeHHblX MeTOHHMHH, cne.nyeT OTHeCTH H
upOHU'-ttCKOe ynorpe6neHHe CJIOB B 3Ha'-le HHH , npOTHBOOOJIO)l(H OM HX
3Ha'-leHHIO, HanpHMep «yMHblH» BMeCTO «rnynblH»:

ÜTKy.aa }'MH.ui 6pe.aeWh Tbl r onoea?

31-o y norpe6nettHe cnoe HMe11yeTC.S1 HpOHH'-leCKHM JIHWb e cn}"la-

.SIX CHUJICeHUR J 11a'-1eHHJ1 (eMeCTO cnoea , Bblprutca10mero nopHua11He,
ynorpe6J1.S110T cnoeo, eblprutca10mee noxea.ny, e uen.S1x roro :it<e nopH-
uaHHJI).

Ü, MHOfO, MHOfO 'leCTH!

H .lleno 'ICCTHoe! ..
(n Y W K II H. • AHU e,10•. Pe'lb IUlCT O 6eC'ICCTIIOM OOCTyTIKC .)

Ho 11a6n10.naerc.S1 qacro H O6pn11oe - ynorpe6ne11He cnoe, Bblpa-

)Ka101UHX nopHUaHHe , B JiaCKaTenbHOM 3Ha'teHHH; "Ax, Tbl, 11erO.ll.SIH»
H T.O.
B MeTOHHMK'feCKOH q>OpMe O6bl'-IHO o6pa.3YIOTC.SI H 36qJtMU3.Mbl,
«CMJU''leHHe» Bblpa)l(eHH.SI, q>yttKUHJI KOTOpbl.X 3aKnlO'-laerc.SI B TOM, '-ITOObl
B npHllH'-IHOI\ H CKpOMHOH q>OpMe BblprutcaTb OOH.SITH.SI pe3KHe H rpy-
6b1e. T.uc, Ha MHOfHX 3a6poweHHblX Ja6opax H CTeHax rJI}'XHX JaKOYJI-
KO B MO)KHO n po':leCTb HaJlOHCb: «ocmaHaBAuBambC.R crporo eocnpema-

5-964
65
eTCR>t. Cnooo «OCTaHaBJUIBaTbCU», yno-rpe6.nReMOC JAeCb He 8 nepBH'{-
HOM 3HaLte Hl1H, RBJIReTCR 3B<l>eMl1 3MOM.
MeTOHl1Ml1'leCK1te Bblpa>KeHl1R Tl1O11'lHbl .ll)lR paJrOBOpHOH pe -
'111. n o Mepe 11X OOBTOpeHl1R OHU MOryr ,uaTb H a'laJIO HOBbJM 3Ha'!e-
Hl1UM CJIOBa. MHOl'lle cnosa 8 11X o6bl'!HOM 3Ha'leHl111 11MCIOT MeTo-
HHMl1'teCKOe npOHCXO:.K.U.CH He, TaKOBbl « HeMeu» ( n epaoHa'laJlbHO -
«HeMoA», T.e. He y Me l OlUHH ro aopl1Tb n o-pycCKJ-1 , 11HOCTpaHe u , Ja-
TeM TOJlbKO repMaHeu), «ropOA» (nepaoH a'laJlbHO - oropO)l(CHHOe
MeCTO) 11 T .,ll.
M eTa<t>opa 11 MeTOHl1MHR RBfüllOTCR ABYMR OCHO8HblMl1 KJJaccaMl1
TpOO OB. Pa3/Il1'1H ble aBTOpbl pa3JIH'IHO OOJlb3YIOTCR 11MH. B Ja811Cl1-
MOCTH OT n peo6mw.aHHJI MeTaq>opbl HJIH MCTOHHMl1H MO)KHO xapaK-
Tepl13O83Tb CTHJlb n11caTeJJS1 Kax MeTaq>Opl1'1CCKHH HJ111 M eTOHl1Ml1-
'leCKHH15.
TTp11 3HaJ111Je KaKOrO- HH6y.llb Jll1TepaTYPHOr o TCKCTa ,llJ1R OTJil1'lllil
M eTaq>Opbl OT M eTOHIIMl1H MO)KHO pyKOBOACT8O83TbCR CJie.UYtOlUHM
npaKTH'leCKJ1M n paBHJIOM: O6bl'IHO 113 MeTaq>Opbl MO)KHO n oCTpOHTh
c pa eHeHHe: T.e. AOOOJIHHTb MeTaq>Opy CJIOBaMH «KaK 6bl•, cepo.ue>> H
T.n., HJIH npRMO n oCT3BHTb CJIOBO, 8 npRMOM 3Ha'ICHHH BblproKaiOUlCe
OO.llCKaJblBaeMOe KOHTCKCTOM Jffil'leHHe , H C HHM c p aBHHTb MeTaq>O-
pH'leCKOe CJlOBO. MeTOHHMHR 3TO f0 He .uonycKaeT. Tip11M e p : cTyC-
KJlbiH ACH b KOK 6bl rJIRA11TCjj 8 OKHO», « n 'lerta JieTHT HJ YllbJI, noxoxezo
Ha KeJlblO»; HO HeBOJMO)KHO: «'111Tal0 KH»ry, n oxO)l(}'lO Ha Tiyw1u rna».

OEPH<l>PA3
B MeTaq>ope 11 MCTOHHMHJ1 npHCyTCTByeT 06lUl1H MOMeHT - H36e-
raHH e HaJBaTb n OHRTHe CBOHCTBCHHblM eMy CJIO!3OM. ÜAHaJ<O Toro )l(e
MO)KHO ,UOCTH'lb 6e 3 HJMeHeH HR J Ha'leHWl ynoTpe6JieHHblX CJlOB.
THOH'I HblH c n oco6 HJ6erttyTb Ha3b1B3füUI o6bl'IHblM CJIOBOM - 3TO
yn oTpe6JICHHe BMCCTO CJIOBa o nHC3TeJlbHOro CJIOBOCO'leTaH HR. TaK,
BMecTo &es T oncToü» MO)KHO CKa3aTb «a aTop "BoAHbl H M11pa"»,
BMeCTO <'<HanoneoH» - «n o6e.UHTeJib np11 A ycTepnHue• , BMCCTO
cMapKC» - «OCHOBaTeJlb HaY' IHOfO COUHaJ1113M a». T aKHe OOHCaTeJib-
Hble q>OpM yJibl, JaMe HRIOlUHe O6bl '!Hoe CJIOBO (HJIJ,t HMR), HaJblBalOTCR
nepurj)pa3G.MU. B 3THX n epttq>paJax MOryr 6b1Tb KaJ( CJIOBa npRMOro
3Ha'ICHHR, Ta K H CJIOBa nepeHOCHOro JHa'ICH}tJI, H .llJ1R IlO3Ht'ieCKOfO
R3b1Ka O6bl'!Hbl nepHq>paJbl MeTaq>OpH'leCKOr o HJ111 MeTOHHMH'leCKoro
TH n a , Hanp 11Mep: BMCCTO «JIYHa• - «He6ecHag Jl3MJ13,lla» , BM CCTO
«IOHOCTb» - c aeCHa HaWCH )KHJHH», BMeCTO «6a6o'i.K.a• - « n opxaio-
lllHíl UBCTOK» 11 T .n .
TTep11<t>paCTH'leCKHH CTHJlb xapaKTepe H ,llJ1R HeKOTOpblX 3 OOX B
HO33HH , HanpHMep .nnsi n OJAHero KJlaCCHUHJMa (BTOprut n OJIOBKH a

66
XVIII 11.).'" 3a-rpy.11HeHHblMH n ep114>pa3aM1t (npe.11cTalilUlt0w.11Mtt ttHor.11a
CJ10)t(Hble Jara.nKH) n 0Jlb30BaJIC$1 paHHHH' 4>paHJzyJCIOfH CJ1MB0J1H3M
(80-e tt 90 - e rü.llbl XIX e)* .

Il03TlfllECKHH CHHTAKCllC
CTO.llOOHO T0MY, KaK C00TBeTCTBYIOllll1M n 0.llOOp0M CJI0B M0)t(H0 C,lle-
J1 3Tb Bblp3.)KeHHe 0ll.lYfHMblM, T0f0 )Ke M0)KH0 .llOCTH'{b 11 nyreM COOT-
BeTCTBYtOll.lero n o.ll6opa Cl1HTaKCl1'{eCKHX K0HCTJ)YKUl1H, T.e. cnoco6oe
C0'leTaHHJI CJI0B B uenOCTHble e.llHHCTBa - 4>pa3bl H npeJl/l0)Keffl'UI.
Cne,llyeT Y,.IHTb1B3Tb cne.11yiow_11e CT0p0Hbl ll C0e.llHHeHl1H CJl0B B
npeJl/l0:ll<eHHR:
1) CornacoaaH11e 11 no.ll'il1HeHtte cnoe 0.llH0 .11pyr0My, a TaJOKe 11
0.llH0f0 npeJl/10:ll<eHHJl .llPYTOMY (nO.ll'll•llieH11e npHJlaT0'IH0f0 npeJl/10-
)l(eHHJl rnaeH0My).
2) CT opMOK, B K0T0p0M cne.nyioT CJI0Ba 0,!Ui 0 Ja llPYfHM.
3) Y3YaJlbHOe 3Ha'ieHHe CHHTaKCl1'1eCK0l\ K0HCTPYKUHl1.
4) O<l>opMJieHHe npeJlJI0)l(eHHH e np0l13H0ll.leHl111 , HJ111 HHT0H3J.111Jl .
5) CTCHXOJlOfH'-leCKOe 3Ha'lem1e K0HCTJ)YKUHK.
PacCMOTJ)l1M 3Tl1 nyHKTbl.
1) fnaBHblMl1 'lneHaMH npeJlJI0)KeHHJl $18.IUIIOTCJI CKa3yeM0e (o6bl'{-
H0 rnaron) H noJlJle)l(all.lee (cyw_eCTBHTeJtbHoe), cornacoeaHHble Me)K-
llY co6ou; KruKll0e 113 3THX CJI0B M0)KeT cornaC0Bb1B3TbC$1 HJlH ynpae-
J1$1Tb BT0pocTeneHHblMH 'UleHaMl1 npeJlJI0)KeHHJI HJlH 0 0.ll'IHH eHHblMH,
K0T0pble B CB0IO 0'lepe.llb M0ryr HMeTb 0 0ll'll1HeHHbie 'UleHbl npeJl/10-
)l(eHHJI BT0pOH c-ryneHH H T..ll. Ce$13H, cymeCTBYIOW.He Me)l(Jly CJI0Ba-
MH, BblpIDKaJOTC$1 B cornacoeaHHl1 HJMCWJeMblX 'taCTCH pe'll1 B '111CJie,
n a.a.e)Ke, BpeMeHl1, n11ue. Ecntt paCCM0TJ)eTb ece 3Tl1 CB$1311, TO npe.11-
JI0)KeHHe npe,llCT3BHTC$1 KaK PR.n ueneH, CB$13aHHblX Me)l(Jly COO0H 11
CX0AAW.11XCSI K fJI3BHblM '{JleHaM npeJlJI0)l(eHHJI. 8 Ka'leCTBe 0 T.lleJib-
HblX cnoe e 3THX uenruc Moryr 4>myp11poaaTb 11 u enble npeJlJI0)KeHHJl
(npHJ1aTO'IHbte). KruK,u3$1 113 3THX u enel\ o6pa3yeT 6onee HJtH MeHee
OO'be,llHHeHHYtO rpynny (pacnpocTpaHeHHblH 'UleH npeJlJIO)l(eHHJl), 061,-

• K.aK OCo6blff BM.11 rpona CJte.nyeT OTMeTHTb TOT CJl}"lail , KOflla o.mo H TO )l(e CJIOBO
q>HrypHpyeT O npc,.1.,10JKtH HH B .neyx ) ll a'ICIIHIIX, CO'leTa!ICb C 'l3CTI.IO npc.JJIO:«CHH/1 B
o.nttOM 3118'1CIIHH, a C 'laCTblO - B .npyrOM, 11anp11Mep: •no..,oeott )TOT HOCU,I no.a MblW·
KOlt caJHpen.-y H MttOJl(CCTBO yrpctt tia WCKax ... • (T y píe II e B. • Crpa1111an HCTOpltll• ).
•HOCHTb ca,upeTK)'• H •HOCHTb yrpH• - lllCCb CJlOBO •HOCHTbo tj>HrypHpyeT B AByx
"ª"
Palllll'ltlblX lHa'leHHIIX . Cp. «wen .llO:«.llb H .llllll CTy.llCl lTB•, •IIHTb e caxapOM H e
y.nOBOJlbCTBHCM• 11 T.n . K 3TOMY )l(C po.ny TpOnoe OTIIOCJITCJI KallaM6ypbl, T.C. nptllJIO·
JKtllHJI, HMCIOJJUlt .asa PalllH'lltblX 3113'lCIIHJI, o.a11 11aKOBO OCMbl CJIC IIHblt B .nalfHOM KOII·
TeKCTC.

s• 67
e101HeHHYIO CMe)l(HOCTblO non0)l(eHllil B npe.lLJI0)l(efünt, Bbl.lleneHHOC-
TblO no CBoeMY 3Ha'lemuo H no np0H3H0WeHHIO (HHTOHaUHOHHoe
'lneHeHHe) H T.n.
2) CornacoaaHHhle Me:lK.ll;y co6oio cnosa pacnonaralOTC.SI o6bl'lHO a
onpeaeneHH0M nop.Sll{Ke; HanpHMep no.lLJie)Kamee CTaBHTC.SI nepea c Ka-
3yeMbIM, onpeaeneHHe npHJJararenbHoe nepea onpeaeJU1eMblM, aonon-
He HHe nocne ynpaBJU110mero cn oea H T.Jl. 3-roT H0pMaJthHhlit nop51-
110K, 6onee HJIH Mettee c ao6011HblH a pyccK0H npo3e, o6ne NaeT noHH-
MaHHe 80 B3al1M00TH0llle HHH cnoa, C0CTaBfüllOUl.HX npe.lLJI0)Ke HHe .
HapYIDe HHe ero Bbl3blBaeT 0UlYllieHHe He06bl'laHHOCTH H rpe6ye-r oco-
6oft HHT0HaUHH, KaK 6bl aocnontUIIOUleH Heo6bl'JHblK 6ecnop.Sll{OK a
pacnono)l(eHHH cn oa.
3) OnpeaeneHHble CHHTilKCH'leCKHe K0HCTpYKUHH HMeIOT caoe 3Ha-
'le HHe. TaK, Mbl ornH'laeM 0T o6bl'lHoro yraepnHrenhH0-noaecTBOBa-
TenhH0ro nocrpoeHIUI npe.lLJI0)l(eHHH K0HCTpYJ(U}llO sonpocume.nbH}'JO,
60C1C/IUl{ame.nbHy,o. KOHCTpYKUHH 3TH cornacy¡oTC51 C OC06bl.M1t 0TreH-
KaMH a 3Ha'leHHH rnaaHoro rnarona.
4) Pacnono)l(eHHble TaKHM o6pa30M cnoaa, pa:meneHHble Ha Tec-
Hble rpynnbl , o<t>opMJUIIOTC.SI C00TBeTCTBYIOUlHM o6pa30M B np0H3H0-
llleHHH. Mw np0H3H0CHM Ka)t(,Lly¡o rpynny cnoa (a HH0H pa3 H 0llH0
cnoao) o6oco6AeHHo, 110CTHra51 3Toro o6oco6n eHllil npH noM0lllH 11ozu-
'fec,cozo yiJapeHUfl, KOTOpoe CraBHM Ha rnaBHOM, 3Ha'lameM CJIOBe rpyn-
nbl, nptt n0M0UlH nayJ, Pa3lleJUU0UlHX <l>pa3bl (p0Jl.b naY3 HrpaeT TaK-
)l(e 3allep)KaHHe B np0H3H0WeHHH, T.e . H3MeHeHHe TeMfla npOH3H0We-
HH51), H nyreM n0Bb1WeHH51 H noHH)KeHllil ron oca. B ce 3TH M0MeHTbl
npOH3H0WeHH51 BMecre COCTaBJl.SIIOT UHmoHal{UIO. 8 npoH3HOllleHHH
HHTOHaI.lH51 HrpaeT TY )!(e ponb, 'IT0 3HaKH npenHHaHIUI (nyHICTYatlWI)
B nHCbMe. Bo MH0r0M nyHKT'jaUH51 coananaeT e HHTOHaUHCH, HOBO
MHOfOM paCXOllHTC51, T3K KaK npH paCCTilHOBKe 3HaJ<OB npernrna.HWI
Mbl HCXOllHM H3 3HaJI.K3a nornqecKoro H CHHTaJ<CH'lCCK0ro CTpoeHHSI
<l>Pa3, a He H3 aHaJJ.K3a npOH3HOllleHllil.
11HTOHaUH51 He TOn hKO o<t>opMJUieT anonHe onpeaeneHHblÜ KOH -
TeKCT, H0 HH0rna H npHcoe.nHH51eT OC06ble, H0Bble 3Ha'leHIUI anoJJHe
onpe.neneHHOMY K0HTeKCT'j. 11HT0HHPYH pa3HblM c noco6oM O.!l,H)' H TY
)l(e <l>pa3y, Mhl nonyqae M o co6ble oneHKH 3Ha'leHllil. HanpHMep, ne-
naH nornqecKHe y.napeHHH TO Ha 0llH0M, TO Ha .npyroM cnoae, Mbl
M0)l(eM 0OJl)"IHTb 'leTblpe aapHaHTa 0llH0fO npe.lLJI0)l(eHH.SI «HBaH B'le-
pa 6bln .noMa»; HanpHMep, nocraBHB JI0rH'lecKoe y.napeH.He Ha «B'le-
pa,.: «11BaH 6'1epa 6blJI .noMa», Mbl TCM C3MblM no.n'lepKHBae M, tff0
HaWH cnoaa 0THOC.SITC.SI HMeHHO K0 B'lepawHeMy llHIO, a He K KaKOMY-
nH6o HH0My.
Toro )l(e M0)KHO .nocnt'lh, H3Me tU151 cnoae c HylO CTJ>YKTYPY- B pa3-
roeopH0H pe'lH Mbl o6bl'lHO nonb3yeMC.SI T3KHMH Hecp~tamu'feCKUMU
68
HHTOHaUI-UUvfH, KOTOpble npn,nalOT KOHTe KCT)' HOBoe 3Ha'leH11e. 8 fll1Cb-
MeHHOÜ pe'IH, r .ne flO,llOOHOe 11HTOHl1pOBaHHe TPY.llHO 113o6pa:3HTb,
OObl'IHO np116era10T K KOHCTpYKUHJIM, B KOTOpblX nop51.11OK CJJOB H HX
3Ha'le HHe BflOJJHe onpe.neJI5110T HHTOHauH10; BnpO'leM, HHOr.na 3TO
HHTOHauHOHHoe «nO.11'1e pKHBaHHe» H306pa)KaeTC51 OCOOblMH wpHq>Ta-
MH: ,cypcusoM, p a 3 p 51 .11 K O H H T.,n.
Oco6b1MH HITTOHaUHOHHhlMH q>opMaMH OOJiaJlalOT KOHCTpYJ(UHH BO-
fll)OCHreJJbHble, BOCKJIHUaTeJlbHble. MHTOHaUHeH )l(e BblpruKaeTC51 3MO-
UHOHaJlbHoe co.nep)l(llHHe npe,nnO)l(eHHJI; OCOOblM po,llOM 3MOUHOHaJlb-
HOH HlfTOHauHH 51B.IUleTC51 flOBblWeHHoe, flO.ll'lepKHYToe npoH3HOWeHHe,
HMeHyeMoe 3Mq>a30,'tl. 3Mq>aTH'leCKcUI HHTOHaUHJI xapaKTepHa .!lJUI opa-
TOpCKOH pe'IH, OTl()'.lla OHa n e p eHOCHTC51 H B HeKOTOpble pO,llbl JJHpH-
'leCKHX npOH3Be,neHHH, HMHTHPYIOUUtX opaTOpCl()'lO pe'lb (o.na H T. n.).
Bce 3TH CBOHCTBa CB513aHHOH pe'IH TeCHO 6b1BalOT cornacoBaHbl
M e)Klly co6oíí. l13MeHeHHe cornacosaHH51 o6bl'IHO Tpe6yeT H H3MeHe-
HH51 nopMKa CJIOB H MetUleT 3Ha'leHHe KOHCTpYKUHH H, CJJe,llOBaTeJib-
HO, HHTOHauHIO npOH3HOWeHH51.
5) Ha.no OTMeTHTb, '!TO CHHTaJ<CH'leCKHe 'IJleHbl npe,nno)l(eHH51 npe,n-
CTaB.IUIIOT COOOH He TOJlbKO onpe.neJJeHHble rpaMMaTH'le CKHe <f.lopMbl
(cKaJyeMoe - JIH'IHblH rnaron, no,nne)l(llmee - cyme cTBHTe JJbHoe B
HMeHJ-ITeJibHOM na,ne)Ke), HO TaJOKe 51BJI51IOTC51 HOCHTeJl51MH HeKOTOpo-
ro CHHTaKCH'leCKOro 3Ha'leHH51. TaK, CKaJyeMoe - 3TO TO, <tTO Bblpa-
)l(lleT co6oA ueHTpaJlbHYJO MblCJib coo6meHHJ1 (To, 11mo coo6maeTC51), a
no,nne)l(llll{ee - HOCHTeJib roro .neHCTBHJI H.JIH 51BJieHH51, O KOTOpOM
c oo6maeTC51 (To, o 11eMcoo6maercH). PacueHHBa51 npe,nnoll<eHHe e TO'IKH
3peHH51 no.11o6HblX 3Ha'leHHit 'IJleHOB npe,nnO)l(eHHJI, Mbl o6HapY)KHBa-
eM B HeM flC}l)(OJIOrH'le CKoe CKa3yeMOe H flCHXOJIOrH'lecKoe no,nne)l(ll-
1Uee, KOTOpbie aoo6me cosna.na10r e rpaMMaTH'leCKHMH, HO Moryr H
He c oanaCTb. npe,llflOJJO)KHM, 'ITO Mbl XOTHM COOOIUHTb, 'ITO HO'lb ~e
npoWJia. Mb1 rosopHM - «YTPO Hac-rano,., .nenaR JJOrH'lecKoe y.nape-
Htte Ha cnoae. «Hacrano>>. 3 .necb cKaJyeMoe rpaMMaT11'lecKoe coana.naeT
e flCHXOJIOrH'leCKHM ( •HaCTaJlO>>), paBHO KaK H no,nne)Kamee ( «yTpO» ).
Ho nepeCTilBHM CJIOBa - l1 JIOrH<te CKOe ynapeHHe, l1 3H3'1CHHe CJIOB
nepeMeHHTC51 - «HaCTaJlO yTpO•>. UeHTpaJlbHblM CJIOBOM CTaHOBHTC51
• YTpO» - flCHXOJIOfH'lecKoe CKaJyeMoe•.
(Cp. Bblpa)l(eHHe «Be'lepeeT», a TaJOKe HeOJIOrtt3M 3flOXH CHMBO-
JIH3Ma «yTpeen.) 11,JIH o6pa3oaaHH51 npe,nno)l(eHH51 Heo6xo,n11Mo HaJlH-

• Cp. -~o 6blllO B'lepa• - Hape'IHC •B'lepa• 311CCI, JIB/UICTCJI nCIIX0,,10rH'ICCKffM

CKaJYCMblM . BwpaJHTb :no B npaBH/lbHOil rpaMMant•1eCKOl\ q>opMe MO.ll(HO /I HWb BCCb -
Ma HCYJ(JIIO)l(C: «:no COOblTHe - B'lepawuec•. OrcyrcTBHCM B Jl3b1Ke B03MO;KIIOCTH no-
.llblCKaTb npaBHJlbHYJ() rpaMMant'I CCK)'lO KOHCTpYJ<UHIO H OO'bJICHJICTCJI pacxo~eHHC
nCHXOJJOrn'ICCKoro H rpaMMaTl¼'leCKOí'O npe.anoll<CHHl\ .

69
•nte nc,o.:onorn'leCKOfO CKa3YeMoro. no3TOMy B HeKOTOpbJX YCJIOBltllX
O,llHO CJIOBO MOX<eT COCTilBITTb uenoe npe.ll.JlOX<eHHe: «Be'leph>, «nruKap!».
Cne.nyeT OTMeTl-fTb, '!TO He TOJlbKO no OTHOllleHIHO K no.ll.Jle.ll<awe-
MY 11 CK,l3yeMOMY BOJHl1K3eT aonpoc o6 l1X nc11Xonorn•1eCKOH <PYHK-
UIUf, HO TalOKe 11 no OTHOllleHHIO K npO'll1M 'UleHaM npe.ll.JlOX<eHIUI.
Ilo11CHIO np11MepoM:
«6oJlhHOH 11saH pa6oraer, a l.llopoawii CTerp Ha ne'lu CH.llHTi.. 3.necb
«3,nOpollblH» 11 «60JlbHOH>> n cttXOJlOrH'leCKH - He onpe.neneHIUI, a o6-
CTO11TeJlbCTBa: <il1BaH pa6oraeT, HeCMOTpjj Ha TO '!TO OH 6oneH, 11 T..n.•.
nc11xonorn'lecKa11 ponb 3TttX cnoa o611ap}')K11saeTc.S1 npw 6onee ec-re-
creeHHOH (nc11xonorw1ecKH) pacCTaHOBKe cnoa: «11BaH pa6oTileT 6onb-
HOH , a CTerp CH.mrr Ha ne'!H J,nopoBbIH».
CTopsmoK CJIOB, 11.X o6oco6neHHe B or.neJlbHble rpynnbl, 11HTOHal.UUI -
ace 3TO cornacyeTc11 e nc11xonorn'1eCKOH crpyKTypoH npe.nnoX<emUJ.
AHaJUl.3Hpy11 pa3Jll1'!Hble CHHTaKCH'leCKHe KOHCTpYKU1111, seer.na cne-
,nyeT yq11Tb1BaTb MOMe1n nc11xonorn'lecK11x ca11Jei1 a npe.ll.JlOX<eH1111.
8bJpa)f(e1-t11e MO)KHO c.nenaTb OWYTl1MblM, np116eraR K Heo6bl'lHblM
q>OpMaM CO'leTaHIUI CJIOB 8 npe.l].JloX<e1rn11.

f{E06bl'IHbIE corJIACOBAHIDI

Ecn11 cornacoaattwe cnoa MeX<.ny co6oi1 11 uenbIX 'laCTei1 npe.ll.Jlo-

X<eHH.st YKJIOHReTC11 OT npl1Bbl'lHblX HOpM, Mbl nonyqaeM QHGKOJly</>. Ilo,n
amu<0nyq>oM non,paJyMeaaeTCH npe.ll.JlO)KeH11e, raK CKa3aTb, He caen.eH-
Hoe aoemmo B caoeM cornacoaa111111. AHaK011yq>aM11 necrp11T uawa
PaJfOBOPHaR pe'lb, Kor.na B cepel].HHe q>paJbl Mbl 3a6b1BaeM, K.aK Mbl
Ha'laJll1 caoe npeA11OX<eH11e, 11 JaK3H'll1BaeM ero HOBOH KOHCTpYKUHeH ,
He cornacoea1rnoA e Ha'lanoM q>pa3bJ.
BoT np11Mep attaKonyq>a 1u n11ceMcKoro:

.l{yncTBYCMb!Ji OTT)'.IUI Janax MaxopKH H KaKHMH-TO npOKl1CJll>IMH 1UaMH

.llCJlaJJ no•mt HCBblllOCl1MblM lKJ131lb B 3TOM MCCTC». ( «Crap'lcCKllií rpcx+.)

«npolv!CJlbJMU WaM11» - TBOp11TeJlbHblH na.nell< - COBepWeHHO

He cornacoaaHo e TeM cnoBOM, e KOTOPblM cnen.oaano cornacoaaTb -
«Janax». Cne.nosano CKaJaTb: «3anax MaxOpKl1 11 KaK.HX-TO npoKHCJlblX
wei1». T11op11TeJ1bHhlM naaeX<oM ynpaBm!eT rnaron «naxttyrb», KOTO-
por.1y COOTBeTcTByeT cywecTBHTeJlbHOe «Janax,>. CTaB11 TBOpl1TeJlbHblH
na.ncX<, aaTop .nyMan o rnarone, a He o cywecTtnnenbHOM («naxno Ka-
KHMH-To maMJtt> ). 8 TOH X<e q>paJe Mbl BH,.llHM: «.nenan He6blHOCUAlblAI
)KJ13Hb». MOX<HO CKa3aTb <<n.enan HeBblHOCHMOH )KJ,fJHb», «.nenaJI HeBbl-
HOCHMblM npe6blBaHHe». 3.necb «HeBblHOCl1MblM>> 11 «)KHJHb» He corna-
COBaHo B po.ne, KaK 6y.nTo 6b1, no.now K npHJ1araTeJlbHOMY «HeBbl-
70
HOCHMblM», aBTop He 3HaJ1, KaKOe CYl.lleCTBHTeJlbHoe OH no.n6epeT, H
no3TOMY H36pan MY')l(CKOH (HJIH cpe.nHHH) po.n KaK HeÍITpaJlbHblli (cp.:
«npe.ncrawu1eTCJ! HeBblHOCHMblM )l(JiTb B 3TOM MecTer> - He l1Me101Uee
po.na tteonpe.nenemwe HaKJIOHetttte , HJJH 1tHq>HHl1TlfB, «)l(HTb» corna-
cyercJ! B cpe.nHeM po.ne).
Tpy,n1f0 onpe.nenHTb, J!BJl.!leTCJ! 1111 ,!laHHaH tte6pe)KHOCTb CTl-fJljj
npe.ni-1aMepeHHOH, - HO raKHM HMeHHO cnoco6oM MO)l(HO HMltTHpo-
BaTb paJroBOPHYIO pe'lb.
Cpas1rn:

KapM3H3Ml1 PYKH JaucnHB -

A! nponru.rai:í BC.R fHHJlb C KOHU3,
ÍJI333 - 'ITO KOJlbUa Ha ucm1
3eewn no KpoHBepKCK.HM TOPU3M.
(H. T H X O II O 8.)

3.necb nptt.naTO'IHOe «KapMaliaMH PYKH Jauen110,. cornacosatto e

HeocyiueCTBJieHHblM rnaBHblM npeDJIO)l(eHHeM (THna «OH rooopHT» ),
JaMeHeHHblM npHMOA pe%IO: «A! nponru1all BCJ! fHHJlb e KOIUJa».
1.J.acro K attaKonyq>aM np116era10T D.11.!I xapaKTepHCTHKH paccTpoH-
CTBa pe'IH. CM. , Hanp., a «Eecaxi,} JlocroescKoro KOHCTpYKUHIO pe'!eH
l<HpHJIJIOBa.
CyJ.UHOCTb aHaKonyq>a a cornacooa1-11rn He no rpaMMaTH'!eCKHM
q>opMaM, a no CMblc11y. Cnooa cornacylOTCH He e TeM, ' tTO JaKJIIO'!aeTC.!I
a npellJIO)l(eHJrn, a e TOA q>OpMOH, KaKOA Moma 6bl 6b1Tb BblprutceHa Ta
)l(e MblCJlb.
XapaKTepHblM npHeMOM cornacosaH11.!I no CMblCJIY .!IBJl.!leTC.!I CUA-
Aenc, KOHCTPYKUJUI, B KOTOpoll cofü.tpaTeJlbHble cymecTBHTeJlbHble
e.nHHCTBeHHOro 'IHCJla cornacylOTC.!I e MHO)l(eCTBeHHblM 'IHCJIOM rna-
rona, TilK KaK BKJIIO'lalOT B cefo, npe.ncraoneHHe MHO)KeCTBeHHOCTl1.
Hanp11Mep:

llTO .acnatOT MC)I( TCM rcpoH H3WH?

CTO.RT y KpoM, r.ac Ky•1Ka ,ca:iaKoB
ú,e10mcJ1 HM HJ-Ja ruHJtoii orpru.rbl.
(n Y W K H H.)

CHHHA JICH COJICCTH XOl1Vlm

CípeKOJ pelOl.l.lCC cmaiJo.
(X n e 6 H II K o 11.)

Or TaKHX np11eMOB HeHopManbHoro cornacosaHHJ! cne.nyer ormt-

'13Tb sapsapu3M CHHTaKCHCa, T.e. npHMeHe1rne 8 PYCCKOM H3bJKe ClfH-
TaKCHca HHblX .S13blKOB.

71
 TaKOBbl, HanpHMep , TH0H'IHblC D.JUl p yCCKOH JlHTCP8TYPbl CHHTaK-
CH'ICCIGfe raMHUH3MbJ. HanpHMep, e nepeoM HJJlaHHH «EereHM Otte-
rntta» XXX crpocpa nepeo11 maebl 0K8H'IHBaJiac b:

«.llBe HO)KJ(H! .. fpyCTHblH , OXJJll.(leJlhlH,

11 HblH'le HHOf.D.3 BO CHe
ÜHH CMYll13IOT cep.u.ue MHC».

Cnum 3TH conpoB0)KJlaJIHCb npHMC'l8HHeM : « H enpOCTHTCJlbHblH

félJ1JlHUH3M ». BeeJleHHe ero B CB0H CTHXH TT y UJIGIH M0THBHpoea.n npH-
eep)l(CHH0CTblO K raJIJIHUH3MaM:

PacKMTbC.11 BO MHC HCT CHJlhl,

Mtte raJt.ll.HUH JMb1 6y.u.yr M HJlh1,
Kax npowno A IOHOCTH rpexH,
Kax 6or,D.aHOBH'!a CTHXH.

BnpO'ICM, TTyWKHH 0TKa3aJIC..II 0T 3T0f0 ra1UlllUH3Ma B 003,llHel\ -

llJHX H3Jl8HWIX poMaHa H C00TBCTCTBCHH0 H3M CHHJI CTHXH:

•.llae tto)KJ(H ! .. fpycTHblH , oXJJa.aem,d\,

ji BCC HX nOMHIO, H BO CHe
ÜHH T¡)CBOJK.aT cep.nue MHC>.

TalGIM o6pa30M onpe.nenettm1 -rp ycTHblH, oxna.nenhlib oKa.JanHcb

cornacoeaHHblMH e HMCHHTCJlbHblM na.ne)l(0M ( «SI BCe HX 00MHIO»).•

• He CJICJI)'eT, OJlliaJCO, noJlaraTb, \fTO aHaJIOllf'lliblC KOHCTp}'KUHlt ( HMCHHTCJJbHblA

C3MOCTOIITeJJbHWt) HCIOIIO'ilt'TCJlbHO q>paHU}'3CJ(Oro npoHCXOll(l!CHHll. 3ra q>opMa, 3a-
npcweHHaJI WKOJlbHOA rpaMMarnKoA, H3pcJIKa BCTpc'laCTCll, Hanp. :

H.Ayr yóH AUbl n otaeHHbl,

H a J111.uax .aepJOCTb, s cep.nue CTpax..•
( 0 y W K H H .)

To'll!O rax lKC rpaMMarnKo A JanpeweH ílO'IHTaCM.blA raJIJlHUH3MOM o6opoT COKpa-

WCHHOro B .aeenplf'{aCTliOA q>opMe npH.aaTO'll!OfO npe.QJIOlKC HHJI npH pa3HblX no.ane -
llCaWHX B TJlaBHOM H npH.aaTOlfHOM npe.anOlKCtUUIX ( spo.ae - •BOA.ali B KOMHary CTOJI
CTOllJI HanpaBO•). ÜJUiaJCO o6opor 3TOT '!aCTO BCTpc'13CTCll y ílHC3TCJICA, npH :JTOM B
YCJIOBHllX, He .aonyCKalOWHX npc.an0.10llCCHHll O raJIJlHUIC3MC. HanpHMep:

•8cnOMJ1Hall 06 3TOM noCJle, llpKO, l!CHO, :na MJ1Hyra OT'leKaHHJlaCb B HCM HCBCIGI• .
Ul o e T o e B e K H A.)

KaJC B CJl}"lae HMCHHTCJlbHOro ca.\ lOCTOJITCJlbHOro, Tax H 8 ílOCJICJl}lCM CJly<¡ae OOblK-

HOBCHHO co6J1JO,D.aerc11 o6WHOCTb ílCHXOJIOrH'ICCKOfO n o.anellC3ll.lero.

72
 nocKOJib.KY Krut<.UaJ! neKc11'leCKM cpe.na 06J1a.nae-r cao11 M11 cneu11-
(p11'!ecK11M11 Cl1HT3KCH'leCKl1Ml1 o6op0TaMl1, Ha6mo.naJOTCJI TalOKe 11
CHHTaKCH'!eCICHe ¡rnaneKTl13Mbl, apxaH3Mbl, np033H3Mbl 11 T.n.
CTHJ11130BaHH3JI pe'lb 0D.HHaK0B0 npH6eraeT KaK K JieKCl1Ke, TaK 11
K Cl1HTaKCHCY CTHJ1H3yeM0H Jl3bIKOB0A cpe,Ilbl (npHMepbl CM . BblWe).
Bo3Bpall(M Cb K He06bl'lHblM cornacoBaHH.ffM, He M0THBHP0B3HHblM
33HMCTB0B3HHeM H3 'l)')K0H JieKCH'!eCK0fl cpe.nbl, 0TMeYy TalOKe K0H-
CTpYKU.HH, B K0T0pblX He XBaTaeT .!lJUl 3aK0H'leHH0fl CTPYKTYPbl HeK0-
T0pbtX llJieH0B npeJ1J10XeHH.ff , .11onoJIHJ1eMbIX ncHX0JI0fH'leCKH H3 oc-
TaJlbH0f0 K0HTeKCTa. TaK11e K0HCTPYKUHH HMeHylOTCJI 311/lUIICUCOM.
HanpHMep:

Mbl cena - e nenen, rpa.Llbl - e npax,

B Me'l.11 - cepnbl 11 rmyrn.

O6blKHOBeHHO npH 3J1J1Hnc11ce onycKaeTCJI rnaroJI. B ,Il3HHOH K0H-

CTPyKll.Hl1 rnaron 06Hapyx11aaeTCJ1 6naronapJ1 HaJIH'IHJO npeJ1J1ora •B»
(npe.nnonaraeTCH rnaron «06pan1M•, «nepe.nenaeM•, «nepepa6oraeM»
11 T.n.)*.
6e3fJl3fOJlbHble, HJ111 BepHee,6eccKa3yeM0CTHble K0HCTpYKU.Hl1 TH-
ml'IHbl B JlHPHKe 17• TaK noCTpoeH0, HanpHMep, H3BeCTH0e CT11X0TB0-
peHHe <J>era:

WonoT. Po6Koe JlblXaHbe,

Tpen11 C0JI0Bbll,
Cepe6po 11 KOJthl.XaHbe
CoHHoro PY'fbll.
CeeT H0'IH0it Ho'!Hble TeHl1, -
TeHH 6e3 K0Hua.
P.!lll BOJ1We6Hb!X 113MeHeHHA
MHJToro n11ua.
B AblMHhlX TYlJKaX nypnyp polbl,
OT6JieCK llHTapll,
H no6JaHIUI, 11 cne3bl, -
H 3apll, Japll! ..

CpaBHHM e 3THM C0BpeMeHH0e CTHX0TB0pemte c. O6pa.noBH'la

( «YlJIOBrulll> ), r.ne aHaJI0rH'IHble 6e3fJl3f0JlbHhle K0HCTPY.KUHH .nalOT
CI)'llleHHbl~, y6bICTpeHHblH cu.ettap118:

• n porneonoJIOJKHoe JIBJICHHC - npHCyYCTBHC CJIOB Hl/UlWHHX, T.e. He l!OOOJI HJI -

IOWHX 3Ha'ICHHJI <J>pa3bl, Ha3b1BaCTCJI fl/leOHQJM().M (HanpHMep: •JI BHlleJJ CBOHMH co6CT-
BCHHblMH fJlaJaMH• ) , HO nneOHalM He Hapywaer CHHTilKCHCa, H <J>yHKWlll ero - B
ycyry6JleHHH 3Ha'leHHJI CJIOB. (B .11aHHOM CJ1Y'1ae no.1111epKHyrO C,10BO •Blf.AeJJ•.)

73
 Cre11b. Ho%. M yTb. Ct1era.
8blO)K}lblC a MyTH - crora.

Acq>anbT. CrutKOTb. MewKH. Y3Jlbl.

Jlo,u.t oTbll. 8 JIOXMOTbRX Hl no11yMíJlbl -
n niUbl 6ecKpbUlblC - HC 83/lCTCTb e npocrop,
YrnH TJ1Ct01.1.U1e - rnaJa;
K onowWIHCb, B11:lJIH, 6WIHCb B ynop,
3aJtbl)(aJICb, xpHnll H rpo311.•

3JU1l1fiTl1'1eCK.He KOHCTPYKUl111 n.aJOT C)l(aTOCTb 11 3HeprHIO ab1pa-

)l(eH1110. Ott11 .!IBJUIJOTC.11 JIOaOJibHO 06bl'IHblM np11eMOM paJroaopHOH
pe'111, f)le np11abl'1Hble cnoaeCHble q>opMyJibl 11 o6opOTbl 3aMeH.HIOTC.!I
OJ1Hl1M CJIOaOM, ttanp. «nOKa» (np11 npOUJ.aH1111), ..acero» (aMeCTO «)l(e-
JiaJO aaM acero ttaHJ1y<1wer o») 11 T.n.
CpaBHl1:

H e mo 'lmoó, a TaK HHor.na eoo6pa311illb, H craHCT Hexopowo.

()l o e To e s e K H lí.)

3JieCb cnoeo 'tmo6 JaMeH.HeT co6oA uenoe np1111aTO'IHOe npe.w10-

)l(ett11 e.

HEOBbNHblfl IlOP.R,ll,OK CJIOB

Hapywe tt11e o6bl'IHOro nop.!lllK.a cnoa 11Mettye-rc.11 UH6epcueü. Cne-
Jiyer palJil1'1aTb JIBa CJI}"la.H 11tteepc1111:
1) .Usa CMe)l(HblX CJIOBa MeH.!IJOTCSl MeCTaMl1. Hanp11Mep, onpe11e-
J1ReMoe c-rae11Tc.11 snepeJ111 npHJ1araTeJibttoro - onpe11eneHH.!I. ••

Bce oyAty maüHyio a ,nywe MOCA nHTaeT:

lleca nycmblllltble, r.ne cyMpaK o6HTaeT,
H t?pom mauHcmseHHblÜ, OTl()'.na c-rpyAKa eo.n
Me)I( KaMHl!A na.naCT, 3BCHHT H 6pb13rH 6bCT...
(M a lt K o s .)

• 0T 6eccKa3yeMOCTHblX KOHCTpYK.Uml cnc.,zyer OTJIH'laTb CKa:iyeMOCTHhlC npcJl/10-

lKl! HI UI 61!3 rnarona, e TaK H aJblOaeMOA OTJ)KUaTCJlbHOA K/IU HYJICBOA CBJl.lKOlí, ttanpH-
Mtp •JlOM BblCOK•, •11 ne'laJIH HC8CKM CTOJI HU3•, •3:l MO¡>CM TCJlywKa - nOJlyuJKa• 11 T.n •
•• 4ro KacaeTCll 3TOro po.na 1111aepc1tH, TO CReAYeT Y'!IITblDaTb, •rro B uepKOBH O-
cnaeimcKOM ll3blKC OnpellCJll!HIIC OObl'lllO CRCJl}"CT 3a onpcJ1e.1llCMblM : «Cai.n. :.ce loaHH1>
muiwe p Hl Y Ctf()K) 0Tb 8/13C'b 11e,i6.~K>OJICb II no11C1> y CMtH6 O •1pccnt:,.-b C8QUX7>: CHtJlb :t:e
ero 6t np}')l(ie H ~te.ll"b iJuBíii•. n onb'.IOBaHHC 3TOil 1111aepc11eH B •BblCOKOM CTH.,1C• no33HH
Ol'laCTH o61>llCIUleTCA apxaH'lCCKOlt -rpa.!lHUHelt 11 .!IOJl)KHO 6b1Tb O'THCCCHO K o6nacnt
CUHmOKCU~eCKOl() 14epK08H00106JIHll3MO.

74
 ílocraHOBKa po1u1TenbHoro onpe.nemnenbHOro nepe.a onpe.nene-
HHeM:

A3apnmoü HO'fU Cb/H06bJI,

/(pOHIUmaamcKUX aueÜ H080a'fl/KU
JleplKanH noJie no KpaflM
H, wm)!pMa caeJ1cecmb10 ,1ez1,;u,
Hx 6anaryp1vm WTblKH.
(H. T H X O II O B.)

ílocTaHOBKa np11Moro .nononHeHHH nepe.a rnaronoM: «ca.a 11 pa3-

6HJJ» lt T.n. KOHCTpYJ<UHH.
8 HHBepcHpOBaHHblX KOHCTpYJ<UHHX cosepwaeTC11 nepepacnpe.ne-
neHHe nOrH'-leCKOfO y.napeHHH H HHTOHaUHOHHoe o6oco6neHHe cnoa,
B006LUe B npOH3HOWeHHH npHMblKalOLUHX K rnaBHblM cnoeaM CHH-
TaKCH'-leCKOÍI rpynnbl.
B CO'-leTaHHH uTaHHM .nyMa,. 3flHTeT cna6o o6oco6neH OT cywecT-
BHTenbHOrO, H «.nyMa• HeceT Ha ce6e nornlfecKoe y.napeHHe. B colfeTa-
HHH u.nyMa TaHHM» nornlfeCKOe y.napeHHe nepe.rurnraeTC11 Ha CJIOBO
«raHHM•, H o6a cnoea MeHee TeCHO CB1!3aHbl. TaKHM o6pa3OM, B HH-
aepcHpoaaHHblX KOHCTpYKUH11X cnosa 38Y'faT 6onee 8blpa3HTenbHO,
6onee eecKo.
2) Cnoao nepecraem1eTc11 TaK, '-ITO pa3fütBaeT CMe)l(HOCTb cornaco-
aaHHbtx Me)l(Jly COOOIO cnoe, HanpHMep:

6onmH MHpa, BHOBb RBHJl.11Cb My3bl Mlle.

B csoe norn6enbHOe C'laCTbC
Tb1 aep3KOÜ seposan iJywoü ...
51 cmuxos Bbl3eaHHeaio cemb ... H T.n.

Tipwno)l(eHHe u6ornHH MHpa» oT.nenetto OT cnoaa "MYJbl».

8 3THX KOHCTpYKUWIX o6oco6neHHe CJIOB CLUe CHJlbHee. KpoMe
Toro, npu TaKOM paJ.neneHHH rion,"faeTc11 HeO)l(H.QaHHOe c6mVt<eHHe
cnoe, .na10LUee HOBbte CBHJH 3HalfeHHft: «rb1 .nepJKOH aepoean .nywoib.
CTOnKHOBeHHe •.nep3KOH• H «eepona11» JaCTaBJ111eT BH.QeTb CB113b Me)l(-
.ny .nep30CTbJO .nywH H «eepoeaHHeM•: «aeposa.n, noTOMY '-ITO .nywa
6bma .nepJKM,..
K HHBepCH11M )l(e cne.nyeT OTHeCTH H CnY'faH HOCTaHOBKH lfneHOB
npc.!UlOlKeHHH B He06bl'-IHOM MeCTe npe.!lJlO)l(eHtrn, HanpHMep:

«Cow1 e KpliKO~I 113 KOMllaTbl llbt6cJKaJJa ... KoH11paTHH nOKOCIIJI CSI Ha

MRnmií nyx " OCTOpO)K.11O o6owc.'1 ero. 60JJblllOÍI, rpOMOlllK.HH, a ,llBlifaJICR
JJerKO. B 111nt06neHHOM CBOeM y rny B KpenKOM Kp<!C,1C ycnOKOHJICSI •.
(C e ít 4> y JI JI H H a.)

75
 3,necb OOCTilHOBKa CKaJYCMOro-rnarona e KOHUC npe,llJtO)KCHI-UI Ha-
pywaeT 06bt'lHYIO HOPM Y pacnonO)KCKIDI cnoe B npC.!lJlO)KCHHH .
EcnH HHBCpcHpOBaHHcUI KOHCTpy¡cuHJ{ con oc-raBJICHa e npSIMOH TaK,
'!TO aHaJIOrH'lHblC cnoea pac nonaraJOTCSI Cl1MMClJ)l1'lHO (A6 + 6A) , TO
TaKOC pacnonO)KCHHC 11MCHYCTCSI XUQ3MOM. HanpHMep:

necrpetoT w anK.H. K o nbSJ 6newyr.

(CKa3yCMOe - 0 O.!lJlC)KaWCC, 0 O.!lJlC)KaW CC - CKa3YCMOC.)

ÜHa cee::,ica, KaK BCWHID\ UBCT,

83/lCJICSIHHblA e TCHH .ny6paeHOA,
KaK Tonom, K.HCBCICHX Bb!COT
Otta CTpo8Ha...

Xua.lM CCTb pe3ynbTaT O,llHOBPCMCHHOfO npHMCHCHWI ,neyx CHH-

TilKCH'ICCKHX np11eMOB - HHBCpCl1H 11 napélJ1Jlenl13Ma. 3 <l><l>eKT XHa3-
Ma - B COOOCTaB.nCH1111 nyx aHaJIOI'H'IHblX 11 B TO )KC BpCWI pa3Jl'.H'-IHO
pacnonO)KCHHblX npC.!lJ1O)KCtl11ÍI. 3,nCCb <l>YHK.l.UUI HHBCpC11H - BHO-
CHTb pa3Hoo6pa311C B napélJlJICn.bHYIO C11HTaKCH'ICCJ<YIO KOHCTJ)YKU11IO
11 TeM coo6waTb nocTpOCHl1IO ,llBH)l(CHl1C Ha OCHOBC HenonHoro napan-
nCJil13Ma.

lt3MEHEHHE YJYA.llhHOfO 3HA1{EHHJI

CHHTAKCH'fECKOA KOHCTPYKIUUI
8 OO3TH'lCC KOÍI PC'll1 O'lCHb q aCTo CHHTaKCl1'1CCKHC KOHCTPYKU.H11 ,
11MCIOW11C enonHe onpe,neneHHOC Y3YaJlbHOC 3Ha'ICHl1C, ynoTpC6JUIJOT-
CSI H C B COOCTBCHHOM CBOCM 3Ha<tCHHH. TaK, BCCbMa yTIOlJ)C6HTCJICH
pumopu'teCKUÜ 80npoc, B KOTOpOM 3aKnJO'laeTCSI co6cTBCHHO YTBCp)l(,llC-
HHC , H eonpoc11TenbHasl HHTOHaUHR Hcnonb3OBaHa TOnbKO .!U1R roro,
'lTOObl OOBblCl1Tb '3MOUHOHaJlbHOC BHHMaH11e eocnpWITWI.

HanpHMep:

lfro Tbl KJIOHHWb Hall BO,ll3MH,

11ea, M3J<ywi<y CBOIO
J1 ,llpolK3UOtMH JIHCTaMH ,
ÜloeHo lKa.ll.HblMH ycTaMH,
Jloe11Wb 6emyto crpyto?
(T 10 T 'I C 8 .)

« PHTOPH'IHOCTbt e o npoca OO,ll'ICPKHBaeTCSI o6pawCH11CM K o6'beK-

Ty («HBal)), K KOTOPOMy H.11 e KaKHMH eonpocaMH o6pawaTbCSI eoo6me
HCnb3SI.

76
 HaM
)lo 6ora
.lleno KaKoe?
CaMH
co CBS!TbJMH CBOHX ynoKOHM.
\Jro lK He noeTe?
11.nH
.llYWH 33,!J,yweHbl CH6Hpew caaaHOM?
Mbl no6e.11wrn!
Cnaaa HaM!
(M a ll K o B e K lf il.)

3.necb pHTOpH'leCKHe aonpocbl HMHntPYJOT q>HKTHBHblH ,nHanor.

K TOMy )Ke THny npHHa.wie)l(HT H pumopu"ec,coe o6pa114e1-1ue, T.e.
o6paweHHe K 061.eJCTY, KOTOphlA He MO)KeT yqaCTBOBaTb 8 .nHanore:

Te6S!JaM}"IHB3.llH, npHMepj¡JI
KaK PYJ<llBHlzy Ha JléUlOHb,
3eMJlJI MoCKOBCKaR, JeMJISI Cblpasi,
Tefü1 TOJITaJJ nnapcKHA KOHb.
(B. H H 6 e p.)

CMOTpH, KaK poma JeneHeeT,

naruiwHM COJIHUeM o6mrra.
11 e HCA KaKOIO HeroA eeeT
ÜT K3.llCJlOA BeTKH H mtcra!
(T 10 T 'I e B.)

11KTO, B HJ6blTKC OlUYlUeH.HA,

Kor .11a KHilHT H CTbl.HCT Kp0Bb,
He ee.11aJ1 BalUHX HCKyUJeHHH,
CaMOy6HACTBO H mo6oeb.
(T 10 T 'I e B.)

TaKOBa )Ke H npHpo.aapumopu"eCKOW 60CIC/1U~OHU.Jl, 8 KOTOpoM no.a

BH.LlOM HenpOH380JlbHOro 3MOIJ,HOHaJlbHOfO OT3b1Ba Ha BHeWHee HBJJe-
HHe aBTop .aenaer o6'beKTHBHOe coo6weHHe o6 3TOM HBJleHHH, 060-
CTI).IUI JIHWb q>opMOH CJIOBeCHOH KOHCTPYKU.HH 3MOUHOHaJlbHOe BHH-
MaHHe CJIYWaTeJUl.

l(aJCajf HO'ib! KaK BOJJlYX 'IHCT,

KaK cepe6pHCTbl.H .11peMJieT JIHCT,
KaK TeHb qepHa npH6pe.lKHblX HB,
1<aK 6eJMSITC.lKHO COHT 3alll1B,
KaK He 83,!lOXHCT HHr.11e BOJIHa,
1<aK TKW.HHOIO fPYJlb OOJJHa!..
(<J> C T. )
77
 K TOMY )l(C nopSUJ.KY HB/ICHHH OTHOCIITCH H TaK Ha31>1BaCMilff CeH-
meH~UJI , KOí,/la B q>opMe 113pCYCHl1ff, OOCTPOCHHo r o KaK q>opMyJIHpoB-
Ka HeKoero 00lUC3Ha'll1MOro nOJIO)l(CHI-UI, yrsep)Kl).UCTCH '-laCTHéUI MbJCJlb,
H Y)KH éUI TOJlbKO B ,llaHHOM MecTe H B ,llaHHOÍI CBH311, HUllpHMep:

EcTb 8 OCCIIII n epBOlla'laJlbllOÍI

KopoTKa}I , 110 t 1HBt1aS1 n o pa :
B ecb .llCHb CTOl1T K3K 61,1 xpyCTaJJbll blÍI,
H JtY'{e3ap11b1 BC'iepa...
(T io T •t e o.)

B ce 3TH KOHCTpYKU.1111 (TaK Ha3bl8aeMble <jJuzypbl) HMCJOT ,/lBOHHYIO

<PYHKUHIO. TTOMl1MO Henocpe,llCTBeHHOr o ceoero 3MOW1OHaJibHOfO BO3-
,/lCHCTBHH, OHH o6Ji a.llaJOT eme .llJJHTeJlbHOÍI JlltTe paTypHOR Tp a.llHWl e ÍI.
Y'ie HHe o <t>11rypax pa3pa60TaHO 6bIJlO B aHTH'iHblX no3THKax, 11 KJiac-
CH'iecKHe opaTOpbl , paeHO KaK 11 no3Tbl KJ1acCH'ieCKOÍI W KOJl bl, ycH-
JieHHO npHMCHffJlH lfX B ceoei\ pe'iH . B CJie,/lCTBHe 3TOro Ha ecex 3THX
np11eMax CCTb HaJieT coeepweHHO ffBHOíl JlHTepaTypHOÍI Tpa,llHUl1OH -
HOCTH. 11MeHHO 3THMl1 «q>11rypaJibHblMl1•> Bblpall<eHHJI.MH OTJlH'laJICff
ff3blK BblCO KHX n o3TH'ieCI01X )1(3HpOB OT npa1cru-iecKor o ff3b1Ka. YnoT-
pe6JieHHe 3 TI1X q>11ryp MO)l(eT npOl13BO./ll1Tb Bíle 'iaTJieHHe CO31faTeJl b-
HOH HMHTau1111 KJiaCCH'!eCKOro CTHJlff c aoeo6pa3HOH <iCTHJIH3aUHCÍI »
no,ll TO, '!TO HMCHOBaJIH «ff3b1KOM 6orOB•: B 3aBl1CHMOCTH 0T OTHowe-
HH.Sl aBTopa K 3TOMY BblCOKOMY CTHJIIO Mbl nonyqHM HJIH ,lleÍICTBHTeJlb-
HO BblCOKHÍI CTHJlb, HJIH napo,llHJO. napo,llHpoaaHHe BblCOKoro CTHJUI
HMeeT .llJJHHHYIO MHOroeeKOBYJO HCTOpHIO, 11 Mbl O'iCHb '!aCTO npH6e -
r aeM K HeMy B pa3roaopHOÍI pe'!H , B KOTOpoÍI •<t>HrypaJibHble» Bblpa-
)l(eHH.SI HBJJHJOTC.11 KOMl1'!CCI01M npHeMOM.
Y'!eHHe TPa.llHUHOHHblX no3THK H pHTOpHK O q>Hrypax npe,llCTae-
AAeT co6oíi co 6p airne '!acTHbl X 11 pa:lHOpO,llHblX CJlOBeCHbIX npHeMOB,
npHMel-UleMblX B 3 MOUHOHaJibHO- n OBb1W eHHOÍI pe'!H. TTpHeMbl 3TH
KOpel-UITC.SI B npHeMax pa3r OBOpHOÍI p e'!H, H CCJ111 HeT oco6oH ycTa-
HOBKH BHHMaHHJI. Ha «q>HrypaJibHOCTb» Bblpa)l(eHHÍI 11 H X mnepaTyp -
HOCTb He nO,ll'!epKHBaeTC.11 cne u HaJibHOÍI «BblCOKOÍI» JieKCltKOH, TO OHH
BO CllpHHHMalOTC.11 KaK HOpMaJibHéUI q>opMa 3 MOUHOHdJlbHO-ílOBb1WeH -
HOH pe'!H . MapMOHTeJib e H3BeCTHOÍI «3HUHK,1one.n1111» XVIII a. a
TaKOÍI CHH)KeHHOÍI (J>opMe H3JlaraeT ~ ICHHe o <t>urypax:

«)laoMapc3 3aMCTHJI, '{TO pHTOpH'iCCKHC tj)uiypbl scero OObl'illCC B cnopax

pb1110'iHblX ToproBOK. n onpo6yeM COC.lll111HTb HX B pC'iH npocTOnlO.llHH3 H ,
'iTOObl 0)1(H811Tb ero , npennoJtOlKH M, '{TO 0 11 pyraeT CBOIO )l(Ct1 y :
«CK:uicy ll na, OHa roBOpHT IICT: yrpoM 11 BC'iepoM. HO'iblO 11 .llllCM 011a
BOp'il1T (aHmume3a: conocrawie1me npoTHBo nono)l(J-lhlX no 311a'iCHHIO CJlOB).
HHKorna, HHKorna e H CH 11CT noKOll (noomopeHue HJ111 ycyiyó,1eHue). 31-o BC.llb-

78
Ma, 3T0 caTaHa (wnep6ÓIIO: npeyllCJll1'-leJtuc)•. Ho, 11ec'-1aCT11aS1, Tbl CKa)KH-Ka
M11e (oópau¡eHue); '-IT0 R Te6e c.aenan? (t1onpoweHue). 4To 33 mynoCTb 6wa
)l(elll1TbCR na Te6e! (60Clú'IUl{OHUe) . Jl)''IWe 61,1 yron1tTbCR! (nOJK€,IOHUe) . He
6y)ly ynpeKaTb TC6R 33 BCe TB0lt pacxo.abl, Ja BCe M0H TPY.llbl, '-IT06bl .!IOOblTb
Te6e cpe.nCTaa (ocmaBJJeHue) . Ho npollly Te6R, JaK111111a10 Te6R, .naH t.111e cno-
K011Ho pa6oTaTb.. . (,110/leHue). Hm, nycTb II YMPY, K0JlH ... 6eperl1Cb MeltR .ao-
BeCTJ.1 .!10 Kp3HIIOCTH (yzpo1a 11 yoepJICOHue) . O11a n.na'-leT, ax, 6e.LIHRJIQ(a; B0T
YBl1.!ll1Te : B11110BaTblM 0Ka)l(yCb R )!(e (upOHllR). Hy, Jla.D.110, nycrb TaK . L{a, R
pa:mpaJK.HTeJle11, 11eao:mep)l(att (ycmy11AeHue) . CTo pa3 R )l(eJla/1, 'fT06bl Tbl 6blJJa
ypoaoM . .R npoKJJHHan, He11aaH.aeJ1 3TII Koaap11b1e rJJa3KH, 3To o6Ma11 1-maoe
JU1U0 (acmeuJM, IIJlll noXBana B q>opMe ynpeKa). Ho CKa)KH ~me, 11e}')l(eJ111 co
MH0H 1teJJb3R nocTynaTb no-xopoweMy? (cooou¡eHue) . L{ern, coce.a.11, .apy3bll,
BCe 311a10r npo 1-1aw11 HCJTa.llbl (nepe<tuc,1eHue) . 01111 CJlblWaT TB0l1 Kpl1KH, )l(a-
JI06bl, pyrareJJbCTBa (HapacmaHue). 01111 BH.!leJIH, KaK Tbl e 6J1y)l(.!la10WHMl1 rna-
3a1.Ut, pacnycrna aonocbl, npeCJieaoaana MCHR, yrpo)l(3SI MHe (onucaHue). 01111
o6 3T0M roaopRT; np11xo.a11T coce.aKa, 0111-1 cil paccKa3blBalOT; npox o)l(}IH cny-
waeT 11 6e)l(}IT nepecKa3b1BaTb apyrnM (wnomunoJUc, 1tJJ11 npeiJcma8AeHue:
4>11rypa, B K0Topoll C06blTHe 11306pruKaeTCR KaK np0l1CX0IDIWCe nepe.n roBopR-
W11M). 01111 ºº.!IYMªIOT, '-ITO R 30JI, '-IT0 R )l(CCT0K, •no R Te6R 6pocHJl, 1ff0 R
re6R 6bl0, '-IT0 R Tefü1 KaJIC'-IY (i!paiJal{UR, HJlH lú'IUMOKC). Ho Be.llb 11eT, 0Hl1
3HalOT, '-IT0 R Te6R Jll06Jll0, '-IT0 R a o6pb1A '-ICJl0BCK H 'ffO MIIC 6bl TOJlbK0
BH.!ICTb Te6R cnoK0HH0H 11 .!I0B0Jlbll0A (KoppeKl{UR). )la, CCTb npaBJla Ha 3C~tJJe:
KT0 B11H0BaT, 33 TeM 11 OCTatteTCR ... (ceHmeHl{UR) . '-ho 6bl CKa3aJJa TB0ll n oKoA-
113.SI MaTb? l!To oua CKroKe-r? L{a, SI B11)1(y, K.aK 011a MeHJI CJiywaei- 11 roaop11T:
c6e,aHblH MoH 3RTb, Tbl 33CJl}'ll(HJl JlY'iwen cyab6bl,. (npo30noneR, HJ111 o,1ul{em-
sopeHue),..
BoT BCR TeopHR p11T0poB O (/Juzypa.x, ocywecrBJJe1111aS1 6e3 BCSIK0ro 11CJCYC-
CTB3, 11 1111 Apl1CTOTCJlb, IIH Kap11ca.n, 1111 l<BHHTHJll1att, 1111 CaM U.HuepoH HC
3Han11 11w-1ero 6onbwe».

Cxonacrw-1ec1<ru1 HOMeHKJiarypa q>Hryp, panRcHeHH:u! TaKHM o6-

pa30M, He RBJHleTCSI CKOnbKO -HH6y,nb ueHHbIM opy,nHeM .llJUI attan113a
xy.no)l(eCTBeHHOro CTttn.st, TaK "ª" OHa He HC'lepnb1BaeT scex npHeMOB
YKJIOHeHH.SI CJJOBeCHblX KOHCTpY,KUHH OT HOpMb1 H, KPOMe Toro, 061,-
e.nmuieT no.a O.UHHM Ha3BaHHeM «q>Hrypa» RBJleHHR Sl3b1Ka caMble pa3-
HO06pa3Hb1e.
Bce 3TH SIBJleHHSI .neq>OpMauHH CHHTaKCHca conpOBO.)l(,!laJOTCSI H
COOTBeTCTBeHHbl.M H3MeHeHHeM H nocmpOeHUeM HHTOHaUHH. nonb30-
saHHe KHTOHauHeH KaK cpe.nCTBOM 3MOJJ.HOHanbHOro OKp8illHBaHHSI
pe'IH THnH'IHO .llJUI nO3TH'leCKoro R3b1Ka (Ha 3TOM nocrpoeHbl pHTO-
pH'leCKHe eonpOCbl H 80CIUIUl{GHUR). Ho He TOnbKO .llJUI 3MOUHOHanbHO -

• O6paTH3Jl <j>Hrypa, npe}'MCHl,WCHHe, IIMCHYCTCJl numomec. ÜHa C0CT0HT Hl

orp1tuaH1tJl o6pamoro ceoncrsa; HanpHMtp, ecnH BMeCTo <popMw: • OH rnym roeopn:
•OH He 6newer Y),I0M•.

79
ro 00,U'lCPKHBaHWI f10Jlb3YJOTC.R pe3KHMH HHTOH3UHOHHblMH cpopMa-
MH, HO H .lLIUI o6wefl opraHHJaUHH pe'IH, nyreM yCTaHOBJlCHWI HHT0-
H3UHOHHblX coom8emcm8UÜ B npoHJBC,UCHHH.
flpH 3HMH3C xy,nO)ICCCTBCHHOfO CTHJUI f103TOMY Heo6xo.nHMO H3-
6mo.naTb JICKCH'lCCKHe H CHHT3KCH'lCCKHe napanneJIH3Mbl, KOTOpblC
06bl'IHO COOTBCTCTBYJOT H HHTOH3UHOHHblM napanJICJUIM.
11HTOH3UWI - cosepweHHO HC 6e3p33JIH'lHblH 3JICMCHT B npOH3-
se.neHHH, H HCKOTOpble flHCaTCJIH, Y'IITTblBa.R 3TOT MOMCHT B TBOp'ieC-
KOM npouecce, npOH3HOC.RT CBOH npOH3Be.neHWI BCJl)'X, npe)IC,ne 'ICM
JanHcaTb HX, 'IT06bl HC OUIH6HTbC.R B Bb16ope HHTOH3UHOHHOH cpopMbl
(TaK CBH.llCTeJlbCTBOBan o csoeM TBOp'lCCTBe ÜCTpOBCKHH, y KOToporo
no.no6Ha.R CHCTeMa TBOp'lCCTBa 061,jlCHSIJl3Cb H H36paHHblM HM .npaMa-
TH'lCCKHM, T.e. npe.nHaJH3'lCHHblM .1L1U1 npOH3HCCCHWI, )IGlHPOM).
BecbMa xapaKTepHblM .1L1U1 CTHJUI xy,nO)ICCCTBCHHOro npOH3Be.UCHWI
.RB.l'UleTC.R 60JlbWee H.1111 MCHbwee CHHT3KCH'{CCKOe O.UHoo6pa3He CTH-
JUI. TaK, 06HJ1He KOPOTKHX H paJ,nCJICHHblX npe.LlJIO)ICCHHH npH.!laeT
csoeo6paJ11e CTH.llJO 11 11B.11J1e-rc11 oco6oñ MaHepoñ, KOTOpou npoTHso-
CTOHT CTH.llb «nepHO.UH'lCCKHHi., COCTO.RlWIH H3 paJBHTblX, AIIHHHblX
npe.LlJIO)ICCHHH. 8 npHeMax 3THX pa3BHTblX npe.LlJIO)ICCHHH cne.nye-r oco-
6o Bbl,UCJIHTb npe.LlJIOXCHWI CAUtnHble (omKpblmble KOHCTpyJ(UHH), Ha
KOTOpbIX flOCTpOCHO HCCKOJlbKO cpmyp 3HTH'IHOH pHTOpHKH. BOT npH-
Mep TaKOH KOHCTPYKJ.lHH 113 MHHH3TIOpb1 11 . Ea6eJUI «naH AnoneK>:

«CBJlTblC "ª"ª Anoneica, BCCb 3TOT HecpaBHCHHblA H36op /IU")'/O~UX "

npocmosamblX crapuee, cedo6opodb1X, n11ettucmblX, ,cpaCHO/IU~blX, 6w BTHCHyr B
nOTOKH WCJlK3 H MOfY'IHX eeqepo&>.

CpaBHH:

«B cyrpo6ax nec, B cyrpo6ax noJU1, B cyrpo6ax 6onoTa. Be'lep 6JIHJOK.

8 OOJUIH3X, 33 cyrpo63MH, ceno TOHeT CHCíOM, 'fYM3HOM, nyproA; CKBOJb neca,
OOJUI H 60JIOT3 MeTeT 6yp3H. Í3JTI<H npR'lyrCR B MCJlbHHuy. ÍaJIO\fbM nlC3Jl3
CMCJIO 6yp3HOM. Berep pBCT, 6oper, nOJiblM3eT H XJIOnbRMJ1, TICJICHOA HCCOT,
BbCTCR CMCpl.lCM, TIOCT f0JIOC3MJ1 , TIOCT B necax, B nOIDIX, OOJIOTaX».
(H " K. H " K "T" H.)

«33B0Jl CT3Jl MOWHblA, O.llHH HJ BCJUIK3HOB B PoccHH, Bblpoc CT3Jlbl0, )l(C-

JICJOM H K3MHCM, oropo.nHJICR H3 COTHIO JICCJlTHH Ja6opaMK, M3TCM3TH\fCCKH-
MH Q)OPMYJl3MJ1, TPy6bl no.nnepJm He6o, JaJJ,blMHJlH B He6o, .11HH3MO-M3WHHbl
KHHYJIH CBCT B HOI.IH CBCTJICC CMHU3, CT3Jlb 33CKpe)l(CT3Jl3 :llCCJICJOM, 33J3blJlH
fY.llKH, - 33B0.ll CTaJI CT3JlCJ1HTCHHblA, M3WHHOCTpoHTCJlbHbU\, - T3M, 33 33-
BO.llCKOA CTCHOA - JlblM, KOnOTb, OíOHb, - UJYM, JUIJf, BHJf " CKpHn )l(eJIC-
33, - noJl)'Mp3K, 3JICKTPH'ICCTBO BMCCTO CMHU3, - M3WHH8, .llOflYCKH, K3-
JIH6pbl, Barp3HKH, MapreHbl, K}'3HHUbl, nt.UP3MHI.ICCKHC npeccbl, TSOKCCTblO B
TOHHbl, - ropRI.IHC uexa, - TOK3PHhlC CT3HKH, q>peJepbl, aRKCbl, f.llC CTP~
80
H3 CTanH K.aK OT q>yraH1ca, - H npH M3WHHC, 3a Ma!llitHOA, noJJ. MaWHHOA -
pa6o'01A, - MaWHHa B MaCJJe, M3WHHa - CTaJlb, M3WHHa HCYMOJIHMa, -
JlblM, KOOOTb, OfOHb, - JUl3f, BH3f, B08 H cxpHn .lKCJlC3a•.•. (•MarepHaJlbl K
poM3Hya).

(6. n H JI b H JI K.)

Ec11H TaKHMH CJIHTHblMH 'IJieHaMlt RBJH!JOTC.ff pacnpocTpaHeHHble

<!JleHbl npeDJI0)l(eHwi, npHae.neHHble s ncHxonorn<1ecK)'10 noc11e.nosa-
TeJ1bH0CTb, TO MbJ íl0JIY'f.HM «l<JUtMaKC•>, HJIH <<rpa.nauHJOl); eCJIH 0HH
00CTpoeHbl TaK, 'lT0 Ka)l(.Qoe Hl CJIHTH bJX CJI0B YCHJIHBaeT 3Ha'-leHHe
npe.nbuzymero, Mbl HMeeM «HapacTaHHel); eCJIH cnoaa 6011ee HJIH MeHee
CHH0HHMH'lHbJ - «nepe'lHCJleHHe•.
Cp. HapaCTaHHe y .UocToeBCKoro, nOCTp0eHH0e Ha nap0,UH'leCK0H
«q>HrypaJibH0CTHII) peqei\ K0MH'leCK0ro repo.Si <l>OMbl OnHCKHHa:

«np1t O.ll.HOM npe.zmOJIO)l(CHIDI nOJIOOHOl"O CJJ}"iéUI Bbl 6bl JlO/l)l(}-lbl 6blJIH

BblPBaTh C KOPHCM B0/lOCbl H3 fOJIOBbl csoeA H HCOYCTHTh PY'ibli ..• 'lTO SI l"OBO-
pt0! peKH, Olepa, MOPSI, OKCaHbl CJJCJ!.. •

HaKOHeu, ec1111 aHanorn<1HbJe pacnpocTpaHeHHble <!JleHbl npeAJJ.o-

)l(eHwi HJIH .Qa)Ke aHaJI0rH'lHbJe HeJaBHCHMble npeDJI0)l(eHWI 00CTp0 -
eHbl TaK, 'IT0 Ha'IHHaJOTCR C 0.UH0r0 CJI0Ba, Mbl HMeeM xapaKTepHYJO
DJl.ff 11HpH'leCK.HX :lKaHP0B Q:>Hrypy, HMeHyeMylO aHa<jJopoii ( e.nHHOHa'la-
rne), HanpHMep:

.SI np11wen K Te6e e np1tseroM

Pacc,caJamb, 'ITO COJIHUC 8CTaJ'IO,
'-ho OHO ropSl'I HM CBCTOM
no JlHCTaM 33TpeneTanO.
PacCIC030mb, 'ITO JICC npoCHYJICSI,
Becb npoCHYJICSI, BCTKOH KaJK.D.OH,
KruK.uoA nrnueA sci-peneHy11cS1
M BeCCHHeA nOJIOH )l(a)l(JJ.Olt
Pacc/Ctl3amb, 'ITO e roA lKe crpaCTblO
Kax B'lepa, npKWCJI SI CHOBa,
'-Iro Jiywa sce T3K )KC C'l3CTblO
M Te6e CJIY)l(HTb í OTOBa.
PacCK030mb, 'ITO OTOBCIO.UY
Ha MCHSI BeCCJibCM BCCT,
'-Iro HC 3H3IO CaM , 'ITO 6yJJ.y
neTb, - HO TOJlbKO OCCHJI 3peCT!

(<J> e T.)

6- 964 81
 OpH H3yqeHHH atta<J>opm1ecKHX nocTpOeHHH cneJiye-r o6pamaTb
8HHMaHHe Ha TO, HaCKOnbKO Il08TOpReMoe cnoeo coxpattReT ceoe 3Ha-
'leHHe, IlOCKOnbKy pa38HT KIDl<.!lblH 'UleH aHa4><>pbl, HaCKOnbKO aHano -
rH'IHa CHHTaKCH'leCKaR CTpyKT)'pa 80 scex 'lneHax, KaK MOTHBHpyeTCR
npHMeHeHHe atta<J>opbl H KaKoe OTHOllleHHe OHa HMeeT K 061UeH KOM-
Il03HUHH npoH38e.neHWI.
K 3THM eonpocaM npH.neTCR 8epHYTbCR 8 OT.nene, nOCMlUeHHOM
nHpH'leCKHM )l(aHpaM .

3B<f)OHH.H 18
(3BYKOBOH COCTAB Il03TIAECKOH PEqH)

'Ienoee'leCKaj¡ pe'lb ocymeCTBJUleTCjl npH nOMOll.l.H 38YKOB, pa3-

nH'IHM KOM6HHaum1 KOTOPhlX }laeT cnoea H npe.nno)l(eHWI. B npaKTH-
'leCKOH pe'IH 3TH 3ByKH IlO'ITH He 3a.nep)l(J1BaJOT Ha ce6e BHHMaHHR.
lloH.Jlo pe'lb, Mbl 3a6bl8aeM, KaK, oHa 38)"'um. 11Hoe .neno 8 pe'IH no3-
TH'leCKOH, r.ne HMeeTCR yCTaH08Ka Ha Bblpa)l(eHHe. 3JieCb 38YKH pe'IH
npHo6peTaJOT 6onblllee 3Ha'leHHe H 8 HeKOTOpblX ycnOBHRX .113.)l(e MO-
íYT 80 ene'!aTneHHH 3acnoHHTb eocnpWITHe 3Ha'leHWI.
TipH H3yqeHHH 38YKOB 'len08e'leCKOA pe'IH Mbl ,!(OJDKHbl Y"JHTbl-
BaTb cne.11y101UHe MOMeHTbl: npOH3HOCHMble HaMH 38YKH eCTb He TOnb-
KO OTMe'leHHble 38)'KU, KOTOpble Mbl TOnbKO CJlhllIDIM, - 3TO eCTb
pe3ynbTaT HeKOTOpOH npoH3HOCHTenbHOH pa6oTbl, 8 KOTOpOH yqaCT-
8YIOT HaWH opraHbl npoH3HOWeHWI. 8 80CilpWITHH 3BYK08 y Hac cnH-
8aJOTCR Boe}lHHO H npe.ncTa8neHHR O 38yqaHHH, H npe.ncTaBJJeHWI O
cnoco6e npoH380JlCTBa 3THX 38YKOB. 38yqaHHe (a,cycmu'leCKaJl cropo -
tta) C08epweHHO HeOT.nenHMO 0T npoH3HOllleHWI (apmUIC)'/Ult{UJl). 8 'le-
no8e'leCKOM R3blK080M 38yKe aKyCTHKa H apTHKyAAUWI - .ll8e CTOpo-
Hbl o.nHoro H Toro )l(e. Tio3TOMY, ecnH Mbl ynoTpe6AAeM cno8o «38YK*,
TO pa3yMeeM IlOJl 3THM cnOBOM He O.llHY TOnbKO MY3b1KanbHY10 CTopó-
HY pe'IH, HO TaJOKe H npe.nCTaMeHHe O .llBIDKeHHH R3b1Ka, MYCKyn08
ropTaHH, Hanp.R)l(eHHH ronOC08blX C8R30K, BblJlOXe H T.n.
3ByKH cne.nyeT pa3JIH'laTb no HX ponH B CHCTeMe R3b1Ka. HeKOTO-
pble oco6eHHOCTH npoH3HOllleHWI, KaK 6onblllM HJIH MeHbWaR CKO-
pocTb pe'IH, IlOBblWeHHR HJIH IlOHH)l(eHWI ronoca, xapax:repH3YJOT co-
6oH <J>pa3y 8 uenoM H 06be.11HtuUOTCR B nomrrHH «HHTOH3UWI•• .[(py-
rHe MOMeHTbl, KaK Ka'leCTBa 38yKa (pa3JIH'IHLle rnaCHble H cornacHbte
3BYKH), y.napeHHe (cpa8HH «3aMOK• H «33MOK•), onpe.!(CTUIIOT OT.llMbHbl.e
cnosa H HX <J>opMbl (ReneHWI (jJoHemu'lecKue 8 Y3KOM CMblcne cnosa).
HaKoHeu, 8 cpe}le ecex 3THX RMeHHA MO)l(}IO Y"JHTblBaTb MOMeHTbl
KOAU'leCm8eHHble (K KOTOpblM npHMeHHMO cpaeHeHHe: 6onbllle HJIH

82
MeHbWe, HanpHMep, ycHJJeHHe 3ByKa, T.e. YllapeHHe, A/lHTenbHOCTb
3ByKa, BblCOTa MY3b1KanbHOf0 TOHa), C O.llHOA CTOpOHbl, H K.a'4eCm8eH-
Hble - e llpyron (Ka'lecTBeHHbie $18JleHH$1 - THnH'IHble, HecpaBHHMble:
CBOHCTBa 3BYKOB <•a», «o», •n», «n,. He cpaBHHBalOTC$1 Me)IC.!ly co6oA.
3ayx: «n• THnH'leH, OH He MO)l(eT 6b!Tb 6onee «n• HJIH MeHee «n»). 3TH
Ka'leCTBeHHble THnbl 3BYKOB HMeHylOTC$1 <j)oHe.MaMU.•
CpellH <t>oHeM cneJXyeT pa3.TIH<JaTb rnaCHble 3BYKH (npoH3HOCHMble
C npHOTKpblTblM pTOM) H cornaCHble (B npoH3HOWeHHH KOTOpb!X op-
raHbl pe'IH 6onee HJIH MeHee TeCHO CMbJKalOTC$1, H K OCHOBHOMY 3BYKY
npHMeWHBalOTC$1 WYMbl OT TJ}CHWI BOlll}'Xa o COMKHyrble opraHbl npo-
H3HOWeHWI).
f nacHble pa.JJ1tt<Ia10TC$1: YllapHble (nonHoro o6paJoBaHllil) - «H»,
«3», «o», «bl», «a», -.y» H HeyJXapHbte (pellyUHpoaaHHble) - Te )l(e JBY-
KH 8 HeyJXapeHHOM nonO)l(eHHH C npHCQellHHeHHeM 3BYKOB, cnb!WH-
Mb!X, KOflla Mbl npOH3HOCHM «a» H •o• He nOll YllapeHHeM (HanpHMep,
8 cnoaax «33KOH», «rOBOplO» - 3BYKH, H306prui<.aeMble 6yx:BOIO •O•,
pa.JJIH'IHbl B 338HCHMOCTH OT Toro, HaxO.IDITC$1 nH B cnore HenocpellCT-
BeHHO nepell Yllap$1eMblM HJIH 8 KaKOM-HH6Yllb llPYfOM Mecre cnoaa), a
Tatdlce «e» B HeyJXapeHHOM nono)l(eHHH (3B}'K 6nH3KHA K «H»).
rnaCHble OTnH'lalOTC$l BblCOTOH TeM6pa. CaMblA Bb!COKHA (npoH -
3HTMbHb1A) 3B}'K - •H•, caMblA HH3KHA (rnyxoA) - «y».
KpoMe TOro, H3 rnaCHblX BbUleJUIIOT Aa6uaAU3080HHble "º,. H •Y•,
npH npOH3HOWeHHH KOTOpb!X c6mt)IGIIOTC$1 ry6bl.
11.3 •mena cornaCHblX BbUleJUIIOT B oco6y10 rpynny «coHOpHble»,
npH6nH:lKalOIUHeC$1 no CBoeMy xapaJCTepy K rnaCHblM - HOCOBble «H• H
•M• H $13bl'IHble «JI• H «p». CpellH COHOpHb!X oco6oe MeCTO 3aHHMaeT
~BYK •P•, npe,n:cTaBJUIIOIUHH KaK 6bl P.11.ll ronOCOBblX B3pb1B08, conpo -
BO:llC.flal01UHXC$1 llpo:lKaHHeM KOH'IHKa $13b!Ka. OcTanbHble COHOpHble
nonY'lalOTC.ll npH HenOllBIDKHOA ycTaHOBKe opraHOB pel!H.
ÜC'rallbHble cornacHble lleJUITC$1 Ha JlBe rpyrnihl - JBOHKHe, npo-
HJHOCHMble nonHbJM ronoCOM ( •B•, -.6», «ll», «3•, c)I(», «flt) , H rnyxHe,
npOH3HOCHMble wenoTOM (•<I>•, «n», .-r», «e», «u•, •W•, «'l», «K•,
«X».•• Me:llC!ly 3BOHKHMH H rnyXHMH HMelOTC$1 COOTBeTCTBH.ll - Kll)K-
JlOMY 3BOHKOMY COOTBeTCTBYeT rnyxoA H o6paTHO (c6» H «n», •Br. H
•<I>• H T.ll.). 3ayKy «'l» COOTBeTCTByeT 3BOHKHA, cnblWHMblA B cnoae
.-npe:llC!le» Ha MeCTe op<t>orpa<l>H'leCKOro •Jl•, 3BYKY «X• - IO)KHO-pyc-

• 3JteMeHTbl q>OHeMbl, Y'lltTblBaeM OA TOJlbKO e ee MY3b1KllJlbHO-3BYKOBOA

(C.JlyxOBOA) CTOp0Hbl, HMeHylOTCSI a,.;yc.'4aMU; 3JleMeHTbl apTHKYJl!IUltlt (.IIBlt)l(eHHJI
opraHOB pe'I.H) HaJblBalOTCSI /WHeMOMU, KOM6HHa!¡ltlt roro 'H .apyroro - /<:UHQKeMaMU •
•• B KOHUe cnoB H nepe.a fJIYJ(HMH COrJJ3CHblMH 6YKBbl •6-, •B• H T.Jl. 0003H3'!3IOT
rJJYJ(He JBYKM, Hanp1tMep • CTOJl6•, •POlKb•, •BTOpOA•. •P33• - CTOJln, pow, q>TO-
poA, pac.

83
cKoe «I'*, coxpaHttsweecJ1 snttTepa'fYpHOM rosope no.a MH.SlHHeM «ce-
MHHapcKOro• npOH3HOWeHH.Sl B cnosax pe1lHrHO3HOro npoHCXO)l(Jle-
HHJI «fOCOO.llb•, B KOCBeHHblX Oél,lle)Kax CJ1O83 «6Or. - «6ora•>, «6ory•,
«6orw> H T.n.•
C .llpyroH CTOpoHbl, Te lKe 3ByK}I .lleJUITCJI Ha B3pb1BHble (MrHOBeH -
Hble) H <PPHKaTHBHble (,!IJIHTenbHble). K nepBblM OTHOCJITCJI: «n »,«T•,
(;K», «6•, •.11• H «r», KO BTOpblM - •<I>•, •C•, «lll», «B», «3», c)K», Ilpo-
Me)l()'TO'IHOe n ono)KeHtte Ja.HHMalOT aq>q>pHKaTbl, Ha'IHHalOWHeCJI co
B3pb!BHOro 3BYKa H 3aKJIIO'lalOWHeCJI q>pHKaTHBHblMH («'1•, «U•, OT-
<JaCTH «.!lb• H «n.», 3Byqamtte KaK «.11 (3) b», «T (e) b» co cna6b1M npH-
3BYKOM «3» H «C>>) . ••
Bce cornacHble (B TOM 'IHCne H COHOpHble) )le./UlTCJI Ha Tsepwe H
MJl.íKHe, HanpHMep «H• H «Hb•, •P• tt «pb», «e• H CCb», «6• tt «6b» .
Tsep.able H MJl.rKHe HMelOT B p yCCKOM npaso nHCatiH.H O.IJ.HO H TO lKe
6YK,BeHliOC 0003Ha'leHHe, HO B cepe.llHHe CJlOB n epe.a rnaCHOA 3a TBep-
JlblMH cornaCHbIMH OHWYTCJI rnaCHble -.a., •o•, «bl•, «y•, 3a MJl.fKH-
MH - «JI», «e», «H», «IO• . Ilepe.11 cornaCHblMH H B KOHUe cnOB TBep.11ble
o6O3Ha<JalOTCJI O.llHOH 6YJ(BOA, a K MJl.fKHM npHnHCblBaeTCJI 3HaK «b».
CneLJYeT OTMeTHTb, 'ITO 6YK,Bbl «lll•, «lK• H • U• s p ycCKOM Jl3b!Ke
seer.na o603HalJaJOT TBep.llble 3BYJ(H (cp . Ka.Mhllll H M.hllllh, )KHpHblA H
:JKasopoHOK, ueJiblA H KOHeU), a «'I• H •W• (6YKBa, 060JHa<Ja10waJ1
CJlO)KJiblH 3BYK «lll'I») - scer.aa MJl.fKHe ( «Me'I• H «HO'lb», «WH• H
«nOWa.!la» ) .
KnaccHq>HKaUH.Sl cornacHblX cosepwaeTCJI no npH3HaKY apTHKYJUI -
UHH, T.e. n o TeM o p raHa.M, KOTOpble npHHHMalOT yqaCTHe B HX o6pa30-
BaHHH ( npH 3TOM He Y<JHTb!BaeTCJI Jl3b!K, KaK yqaCTB}'}OWHA B 6onb-
WHHCTBe 3BYKOB, - sepHee Y<JHTblBaeTCR oprati, K KOTOpOMY Jl3blK
npHMbl.KaeT).
Pa3JIH'lalOT cornaCHble ry6Hble («B», «<P•, • 6•, «n»; Cpe.llH COHOp-
HbIX- HOCOBOe «M»), Jy6Hble (•Jl•, •T•, «3», «u», .oK», «lll•, «'1•; cpen.H
COHOpHblX - «H») H 3a.!1HeHC6Hble ( «r., «K» ) . C JlpyroA CTOpOHbl, no
aicyCTH'leCKOMY 3<1><t>eKTY Bbl.ll.elliUOT CBHCTRWHe ( «3>, «e• H «U») H
WHJUIWHe ( 4)1(», «lll• H «'I»).
r nacHwe H cornaCHble 3BYKH, 06'be.11muU1Cb Me)l(Jly co6oH, o6paJy-
lOT cnorn . B Ka)l(,!lOM cnore eCTb 6onee CHJlbHO npOH3HOCHMblH 3BYK,

• 3BOKJ<Jiil COOTBCTCTByi<>U.lHA JBYJCY •U• nO'iTH OTCyrcTllyCT 8 pyccKOM ll)blKC, HO

JHOKOM BCCM no rpyJHHCKHM <l>aMHJIIUIM •Llyt,16a.D.Je•, • llXCHlllC • H T.n . 11ttor.aa 3TOT
38Y'K nollB./UICTCll npH CTOnKHOBCHHH KOH C'IHOfO •U• C 11:1•1anbHJ.IM JBOHKJIM COf ,13CHblM ,
ttanp.: •My.apeu 6onbW00• .
•• «T¡,. (m MllfKOC) COOTBCTCTByeT OAHOBptMCHH O H TBCp,aOMY .-ro K TBCpAOMY • U•.
Bnpo'ICM, 8CT¡>e'l3CTCll - ~ M>l!"XOC K 6eJ naJeyxa B KOM6 HH3Ul1K e Ml!nolM «n•: •T,l>I•,
• nCTnll•. To )l(C H n o OTHOWCHKIO K •A• (•.11111•, •MCJlllHTb•). Bnpo'ICM, B COBpeMCKHOM
npoK3HOWCHKK •.a• K • T• 8 T3J<.H.X non Oll<CHl1JIX CT¡>eMl!TCll K OTBep.aeHH IO.

84
K K0T0P0MY npHMblKalOT cnorn . 3ByK 3T0T HMCHYCTC>l CJIOW8blAI. O6blK -
HOBCHH0 cnoroBblM 3BYK0M flM}lCTC}l rnaCHblH, H Ka)l(JlOMY rnaCHOMY
C0OTBCTCTBYCT 0.llHH CJI0r. Bnpo'!eM, HH0r.11a rnaCHblR 3BYK M0)KCT H
He o6pa30BaTb cnora H RBHTbC}l «HeCJI0I'OBblM». TaKOBO, HanpHMep,
•Y• B HCKOT0pblX HH0crpaHHblX cnosax: <<<l>aycn, «KJI0yH>>, a TatOKe B
6enopyCCKOM H MaJI0PYCCK0M R3b1Kax Ha MeCTe pyCCKHX «B» H ..,..,
(B0YK-BOJIK, .ll3CyKa-.11eBKa H T.n.). BeCbMa pacnpoc-rpaHCHHblM RB-
JUICTCR B pyCCK0M }13b1Ke u HtCtlOW60e (R). 3BYK 3T0T BX0.llHT B COCTaB
op$orpa<j)H'!CCKHX rnaCHblX fl, e, IO, e (ita, RO, HY, H3t, K0r.11a 0HJt
CT0flT B Ha'!ane cnos, HJIH nocne rnacttoro, HJ111 B Ha'!ane pa3JlenhH0
npOH3HOCHM0ro cnora (RMa, enKa, IOr, exaTh, o6bf!MeHHC, 06'beM,
npHIOT, 0Tbe3Jl, BblOra, nHHWI. H T.n.). ÜH )KC ll306prui<aeTC}l 6}'KBOR
«R• nocne rnacHblX (capa.t, '!aRKa, noH.D.eM, soAcKo). B HCK0T0pblX
non0)l(CHl1JIX. . 3BYK 3TOT M0)l(HO C'!HTaTb cornaCHblM (3BOHKHH <j)pH-
KaTHBHblll cpe.llHeHe6HblR 3BYK). B TaKOM cnY'lae ero HMCHYIOT ROT0M.
KpoMe CBOHCTB 3BYKa H np0H3HOWeHWI., OTHOCRW,HXCfl K npeJl.110-
)l(CHHIO H cnosy, cneizyeT 0TMCTHTb ew.e CBORCTBa, CBRJaHHble e xapaK-
repOM pe'!H rosopf!w,ero, e ero ronocoM. Mbl pa3JIH'!aeM pe'!h, npoH3-
HeceHHYIO 3B0HK0 H npOH3HeCeHttylO rnyxo, npoH3HeCCHHYIO nnaKCH-
BO HJIH BKPa.ll'IHBO H T.n. 8 3THX xapaJcrepHCTHKax ronoca Mbl OTMC'la-
eM TO, 'lTO KMCHYeTCR me.M6poM ZOJIOCa. l(a)KJJ.bltl 'ICJI0BeK 06na.llaeT
CB0HM TeM6poM, KOTOpblR OH M0)KCT MCHSITb nHWb e CBOHX, .ll0B0JlbHO
TCCHblX npe.11enax, rnaBHblM o6pa30M B JaBHCHM0CTH OT 3M0UH0HaJib-
H0I'O Ka'leCTBa pe'!H.
Pa3pa6oTKa TeM6pa, '!pe3Bbl'!a.HH0 Ba)l(ffrui .llJUI a1crepa 11 .11eKJiaMa-
T0pa (a TaJOKe .llJUI oparopa), 06bl'!HO 0CTaeTCR 6e3 BHHMaHWI. B TBOp-
'!CCTBe nttcaTeJUI, TaK KaK '!PC3Bbl'!aHH0 TPY.llH0 B xy.ll0)KCCTBCHHblX
np0H3Be.llCHl1JIX }'KaJaTb, KaKHM TeM6pOM cne.11yeT npOH3HOCHTb .11aH-
Hoe np0H3BC.llCHHe, H, KpOMe Toro, HCB03M0)KH0 paCC'!HTblBaTb, '!TO B
ronoCOBblX cpe.llCTBax nl060ro 'IHTaTCJUI M0)KeT 0Ka3aTbC}l He06XO.llH-
MblR TCM6p.
ÜTMC'!Y eme 0./lHY CT0poHy np0H3H0WeHHJI. Haw npOH3H0CHTenb-
Hbltl annapaT M0)KeT np0H3B0.llHTb TaK)l(e H MY3b1KaJibHble 3B}'KH (ne -
HHe). fonOCOBhle CBR3KH B 3T0M CJIY'lae HHa'!e CTaBRTCR, '!CM npH ro-
B0pHOM npOH3H0WCHHH. 8 MY3b1KaJibH0M np0H3H0WCHHH 0CH0BHble
T0Hbl pe'IH Bbl.llCJUIIOTCR Hall WYMaMH pe'!CBblX 3ByK0B (y He0nblTH0ro
neeua e nnoxo.i «.!U{J(llHeH» HCB03M0)KH0 pa306paTb cnoa), B o6hlKH0-
seHH0M rosope - WYMbl 3arnywa10T MY3blKaJibHble T0Hbl. HeKOTOpble
np0H3Be.llCHWI. TPC6YIOT npOH3H0WCHHff, 6nH3K0ro K neHHIO, MY3b1-

• 3n1 J1Ce 6yKBbl nocne corn ac HblX 060311a'!a10T ro,11>1<0 MllrKOCTb

npe.aweCTByiowero cornacttoro: HllHlHlbaHba, pca- pbOB, J110/lbKa · J1bYJ11>1:.a H T.n.
u ncpe.11 y.11.apHl>IM rJlaCHblM : «l!Ma•, •C.111(8•, «IOf'>, •CxaTh•.

85
KaJlbHOro, .npyrne , Hao6opoT, - .RCHO Bblprut<CHHOrO 4'íO8OpHOfO•.
06b1KHOBCHHO caM TCKCT no.nCKaJblBaCT, 83SITb JIH HaM 4'HaneBHbtib
TOH HJIH «roeopHOH•. TaK, 'iHTH roroJICBCKYIO npo3y . qy.neH )lHenp
npH THXOH noro.ne», Mbl HCCKOJlbKO npH6muicaeMC.R K HaneBHOCTH
npoH3HOWCHHJI, B TO epewi KaK OObl'iHblH 'iCXOBCKHH p aCCKa3 Tpe6y-
CT roeopHoro CTHJl.11. HanpHMCp, coeepWCtfHO HCMblCJIHMO CJlblWaTb
HaneBHOe 'iTCHHe TilKHX <t>paJ: « illyM nO,llH.RJIC.Sl CTPaWHblH ... e Ma-
JlCHbKOro CTOJIHKa n o nallaJlH 6yT1,lJIKH..• KTO-TO Y.llaPHJI n o CnHHC HCMUa
Kapna KapJIOBl-l'ia <l>IOH<t>... C KpHKOM H CMCXOM BblCKO'iHJIO HCCKOJlbKO
'iCJIOBCK C KpaCHblMH <l>H3HOHOMHJIMH H3 cnaJibHOH; 3a HHMH norHaJI -
C.11 BCTpeBO.lKCHHbli\ JiaKeib. («KoppecnOH.llCHU.)
B ecb 3ByKOBOH MaTepHaJI 'iCJIOBC'iCCKOH pe'iH B XY.llO)KCCTBCHHOM
npoH3BCJlCHHH opraHH3OBaH, ynopMO'iCH . 31-a opraHHJaUHJI eoo6me
6bleaeT BTOPH'iHOH, T.e. MCXaHH'iCCKH nonyqaeTC.11 B pe3yJ1bTilTC ocy-
lUCCTBJICHHJI pe'iH B HYJl(Hb!X aBTOpy CHHTilKCH'fCCKHX <t>opMax, B ffY)K-
HOH eMy JICKCHKC. Ho HHOf.lla BHHMaHHC HanpaBJUICTC.11 HenocpeJlCT-
BCHHO K 3B}"iaHHIO. IlpH 3TOM npHXO.!DtTC.R }"iHTbl.BaTb, Ha '!TO o6pa-
1UCHO BHHMaHHe aBTOpa. EcnH oprattH30Balibl KOJIU'teCm8eHHble MOMCHThl
npoH3HOWCHHJI, TO Mbl nOJI}"iaCM PHTMH'iCCKYIO pe'ib; CO BOKYOHOCTb
npHCMOB opraHH3atlHH pHTMH'iCCKOH pe<iH COCTaBJUICT 38pUmMUIO. EcnH
BHHMaHHe HanpaBJICHO Ha Ka'iCCTBO 3BYKOB, TO Mbl HMCCM 3B<l>OHHIO B
Y3KOM CMblCJle 3TOfO cnoea.

l. KOJIH'IECTBEHHAH 3B<l>OHIDI (3BPHTMIDI)

Pe'ib npe,llCTilBJUICT co6OH He CWIOWHO.A ronocoeoA DOTOK, a pac -
'lJICHCHHblH. 8 npOH3HOWCHHH Mbl OO'be,llHH.RCM no HCCKOJihKY CJIOB B
HCKOTOpoe C.!DtHCTBO - npOJaH'iCCKHH KOJIOH (HJIH peqeeo.A TilKT) ,
6onee HJIH MCHee OTJlCJICHHblH OT COCCJIHHX KOJIOHOB. BoT npHMep
TaKOfO 'lJICHCHHJI Ha KOJIOHbl OlJ)blBKa H 3 noeeCTH 3peH6ypra:

«B 33ra)KCHHblX HOMCpax «BCHCU.lfH• 11 6blJIO nycTO, 1HCytOTHO 11, pa330p

nOJJH.1>1A. UI CoeceM .na'fa a aeryCTe, 11 - no.eyMan PoCJ1aMea U. BllJlJIJIHCb oxyp-
n
KH 11, ra3eTbl., 1 nanxa «.nen•, 11 CHHHC JlHCTO'fKH I K3KHC-TO HCXOp0WHC, CJIO-
I
MaHHaJI OHWyWaJI MéUUHHKa. mPOTMHCTp 3afJUIHYJl B HOMCP .11Ba.D.U3Tb TPC-
TIDI 11, f.llC n OMClUanCSI paHl>WC I Ka6HHCT Ha'fanbHH.Ka. mY CTCHbl, Ha Ta6yper-
u !
KC, 1 YRHJ.len MaCTepoaoro, 6y.11TO npHKOPHYBWCro MHPHO, HO e pa3Jlpo6-
JICHHOH ronoeoR; 11 o6oH rony6ble I H noprpeT reHepanbCKKA D 6b1J1H rycro
3a6pbl3raHbl Kp0Bbl0• .

B Ka)t(JlOM TaKOM o6oco6JieHHOM KOJIOHC HMCCTC.11 O.llHO CJIOBO, Ha

KOTOpoe na.aaeT HaH6onee CHJlbHOe yJ1apeH He (JIOfH'iCCKOC y.11ape HHC),
OO'bC,llHH.RIOIUCC BOKpyr ce6.11 npHMblKalOIUHC cnoaa KOJIOHa. KpoMe
TOfO, HHTOHaUHJI (T.e. nOBblWCHHC H nOHll)KCHHC ronoca, y6blCTpeHHC
86
H 3aMe.llJ1eHHe npoH3HOWeHmt, nay3bl) OT.lleJUleT C 6oJlbWeH HJIH MeHb-
weH OT'!eTJlHBOCTblO 0.llHH KOJlOH OT .llpyroro.
K.a:lt<.nblH KOJlOH COCTOHT H3 HeCKOJlbKHX CJlOB (pe.llKO H3 0.llHOro) C
pa3JIH'lHblM KOJlH'leCTBOM CJlOrOB H e pa:JJlH'lHblM noJlO)l(eHHeM y.lla-
peHHÍI.
8 npOH3HOWeHHH Mbl BOcnpoH3BO.llHM KOJlOH 3a KOJlOHOM, cnerKa
OT.lleJlAA HX, HHOí.lla OCTaHaBJtHBaffCb nocne KOJIOHa (HanpnMep, JlJl.11
Toro, 'lTo6bl B.llOXHYTb BOl.!lyx). 8 3aBHCHMOCTH OT 'iHCJla CJIOB H no-
P.11.llKa pacnOJlO)l(eHmt Y.llapHblX H Hey.llapHblX cnorOB B KOJlOHe npOH3-
HOWeHHe ero T})e6yeT 60JlbWeH HJIH MeHbWeH 3aTJ)aTbl 3HeprHH.
CHCTeMa pacnpeJleJleHmt 3HeprHH npOH3HOWeHH.R 80 speMeHH
COCTaBJUleT ecmecm6tHHblU pum.M pt'IU. IlpH H3Y'{eHHH PHTMa pe'lH He-
o6XO.llHMO Y'{HTblBaTb, Ha KaKHe KOJIOHbl pacnaaaeTCR pe'lb, HaCKOJlb-
KO pe3KO 3TH KOJIOHbl OT.lleJieHbl .llpyr OT .llpyra H KaK pacnOJlO)l(eHbl
CJIOBa " HX Y.llapeHmt BHYTPH Krul<.llOrO KOJlOHa.
Ilpn KOpoTKHX H pe3KO OT.lleJleHHblX KOJlOHax Mbl nony-taeM OTpbl-
BHCTYIO, 6blCTpylO, 3Hepnt'iHYIO pe'lb. IlpH KOJlOHax JlJlHHHblX e HeOT-
'leTJlHBblMH rpaHHUaMH, KaK 6bl nepeJlHBaJOlllHXCS! H3 OJlHOfO B .llPY-
roA, Mbl nOJIY'{aeM HeOT'ieTJlHBblÍI, JaT)'WeBaHHblH, Me.llJleHHblH pHTM.
BoT npHMep y6blCTpeHHOro pHTMa H3 poMatta A. 6enoro «KOTHK
nenes», r.lle nO'lTH Krut<.noe CJlOBO o6pa3yeT co60H oco6blH KOJIOH:

«MHr, KOMH3Ta, ynuu.a. npoucwecTBHe, .nepeBHH H BpeMH ro.na, POCCKJI ,

HCTOpKJI, r,,mp - JJeCTHHU3 pacwupeHlffi MOHX: no CT)'l1ellHM ee BOCXO)I()'... K
O.lKlUllUOIJ.OIM, K 6yJlYWHM: JJIO,LlJIM, CO6blTMM H KpeCTHblM MYK3M MOHM ... •

OflleTJlHBOCTH pHTMa cnoco6CTBYJOT paBeHCTBO H aHaJIOrmt KOJlO-

HOB. AHanorHJI 3Ta MO)KeT ocymecTBJUITbC.11 H nYTeM CHHTaKCH'leCKHX
H CJlOBeCHblX napaJUJeJIH3MOB, npH'leM MO.>K.eT 06be.llHHRTb KOJIOHbl
60Jiee HJIH MeHee pa:3BHThlMH rpynnaMH. BoT npHMep ynop.11.llO'leHmt
pHTMa npH noMOlllH atta4>opH<-1ecKoro nOCTpoeHH.R (Krul<.lla.R rpynna
KOJlOHOB Ha'lHHaeTCR CJIO~ «yCbl, KOTOpble•):

«3.necb Bbl BCTpenue yc1,1 lfY.llHble, 1 HHKaxHM nepoMI, HHK3KOIO KMCTblO

HeH3o6pa3HMble: ~ ychl!, KOTOpblM nOCBHUleHa lnY'fWrul nOJIOBHHa .llCH3HH 1 -
npe,!lMeT JlOJtnfX 6.neHHA leo BpeMH JlHJI H HOlfH, ycbll, 113 KOTOpble H3JUtJIHCb
1 BOCXHTHTCJlbHeAwKe JlYXH H apoM3Tbl I H KOTOPblX YM3CTHJIH I BCe .nparo-
u.eHHeAwHe H pe.n'iailwKe copra flOMaJl, 11 ycbl 1. KOTOpble 33BOp3'1HBalOTCH
Ha HO'ib TOHKOIO eeneHeBOIO 6yt,tarol0, 11 YCbll, K KOTOPblM ll.blWHT I C3M3R
TporaTeJJbHrut npHBR33HHOCTb I HX nocceccopoe I H KOTOPblM 338HllYIOT npo-
XO,LlJIUlHe».

(fo ro /l b, •HCBCJOtil npocneKT•.)

87
 Cp. OTfYJXa )l(e:

«Bce 06MélH, BCC Me'!Ta, BCe He TO, 'ITO Ka)l(eTCSI . Bbt AYM3eTe, '!TO
3TOT rocn0.!111H, KOTOPblH ryn sieT B OTJ111'1HO CWHTOM CIOpTy'{Ke, O'!CHb
6 oraT, - H11'1Y'tb He 6blBaJJO: OH BeCb COCTOl1T 113 caoero CIOPTY'IK3. Bbi
B006pa)l(aeTe, '!TO 3TH llBa TOJICTSIK3, OCT3HOBl1BW11eCSI nepell CTPOS11Ue!icS1
uepKOBbJO, CYJlSIT 06 apx11Te1<Type ee, - COBCeM HeT, OHl1 f OBOPSIT o TOM, KaK
CTP3HHO cen11 llBe BOPOHbl OllHa npOTl1B .!lpyroít. Bhl llyMaeTe, 'ITO 3TOT
31tTY3113CT, p33M3X1183IOIUl1R PYK3Ml1, fOBOpl1T O TOM, KaK )l(eHa ero 6po-
Cl1J13 H3 OKHa wap11KOM B He3HaKOMOfO eMy BOBCe oct>Huepa, - COBCeM
HeT, OH fOBOPHT O Jla4>a3Te. Bbt llYM3eTe, '!TO 3TH .fl3Mhl•.. HO .f13M3M MeHbWe
acero aepbTe,..

np11 noMOlUlf Ta.KHX Cl1HTaKCH'ieCKHX ff JieKCH'ieCKHX napan..neneít.

CTaHOBHTC.11 pe3KO OIJ.lYTHMOÍI. 'iJleHHMOCTb pe1.m Ha HeKOTOpble ne-
p110)lbl (B )laHHOM CJI}"iae pa.BHble HeCKOJlbKHM KOJIOHaM), CpaBHHMble
Me:llC,!ly co6oit l.JeM Y)Ke 3TH nepHO.llbl, TeM pHTM OT'-leTJIHBee, -reM 'Ule-
HeH11e OIJ.lYTHMee .llJl.11 cnyxa.
Hao6opoT, np11 OTCYTCTBHH CHHTIU<CH'leCKHX aml.lIOfHH, npH ne-
ctpOTe KOHCTpYKUHH H JieKCHKH, np11 HepoBHbIX nepHO)lax H KOJIOHax
11 He.llCHOfl rpa,n.au1111 CH.llbl 'UleHeH11ít pe':lb npoH3B0.Ill1T Bne':laT.lleHHe
OTCYTCTBH.SI pHTMa, ap11TMHl1.
B Ka':leCTBe 1.JaCTHOfO npHeMa .llJl.11 ynOp.11.llO':leHH..11 pHTMa np116era-
lOT K npaBH.llbHOÜ paCCTaHOBKe yJXapeHHH, Hanp11Mep:

«}{ OllHéÍJK.ZU,1 YBl-Í.11.eJI jKaK CTáp1,1R HaCTpOm.unxj ctWI KpblWKy nbllHH-

HO: joTKphl.flHCb MHPbl MOJIOTÓ'IJ<Oej: 6e)l(ánl1 ... •

(A. 6 e .11 bl 0, •KoTKK Jie-raes•.)

3)leCb yJXapeHH.11 npHXO,IDITC.11 qepe3 .llBa CJIOra Ha TpeTHH. no.ll06-

HlUI paCCTaHOBKa C)leJiaHa aBTOpoM COBepweHHO C03HaTeJibHO, 1160 8
CBOHX Teopenf'!eCKHX npoH3Be)leHH..11X OH yrBep:llC,!laJI, 'lTO PHTM np03bl
eCTb pe3y.llbTaT npaBH.llbHOH paCC'TaHOBKH yJXapeHHH .
Bp.11.Il .1111 :no MO)l(HO n pH3HaTh 6e3 oroBopoK. PHTM npo3bl ./Ie)l(}{T e
c-rpyKType H CHCTeMe OO"be.lll1HeHH.SI KO.IIOHOB. Tiop.11.llOK YJXapeHHit Ba-
)l(eH JIHWb KaK 0.llHH 113 np113HaKOB ctpYKTYJ)bl KOJIOHa.
Bnpo'!eM, lf3 coo6pa)l(eHH.H 3BpHTMHH e pacnOJio.lKeH1111 yJXapemrít.
H36eraJOT CTaBHTb JXBa y.IJ.apemu1 noD.p.11.Il, He pa:merurn HX nay30A. <l>pa.Jbl
BpO)le «flyTb npHM•, «aneJibCHH KPaCeH» Tpe6YfOT JlJl.11 n p0113HOWeHI-UI
HeKOTOpoít. OCTaHOBKH MeJKD.y CJIOBaMli. CKOnJleH11e HeCKOJibKHX y)la-
peHHH fiO.llp.11.Il (HanpHMep, «ryCTOH CHer B.llpyr CTa.11 na.n.aTb») ecmr H
JXOn ycKaeTC.11, TO C03Han!JibHO, KaK Cpe)lCTBO COJ,naTb ene':laTJieHHe «py6-
JieHOH• pe':lH.

88
 2. KA1IECTBEHHAJI 3B(J)OHHH

TIO)l60p <t>oHeM jl3bl!Gl ( Bnpo'leM, KaK H Bbl60p TOfO HJIH l1HOfO

PlfTMa) MO)KCT npecne)lOBaTb JlBOHHYJO 3éUla'ly: 1) 6nar03ll}"il1e pe'lH,
2) BblpaJHTeJibHOCTb.
flo)l 6nar03B}"iHeM pe'lH DOHHMaeTCjl, e 0./lHOH CTOpOHbl, ynoT-
pe6JieHHe 3BYKOCO'leTamtH, npWITHblX JlJUI cnyxa (aKyCTJ,t'leCKOe 6na -
f03B}"iHe), C ./lpyroít. CTOpOHbl, TaKoe nOCTpOeH11e pe'lH, '1To6bl OHa
6h1Jla YJl06Ha JlJUI np0113HOWeHHJI (apTHKyJljlUHOHHOe 6naro3B}"iHe).
Ú6a 3 TH MOMeHTa TeCHO C8jt3aHbl B BOCDpWITHH.
C T0'1Kl1 3peHWI 6nar03BY'f WI BCe <t>oHeMbl )leJIUCjl Ha nenrne 11
3aTpy)lHeHHble. Ha116onee JiefKHMH j18JUUOTCjl fJlaCHble, 3aTeM COHOp-
Hble, 3a HCKJIIO'leHHeM 3BYJ<a «p», 3aTeM 380HKHe <f>p11KaTHBHble «B»,
«)!(», «3», 3aTeM rnyx11e <f>p11KantBHble, 3aTeM 83pblBHble 11, HaKOHeu,
a<f><f>pnKaTbJ 11 3B}'K «p». Pe'lb, o6HJibHlUI TaKHMl1 3BYKaMl1, KaK «'l,
<•W.», <<U•, «lll•, «K», C'lHTaeTCjl He6naro3B}"iHOH.
KpoMe TOfO 6naro3B}"iHa Ta pe'lb, B KOTOpOH rJiaCHble CMeHJllOTCjl
cornaCHblMH 11 He BCTpe'laCTCjt 00.llPM HeCKOJlbKO fJiaCHbl.X 11 HeCKOJlbKO
cornaCHblX. HecKOJlbKO rJiaCHblX 00./lPM o6paJytOT «3WIHHe», MeWatO-
w.ee OT'leTJIHBOCTl1 eocnpWITWI 11 npOH3HOWeHW!. 8 pyCCKOM jl3b1Ke
«3WIHHe» eoo6w.e OTCyrCTByeT, TaK KaK <f>opMbl, o6pa3YJOW.He 311j}HHe,
B 60JibWl1HCTBe cnyqaee BblMepJIH (Mbl f080pl1M «Me)K,lly HHM11» BMec-
TO «Me)l<Jly HMH», XOTjl OOCJie)lJUUI cpopMa ew.e fOCflO)lCTBOBaJia B Ha-
'laJie XIX e., rpe'lecKoe HWI «1-foaHH• npeepaTHJiocb e «HeaH», Me)K.lly
rnaCHblMl1 o6bll.JHO npHCyrCTByeT «HOT»). ÚJlHaKO npH ynO'Tpe6JieHHH
HHOCTpaHHblX HMeH H CJIOB, a TalOKe np11 CTOJIKHOBeHHH CJIOB 3WIHHe
MO)KeT DOJIY'fHTbCjl, Hanp11Mep, <<peKa H 03epo», «npn Hy)le». 3WIHHe
TeM HeOpWITHee, 'leM O./lHoo6paJHee CJJe)lYJOUJ.He ./lpyr 3a JlPYfOM rnac-
Hble, Hanp11Mep: «pacclGl)l(JITe npo 0a311c» (npaaa311c), «npopo'lecrea
HcaA11 11 Hncyca (mITb u DO./lpM).
e ./lpyroA CTOpOHbl, He6Jiaf03B}"iHO CTOJIKHOBeHHe HeKOTOpblX co-
fJlaCHblX, Hanp11Mep «OTMW.eHbl», «Mep3KHH• 11 T.n. Bnpo'leM, HeKo-
TOpble CTOJIKHOBeHWI corJiaCHblX, KaK, HanpHMep, «BJI», 4'DJI» H T .n. ,
CJie)lyeT OTHeCT11 K PMY 6naro3B}"iHblX.
B u eJlj¡X 6Jiaf03BY'f WI .llep)KaBl1H B HeKOTOpblX CBOHX CTl1XOTBOpe-
HIDIX 1136eran 3ByKa «p». BoT, HanpHMep, ero «lliyrO'lHOe )KeJiaH11e»
(BBe)leHHOe lfafiKOBCKHM B ero onepy «TIHKOBéUI )laMa»).

Ec;rn 6 MHJible !lCBHUbl

TaK JICTaJIH, 6y.nTo nTHUbl,
l1 CaAHJIHCb Ha CY'IKax:
.SI )KCJlaJl 6bl 6b1Tb CY'IO'IKOM,

89
 \l1061>1 TblC.l!'iaM .11eBO'iKaM•
Ha MOHX CHllCTb CY'fKaX.
fiyCTb CHllCJIH 6bl H nCJIH,
BHJIH rHelfJ;a H CBHCTCJIH,
8b1B0JlHJIH H nTeHUOB:
HHKorna 6 .11 He crn6anc.st,
BetJHO 6 HMH mo60Ba.1Jc.11
6wi MHJiee Bcex CY'fKOB.

Kor,!la TiywKHH HanHCaJJ a 4'6ax'!HCapaACKOM <J>oHTaHe» CTHXH:

... Ho KTO e To6oJO,

fpy3HHKa, paBeH KpaCOTOJO?

TO OH JaMeTHJI 3JXCCb CHHTaJ<CH'ICCJ<YlO HenpaBHJibHOCTb ( «pa.BeH• -

MY)KCKOro PO.!la, 41fpy3HHKa» - .lKeHCKOfO po,!la), H npe,!lnOJiaraJI 6hlJIO
H3MCHHTb CTHX TaJ<:

PaBHa, rpYJHHKa, KpaCOTOJO ...

Ho CTO/IKHOBCHHe 3B}1(O8 KO, Kp nOKaJaJIOCb eMy HC6Jlaro3BY'l-

Hb1M, H OH BepttyJlC.sl K npe)l(]-l eA PC.!laKUHH.
C JJ.pyroA CTOpOHbl, ynpeKaa B.stJeMCKOro Ja 6eCCMblCJICHHOCTb
CO'ICnlHllil (B omtCaHHH 80.!lOnMa) «BJlarH BJlaCTeJlHH•, OH TeM He
MeHee OTMe'!aeT 6naroJBY'lHe B COBna,!leHHH 3BYKOB «BJla-BJla».
113 3THX npHMepoB BHJI.HO, '!TO 3BY'laHHe CTaHOBHTCjJ JaMCTHblM
(K.aK B CJlY'lae 6naroJBY'lHjJ, TaK H B CJlY'lae He6Jlar03BY'lHjJ) npK no-
BTOpeHHH q>()HCM HJIH UCJlblX rpynn q>OHCM.
TI03TOMy, 'IT06bl CJI.CJlaTb 6narO3BY'lHe O.llcyTHMblM (He npoCTO OT-
CYTCTBHe JaTpy,llHCHHjJ 8 npoH3HOWCHHH H CJlyWaHHH, a OlUYlUeHHe
nencoCTH HJIH TpY.!lHOCTH JByKOBOfO COCTaea), HCOOXO.!lHMO BBeCTH
HeKOTOpble JB}'KOBble O,/lHOOOPa3HjJ, '!TO ,/lOCTKraeTCjJ IlYTCM noeTope-
HHjJ q>oHeM (raK Ha3LLBaeMble 3ey,coet»e noemopbl-), HanpHMep:

•Ü.IUtHM CJIOBOM, BCe 3TH rocno.[la 6WIH Hapo.11 npocroJI, Kp.l!){(eBoH; .110
KOpHelt He JlOHCKHBaJIHCb; 6pat1u, iJpat1u, Kpatlu, Cnlillbl fHYJIH e YMHJICHHeM H
MUpHO H JICUpHO npo)ICHBaJIH CBOJI BeK•

(.l]. o e T oeee K H lt.)

• 8 3TOM CJIOBe .aH3./leKTH'l eCKOe y.aapeHHe •.aeBO'I KH• BMeCTo mrrepazypHoro

•llCBO'IKH•.

90
 3syxosoe e.11Httoo6pa3He tta6mo.11aCTc.11 y n o :nos XIX seKa , ttanpH-
Mep y OywKHtta:

K yJ1a Kax 6Cceno: BOT BC<tep: BbJOra BOeT...

llac-ryx MCTSI CBOH neCTpblA nanoTb
llocT npo 80/l.)l(CKHX pb16apeH ...
80J1He111,e cmpaxa H cmblJla
llomoM a omMaTY 11enemamtJ1 ... •
H B cyMy ero nycmy,o
Cy,om rpaMomy Jlpyzy,o.

BoT npHMCpbl <t>otteTH'!CCKHX COOTBCTCTBHi\ y 6JIOKa:

YntxaeT CBeTnblA BeTep.

Hac1)'11aCT cepblH Bf'lep,
BopoH KOHyn Ha COCHY,
Tponyn COHHYIO aonny.

Y COBpeMeHHhlX no3TOB 3TH 3ByxOBblC COOTBeTCTBH.R eme '!awe:

IlADMCHHblH MRC CKaicyHa
IlpoMeClalBWero MQWMeHHOA AanoA ...
(H. A e e e a.)

Co CTaJienHTeAHoro CTaJUt nereTb

KpHKH KpoBblO OKpaweHHble,
CTeKano B CTCKOnbHblX, H nananH Te
CneJOH OOCKO/lb3HYBWHCb CTpawHOJO
(Q H llCC.)

KaK Tbl 8 Me'fTbl CTY'fHWb OrHHBOM?

He naMJITb, - JOB, XMenbHeA BHHll,
K CTOraM CHefOB, K acceHHIOI HHBaM,
ÍJlC e 80/lro.A JlCJJHT JlOn .UBHHa!
(B. 6 p JO e o e.)

To )Ke tta6JllO.llaeTC.R B npo3e, Han pHMep: «Ha JlCfKHX cnHpaJUIX, e

o6oü, OHeMeJlH .11aBHO: Jlen eCTKH 6eJlblX JlHJlHj.\ JlCNa.RWHM HlJlHBOM•
(A 6enb1A). Cp. THnH'!Hble KaJlaM6ypbl: «KaKHe zyr cKBepbl npH cKBep-
HblX .11enax• ( C. TpeTb.RKOB).
TaKHM o6pa30M, B no3TH'!CCKOM .R3b1Ke n o.11o603BY'faJ.UHe CJIOBa
T.llfOTelOT .11pyr K .11pyry. ÚTCIO.lla n o.RBJl.RIOTC.R csoeo6pa3HblC 3BYKOBblC
accouHaUHH. T aK, ttanpuMep, o'leHb qacTO 3nHTCT no.11fü1paCTc.11 no

• npHMCpbl 8Jl!Tbl HJ CTaTbH B. 6pJO<:oea •3BYJ{OOH Cb nywKHH8 • .

91
np11Hu1my JBY)(OBOH aHanonrn: «ryn rnyxoii», «peayurnii JBepb», «JBeJ-
,nbl 30Jl0Thle•> , «noTpe6HOCTb Tpe3BaR» 11 T.n. Hanp11Mep:

noKpoH 3T}' "epHy/0 paHy

noKpOBOM ee"epHeii TbMLI ...
(A . A X M a To B a.)

Kllacc11<t>11Kau1110 KOH<t>11rypaUHH 3B$OH11'-IeCKl1X nOBTOPOB .nan

O.M . 6p11K, u ero KJ1acc11<t>m~aullil siaJUieTcsi B Hacrosiw.ee apeMR Ha11-
6onee nony;rnpHoH 19 • BoT OCHOBbl ero KJ1acc11<t>111<aUJ111:
l) OoBTOpbl .neJUITCSI no KOJ111'1eCTBY noBTopsieMblX 3ByKOB Ha .neyx-
3BYlfHble, TpeXJBYlfHble 11 T..n.* Op11Mepbl 113 Oyuua-rna (ll.) 11 Jlep-
MOHTOBa (JI.).
)lByxJB}"IHble:

Bpary uapsi Ha nopyfaHbe (IJ.)

11 BHeMJieT apcpe cepa<p11Ma (ll.)

TpeXJB}"IHbie:
B pyKe cBepKttyJI l)'peUKHH CTBOJl (JI.)

".JeTblpeXJBYlfHble:

3MYM'll1BblH rpy311H Ha MeCTb re6si KOBaJI,

Ha rpo3Hhtn 6on TO'IHJI '!epKeC CB060.nHbIH(JI.)
,UeJI116aII1 Ha BCeM CKaKY
cpe.)l(eT ca6neJO Kp11aoJO
e Me'I y.U.aJIYJO 6alllKY (ll.)

2) B JaBl1Cl1MOCnt OT '111CJJa pa3 flOBTOpeHllil O.QHl1X 11 Tex X<e 3BY-

KOB Mbl 11MeeM flOBTOpbl npOCTble 11 MHOrOKpaTHble. Op11Mepbl npo-
CTblX CM. BbIWe.

MHoroKpaTHble flOBTOpbl:

MOfHllbHbIH I'yJI XBa.11e6HbIH fJiac (IJ.)

lfeA CTapbIA TepeM Ha rope KpyTon (JI.)

• 8 Jl/1/lbHeiiweM BCC np11Mepw IIMCIOT B IIWIY JlllWb ITOBTOpbl cornacHblX. BclO ny

K.,13CCH<t,11KaU1-tlO MO;KHO pacnpocrpaJ-tl-lTb 1-1 "ª rnaCHble.
92
 3) KnaccmpHUHpYJOTCff noaropbJ B 3aBHCHM0CTH 0T roro, B KaK0M
nop.st.D.Ke cne.11yioT .11pyr 3a .11pyroM 3BYKH B noBT0pffeMhlX rpynnax.
O6o3Ha'laff YCJI0BH0 3BYKH nepB0H rpynnhl qepe3A, B, e, 11" T.Jl., Mhl
M0)l(eM BhlpaJHTb q>opMyJiy noaropa B BH.lle 3THX )Ke 6yKB, pacnono-
)KeHHb!X B T0M nopruiKe, B KaK0M 0HH BC'TpeqaJOTCff 80 BT0p0H rpynne.
Op11Mephl:
.llayx3ByqHblH noBT0p AB (T0T )Ke nopruioK, 'IT0 B nepaoi:t rpynne):
Ha yPHy 6aAPoHa B3HpaeT (ll.)
BA (o6paTHbli:t HJJH «XHaCTH'lecKHi:t~ nOBTOp.)
r.11e cJiaBy ocnBHll H TJ)0H.

Tpex3ByqHble: ABC
MOA JOHbJH CJiyx HaneaaMH IIJieHHJJa
H Me)I( IleJieH 0CTaBHJJa CBHpeJJb (ll.)
BCA
CMeTaeT IlhlJlb e M0IWlbHhlX IIJIHT (JI.).
CAB
H CKB03b Hero Bb!C0KHH 6op (JI.).
BAC
H0 H Tenepb HHKT0 He KHHeT (ll.)
ACB
y tJepHoro M0pff llHHapa CT0HT M0Jl0.llrul (JI.)
CBA
Ha cywe, Ha Mop.!lX, ao xpaMe no.11 waTJ)0M (/J.)

noaTOphl KJiaCCHq>HUHpYJOTCff no U.X noAOJKeHUIO 8 pUmAfU'tec,aa

eOUHUU,QX (B .llaJlbHei:turnx npHMepax e.11HHHUeH ffBJUleTCff CTHX).

l. CMeJICHble n0BT0phl B npe.11enax 0.llH0ro CTHxa. OpHMep:

0TB0pHTe MHe TeMHuuy

II. K011bu,o. Oeparut rpynna a Ha'lane crpoKH, BTopaR - a KoHue.

OpHMep:
pe,UeeT o6naKOB neryqrui rpff,/la (/J.)

H a .11ayx CTJ)0Kax:

Map1111 Jib 'IHCTaff .11ywa

HBJUI.Tlacb MHe, HJJH 3apeMa (ll.)
93
 111. Cml>IK. nepBa5l rpynna o K0HUe nepoMt CTp0KH, BT0pa5l - o
Ha'!ane BT0püH. npHMep:
'IT06 yKopsiTb mo.nei:í, 'lbff 3Jlo6a

y6HJia .npyra TB0ero. (ll.)

HJJb 3a'!eM cy.nb6ol0 Tai:íHoi:í

Tbi Ha Ka3Hb 0CY)l<JleHa (ll.)

IV. CKpen. (AHa<l>opa.) 06e rpynm.i B Ha'!ane CTp0K.

H peBoM CKpHn0K 3arnyrneH

peBHHBblA llJ000T M0.!lHblX )l(eH (ll.)

npoBo3rJiarn aTb si cTan JII06BH

H npaB.nbl 'IHCTble Y'leHbff ... (JI.)
v. KoHij061'Q. O6e rpynnw B K0HUe CTp0K.

B Kp0BH ropHT oroHb )l(eJlaHbff

.zzywa To6oA ysiJB.lleHa (ll.)

o.neJIH TeMHhle Ilollil.Hbl

lliHp0K0A 6eJI0H IleJieHoA (JI.)

KnaccH<l>HKaUKff 6pHK.a npHMeHHMa He T0JibK0 K noBTopeHHIO 3BY-

K0B, H0 H K 00BT0peHHIO CJI0B, CHHTaKCH'leCKH.X <l>opM, 3Ha'leHHH (CH-
H0HHMH'lecKHA nOBTOp) H T.n. 3-ra KJJaCCH<l>HK.aUKff n0K.a3b1BaeT, '!TO
3BYK0B0H no.n6op C0BeprnaeTCff He prum caMHX T0JibK0 3BYK0B, H0 H C
UeJiblO oq>opMHTb 3BYK0BblMH C00TBeTCTBKSIMH pacnaneHHe pe'IH Ha
PHTMH'lecKHe e.nHHHUbl. Bcero 0T'ieTJIHBee 3T0 BH.nH0 Ha PH<l>Me KaK B
npo3C (B norooopKax H nOCJIOBHUax) TaK, oco6eHHO, H o CTHxax.
,llpyrasi CTOpoHa B <l>otteTH'leCKOM oT6ope - 3TO 3BYK0Ba5l Bblpa3H-
TeJibH0CTb. ÜCHOBOH Bblpa3HTeJibH0H <l>YHKUHH 3BYK0B ffBJi fflOTCff TC
accouHaUHH, K0T0pble Mbl CBSl3b1BaeM Henocpe,!lCTBeHH0 C caMHMH
<l>oHeMaMH. AccoUHaUHH 3TH MH0ropa3JIH'IHbl.
IT püCTeArn HM CJI)"laeM 3BYK0BblX accouHaUHH ffBJifflOTCff 36yKonoiJ-
paxaHUJl. MHorne 3BYKH B npHpo.ne HMelOT aK)'CTH'leCK0e CX0.!lCTB0 co
3BYK.aMH ff3bIKa: TaK, paCK.aTbl rpoMa Han0MHHalOT 3BYK «p», .npe6e3-
)1(31UHH 3BYK MeTaJL/Ia - 3BYK «3», CBHCT - 3B.YJ< «e•, rnyxoR WYM -
3BYK «rn»; nonoMy CJI0Ba «rp0M», «3B0H•>, «CBHCT», «llJYM•, «llJeJieCT»,
«rnonOT», «pb1'13HHe» H .npyrne HMelOT Bblpa3HTeJibHYIO 3BYK0BY}O 0K-
pac Ky. MHonte CJI0Ba B03HHK3IOT H3 3BYK0no.npa)K3HHH ( «Tpax», «THK-

94
TilK•, «-KY-KY•, «WIY•). Cnooa 3TH HMeHytOTCR OHO.Mamonea.Mu. CaMblH
npocTOA cnoco6 3BYK0B0H BblpaJHTenbH0CTH - 3T0 nonb30BaHHe CJI0 -
BaMH Sl3b1Ka KaK 0H0MaToneSIMH. TaK, B C0'leTaHHSIX «BbtOra ooei-.,
«Joepb pese~ eCTb 3neMeHT JByKono.11prut<amu1, T.e. cooTBeTCTBHe Me.lt<.!lY
(pOHeTH'leCKOH q>opMOH Bblprut<eHHSI H 3BYK0B0H np11po.110A onHCblBa-
eMoro RBJieH1-u1.
Ho co 3BYKaMH M0ryr 6bLTb accouHaUHH H He3BYK0B0H npHp0.llbl.
EcnH Mhl o6paTHM BHHMaHHe Ha 06bl'!Hble Bblprut<eHHSI: «BblC0KHA
3BYJ<•, «HHJKHH JBYK•, «cyxort JBYK•, «MJlrKHH ronoc•, «rpy6btH ro-
noc•, «T0HKHH ronoc • , TO y6e.11HMCSI, '!TO cymecTBylOT o6LUe3Ha'IHMble
(H6o 3TH Bblpél)l(eHHSI n0HSITHbl .llnSI ocex) CBSl3H Me)KJly xapaKTepoM
3BYJ<0B H pa3JIH'!HblM11 SI..BJJeHI-UlMH He3BYK0B0H npHp0.llbl. Cp. Y Jlep-
M0HT0Ba:

.s:( 6eJ YM3 OT TJ)ORCTBCHHblX COJB}"iHH

11 8AOJICHba pHq>M KaK HanpHMCp Ha /0.

O6'bSICHSleTCSI 3T0 TeM, 'IT0 Mbl pacnonaraeM 3BYKH B PR.llbl H cpao-

HHBaeM HX Me)l(Jly C06oH B HeK0T0pblX 0TH0llleHHJVC HanpHMep, no
BblC0Te TeM6pa MLI HMeeM llIKany rnaCHblX 0T «Y• .110 «H•' M0)l(eM cpa.o-
HHBaTb 3BYJ<H no T0H 3HeprnH, K0T0pyio Mbl Ha np0H3HeceHHe HX
JaTpa'IHBaeM, no TpY.llH0CTH HX npoH3H0llleHHSI, no CHJie HX al(YCTH-
'lecKoro 3q>q>eKTa (HanpHMep, npoH3HTenbHblH 3BYK «C•) H T ..11. Mbi
.11enHM 3BYKH Ha MY3b1K.a./IbHble BblC0KHe H Ha MY3b1KanbHble HH3KHe,
Ha npl-ulTHble ( «He)l(Hble•) H HenpHRTHble ( «rpy6ble•). Tip1rna.a.ne)l(-
H0CTb BblC0KHX 3BYJ<0B ronocy )l(eHIUHH 11 .11eTeH, a H113KHX - ronocy
M)')IC'IJ1H JaCTaBJISleT Hac aCC0UHHp0BaTb BblC0KHe 3BYJ<l1 C 'leM - T0 cna-
6blM H )l(eHCTBeHHhlM, a H113KHe - e 'leM -T0 rpy6hlM, CHJibHblM, My-
)l(eCTBeHHblM. Ho Ha TaKHe )l(e pR.llbl paJnaraJOTCSI 11 B0Cnpl-ulTl-ul 11Hb1X
opraH0B 'IYBCTB. TaK, UBeTa Mbl pa3ll11'1aeM SlpKHe, coernble , C 0.llH0H
CT0p0Hbl, H TYCKJlble, TeMJible· - e .11pyTOA. CooepweHHO ecTeCTBeHHa
accoUHaUWI Me)KJly uoeTaMH CBeTJlh1Ml1 (HanpHMep, 6enb1M) H 3BYKa-
Ml1 BblC0K0ro TeM6pa (HanpHMep, «11• ). Orct0.11a fl0IDITH0, fl0'leMy non,
0flHCblBaSI nHJil1IO - 6enblH UBeT0K, - 06HJibHO 6y.11eT y n0Tpe6nRTb
3BYK «H», TeM 6onee 'IT0 3Ta accou11au.1-u1 n o.11.11ep:itCHBaeTCSI H TeM, 'IT0
cn0BO «nHJil-ul• .IJ.Ba)l(Jlbl co.nep:lKHT B ce6e 3T0T 3ByK.
JlerKOCTb npoH3HeceH1-u1 C0H0pHbl.X 3BYJ(0B accou1111pyeT HX C npe.11-
CTilBJieH11eM O 'leM-T0 nerK0M 11 He)l(}{0M. He.11apoM cnooa «He)l(Hbli:Í»,
«MHJlblH>>, «IOHblH•, 6oraTble C0H0pHblMH cornaCHi¡IMH , 6bUIH H3JII06-
neHHblMH 3nHreTaMH B no331111 20-x ro.1100 XIX B., pa3pa6aTb1Ba.Brneñ
)l(eHCTBeHHble TeMbl.
T aKHe accouHaUl1H C03.llalOT 0CH0BY ATISI 3M0UH0HanbH0H 0KpacKH
3ByKa. Moryr 6b1Tb 0HH 11 HH0ro npoHCX0)KJleH1-u1 : HanpHMep, 'IYBCTB0

95
npe3peHl1SI Bbl3bIBaeT y Hac o npe.11eJieHHYIO MHMHK)' - Hanp.lDKeHHe
JIHUeBblX MYCJ<YJIOB, Bb13blBaI01Uee oco6oe .llBH.lKeHHe ry6, KOTOpoe, npH
Bbl.llOXe, MO.lKeT conpoBo)l(JlaTbC.R ry6Hb1M 3BYKOM ( OTCIO.lla Me)l(JlOMe-
rne «q>y»). EcTeCTBeHHO, 'lTO ry6Hble rJlyx.He 3BYKH MOryf OKpaWHBaTb
pe'lb B Ka'l eCTBe 3MOUHOHa.JlbHOrO 3HaI<a npe3peHH.R, H TaKHe cnoaa,
KaK <<npe3HpaT~, «nO.llJlblH», «nnoxo», .RBJUIIOTC.R y)f(e B caoeM 3BYKO-
BOM cocraae OKpaweHHblMH.
no.11o6HO 3TOMy 3BYK «e», HanOMHHaJOIUHH CBHCT, TalOKe MO)f(eT
Bblprut<.aTb npe3peHl-te, nOCKOJlbJ<Y CBHCT B006IUe ecTb 3HaK Heo.1106pe-
Hllil (H3 TeaTpa.JibHOrO O6bl'la.R CJIOBO «OCBHCTblBaT~ np1to6peno WH-
pOKOe 3Ha'leHHe) HJIH )f(ecTOKOH HpüHHH: HanpHMep, B cne.11yJOIUeii
3nHrpaMMe 6apaTbIHCKoro 3BYK «e» OTMe'laeT HMeHHO Te MecTa, B I<O-
TOPblX Bblpa)f(aeTC.R npe3peHHe:

B CBOHX ,1ucmax lIYWOHKOH Tbl Kp HBHUJb,

Ypo.ayewb H MHeHb.A, H C1"l30HbJI,
llpUJ1me,tt,CICU i}ypa'teCm6y KallHlllb
3a6UCnlllU60 nOHOCUUlb .aaposaHbJI:
JlypHOH TBOll HpaB JlYPHOH npUHOCUm nno.a:
Cpa,we~ cpOMel(! ece wen'lyr, - BOT U36ecmi,e,
- 3x, He ,y,tCH, YlK :no MOi1 pac'!eT:
no.am-tc'IHKH MHe nnaTRT 3a 6ec.,ecmi,e.

B .11pyro¡:¡ 3nHrpaMMe 6apaTblHCKOíO )f(e pOJib CBHCT.RlUHX 3BYKO.B

.lla)f(e np.RMO Ha3Ba.tta:

Tblponw.ewh, BIDICJ!bli1 )l(ypHaiJHCT,

Ha Ha we MO.aHoe Mapat11,e:
«Bce Ta )l(C necH11: BeTpa C6UCm,
Jlucmo6 iJpe6eCHblX }'BJl.!l3Hbe•...
noHJITIIO HaM TBOC cmpaOOHbe
M 6e3 Toro oc6ucmaH Tbl,
11 TaK, nO,!lBa./1OB iJocmOJIHbe,
PoiJRCb - f HHIOT TBOH 11ucmbl.

KpoMe Toro, npe.11craB.J1eH1te o q>OHeMe nerKo accouttHpyeTc.R e

TeMH CJIOBaMH, B KOTOpble 3BYK axo.nHT; TaK, BXO)f(.lleHHe TOíO )f(e 3By-
Ka «e» a CJIOBa «CBHCT», «CIDlHHe», «.RCHblA», «6JlecK11), «caepKaTI,» 1t
y Hac Bb13BaTb onpe.neJieHHble CBeTOBble npe.llCTaBJieHIDl,
T ..11. MO)f(eT
oco6eHHO eCJIH OHH no.ncKa3blBalOTC.R TeKCTOM, HanpHMep:

Ocma6bme npl!JKY, cecmpbl. Co,tHl(e ce,10,

Cmo116oM JtyH3 &,ecmum Hall HaMH. nOJlHO!
(n y w K 11 H. •Pyca.nKa•.)

96
 Ynoll)e6JleHHe 3BYK0B KaK HeK0T0poro 3KBHBaneHTa Bblpél)l(eHHR,
KaK '!ero - TO paeH0CHJlbH0r0 CJI0By, Ha3blBaJOll.leMy stBJleHHe, HH0r.na
HMeHyeTCR 38YK.080Ü Mema(jx)poü.
AccouHaUHH , CBR3b1BalOll.lHe 3M0UHH H 061.eKTHBHble npe.nCTaBJle-
HHJ'l Henoc pe.ncTBeHH0 co 3ByKaMH Jl3b1Ka, ype3Bbl'iaHH0 MH0f0'iHC-
neHHbl. Ho He cne.nyeT Ja6b1Barb, '!TO 0HH .!l0li0JlbH0 3bl6KH H 'lacro
BCCbMa cy6beKTHBHbl. TaK, HanpHMep, H3BeCTH0 pacnpoCTpaHeHHoe
stBJleHHe • UBentoro CJiyxa•. MHorne B0C0PHHHMaJOr HeK0T0pbte 3BY-
KH B Ka'ieCTBe 0KpaweHHblX B onpe.neneHHblH UBeT. O.nHaK0 06bl'iH0
Kél)l(Jlbl H 0KpaWHBaer 3BYK 00-CB0eMy. KpoMe roro, MH0rHe C0Bep-
weHH0 He 0KpaWHBaJOT 3 BYK0B.
8 aHanH3e 3ByK0B0l% BblpaJHTeJlbH0CTH xy.no:>KeCTBeHH0ro np0H3 -
Be.neHHJ'l cne.nyeT 6b1Tb BeCbMa 0CT0P0)l(HblM, Y'IHTb!BaJI JIHWb onpe.ne-
JleHH0 Bblpél)l(eHHble 3BYK0Bble jjBJieHHJ'l (ycll)aHJUI BCe CJIY'laHHOe) H
npHHHMaJI B0 BHHMaHHe JIHWb 06ll.le3Ha'iHMble accou11aUHH MH ac -
C0UHaUHH, .naBaeMble caMHM TeKCT0M npoH3Be.neHHJI. TaK, B cne.nyJO-
ll.leM npHMepe 1{3 .UocToeBCKOfO BPM JIH cne.nyeT HHTepnpeTHP0BaTb
KaK 3B(pOHH'leCKHA npHeM CTe'ieHHe 3ByKa •C•: ccaM ce6JI co BCeM
CB0HM ycMeHHblM C03HaHHeM .no6poCoBeCTH0 C'iH.TaeT 3a Mblllib, a He
3a 'leJI0BeKa• (<<3anHCKH H3 00.!l00Jlbst•, I, 111).
ÜTMe'ly ell.le 0.!lHH PM HeC0MHeHHblX accouHaUHH - 3T0 acco-
UHaUHH co 3ByKaMH 'iY)l(HX jjJblK0B. B cnyW HBaJICb B HenpHBbl'iHblR
.!lJljj Hac f0B0P, Mbl 3aMe'!aeM B HeM Te 3ByKH, K0T0pble B .naHH0M
fOB0pe ynoll)e6JIJ110rCJ1 'iall.le, 'leM B pycCK0M jjJblKe. ÜTCJO.!la Mbl ac-
C0UHHpyeM C npe.ncTaBJieHHeM o6 HH0CTpaHHblX Jl3b1Kax npe.ncTaBJle -
HHe 06 OT.!leJlbHblX, xapaKTepH3YIOLLlHX 3TH jjJblKH 3ByKax. TaK, CTHX
«O C0H Ha Mope - JlHB0 C0H•> HMHTHpyeT ct>oHeTHKY HTMbJIHCK0R
pe'!H. TO'iHO TaK )l(e H Pa3./IH'lHble .nHaneKTbl Mbl pacueHHBaeM C T0'lKJ1
3peHHJ'l BX0Jljjll.lHX B HX C0CTaB 3BYK0B .
Bor npHMep CTHX0TB0peHJl.jj ( «3ayMH0ro», T.e. 0T'laCTH JIHWeHH0-
ro 3Ha'ieHHJ'l Ha6opa CJIOB), 00Cll)0eHH0ro Ha HMHTaUHH JlHaneKTH-
'leCK0ro roBopa:

KATOP)l(HAfl TAE)l(HAfl

3axyp.na'lHBrul e )1(0p.ny6Ty
0 0 Jy6apaM Cblflb .ny p6HllyuJWOM.
PacXJia6blCTb TSOJO .na e MOp.ny TY
PaJMOp.nayai,i e 6yp.n p»6HIIYWWOM.
A IIWWO 83rpaóaH KOrrHWW:IMH
n o 3apbln6y B3b1M6b KOJUJ.OfümoA
illTo6blW snpSIMb 3)'}ÍM3 rpa6HWW3MH

7-96-4
97
 6ana6yp110H 6bUI - xy1106HHOH.
Wwo 11a wwo 11a He Hawwcwu.rn
A enponOlllb 6p10WHHOA wwa -
)Kp11 XyJ3b1Pll0BblMH WWOKru,HI
Pa3Jlo6hlpm1.eaA newwa.
(8 a e II JI II ii Ka Me II e K II U.)

KaK HH pacueHHBaTb «JaYMHYIOl) nHTepa-rypy, OTKa3b1Bat01JzytOCH

OT CaMOro MorymeCTBeH HOro CBOHCTBa CJlOBa - 0T ero 3Ha'leHWI, Henb3Jl
OTKaJaTb B 3B)'l<OBOA Bblpa3HTeJlbHOCTH .naHHOro CTl1XOTBOpeHHH, KO-
TOpoe no (pOHeTHKe H OT'laCTH neKCHKe BnonHe COOTBeTCTByeT JaíO-
JlOBKy. *
Do3Thl BeCbMa 'lyTKH Ha 3B)')<OBbie accouHauHH. TaK, Aceee n¡,¡can:

51 3anpentJ1 6bl •npomu1cy oeca " cetta• ...

Be11b 3TO n axHeT y6HACTBOM OTua H CblHa.

np11 TaKOM o6ocTpeHHOM OTHOWeHHH K 3BYKOBblM accouHaUHHM

coeepweHHO eCTeCTSCHHO, 'ITO 3BYKOBM TI<aHb npoH3Be.neHWI .naneKO
He 6e3pa3JIH'IHa. Oco6eHHO O'NeTJlHBO OHa BblCT}'0aeT B CTHxax. O.n-
Hal<O HCe no.no6Hble )l(e HBJJeHWI MO)l(HO Ha6JltOCTH ¡,¡ B npo3e.
<l>aKTbl 3B)'l<OBOA opraHH3aUHH pe'IH (HHor.na Ha3b1BaeMble « UH -
cmpy.MeHm08KOÜ• pe'IH} eme He.nocraTO'IHO H3Y'leHbl, 'ITOObl MO)l(HO
6blJlO 0OCTpOHTb CTpOttHytO TeOpHIO 3B(pOHHH1 Ho eonpoCbl, CBRJaH-º.
Hble e 3B(pOHHeA, He cne.nyeT 3a6blBaTb npH aHaJIH3C TeKCTa XYlJ.O)KecT-
BeHHoro npoH3Be.neHWI.

rPACl>WIECKAH Cl>OPMA
TaK KaK B nHTepa-rype npHMeWleTCR nHCbMeHHM pe'lb, TO HeKOTO-
pytO ponb B BOCllpWITHH HrpatOT rpa<i)H'leCKHe npe.ncTaBJJeHH.Sl. O6bl'I -
H0 rpacpHKOA, T.e. pacnOJlO)l(eHHeM ne'laTH0r0 TeKCTa, npeHe6peratOT.
O.nHa.KO rpa<l)w1ecKHe npe.nCTaBJJeHW! HrpalOT JHa'IHTenbHYIO ponb. TaK,
CTHXH HCer.na (3a '1pe3Bbl'laAHO pe.nKHMH HCKJIIO'leHWIMH) 0HWYTCSI
0TD.enbHO CTPOKaMH-CTJU(aMH, H na rpa(pH'leCKM CTPOKa SIBJJReTCR
yKa3aHHeM, KaK cne.nyeT 'IHTaTb CTHXOTBOpeHHe, Ha KaKHe PHTMH'leC-
KHe 'laCTH OHO .nenHTCR. 8 CBOIO 0'lepe.nh rpynnbl CTl1XOB OT.nemltOTCR
.npyr OT .npyra npo6enaM11, YKa3blBat0UlHMH Ha nay3bl. 3TH npo6CJlbl
eCTb JHaK 'lnCHeHHR np0H3Be.neHWI.

• CncnycT OTMCTUTh, '!TO JllCCb •JaYM~ MOTIIBHposaHa YCJIOBHblM llJblKOM ( •6JlaTlfaJI

MyJhlK.H) KllTOpJKaH, .RBJIJIIOWltMCA .QJlR HCnOCB.RWCHHblX Jayi.t HblM.

98
 TO<jHO TaK )l(e 11 B npo3e. ,ll,eneH11e pe<jl1 Ha OÓJOL(bl, npo6eJlbl,
paJ.11eneH11e CTp0K 'jeJ)T01.jKaM11 HJlH 3Be3.110'1KaMl1 - Bce 3T0 .11aeT 3p11-
TeJlbHble yi<aJaH11R, .11at0UJ.He onopy eocnpHRTHtO nocTpOeHWI npo11J-
se.11eH11R. To'jHO TaK )l(e nepeMeHa wpmt>ToB , cnoco6 Ha1.jepTaH11R
CJ10B - BCe 3T0 M0)!(eT HrpaTb CB0IO p0Jlb B B0cnp11RTl111 TeKcra.
B nocJie.llHee Bpet.UI (XOTS! no.1106Hble )l(e <t>aKTbl BCTpe<jaJJHCb H
palibWe) Ha rpa(pH'jeCKYIO CT0p0!iY o6paUJ.atOT ycHneHH0e BHHMaHl1e
H pacn on0)l(eHl1eM CJ10B Ha CTpaH.HUe nonb3ytOTCR KaK cpe.llCTB0M K0M-
n0311U1111. Oco6eHHo 3T0 xapaKTepHo y AH.11peR .6enoro, oT K0Toporo
no.1106Hble npHe.Mbl npoHHKatOT B C0BpeMeHHytO npo3al1'jeCKYIO JIHTe-
p.rrypy.
BOT 0TpblB0K 113 n0BeCTl1 «KOTl1K JleTaeB• TaK, KaK Hane'jaTaH
aBT0poM:

3aKaT: -
- ace CTJ).RXHyro: KOMttaTbl
.noMa, cTettbl: ace - •1eTKO, ace -
rnaru<o: 3CM;'UI - nycTa.R TapeJJ Ka:
OHa - OJIOCKa, XOJIOD.Ha: H apeJaHa
OD.tlHM KpacM Ty.na -
- r.ne -
- H3 6arpo-
BblX paCKOJIOB .no }')Kaca Y3113tlHblM llHCKOM
orpoMHOe COJIHUe K ttaM Tl11teT orp o M -
Hhle py:KH: H PYKH -
- Mpa•-IHCH, JKeJI-
TCIOT: H - nepexo.n.RT 80 TbM y.

3TH np11eMbl 0THIO.llb He .IIBJlRIOTC.R H0Bei,iweñ Bbl.llYMK0tl. B 3 00 -

xy p0MaHTH3Ma B Ha•taJJe XIX B. M0)l(H0 HaHTl1 C00TBeTCTBYIOUJ.He
RBJleHWJ.
XapaKTepHO, 'jT0 B HeXyJl0)l(eCTBeHH0H Jll1Tepa1)'pe (HanpHMep B
y'je6H11Kax) rpa<t>H'jeCKOMY M0MeHTY 'jaCTo y.11eJUIIOT 6oJibWe BHl1Ma-
HWI, 'jeM B xyJ10)l(eCTBeH110A: T'c:L\I 'jaCTo np116erat0T K CMeHe wp11<t>-
T0B, Ha,a.nHCRM Ha n0JUIX 11 T ..11.
8 KpaHHHX JlHTepal)'pHblX WK0Jlax, TRroTetOUJ.HX K JayMH0MY R3bl-
KY, T.e. K 'jl1CTblM apa6ecKaM R3blK0BblX CHMB0Jl0B, 'jaCT0 8CTpe<jaeTCS!
n0JibJ0BaHHe rpa(pH'leCKHMH npHeMaMH KaK XY.ll0X<ecTBeHH0H caMo-
uenbtO. T aK , B 1923 r. B OapH)l(e noRBHJ1acb KH11ra l1J1b11 3.11aHeB11'1a,
ueJil1K0M C0CT0RUJ.lUI 113 np11X0TJ1HB0ro Ha6opa pa3HblX Wpl1(pTOB. Bo
BCeR KHl1re M0X<H0 np0<jeCTb Jll1Wb HeCK0JlbK0 CJ10B, 00'jTl1 6eCCB.R3-
HblX, - H0 B THnorpa<t>cKOM 0TH0WeHHH KH11ra 0'leHb Kpac11Ba. OpaB-
.11a, ei:í, Q'jeBl-1,l{H0, HaBCef.lla Cy)KJleHo 0CTaTbCS! B 'IHCJle Kypbe30B.

7• 99
 ípa¡pH'ICCKHC n pHCMbl, HC pa3o6w.eHHblC OT CJlOBCCHOA <PYHKUHH,
npHo6peTaJOT ceA'!ac npaao rpIDK.llaHcraa, HanpHMep, B nepHO.llH'lec -
KoA npecce - a C)KCHe.11enbHblX )l()'pHanax, •MOHTHPYIOlll.HX• Ha6op,
y n oTpe6JU{JOllJ.HX «KOHCTpyKTHBHblC• ¡popMbl 3pHTCnbHOfO TCKCTa.
3-roT «MOHTa.)I(• npHMCHMCR H paHee B peKJiaMax, nnaK.aTaX, a<t>H -
wax, BblBCCKax - a oo6w.e B OHCbMCHHblX !pOpMaX, npem1a.JHa'leHHblX
.!l.JUI ynH'IHOA pa3BCCKH. 8 Cylll.HOCTH, TOT )KC MOHTa)I(, HO B 6onee
TpaJl.HUHOHHblX, KaHOHH30BaHHblX ¡popMaX, npHMCtuUlCH B .llOK)'MCH-
TaX C HX yrnOBblMH WTaMnaMH, JaronoaKaMH , CHCTCMOH 110.llllHCeA H
n e'!aTefl. JIJ06oe «y.11ocToaepeHHe» HJJH « MaH.11aT• npe.11cnanHeT, co6-
CTBCHHO, «MOHTHpOBaHHbl11» TCKCT.
3-ro oco6oe rpa!pH'ICCKOC llOCTpOCHHC .llOKYMCHTa '!aCTO n pHMCWI-
CTCH B XYJ10)KCCTBCHH011 n HTeparype TaM, me, coo6w.aH o .nOKYMCHTC,
aBTOP XO'I CT .naTb H 3PHTCnbHOe npe.11craaneHHC O HCM. 8 aaaHTIOpHOM
poMaHe, r.ne '!acTo !pH fYPHp)'lOT .nOKYMCHTbl, llHCbMa, o6'bHMCHWI H
T. n ., MO)KHO BCTpCTHTb Ha6op, HMHTHPYIOlll.HA <POPMY .llOKYMCHTa.
CaMblH TCKCT CTaHOBHTCS! Hnn10cTpauHe11: rpa!pHKa B 3THX CJTY'{aHX
noKa3aTenbHa.
BoT npHMCp TaKoro nonb30BaHWI rpa!pHKOA 113 «MaTepHanOB K
poMaHy» 6. IlHJtbHS!Ka:

«Tyr lKe Ha ABYJ< CTOJJ6ax 6b1Jla eruntCTBeHHaJI - H BC'IHaJI - a<t>HWa o

3aepmme:
Ilpo'B3l10Mb B'b fopol11; octaH0BHJIC.11
3B"BPHHEUb
Pa3Hble .!UiKÍC 39i;pH n0llb ynpaBJJeHieMb
BACH.JlbRMCA
A TAKb )l(E
sceMipHblR O6TWIECKIA
o6MaHb )l(EHlUHHA-IlAYKb.

Ha a<t>Hwe 6bJJIH HapHC0BaHbl - f 0JI0Ba rurpa, lKCHWHHa-nayx., MC.llBCllb (c-rpe-

JUIIOI.IJJ1A H3 nHCTOJICra) li aKpo6aT.•

CTHJJHCTH'lecKHe npHCMhl HMCIOT .nBOHH)'lO !pyHKUHIO. B o-n epBblX,

3a.lla'!a XY.llO)KHHKa - 3TO B Bblpa)l(CHHH Ha.H6onee TO'IH O nepe}laTb
MbICnb H ee 3MOUH OHanbHblC nepe)l(}tBaHWI. 8bl6Hp aH TO HJJH HHOe
CJlOBO, TOT HnH HHOA o6opoT, 1103T no,nblCKH BaCT Bblpa)l(CHHC, HaH6o -
nee COOTBCTCTByJOw.ee TCMe H HaCTpOCHHIO, np116eraCT K cnoaaM , Ha H-
6onee .llCHCTBCHHblM H Bbl3blBaJOlll.HM B Hac TO'!Hble H HPKHC npe.11-
CTaBJlCHHS! . 3To - 6blpa:JumeAbHOJl <PYHKUWI cnoaa.
H o , e .11p yrof1 CTOpOHbl, caMblH pacnOpS!.llOK, caMblC o6op OTbl H
CJlOBCCHl>IB oT6op MOryT npe.ncTaBHTb 3C1'CTH'ICCJ<YIO UCHHOCTb. 8 Bbtpa-

100
)KeHHH Mhl MO)KeM nepe)l(HBaTh He TOJlbKO TeMaTH3M Bblp~eHlUI, HO H
ero XY.llO)KeCTBeHHYIO KOHCTPYKUHIO. CaMblH c noco6 nocrpoeHHSI MO-
)KeT, Bhlpa)l(3SICb n pOCTO, npHBJJeKaTb Hac CBOelO KpacOTOIO. 8 3TOM -
opHO.MeHmaJlbHaJl q>yHKUHSI CJlOBa.
B n paKTH'·leCKOA pe'JH Mbl npH6eraeM K CTH.11.HCTH'leCKJtM npHeMaM,
rnaBHblM o6pa30M e ueAAMH Bhlpa3HTeJlbHblMH, XOTSI He 'IY)K.llaeMCSI H
opHaMeHTHKH. 8 XY.llO)KeCTBeHHOM npOH3Be.neHHH opHaMeHTHKa Hr -
paeT 60JlbWYIO poJib H JlH Wb o n paB,QblBaeTCSI ( «MOTHBHpyeTCSI») Bblpa-
3HTeJlbHOCTblO. 3ana'la xy,no)KeCTBeHHoro npo»3Be.neHWI npHMHPHTb,
.naTb rapMOHH'leCKoe e.nHHCTBO B OOJlb30BaHHH Bhlpa3HTeJlbHOCTblO H
opHaMeHTHKOB.
Cnoco6hl ypaBHOBeweHWI BblpaJIITeJlbHOCTH H opHaMeHTHKJt on-
pe.neJISIJOTCSI J11ITepaTYpHOH Tpa!lHUHeA H HH.nHBHllYaJlbHblMH npHeMa-
MH Ka)l(,!lOro nHCaTeJI.ll.
 1
CPABHHTEJihHAH METPHKA

2
CTHX H UP03A

B XY.llO)KCCTBeHHOM TeKCTe MO)KCT coaep:>K.aTbCSI onpeaeneHHbli'%

pac'-!eT Ha cnoco6 ero aocnpoHJae.nemui. KaKoH-HH6Y.llb o6wHpHhlH
poMaH, oco6eH HO aaaHT10pHb11'%, rne ace n ocrpoeHo Ha cuenneHHH
CO6blTHH, npe.llHa.3Ha'-!eH HCKJIJO'-IHTenbHO .ll)UI 'iTeHHR rna.3aMH. YJHa -
BlUI rnaJaMH CJlOBa, '!HTaTenb He Ja.nep)IQ1BaeTCff Ha HX 3BY'-laHHH H
cpa.3y nepeXO.llHT K HX 3Ha'leHHJO.
B .npyrnx npoHJBeaeHHRX, KaK, HanpHMep, n poHJBe.neHHR TilK Ha-
3blBaeMoi'% «OpHaMeHTilnbHOiÍ» npO3 bl, r.ne eCTb YCTilHOBKa Ha caMoe
38Y'-!aHHe Bblprot<eHHff, '-IHTaTenb .nruKe B 3p1nen bHOM aocnpHHTHH Ha-
ne'-!aTaHHOro TeKCTil BOCCTaHoam1eT. XOTH 6bl MbICneHHO, 3BY'-!aHHe
HanHCaHHOro, • peUHTHpy e-r. TeKCT. CTHnb aapbHpy eTCH B JaBHCHMOC-
Tll OT Tor o, HMeeM nH Mbl peuHTaUHOHHYJO q>OpMy, T.e. TaKyJO, CaMoe
3BY'-!aHHe KOTOpoH BXO.llHT B xy.nmKeCTBeHHblA JaMblCen H COJ.naeT Y'-!H -
TblBaeMblA 3<l><t>eKT, HnH OTMe'-!eHH O CHMBOn H'!eCKHA CTHnb, rae cno-
ªª HBJUIJOTCH 6onee HnH MeHee 6e3pa.3nH'-IHblMH CHMBonaMH 3Ha'-!e-
HHH , JHaKaM11 Bhlprut<eHHR; a nocne.llHeM CJtY'-!ae JaMeHa cnyxoaoA
q>opMbl 3pHTenbHOH He MeHHeT .nena.
PeUHTaUHOHHlUI q>OpMa He Tpe6yeT o6H3aTenbHOr O aocnpoHJBe.ne-
HHff ee nonHblM ronocoM . He ronbKO acnyx, HO H n po ce6H MO)KHO
Y'-I HTbIBaTb 3neMeHT 3BY'-!aHHH: HHTOHaUHJO, ClfCTeMy y.napeHHH, 3By-
KOBbJe aHanonrn. PeUHTaUHOHHYJO q>OPMY '-IHTaTenb HeaonbHO MblC -
n HT KaK q>OpMy npOH3HOCHMyJO.
'lJaCTHblM CnY'-!aeM peUHTaUHOHHOA q>OpMbl ffBJUleTCff CTHXOBM
pe'-!b 3 • 8 OTnH'!He OT npO3bl CTHXOBM pe'-lb eCTb pe'lb pumMU306QHHaJl,
T.e. nocrpoeH HlUI B BH.lle 3BYKOBblX 0Tpe3O8, HnH CHCTeM 3BYKOBblX
OTpe3OB, KOTOpble aocnpHHHMaJOTCff KaK paBHOJHa'-!Hble, cpaaHHMble
Me)K.lly co6oA. ·
TaKHM OTpe3OM - cmuxoM, p11TMH'-leCKOA e.llHHltUeli - ffBJIHeTCH
pe'leBOH nepHO.11, npH6nH3HTenbHO paBHOUCHHblH e npo3aH'-!eCKHM
KOnOHOM, T.e. Pff.11 cnoa, o61>e.11HHeHHblli HeKOTOpoA e.llHHOli HHTOHa-
UHOHHOH Meno.111-1eA.

102
 8 TO Bpe~rn KaK npo3aH'-{CCKéUI pe'lb pa3BHtiaeTCH cao60.llHO, KOnOH
nOLlXBaTbIBaeT KOJJOH, H rpaHHUbl KOnOHOU He seer.na 6btBalOT crporo
O'lep'leHbl, CTHXOliéUI pe'lb .nomKHa 6b1Tb pe3KO pa3.lleJleHa Ha CTHXH e
coaepweHHO OT'ICTnHBblMH HX rpaHHUaMH.
BHeWHHM Bblpa)l(eHHeM CTlfXOBOH paC'IJlCHCHHOCTH pe'IH HSJUICT-
CSI HX rpa<l>H'ICCKaH <t>opMa. KruK.!lblH CTHX npe.ncrasJUleT OT.llCJlbtlYIO
CTpolcy. J,fao6pa)l(aH CTHXOBYIO pe'lb B BH,lle H3OJJHpoaaHHblX CTpOK,
aBTOp ,naeT yKa3aHHe, KaK 'IHTaTb CTUXH, KaK 'IJICtlHTb H BbtpaBHHBaTb
CTitXOBYIO pe'lh. *
803bMCM, HanpHMep, cne.nyt0urne CTHXOTBOpHble CTpOKH :

Bor no'ieMy H niKoA panocr111,1ít,

A KpOBb y Mel-Ul, K3K y DCCX JllO.il.Clí,
C pa3HbU,ut T3M HH$Y30pHblMH na.nO'iKaMH! ..
Ho ece-raKH Y.11.HBHTeJtbHO.
ECJIH BC0OMHlfTb Moe npoWJ1oe,
~ero ll Ka.K-TO caM no ce6e 3HaJO ece, 'iTO MHe H}')K.HO,
~ero CTaJ1 ll pa,noCTHblM, ycnOKOel!HblM, .aep33IOWHM,
6e3rpeWHblM, He 'iYBCTBYIOWHM HH K KOMY HH Ma.neAweA 3Jl00bl ,
Tpe6yJOWHM TOJlbKO 0.11.HOfO OT CBOH.X coepeMeHHHKOB:
ÚHH .11.0JUIOlbl 3H3Tb MOJO $aMl1.JlHJO;
~ero OWYTHJl Ce6ll 'ieJlOBeKOM 6yJ1ywero.
He Jll06ruuHM H H peJtHfHH, IIH T3HIICTBCHHOCTeA, HH OTe•,ecrea...
(C. t-l e nb.nHxeH.)

Cp. CTHXH A. 6noKa:

Otta npmw1a e MOp033,

PacKpaCHCBW3l!Cll,
Hano11ttHJ1a KOMttary
ApoMaTOM 803.D.YXa H JlYJ<OB,
3BOHXHM fOJlOCOM
J1 COBCeM HCYBmKHTCJlbHOA K 3aHllUUIM
60JlTOBHeA.

EcnH 3TH CTHXH Mbl Hane'laTaeM np030H, CITJlOWb, TO B npo3a-

H'ICCKHX CTpOKax HC'IC3HeT PHTMH'ICCKOe HaMepeHHe aeTopa, <t>paJa
COJlbeTCH, H Mbl noTepSJeM CTHXOBYIO K3HBY, onpe.neJJHIOWYIO KOMnO-
3HUHIO .ll3HHoro npoH3Be.llCHWI.
JIMSIHCb B o6weM CJIY'lae peUHT3UHOHHOH <l>oPMOH, B KOTOpOH

• Cne.nyeT OTMeTHTb, 'ITO soo6we, coana.a.aJI co ClllXO~I, CTJ)OKa 1111or.na MOll<CT II HC

onpe.nemm, CTll)(a, ecn11 CTHX 011pe.nene11 KaKHM-H116y.n1> .npyr11M o6pa30M (pll<j)Moll,
MCTJ)OM II T.n.).

103
pHTM pe'¾H OCyllleCTB.IU!eTCH B '-UleHeHHH Ha 3KBHBa.lleHTHble (paBHO-
ue HHble) PMbl, CTHX o6bI4 HO o6na,naeT oco6blJ.1H CBOikTBaMH, o6ner-
'¾alOlllHMH H 3MepeHHe H cpasHe HHe 3THX 3BYKOBblX PMOB. HapMy C
npHJHaKaMH CTHXOBOfO 'IJleHCHHH pe'¾H KruK.0.blH CTHX KaK pHTMH'¾CC -
Kru'I e,llHHHUa o6bl'¾HO HMeeT CBOIO 6HympeHHKJKJ Mepy.
3,-a BHYTpeHHHH Mepa onpe.!leJUICTC}l CBOHCTBaMH H3blKa H JlHTep a-
TYPHOH Tp a.nHUHeH. Ü Ha YCJlOBHa H Bblprut<.aeTCH B psi.lle HOPM HJIH
«n paBHJI CTilXOCJlO)l(eHIUI», H3Me1UllOlllKXCH npH nepexo.!le OT JlHTepaTY-
pbl K JIHTep aTYPe H 0T 3n OXH K 3noxe. CHCTeMa npaBHJI, O.!lHOapeMeHHO
.!leHCTBYIOlllHX B npe.!le.Jiax O)lHOH JlHTepa1ypbl, Ha3bIBaeTCH MempuKOU.
CTHX pe3KO npoTHBOCTOHT npo3e B TOM, '¾TO B npo3e PHTM HBJIHeT-
CH pe3yAbmamoM CMbICJIOBOH H Bblpa3HTCJlbHOH KOHCTPYKLUm pel¾H , B
TO spewi KaK B CTHXe pHTM HBJIHeTCH onpe.!lCJUIIOlllHM nocTpoeHHe
4
MOMCHTOM, H B paMKH PHTMa B,llBHraeTCH CMbICJI H Bb!pIDKetrne. EcnH
ecreCTBeHHblH pHTM pe'IH H cosna,naeT C rpa H11ua MH CTHXOBoro 4.lle -
H e HIUI, TO 3TO HBJUleTCH JlHWb MOTHBHp OBKOH pHTMa. B oo6llle )l(e '¾.lle-
HeHHe pe'IH Ha CTHXH n poHCXO.!lHT He3aBHCHMO 0T e.CTeCTBeHHOro '¾JlC-
H e HIUI pe'¾H Ha CHHTaKCH'ICCKHe KOJlOHbl. 8 CTHxax pHTM 3a,naH , H no.!l
pHTM nO.!lfO1UleTCH BblpIDKeHHe, KOTOpoe , ecTeCTBCHHO, H3Me1UleTCH,
Oe{j)opMupyemCR .
.[leq>opMa UIUI 3Ta npoHH3b!BaeT pe'lb BO scex OTHOWeHHHX. To,
'¾TO HaM npHXO.!lHTCH 3a,nep)IOfBaTb BHHMaHHe Ha KruK.O.OM CJlOBe, 'fTO-
6bl «npHcnywaTbCHI• K HeMy, o6ocTpHeT socnplUITHe KruK.O.oro OT.!leJlb-
H oro cnosa. Cnosa e CTH Xax KaK 6 bl BblllHpalOT, BbIXO.lUIT H a nepBblH
IIJlaH, B TO BpeMll KaK B n po3e Mbl CKOJlbJHM no CJlOBaM, 3élJlep)IOf8ru1Cb
JlHWb Ha ueHTpaJlbHblX CJlOBax npeJIJIO)l(eHHit To, 4TO pe'l b 51BJUleTCH
He CIIJIOUJb, a pAAaMH, 6onee HJIH MeHee H3OJ1HpüBaHHblMH, Co3JlaeT
oco6b1e accouHaUHH Me)l(Jl.y CJlOBaMH O.!lHOfO pMa HJIH Me)l(Jl.y CHM-
MeTpH'¾HO pacnOJlO)l(C HHblMH CJlOBaMH napaJIJleJlbHblX PAAOB. 3 Ha 4e -
HHeM H CB513bIBaHH eM 3H a'feHHH PYKOBO.lUIT pHTMH4eCKHe COOTBeTCT-
BIUI, 'lero HeT B n po3e, r,lle, Hao6opoT, PHTMH4CCKHe COOTBeTCTBIUI
CTpOHTCll no JaJlaHHOH CJlOBaMH Bblpa3HTCJlbHOH JlHHHH pe'IH.
6naro.!lap.si 3TOMY H pa3BHTHe CTHXOBOH pe4H Be,lleTCH rnaBHblM
o6pa30M no TCCHblM CJIOBeCHblM accouHaUIUIM, 0T CJIOBa K CJlOBY, OT
npeJIJIO)l(eHHH K n peJIJIO)KeHHIO, 0T «o6pa3a» K «o6pa3y». B npo3e CJlO-
sa HaHH3blBalOTCH Ha H36paHHYIO TeMy. Ho npo CTHXH r oBOpllT, 'ITO B
HIIX «pHq>Ma Be,lleT MbI CJlb». dTO cosepweH HO sepHo, H B 3TOM HeT
Hll'fero nopo'lalllero CTH XOBYIO pe'lb. CTHXOBaH pe% H eCTb pe'lb TeC-
HOfO cnJleTe HHH acCOUltaU}tH B ee nOCTynaTeJlbHOM pa3BHTHH .
C oco6eHHOCTHMlt KOMnO3HUltOHHOfO CTpOeHH51 CTltXOBblX H npo-
JaH'l eCKHX npoH3Be,lleHHH Mbl n o3H aKOMHMCH n OJ)l(e, a ceA'laC ocra-
HOBHMC51 Ha HeKOTOpblX MeTplt'leCKHX CHCTeMax, pef)'JlHPYIOlllHX CTH -
XOBYIO pe%.

104
 ÍJlaBHblX 11CTOp11"leCKl1 onpen.eJJl1BWl1XC.ll MeTp11"leCKl1X Cl1CTeM,
pacnpocrpatteHHblX a eaponeAcK11x JlHTepa-rypax, - Tp11: Mempu1.tec-
'"1Jl, CIJ.ll.lla6u1.teCKOJl 11 mOHU'teCKaR.s

l. METPHqECKAH CHCTEMA
MeTpl1"1eCKéU'I CHCTeMa 6b!Jla npl1HRTa a aHTl1"1HblX Jll1Tepa-rypax:
rpe"leCKOH 11 JlaTl1HCKOH.
8 OCHOBe MeTpl1"1eCKOH Cl1CTeMbl Jle)Kl1T neH11e. AHTl1"1Hble cnvm
11})11 neJIHCb, 11Jll1 npo113HOCHJll1Cb MY3blKaJlbHbIM pe"111TaTl1BOM, D.0-
nycKaBWHM conpoBO)l(JleH11e MY3bIKaJlbHblMl1 11HCTpyMeHTaMl1. 3aKo-
Hbl p11TMa aHTl1"1HOfO CT11xa coananat0T C JaK0HaM11 p11TMa BOKaJlbHblX
MY3blKaJlbHblX npo113aen.eHHH.
Kpal'!auweA e.L111H11uen, 113 KOTopoA cnaraIOTCR pHTM11'lec.K11e p.ll.ll.bl,
.llBJUleTC.ll <iMOpa» - apeMJI, JaTpa"111aaeMoe Ha npoHJHeceH11e (11n11
neH11e) caMoro KOPOTKOfO cnora. HeCKOJlbKO MOP, CO"leTalOU(HXC.ll
aMeCTe, o6paJylOT pHTM l1KO-Menon.11~ecK)'t0 en.11H11uy - maKm, Ha.3bl-
aaeMblH B aHTH"IHOM CTl1XOCJlO)KeHl111 «cmonoü•. Ha OD.HOH H3 MOp
CTOnbl D.eJiaeTCR p11TMl1<ieCKl1H aKueHT. HecKOJlbKO CTOn, npen.CTaBJl.ff-
lOIJ.(11X BMeCTe JaKOH"leHHYIO Pl1TMl1KO-MeJIO.ll.11"1eCK)'IO q>pa.3y, o6pa.3y-
lOT p11TMl1"1eCK)'IO eD.HHl1uy - CTl1X. HecKOJlbKO CTl1XOB, o6'ben.11HeH-
HblX Me)l(Jly co6oit a u 11KJ1, noBTop.llt0w11J1c.ll a necHe, o6pa.3ytOT cmpo-
<J>y 11Jll1 KylUlem. Ha CJle.llYIOWeM npHMepe .llCHa q>yHKUHJI MOpbl, CTO-
nbl, CT11xa H CTpOq>bI:
V V

t lf° t 1 t t t t i
Bcra BaH npo K.,1ll TbCM 33 KJICA MCH HblA
V V V

t 1 ¡· t 1 t t t t 1 ¡·
Becb Mlfp ro 110.a HblX lf pa 008
V V

t
Klf
1 ¡·
OlfT
t
HaJIJ
1t pa
t
JYM
t
803
t
MY
i
!UCH Hblll

t
H 8
t
CMCpT
t
Hbll!
lf'6oA t
Be
lf-
CTH
t
ro
1 r
TO8

3HaK ~ 0603Ha"!aeT OD.HY MOpy, r- D.Be MOpbl, r- TpH MOpbl;

v - p11TMH"lecK11!1 aKueHT. •

• 4 T06bl pHTMH'!CCKH npO'!CCTb 3TH JHaKH, Ha.ao YCJIOBIITbCll 8 ..1.JlHTCJlbHOCTH

MOpbl. 3a ..1.JlHHY MOpbl MOlKHO npHHl!Tb, 11anpHMCp, .asa THKaHbll K3pM3HHblX '!3CO8
(T.e. 213
CCKYH.abl) H 8 'fTCHlflf OTCl)'Klf8aTb naJJbU3MH 8 paJMep '!HCJIO MOp, COOTBeT-
CTBYIO!UHX Ka.JK.D.Oil HOTC .

105
 CTona (MOpbl, 3aKlllOtteHHble Me>K.Ay .11sy1,rn sepTHKaJlbHblMH ttep-
TaMII) COCTOHT HJ tt eTblpex MOp. B npe.11enax necHH OHa IIJMeHS!eTC.11 OT
q>OpMbl 3+ 1 llO cpopMbl 1+ 1+ 1+ 1, T.e. co.11ep)l(HT TO 2, TO 4 cnora.
P1tTMHtteCKHfl aKu.eHT npHXO.llHTCH Ha nepBOM cnor e CTOObl. Crnx co-
CTOHT 113 TPeX CTOn , H3 KOTOpblX nocne.11H.IISI MO)l(eT 6b1Tb HenonHOH, H
113 <'3aTaKTa>> (BCTa ... BeCb.. . KH ... H B CMepTHblH ... ), T.e. CJIOfOB , npe.11-
weCTBYIOlUHX nepBOMY pHTMHtteCKOMy y.11apeHHIO CTHXa.
4.eTblpe crnxa o6paJylOT cTpoq>y, KOTopru:i npe.11cTa8Jl.11eT co6oH
JaKOHtteHHylO MenO,LlHIO.
H o B TO BpeMS! KaK B pycCKOM neHHH JII060H CJIOr MO)l(HO npoTS!-
HyTb u O.llHY, u .llBe, u TPH MOpbl ( H ,!lmtee 6onee), a attTHttHblX Sl3b1Kax
.!1f[liTeJlbHOCTb CJIOfOB 6b1J1a CBOHCTBOM caMoro S!JblKa, H HeKOTOpble
cnorn HCJlbJJ:1 6blJIO neTb KpUTKO, HeKOTOpble )l(e HeJlb3$1 OeTb ,!lOJlfO.
Cnorn aHTH'-tHblX J:13bJKOB pa3JleJISli1ltCb Ha .llOJlrHe H KpaTKHe. JJ.on -
rHli CJIOf H306prutcaJICSI 3HaKO.M <.t-h, KpaTKHli «v1>.
KpaTKHH cnor AJUIJIC.11 B MY3bJKaJlbHOM HCOOJUieHHH BpeMJI O.llHOli
MOpbl , .llOJlrHH cnor )lllHJICSI ,!lBe MOpbl.
T aKHM o6p a30M, aHTH'-tHble CTOObl (TaKTbl) npe.11CTaBJUIJU1 co6oi1
coe.aHHeHHe CJIOr OB ,!lOJlrHX H KpaTKHX. KpaTKru:I q>OpMa CTOObl HMena
csoe HaJBaHHe. Tru< KaK aHTH'-tHru:I TepMHHOJIOI"WI pacnpocrpaHeHa H
a Ha w e speMJI, TO npHBO)Ky lll.eCb Ta6JIHUY OCHOBHblX aHTH'-tHblX CTOn .

CTona a llBe MOpbl:

vv (pater) nwppHXJ.tH

CTOflbl B TpH MOpbl :

-v (fünis) xopeli IUIH TpOXeH

v- (regün t) .!IM6
vvv (dóm inús) -rp116paxuli

CTonbJ a tteTblpe MOpb1:

-vv (tcmpóra) ,!laKTHJlb

v -v (peñtus) aMq>H6paxHH
vv - (bonitas) aHaneCT
(vobis) cnoH.n.eli
vvvv ( stñgÍIÍbus) .11H011ppHXl1li HJll1 npoKeJleBCMaTHK

CTOObl B O.!!Tb MOp:

-vvv (virgíneús) n eoH nepBblH

106
 v-vv (poeticüs) neoH BTOpoH
vv-v (man1festús) • rpendí 1urn JlH.llHMeA
vvv- (miséñcors) "' 4eTaepTbtA
v-- (dólores) 6aKX11A
-v- (fecérant) KpeTHK J1.JIJ1 aMq>HMaKP
--v (peccata) aHrn6aKXHH HnH nanHM6aKXHH

Cronbl a wecTb Mop:

(clamores) MOJlOCC J1.JIJ1 TPHMaKp

vv-- (redéüntes) ManblH J1.JIH BOCXO.IUIIUHH HOHHK
v-v- (seveñtas) .llIDIM6
v--v (Ínardescit) aHTHCnaCT
-vv- (destitúi) xopWIM6
-v-v (pñndpafts) JlHXOpeH HJlH JlHTpOXeü
--vv (enormitér) 60JibWOit J1.JIJ1 HHCXO.IUl(UHH HOHHK

CroruJ a ceMb Mop:

v--- (salütantes) 3nurpuT nepablü

-v-- (compróbabant) • BTOpoÜ
--v- (consentiens) • TperuA
---v (ornamenta) • 'leTBe()TblH

CTona a aoceMb Mop:

---- (interrümpens) JlHcnoH11eü

TaK KaK aHTJNHble CTOITbl He MOfJIH co.11ep)KaT1, MeHee ,llByx J1.JIJ1

6onee 'leTblpex cnoroa, TO 3THMH 28-io CTonaMH HC'lepm1aaJOTCR ace
BO3MO)1(Hble KOM6HHaU)rn 113 JlOJlrHX J1 KPªTKHX cnoroe, o6pa3ylO(UHe
CTOnbl.
B cmxax rpaHHUbl CTOnbl H rpaHHUbl cnoa (Cll060pa30elll>I) MOfJlH H
He coana.nan.. Ho KoHeu CTHXa, nocne KOTOporo JlOJDKMa 61JJJa 6b1Tb
nay3a, o6R3aTeJibHO coana.nan e KOHUOM c.noea.
nOCJieD.tUUI CTona MOfJla 6bITb He paeHa MerpH'leCKH e OCTanbHblMH
CTonaM.H crnxa. EcnH OHa 6b1Jla KOpo'le OCTanbHbfX, CTHX HMeHOBaJICR
,camt111eKmuitecKUM, ecim oHa paatuU1acb OCTaJJbHbl.M, -a1"Jmt111e,cmuitec-
K.UM, 11 ec1m OHa 6wna .IJ.]lHHHee OCTanbHblX, - zunepKam0.11eKmu1tecKUM.
Ha K3.)((,llyio CTony na.nano puTMH'lecKoe y.11apeHue, Ha3bIBaeMoe
107
UKm OM. Cnor, Ha KOTOpblH na.nan HKT, HaJblBanC.11 apCHCOM 8 OTnwrne
OT Hey.uapHOH 'laCTH CTOObl (Te3HC). 06bl'rnO HKT na.n.a n Ha nepBblH
.uonrnA cnor CTOObl. 3aMe'ly, '!TO H 8 cospeMeHHOH MY3b1Ke y.uapeHHe
na.naer npeHMyweCTBeHHO (XOT.11 H He o6.R3aTenbHO) Ha .uonrne HOTbl.
CM. 8 npHBe.lleHHOM npHMepe CTOObl (BCTa)8011 npo(KJ1.11TbeM), (seCb)
AtUp ZO(JlO.llHblX), (KH)num HOUJ , 6011 8e-cmu zo(TOB).
TaKHM o6pa.30M rnaBHblMH xapaKTepHCTHKaMH CTOObl 6blnH .usa
npH3HaKa: .D.nHHa CTOnbl a Mopax H nono)l(eHHe mcra. CTHX onpe.ue-
n.11nc.11 '!HCJIOM H xap aKTepOM CTOn.
HaH6onee pacnpocrpaHeHHblM CTHXOM 6b1Jl UK.3tlAtemp, COCT0.118-
WHH H3 wecTH '!eThlpeXMOpHblX CTOn C HKTOM "ª
nepeOM cnore. 1-fa
ecex '!eTblPCXMOpHblX CTOn Ha'IHHaIOTC.11 Ha .uonrnii cnor (KOTOpbltt
MO)l(eT npHH.IITb Ha ce6.11 pHn.tH'leCKoe y.uapeHHe) .use: c n oH.D.eA H .uaK-
THnb. ÍCK3aMeTp H COCTO.IIJI H3 cnoH,lleea H .uaKTH.JleA, npH'!eM o6bl'!HO
nJITllR CTOna 6wna .uaKTHJICM, '!TO )l(e KacaeTC.11 w eCTOH, TO OHa o6si3a-
TenbHO 6bina .usycno)l(tta H Morna 6blTb paaHa ocTanbHblM (cnoH.D.eH)
ltllH KOpü'!e ltX (xopeA). BoT npHMep naTHHCKOro reJOaMeTpa (pa3Me-
'{3IO 8 nepsoA CTpOKe .uonrne H KpaTKHe, 8 OCTanbHblX TOnbKO HKTbl).

Át regfna gravf jamdudüm sáucia cúra

Vútnus atít venís; et cáeco cárpiter ígni
Múlta virí virtús animó, multúsque recúrsat
Géntis honós; haerént infíxi péctore vúltus,
Vérbaquc: néc placidám membrís dat cúra quiétem.•

• TpaHCKpH611pyeMble pyccKHMII 6YJ(BaMH 3lll ClllXH 3B)"laT Till( (np11 ycnoBHII

nCB)"IC paBHOMCPHOro npo113HOWCHIUI K.aJl(JlOit rnacHoi\):

Xat p;;rn~rna rpaBH.!.11 ll3M.ll~llYYM Ca38W!a~aa

.!. ------ -
, , ,, ,,
- -
,
ByynbHYC anl!IIT BC3HIIIIC; 33T UC3KOO Kaapmrrep llllffillH
.:... ..:.. ..:. ..:.. - .:.. ..:. -
Myynbta BHPIIII BIIHPTYYC aHIIMOO MyynbfYYCKBC pe¡,:yypcaat

ri;HTIIC XoHó'oc mpt3HT HIIH<P.titKc11H nt°3KTOP3 B~nbtyC

, . ' . , ,
Be3p63KBC H33K nnauH.lla3M M33M6pllHC naat icyypa KBll33TCM .

Jl.¡u¡ npaBIUlbHOCTH 'ITCHllll YllOOHO conpo80lK.113Tb 'lTCHIIC ot611BaHIICM 8 taKT py-

KOIO MOp, ynap1111 ocoGeHHO CH,lbHO 1-to, 5-to, 9-to H T .Jl. '!Cpc3 'lCTblpe MOPbl K.all(Jloro
CTllxa. Bccb CTIIX COCTOlrr 113 36 MOp.
• COnb<j)e.fDICIIPYll•, T.C. npoHJHOCll "ª cnor •Ta• CXCM)' f'CK33MCtpa, nOR)"lll~i:
tá-a ta-Ta, tá-a Ta-ta, tá-a ta-ta, tá-a ta-ta, tá-a ta-ta, tá-a ta.

np11 3TOM Kall(,ílali rpyn na •ta-ta• i10:«CT 6b1Th 3aMCHCHa OllHOÜ HCy4apHOÜ rpyn-
nolí - •Ta-a• , 11anp11Mep:

Tá-a ta-a, tá-a ta-a, tá-a ra-Ta, tá-a ra-a, TlÍ-a ta-ta, Tá-a ra.

108
 O6mas1 cxeMa reK3aMeTpa TaKoaa:

. -- . -- ........
--------- ;

B narnHCKOM crnxe co6mon.a.riHcb cnen.yiowHe npaeHJJa. 3anpewa.riocb

CTOJlKHOBeHHC JlByx fJlaCHblX, KOTopoc HMeHO11a.11ocb •rnal)'COM» (3HllHHC).
ECJIH 3a CJIOBOM, OKaH'iHBalOWHMCll Ha rnaCHblH 3IIYJ< HJIH Ha •m» (KoTopoc C
npeD.WCCTBYIOIUeit rnacHoil o6pa30Bb1Ba,'10 OD.HH HOCOBOil rnaCHblH 3BYJ<), CJIC-
D.OBaJlO CJIOBO, Ha'iHHaioweec¡¡ e rnacHoii HJIH e «h• (npH.11.bIXaHHe), TO BCTpe-
'1a10w11ecl1 rnaCHblC CJIHBaJlHCb B OD.HH CJIO)l(Hb!H rnaCHblH 3ByK. 3TO j¡BJICHHe
HMCHyCTCll 3 JI H 3 He A.
HanpHMep:
'
.........
Cóntícuére omnés, inténtique ora tenébant
.........
'
Aút pelagó Danaum insidiás suspéctaquc dóna
.........
'
Séd quid ego haec autém nequíquam ingráta revolvo.

B reK3aMCTpC o6bl'IHO 6b1Jl0 D.eJICHHC CTHXa Han.ea nepHon.a. 3To D.CJICHHC

COOTBCTCTBOBa.rio KaK 6bl nepeXBal)' PHTMl1KO-MeJIOllH'iCCKOil JIHHHH (reK3a-
MeTp no ceoeíl .llJlHHe - OT 13 n.o 17 cnoroe - npen.cTaBJIJIJJ o6bl'illO nea, a
11HOrn.a H TPl1 pe'iCBblX KOJIOHa). 3-ro lleJieHHe Ha3blBaJ1OCb UC3ypol,í . Ue3ypa
coen311a.ria co cnoeopa3.a.enoM. Moma oHa npHXOllHTbCll e pa3HbIX MCCTax.
npeHMYIUCCTBeHHO OHa non311a.ria nocne apcHca TpeTbCil CTOnbl:

Háctenus árvorúm / cultús et sídera cóeli:

Núnc te, Bácche, canám, / nec nón sylvéstria, técum
Vírgultá, et prolém / tardé crescéntis olívae.

HJIH nocne nepeoro KpaTKoro cnora TpeTbCff CTOObI, Korn.a na cTona 6b1J1a
n.aKTHJleM:

Fórmosám rasonáre / docés Amaryllida sylvas.

11JIH nocne apcHca 'iCTBCpTOH CTOObl. Ho e 3TOM CJIY'Iac HC06XOAHMa 6b1Jla

AOOOJIHHTeJibHaJI ue3ypa nocne apcHca BTOpoH CTOnhl:

Quid refért / , morbo án furtis // , pcreámnc repínis.

Et si quid/ cessare potés, // requiesce sub umbra ...

íeK3aMeTp He 6b1Jl CTpOq>H'IeCKHM pa3MepoM. Ho B C0e,llHHeHHII e

<<neHTaMeTpOM» OH o6pa30BbIBan .llilYCTHWHe (3JlefU'IeCKHH ,llHCTHX).

109
 neHTaMeTpOM HMeHye-TCSI CTHX TaKOÜ CXeMbl:

-----
' -- ' -- . 11-' - - vv ' vv '

Párve nec ínvideó, sine mé, tiber, ibis in úrbem

Héu mihil quó dominó 11 non licet íre tuó.
Difficilis, facilis, jucundus, acerbus es idem:
Néc tecúm possúm ft vívere, néc sin té.

B JIKpHKe 3HTH'iHble no3Thl ynoTpe6JIMH crpo4)bl, COCTOSIBWHe

HHOr.LJ.a 113 Pll.3JlH'iHblX CTHXOB, KOTOpble, B CBOIO O'lepe.LJ.b , co6ttpaJI HCb
H3 Pa:3.lllNHblX CTOn B onpe.LJ.eJieHHOH nOC11e.LJ.0BaTeJibHocnt. TélKlle CTHXH
HMeHOBaJIHCb /10Za30aMU. BOT npttMep canq>H'leCKOH CTJ)Oq>bl (H3 fo-
paUW1).
CxeMa:

-• v -
' - -' 1v v -' v -
' -
-
' v-
- ' - -' 1v v -' v -
' -
-
- ' V - ' -- ' 1V V - . V - ' --

Jám sAtis tenis I nivis iitque dirae

Grándinís misít Pater ét rubénte
Déxterá sacrás iaculátus árces
Térruit Úrbem

AnKaH'lecJ<M, wrn aJIKeeaa, crpoq>a:

CxeMa:

-- V
, -
. I'
- - V V -
, V -
.
-- V
, -
, I'
- - V V -
, V -
.
-.!.. V .:_ _.:_ V.:_ V

~ v v .:.. v v ~ v .:.. v

Nünc ist bibéndüm I nünc pede lib!ro

Pulsánda téllus I núnc saliáribus
Omáre púlvinár deórum
Témpus erát dapibús, sodáles.

110
 Hoseww11e }13blKH yrpaTl1Jllt .!lOJlíOTY H KpaTKOCTb CJlOfOB (H.:111
O"Nacr11 YTPanlJ111), B3aMeH 'iero 11a nepa1,I'1 nnaH s1>1crynH11a y.uap-
HOCTh 11 Hey11apHOCTb C.JlOfOB. HoBble HMHTaU.HH aHTH'iHblX pa3Mepo11
3aKJIIO'lalOTC.!I B TOM, 'lTO Ha .a.onrory U KpaTKOCTh BHHMafüUI 11e o6pa-
wa10r. Apcuc nepeD.aeTCfl y.uapHblM CJIOíOM, ocrarIbHble CJ10rH Hey.uap-
HblMH.
B íepMaH1111 s KOHU.e XVII 1 11eKa ~TU HMm-awm nonynflpllJHpo-
sa.11 K.JionwroK. Bor ero HM1nau 1111 reK3aMeTpa:

Únterdés war Sátan mit Ádramélech der Érde

Áuch schon nliher gekómmcn. Sic gÍngen nében einánder
Jeder allein, und in sich gekehrt. Jctzt sahc den Erdk.reis
Adramclech von sich in ferner Dunkclheit liegen.

311erw~ecK1111 .uHcrnx:

Wiedríger sind mir die redenden, als die schreibenden Schwatzer

Diese leg'ich weg; jenen entflieh'ich nicht stets.

AnKeesa crpoq>a:

Der Kühne Reichstag Gallien dammert schon,

Die Morgenschauer drínge n den wanenden
Durch Mark und Bein: o komm, du neue
Labende, selbst nicht getraumte Sonne.
(«Die Etats Généraux•.)

y Hac B PoccHH aHTH'IHble MeTpbl HMHTHpOBa.llHCb B TOM )l(e Ha-

npaBJieHHH . Bor o6pa.Jeu. reKJaMeTpa:

'-IHCTbÜÍ JIOCJ-IHTC$1 noJJ; CTeKJUIHttble 'i3WH 6JJHCT<UOT;

Bce yx yae11'13llbl rocrn; HIJOH o60IUICT, la)OlypRCb,
naaa11a CJJ3llOCTll btli .LlblM; .npyroA orKpblaaer aMq>opy,
3anax eeceJJblií e1111a pa3JJHB3R .na.11e•1e: cocyn.1>1
CeeTJ10A, CT)'.ne11ol1 IIOAhl, JOJIOTl1CTblC XJ1C6bl, .SIIIT3Pllbll1
Me.n H Cblp MOJIO.QOli, - oce roroeo; oecb y6paH ueeTaMH
:>KepreemrnK. Xopbl not0T. Ho e 11aqa..~e TpaneJhJ, o, npyrn,
.lJ.omKHO TBOpHTb 0O31111Slltbe, BCIU3Tb 6naroee1u11e PC'iH ...
<A. nyw K " 11 . )

3nerH'-leCKHH .UHCTHX:

Cnwwy YMOJJKHY0WHH JDYK 60JKCCTDellllOH 3,1JIHIICKOií pc•rn;

Crapua &eJIHKOfO TCHb 'iyto CMYIUCHHOÍI .nywoit
(A. 0 y W K II H.)
11 1
 Canq>H'ieCKrut crpoq>a:

Ho'lb 6blJla npoxnaaHlUI, caemo a tte6e

3BClllbl 6newyr, TI-OCO HCTO'lH11K nbeTC$1,
BeTpbl HC)l(Jibl BCIOT, WyMJIT nHCTaMH
TononH 6enbl.
(P a .a H we B.)

AnKeeaa c-rpoq>a:

Korna p0.1U1J1C$1 <l>e6-Anonnott, eMy

3naTOIO MHTp011 3eac noMJan 'leno
11 mtpy .llan 11 6enOCHC)l(Hb{X
nan ne6e.lleR e KoneCHHUeR nen<0R.
(B JI 'I e e JI a B 1-1 B a H o B.)

Cne.llyeT OTMeTHTb, '!TO HMl1Tau1111 aHTl1'1HhlX reKJaMe-rpoa caM11

no ce6e He npl1Ha.D,Jle)KaT K Me'TpH'leCKOA Cl1CTeMe CTHXOCJIO)l(eHI-UI,
TilK KaK npe.llCTaBJUHOT co6ol1 He MY3b1KanbHO-pe'll1TaTHBHYJO q>OpMy,
a .lleKJ1aMau110HHO-roaopHy10. My3blKanhHhIX .llOJlroT, MOP 3J1.eCb HeT,
a eCTb Jll1Wb Cl1CTeMa YllªPHbIX 11 Hey.llapHblX cnoroa, xapaKTepHrut .l]JUI
TOHl1'leCKOH Me-rp11KH.
3T11M 11Ml1TaUIDI.M nO'lTl1 ao acex JIHreparypax npe.11WeCTaoaan11
nonblTKH BBe.lleHI-UI B HOBbie $13blKH 'lHCTOH Me-rp11'-1eCKOl1 Cl1CTeMbl,
nyreM ycnoaHoro .lleneHI-UI cnoroa $13b1Ka Ha .llOJinte 11 KpaTKHe.
TaK, a 1619 r. BblWJia rpaMMaTHKa MeneT11$1 CMo-rp11uKoro, KOTO-
pbIR ycTaHaBJI11aan .llJUI n11TeparypHoro $13b1Ka Toro apeMeH11 (T.e. uep-
KOBHo -cnaB$1HCKoro) KOJIH'-leCTBeHHYIO npOCO.ll11IO,"' onpe.lle.lUU&, KaK11e
3BYKH 11 B KaK11X CJiyt.¡ruIX $1BJISIIOTC$1 .llOJlrHMH 11 KaKHe KpaTKHMli, H
npe.L1J1aran .LlJIR Pocc1111 Me'Tpl1'leCKYIO c11CTeMY CTHXocno)l(eHHR. K rpaM-
MaT11Ke 6blJI11 npHJIO)l(eHbl 11 np11Mepb1 reKJaMe-rpoa:

CapMaTCKH HoeopaCTHb~ Myc~ CTOny n:pay

C11CTeMa CMO'Tpl1UKOro 6b1Jla 'il1CTO Me'TpH'-leCKOl1 B TOM CMblCJie,

'!TO: 1) p11TM onpe.lleJISIJIC$1 eCTeCTaeHHOH .llOJlfOTOH, a He Y.llapHOCTbIO

• npoco.aHeil Ha3blBaCTCJI 'laCTb (j>oHe111KH, KOTOpal! H3~aer KOJIH'leCTBCHHbte

cuoikTBa 38}'1<08 pe'IH, .aOJtro-ry, y.aapeHHe, OOBblWCHHC l'OJIOCa H T.n. •KO,IUf(ecmseH •
HOJI npOCOOUJI• - ~eHHC o .QOJlfOTe (j>oHeM. ÚTMC'IY, '!TO CJIOBO «npoco.aHJI» yno-rpe6-
JIJleTCJI H B .apyroM JHa'ICHHH, KaK CHHOHHM CJIOBa •MeTpHKa•.

112
CJIOfOB, 2) pHTMl1'-leCKHe HKTbl na.llaJIH Ha CJIOrH He33.BHCHMO OT HX
513blKOBOro y,napeHWI, T.e. y,napHblH CJIOr MOr npHHTHCb Ha Te3HC, a
Hey,napHblR - Ha apcHC CTOnbl (HanpHMep, PHTMH'leCKH CJIOBO «capMáT-
CK.H» Hecno .nea mcra: ,.cápMaTCKlt» ).
fny6oKoe BJIH51HHe aHTH'lHblX 11HTeparyp Ha JIHTeparypbI coepe-
MeHHbie CKa3aJIOCb B TOM, '!TO no.no6Hble nonblTKH nepeca.aHTb aHTH-
'!HYIO MeT¡)HKY Ha coepeMeHHYIO nO'!BY XOT51 H OCTaJIHCb 6ecnJIO,nHbl-
MH, HO OKa3aJIH CHJJbHoe BJUUIHHe Ha TeopHIO coepeMeHHOfO CTHXa.
CoepeMeHHble 513b!K.H YTPªTHJIH .nonrory H KpaTKOCTb CJIOfOB B TOA
'!HCTO MY3b!KaJlbHOR q>yHKUHH , KaKylO 3TH ceoRcTBa HMeJIH B aHTH'l -
HblX 513b1KaX. Tio.nblCKHerut e coepeMeHHblX 51Jb1Kax aHanorHIO .nonro-
TaM, TeOpeTHKH HaxO.nHJIH ee B y.napHOCTH . Cnor y,nap51eMblíl CTaJIH
HaJbJBaTb .nOJirHM, Hey,nap51eMb1R - KpaTKHM. e
TaKOl1 33.MeHOR ra6 -
JIHUa rpe'!eCK.HX CTOn CTaJJa npHMetUITbC$1 K coepeMeHHblM 518JleHH51M
(TaK, 51M60M HMeHyeTC$1 napa CJIOfOB, HJ KOTOpblX BTOpoA y.napHblH :
<<H.llY», xopeeM - napa cnoroe e yAapeHHeM Ha nepeoM CJiore - «6y.ll)'» ) .
PHTMH'!eCKHe HKTbl e CTHXax 6blJIH q>HKCHPOBaHbl Ha y,napHblX CJiorax;
T.e. T¡)e6OBaJJOCb COBna.aeHHe ecrecTBeHHOro y,napeHWI co CTHXOTBOp -
HblM. TaKHM o6pa30M, BC$1 CHCTeMa 6blJJa B KOpHe H3MeHeHa, HO K HeR
npo.no.TDKaJJa npHMetUITbC$1 MeT¡)H'!eCKM MY3b1KaJlbHrul repMHHOJIOfHj!,
'!TO 51BHJl0Cb HCTO'!HHKOM He.nopa.JyMeHHH. TaK, B CJIOBe «OTMlUeHbe»
CJIOr «OTM» C'!HTaJIC51 KpaTIGIM, a «lUeH~ - .noJirHM, XOT51 nepebIH onrn-
MaeT 6oJibWe epeMeHH B HOPMaJlbHOM npOHJHOWeHHH, '!eM BTOpoR.
TiepeHeceHa 6blJia Ha coepeMeHHOe CTHXOCJIO)l(eHHe BC51 CltCTeMa
~HTH'!Hb!X CTOn, XOT51 OHH norepMH ceoe 3Ha'!eHHe pa3HOBH.llHOCTeH
MY3b!KaJlbHOro TaKTa H T.n.
ECJIH HCKaTb napaJIJleneA MeTPH'!eCKOMY CTHXOCJIO)KeHHIO, TO ero
MO)l(HO o6HapY)KHTb e 6onee HJIH MeHee '!HCTOM BH.!le e Hapo.nHbJX
neCH51X H CTapHHax (6blJIHHax), eCJIH )"leCTb, '!TO TeKCT neCHH HeOT.ne-
JlHM OT MeJIO,nHH Haneea, 'ITO neCHIO MO)l(HO TOJlbKO neTb, a He roeo-
pHTb (.neKJiaMaUI-Ul TeKCTa eCTb Y)Ke '!TO- TO npH6JIH)l(a101Ueec51 K nepe-
CKaJy).
B necIDtX KruKJlblH cnor o6na.aaeT ceoeA .nJIHTeJibHOCTblO, H rpyn-
nbl CJIOfOB - MY3b!Ka.JlhHblM y.napeHHeM, KOTOpoe eoo6we coena.aaeT
e ecTeCTBeHHblM y,napeHHeM CJIOB, HO MO)l(eT H He coena.aaTb. Pa.JHH -
ua e aHTlt'!HbIM Me11)0M Ta, '!TO .nonrora CJiora onpe.neJij!eTC51 HCKJIIO-
'!HTeJibHO MeJIO.nHeH, Ha KOTOPYIO neCH51 pacneeaeTC51, a OTHIO,nb He
BHYTl)eHHHM, 513blKOBb!M CBORCTBOM caMKX cnoroe . ÜTopeaHHrul OT
MeJIO.nHH nectUI Tep51eT CBOR PHTM. Hawe PHTMH'!eCKOe '!TeHHe Ha-
pO,nHblX neceH eCTb HCKYCCTBeHHrul HHTepnpeTaUH51, HCKa)l(eHHe ecTe -
CTBeHHOro PHTMa neCHH, TaKOH >Ke q>aJJbWHBblR nepeeo.n PHTMa HJ
O.nHOH CHCTeMbl B .npyrylO, KaKHM 518Jl51IOTC51 ece ltMHTaUHH aHTH'!HblX
pa.3Mepoe e coepeMeHHblX 513b1Kax.

&-964
113
 2. CUJIJIA6WIECKAJI CHCTEMA
B 3noxy cpe.nHHX eeK0B, Kor.na naTHHCKHA .R3blK nepeCTan 6blTb
)KJ18blM .R3blK0M, 6y.ny'IH BblTeCHeH H3 Hapo.nttoro o6pameHWI p0MaH-
CKHMH .nHaneKTaMH, H3 KOT0pblX Pa3BHJlHCb coepeMeHHble IO)l(H0-eB-
poneítcKHe .R3b1KH, H, C0XpaHHBillHCb TOJibK0 B uepK0BHblX H Y'¾eHblX
Kpyrax, yrpaTHJl CB0H ceoACTea .nonr0TH0CTH cnoroe, pa3.11H'¾He B .nnH-
He cnoroe 6bUIO 3a6b1TO, H PHTMH'!eCKOH MepoA CTan a .nnHHa BC.RK0ro
cnora. Pe'!HTaTHBHoe 'ITeHHe ceenocb K paettoepeMeHH0MY (H30XpoH-
HOMy) npoH3H0ll1CHHIO ecex cnoroe, npH'!eM B K0HUe pe'!eeoro K0JI0-
Ha .nenanacb Ka.nettuwi, conpoeo)K.IJ.ae111a.Rc.R H3MeHettHeM BblCOTbl T0Ha
H HnHTeJibH0CTH (Ka.neHUHSI, He Hapy111ae111a.R H30XpOHHOCTH, HHor.na
.nenanacb H e Ha'¾ane KOJIOHa).
O xapaKTepe cpe.ntteeeKoeoro pe'!HTaTHBa Mbl MO)KeM cy.nHTb no
uepKOBHOMY '!TeHHto. UepKOBb, KaK npaeocnaBHa.R, TllK 11 .KaTom1'¾ec-
KaR, coxpatrnJ1a e o6HXo.ne KYJib'fYPHble nepe)KH'fKH, 6blTOBaBll1He OKOJlO
1000 JieT TOMY Ha3a.n. O6na'!eHHR, yreapb, )l(}{BOnHCb - ece :no CBH-
.nereJibCTByeT o .naetto MHHYBllleA t<y'Jib-rype. PH"ryanbttblA Sl3b1K (na-
THHCKHH, uepKOBHO-cJiaBSIHCKHH) n epecraJI )IQ1Tb OKOJIO TblC.R'!eJieTIUI
TOMY ttaJa,n. To•rno TaK .lKe H uepKOBHhlH pe'!HnlTHB coxpatu1eT MaHe-
PY pe'!HT3THBa 3nOXH 803HHKHOBeHHSI CHJIJJa611'!eCKOro CTHXOCJIO)Ke-
HWI. BoT o6paJeu apxaH'¾ecKoro u epKOBHoro pe'!HTaTHea:

Et ne nos in du cas in ten ta ti o nem Sed U be ra nos a ma lo

Ua p10 He 6cc HWA y Te WH Te n10 AY wc H CTH Hbl

3.necb SICHO: 1) BblpaeHHBaHHe cnoroe (Ka)K.11.blH .ll11HTC.R o.nHy MOpy)

H 2) Ka.neHUHP0BaHHe e K0HUe K0JIOHa Ha nocne.nHeM y.napeHHH (in
tentatiónem, HCTHHbl), BblPIDK.atoll!eec.R e y,nnHHelfflH cnora 11 nepeMe-
He TOHa. 113 TaKOro pe'!HTaTHBa Bblpocna CHJ1Jla6H'·leCKa.R CHCTeMa CTH-
XOCJIO)KeH W1.
B3SIB no.no6Hyl0 peuHTaUHOHHYIO <popMy, n03Tbl 8t>Jpa8HMU KOJIO -
Hbl , e.nenas HX paBHblMH no epeMeHH, a TaK KaK epeMR H3MepAAOCb
MOpaMH, a Ka)K.11.a.R MOpa M HJlacb OHHH CJIOr, TO 3TO CBeJIOCb K TOM Y,
'{TO paeeHCTBO CTHXOB o npe.neJUUIOCb paeeHCTBOM 'IHCJia cnoroe 0T
tta'!anbttoro .no n oCJie.llHero y.napttoro.
TaKHM o6pa30M, ttanp11Mep, illeCTHCJIO)KHbJA CTHX COCT38JUIJ1CSI H3
114
IDITH Hey.uapHblX CJIOroB, 3a KOTOpblMH CJie.uoaan y.uapHblH (nocne y.uap -
HOro Momo 6onbwe H He 6b1Tb cnoroa, HO MOrnH cne.uoaaTb eme He-
y.uapHble CJIOfH, KOTOpble B PHTMJ.NeCKHH C"!eT He BX0.!1.HJIH).
TTpHMep - HTaJJbSIHCKHe crnxH:

Brillano le pupille
Di vivaci scintille.

<l>paHUY3CK.He CTHXH:

Esprit toujours aimable,

Rimeur toujours galant,
Demain donnons au diable
Un monde twbulant
Et qu'on dresse la table
Pres d 'un foyer brülant.

8 OCHoae CHJ1J1afü1qe.cKoA CHCTeMbl Jie)l(Jff C'!eT CJIOfOB. 3TOT C'iCT pery-

JIHpyerc.11 TpélAHUHeA. TaK, HanpHMep, 80 4>paHuY3CKOM CTHXOCJIOllCeHHH co-
6J110,lla10TC.ll CJ1e.ny¡o1UHe npaaJUJa a c'lere cnoroa: ace «e HeMble• npoHJHOC.stT-
c.11 H c•nmllOTC.11, KpoMe «e HeMblx», CJJe.llYJOWHX Ja rnacHOA (prierai - TOJlbKO
.naa CJiora: prie-rai, HO «racine• - TpH CJJora: ra -ci-ne) .
.LlHtPTOHrH «OÍ• (ya), «ui,., «ie• H JlP. C'IHTalOTC.11 Ja OJlHH CJJOr, HanpHMep,
«oisiveté- - 4 cnora: «oí-si-ve-té-, «lui,. - OJlHH CJJOr, «pie(1. - O.llHH CJJor.
(3aMeqy, 'iTO HHOr.na «Ui• - He JlH(pTOHr; HanpHMep, a CJIOBC •ruine• TpH
CJJora: cru-i-ne•.)
3H.stHHe 80 4>paHUY3CKOM IUlaCCH'{eCKOM crnxe JanpeweHO ( e cepe.D.HHbl
XVII B.), T.e. HeJibJJI conOCTaBHTb aaa CJIOBa, HJ KOTOpblX O,llHO OKaH'fHBaeTC.11
Ha rnaCHYJO, .npyroe Ha'iHHaerc.11 Ha rnaCHYJO.
BnpoqeM, eCJIH nepaoe CJIOBO OKaH'lHBaeTC.11 Ha «e HeMoe•, TO npoHCXO-
JlHT 3JIU3UJl, T.e. 3TO «e HeMOC• He npoHJHOCHTC.11 H He C'UlTaeTC.11. 8 CO'ieTaHIDI
«paraitre ensemble• MTb CJJoroa: •pa-raitr'-en-sem-ble•; «parle encor., 3 CJJo-
ra, •elle arma• - 3 CJJora.
füo6ont,ITHO, 'ITO npH YCJJOBHH 3JlHJHH «e HeMoro• .nonyCKaJIOCb H lH.11-
HHe, Hanpmrep: «Sophie est bonne• (Sophic cst), «trompée et triste• (trompé-
et). HecMOTp.11 Ha JH.llliKSI, 3TH CO'ICTaHH.11 JaKOHHbl B CTHXax, aepo.stTHO, OOTO-
MY, 'ITO rnaCHblA JByK, nocne KOToporo 3JlHJlHPOBaJIOCb «e HeMOe•, nony-
'laJI cna6b1A naJBYK apo.ne Hawero dh, paJ.neJI.stBWHA CTaJIKHBaBwHeC.st
rnacHble.

HaH6onee CTapblM pa3MepoM 80 q>paHUY3CKOA fl033HH j¡BJUleTCSI

BOCbMHCJIO)K}tblH (octosyllabe) H CeMHCJtO)l(HblÜ. CTHXH 3TH CO"!eTa-
nHCb B uenH, npH"leM KaD.eHUHSI KéU<.D.Oro CTHXa OTMe"!anacb accoHaH-
COM, T.e. coena.neHHeM yD.apHOH rnacHOH; BOT npHMep CTHXOBOH uenH
ce~rncnmKHblX CTHXOB e accottaHCOM Ha «i• (neplWI nonoeHHa XIII e.):

115
••
 Aine plus bele ne veistes!
Esgarda par la gaudine
et vit la rose espanie
et les oisax qui se crient,
dont se calma orpheline
•Ai mi! lasse! moi caitive!
Por coi sui en prison rtússe? H T.A.
(•Aucassin et Nicolette•.)

TIO.ll06Hble accoHaHCbl c ywecTBOBa.JIH B HcnaHCKOJ:i IlO33HH.

3TOT accoHattc 6bIJI enocne.llCTBHH BbJTecHeH pu<JJMoü, T .e . non-
H blM CO3BY'lHeM Me)l(lly KOHe'lHblMH cnoBaMH CTKXOB (Ha'lHHaJI C y.lla-
peHIDI .llO KOHUa cnosa).
BoT npHMep CTapbJX pHq>MoBaHHblX BOCbMHCJIO)K}lblX CTKXOB:

Tant de loin que de prez m'est laide

a
La mors. La clamoit son ayde
Tosjors, ung povre bosquillon
Que n'ot chevance ne siJlon:
•Que ne viens, disoit, o ma rtúe
Finer ma dolorouse vie!•
Tant brama qu'advint; et de voix
Terrible: «Que veux-tu? - Ce bois
a
Que m 'aydiez carguez, madame•.
Peur et labeur n'ont mesme game.
(M a rí e de F r an ee. XIII e.)

YTO KacaeTcn weCTHCJIO)K}lblX CTHXOB, TO OHH no ceoeJ:t KpaTKOCTH

CO'leTa.JIHCb nonapHO B O.llHH .llBeHuuaTHCJIO)KJiblH CTHX. Pa:meJI Me)K-
.llY wecntCJIO)K}ibJMH nonyCTHWIDIMH HMeHOBa.JICSl 14e3ypou. TaK KaK
cnorn n ocne nocne,llHero y.llapeHIDI He C'lHTa.JIHCb, TO B CTapHHHOM
q>paHU)'3CKOM 11Betta.11Uarncno)K}l11Ke HHoma nepeoe nonycnrurne oKaH-
'lHBa.JIOCb Hey.llapHblMH, He BXO,llHBWHMH B C'leT CJIOf3MH (14e3ypHO.Jl
zunepKamMeKmwca), HanpHMep:

Pinabaux trebucha / sur l'herbe ensanglantée

Et fors de son poing destre/ luí échappa l'épée.

C XVI e. n ono6Kb1e <t>opMhl 6bIJIH Janpe1UeHbl, 11 neeHanuaTH-

CJIO)KHHK npeepaTHJICSl 8 CTHX C y,llapeHIDIMl1 Ha wecTOM H .llBeHanua-
TOM cnore H CJIOBOpa3lleJIOM Me)l(lly weCTblM H cenbMhlM CJIOfOM:

Observez comrne iui tous ces différents verts,

Plus sombres ou plus gais, plus foncés ou plus clairs.
116
 Remarquez-les surtout, lorsque la pale automne,
Pres de la voir flétrie, embellit sa couronne; •
Que de variété! que de pompe et d'éclat!
Le pourpre, l'orangé, l'opale, l'incamat,
De leurs riches couleurs étalent l'abondance.
Hélas! tout cet éclat marque leur décadence. ••
(J. De I i 1 1 e.)

3TOT CTHX nony'-IHJI Ha3BaHHe aneKCaH.llpltACKOfO (alexandrin) H

Cbll"paJJ 60JibWYIO pOJib KaK BO cppaHUYJCKOK n033Hlt, TaK H B JIHTepa-
TYPax, HCnbITaBWHX BJIWIHHe cppaHUY3CKOro KJiaCCHUHJMa.
TTO.!I.06HhlM )Ke o6paJOM co:.mancsi CTHX B JO cnoroe e ueJypoít noc-
Jie 4-ro cnora (décasyllabe):

Je ne suis né / pour célébrer les saints;

Ma voi.x est faible / et meme un peu profane.
11 faut pourtant vous chanter cette Jeanne
Qui fit , dit-on, des prodiges divins.•••
(V o I t a i r e.)

8 HTaJibllHCKOM $13b1Ke paJBIUIOCb, KaK H B OCTa.llbHblX IO)l(.HO-pOMaHCK.HX,

CHMa6H'ieCKOe cntXOCJIOJKeHHe, HeCKOJlbKO OTJUf'iHOe OT <f>paHuyJCKOro. TaK,
B HTaJlbSIHCKOM CTHXe HHble npaBHJta 3JIH3HH. TaM eCJIH CTaJIK.HBalOTCSI .aee
rJiaCHble Ha CJIOBOpal!leJte, TO OHH o6pa3YJOT .!lH<f>TOHr, C'l'.HTIUOlllHACSI Ja O.!IHH
CJ1or, HanpH.Mep:
Egli ha fatio offerie a Rodomonte ...

• B noc.neAHeM CT1txe - ::,,1111131111 qepe:i ue:iypy: •flétri' embellit•.

•• 0rJIHBhl JCJJeHH CTapaACll JaMe'laTb.,
llro6 Jly,!.We UBCT K UBeTaM, TeHb K reHH non.6HpaTb.
Y•IHCb TOMY rorn.a, KaK oceHb ysSUiaeT
11 TOMHOIO PYKOll BeHOK CBOll yicpawaer:
KaKoll 6orarwll BltJl, BCJIH'IHe 11 eser!
QpaH)l(eBblll, lJUITOll, 6arpllHblH, aJiblll UBeT
nblOT BeJICJleOHblll 6JICCK C CCHHCTOll ,D.peB 8CpWHlthl;
Ho, ax, cell llpKHll 611ecK npeD.TC'la HlC KOH'IHHbl.

... (ncpea. B o e II K o a a.)

,SI HC p0)1(.11CH CBllThlHlO CJlaBOC/IOBHTb,
Mol! CJ1a6blll rnac He BlblD.eT n.o He6ec,
Ho llOJIJl(eH ll sac HblHC npHTOTOBKTb
K ycJJblWaHbJO HC>aHHHHblX 'lyn.ec.
(Oepea. n yw i: H Ha.)
117
 11.HOflla J¡a)l{e o6pa30BbloaJICSI TPH<l>TOHr (TPH rnacHblX B OllHOM CJlore):

Lasciati avea i Cadurci e la cittade.

Ha1160J1ee pacnpocrpatteHHblM CTKXOM SIBJUIJICSI CTH.X B 11 CJlOfOB e Yllape-

HHeM Ha 10-M CJtore (endecasillabo). 8 npoTHeononoJKHOCTb <l>paHuyJCKOMY
cnucy HTaJtbl'lHCKHA He HMCCT ue3ypbl. HanpHMep:

E non lo bramo tanto per diletto,

Quanto perche vorrei vincer la prova;
E non possendo fario con effetto,
S'io lo fo immaginando, aneo mi giova.

8 3nOXJ4 BJTIDUUIJl <l>PaHlJY3CKOÍI mrreparypbl npoHHKaJl B 11.TaJtHJO H aneK-

CaH.llJ)HltCKHA cmx (nOll ttaJBaHHCM •MapTCJ11»1HCKOl'O• CTIOOl). Ho TaJC K.aK B
lffaJtbSIHCKOM Sl3b1KC Ma/10 CJlOB, OKaH'HtBaJOIUHXCSI Ha y11apeHHC, TO co6J110lle-
HHC npaBH.JT <l>paHizyJCKOA ue3ypbl 6bUlO 6bl 3aTPYllHHTCJlLHO, TaK K.aK Tpe6o-
oa.no 6bl nOCTOllHHOR 3JIH3HH 'fepe3 ue3ypy. Ilo3TOMY HTa/l.bSIHCKHA MaJ)TC-
JlhSIHCKHlt CTHX CT¡)OKTCSI Ka)( CTapo<l>paHizyJCJOtlt, e llOnYIUCHHCM HCMeTpH-
'fCCKHX CJlOl'OB B KOHUe nepeoro noJtyCTHWHJI.

11 cuor di donna Flórida / fa risistanz.a in vano;

É vittirna d'amóre, / ma l'idolo é lontano.
(Gol d o ni.)

B KTa.llbSIHCKOM SIJblKC llOnycK.aJOTCSI Ka)( PH<l>MOBaHHble, TaK H HePH<l>MO-

BaHHble (6e.n_1,1e) CTHXH.
Or <l>Pa.HUYJCKOfO CIUIJla6HYCCKOf0 CTHXa lffaJtbSIHCKHR OTJ1ff'l3CTCSI He-
CKOJThKO 6oJThweA npaBKJlbHOCTl>IO B paCCTa.HOBKe YllapeHHR (o6bl'IHO qepeJ
CJlOr). Bnpo'feM, 3Ta TCHJieHUM.11 K npaBMbHOCTll He Mewaer Ceo6ollHO CTa-
BHTb y!lapeHHSI Ha n1060M CJtore cnoca.
B CHJlJlafüt'leCKOM cmxe npeo6JtallalOT PH<l>MOBaHHble CTHXOTBOpeHM.11 (Ha
<l>PaHI.JY3CKOM SIJNJ<e PH<l>Ma OOSl3aTCl1htta).
Ptt<l>MOR KMeHyeTCSI COBnalleHHe 3BYJ(OB .!Olyx CJlOB, Ha'fKHaSI C YllªPHOR
rnacHoA. Ptt<l>Mbl llCJUITCSI Ha CJtellYIOUUfe:
)) Ptt<l>Mbl, OK.aH'fHBaJOUUfCCSI Ha Y.l\apeHHe (MYXCKue):
pyCCK.: Jtyra- 6epera, .f\PODT-Ha38.ll,
<l>PaHU.: contour-jour, beauté-céité,
HTaJlbSIHCK.: ferir-morir, pieta-libena.
2) PH<l>Mbl, OK.aH'fHBa10UU1CCSI Ha OOUH HCYllªPHblA CJlOf, T.e. e Y.l\apeHHCM
Ha BTOPOM OT KOHua CJtore (xeHCKue):
pyCCK.: JByKH-MYJOt , .f\peMy>IHi\-TY'fH,
<l>paHU.: vitre-chapitre, énorme- forme (a Ka'feCTBe JKeH-
CKHX C'iHTalOTCSI H PH<l>Mbl THna enfoncée-amassée, prairie-chérie, XOT11 3TO
ce HCMOC• HC C'IHta.llOCb 61,1 BHyT¡)H CTH.Xa H .I\OJDCHO 6blJIO 61,1 o6Sl3aTeJThHO
3JTHJIHp0BaThCSI; 6eJ 3J1H3HH 3TH CJlOBa BHyT¡)b cmxa He llOnyCKaJOTCSI);

II8
 HTaJibSIHCK.: segno-sdegno, sorte-morte (B Ka'ICCTBe JKeH-
CKHX ynoTJ)C6ruuoTC.ll H PH<l>Mbl nma «poi-suoi, via-dia, XOT$1 BHyrpH CTKXa
sce 3TH CJioaa 0.11.HocnO)l(}fbl). •
3) PH!pMbl e y,llapettHeM Ha T¡>CTbCM OT KOHUa CJIOre (OaKmUAU'teCKue):
pyccK.: 'lY.II.Hrut-TPY.11.Hrut, paJOBbl.A-paccKaJblBaH;
HT3Jlb.llHCK. : amabile-intemúnabile (06bl'IHO B HTaJlb.llHCKOA
no3JIDI .llaKTWIH'lecKHe cTHXH He PHIPMYJOT);
fPPaHUYJCKHe ,llaKTHJUf'leCKHe PHfPMbl HeBOJMO)l(}fbl,
4) PH!pMbl e y,llapeHHCM ,llaJlee tpeThero CJ!Ora (zunepOOKmUAU'feCKUe):
PYCCK.: OOKP.llKHBaeT-BCKaKHBaeT. araroaa.11-JaXBaTblBa.11.
Bo ippaHUYJCKOM .ll3b1Xe ynorpe6Jlll.JOTC.ll PHfPMbl MY)KCJCHe H lKeHCKHe,
npH'leM o6.llJaTCJlbHO npaBllJIO qepeJIOB3HWI, T.C. p$UIOM CTO.llWHe .llBa CTH.Xa
0.11.HOfO po,lla OKOH'faHH.11 o6ii3aTCJibHO ,llOJDICHbl PHfPMOBaTb MC.llUIY co6oIO; ,llB3
COCC.11.HHX CTH.Xa, He PHfPM}'IOWHe MCn}' Co6ol0, ,llOJCt<Hhl 6b1Tb pa3Hl,lX p0,ll0B
OKOH'laHWI. flpaBllJIO 3TO Co6JII0.118eTC.ll TaKlKe B 6anhllJJUICTBC pyCCKHX KJJac-
CH'lCCXHX CTHXOTBOpeHHA (XIX B.).
B HülJlb.llHCKOM .llJblKe yno-rpe6n.11eTC.11 npeHMywecTBeHHO lKeHCKall pHfP-
Ma (T.e. BCe CTHXH 0.11.HOl'O npoHJBeJICHWI HMelOT lKeHCJ<oe OKOH'faHHe), H npa-
Bl!JIO 'lepe,llOBaHJUI He co6J110.llaeTC.11.
KpoMe p0MaHCKHX .ll3blKOB, CHJ1J1a6K\feCKa.ll CHCTeMa npHMeH.lleTC.11 TIUOKe-
8 OOJlbCKOM .llJblXe. 8 OOJlbCKOM .ll3b1Ke HeT 3JIH3HH; CJIC,llOBaTCJlbHO, Ka;«Jlblit
CJIOr B cmxax C'IHraeTC.11 Ja OT,llCJlbHblA.·· HanpHMep:

Jedz.t, pijit, lullti pal it

Tance, hulanka, swawola;
Ledwie karczmy nie rozwalit;
Ha, ha, ha, hi, hejze hola!
Twardowslti siadl w koncu stola,
Podpad sie w boki, jak basza,
cHulaj, duszo, hulaj!» wola,
Smieszy, tumani, prestrasza•••
(M i e Je i e w i e z)

• OpH'IHHa 3TOro JlClKKT B TOM, 'ITO KOHCU CTKXa KaaCHUHpyeTC.11, T.C. YCJIOBHJI
IJp0H3HOWCHHll KOHC'O!Oro CJIOra OTJIH'laJOTC.11 OT YCJIOBHl\ npoH3HOWCHHJI BHYTPCH-
HKX CJIOroe. Cp. uepKOBHblC pe'IHTaTKBbl, nplfBC,llCHHblC BblWC.
•• JltuproHrn o6p33}'10TCll TOJlbKO npH COCJJJIHCHKK «i• co CJICJIY)OlUHM TJIBCHblM.
TaK, CJIOBO «fÚC• - 0,llHOCJIOllOlO.
••• nblOT, KYJ)SIT, e.IDIT, BeCeJl.llTCSI:
He IJHp - pa3JIHllat!HOC Mope!
t{yn CTCHbl KOp'IMhl HC Ba/UITC.11 ...
«AA lKfH .aa
f'YJl.1111, ~me rope!•
nawoll IJOJlOO'ICHRCb, Teapn:OBCIOIII
B KOp'IMC Ja CTOJIOM :iacen:aer ,
rapuyer H 11apoR 6ecoscKoll
TYMBHY B rJI33a HanyCKaCT.
(IlepeB. M e A.)

119
 TaK KaK 00JlbCK.11C CJIOBa HMCIOT y11apeHHC Ha npea.nocJlCJUiCM cnore, TO
OOJlbCKJ1e CTHJUi HMCIOT npCHMYW.CCTBCHHO )l(CHCK.HC OKOH'iaHHSI. )lru¡ o6pa-
30BaHHR My)l(CK011 PH<l>Mbi Heo6xo.nHMO nocraBHTb B KOHU.C crnxa OJUiOCJlO)t{-
HOC CJIOBO, HanpHMep:

Rozpalili na kominic
Zaspiewali j ak do snu,
Piesn sie winie, nie sie winic,
Z dawnich czasów, z motków lnu.

AneKCaH.11.pHHCKHH CTHX npOHl1K 113 <t>paHU1111 11 8 n OJibCKoe CTl1-

XOCJIO)l(eH11e. H o 11 3.11.ecb, KaJ< 11 JlJUI 11TaJlbAHCKoro H3btKa, npe.acraa11-
nocb JaTpy.aHeH11e - M~CKéUI Ue3ypa n p 11 061UeM )KeHCKOM OKOH'-la-
Hl111 nOJibCKHX CJIOB. OOJibCKHH CTHX He n owen n o flYTl1 11TaJihllHCKO-
ro aneKcaH.11.p11AcKoro CTHxa, T.e. He .aon yCTHJJ nmepKaTaneKTHKH Ha
ueJype. llT06bl coxpa tt11Tb y.aapett11e tta w eCTOM CJiore, OH nepe.aa11 -
HYJI ueJypHbl.Ü cnoaopaJJieJI u a o.a11H cnor anepe.a, T.e. nocraa11n ero
Me)l(.Uy ce.abMblM 11 BOCbMblM CJIOraMl1 , no.aeJIHB CTHX Ha .asa nonyCTl1-
WHSI .
Op11Mep:

Surojadki srebrzyste, / zólte i czerwone,

Niby czareczki róznym J winem napelnione.

BoT cpaBHHTeJibHéUI cxeMa ct>paHUY3CKOro, HTaJibSIHCKoro H n OJib-

CKOro aJieKcaH.11.pHACKOro CTHxa:

ct>pattuyJcK11 A: - -

5
~1- - 5
, (v)

HTaJihllHCKHH: - -
5
,
- vi- 5
V

HJIH- -
5
V
vi- 5
V

nOJibCKHH: - -
5
,
vi- - 4
V

llT06bl c.aenaTb SICHee p a.3Jl114He Tp ex CHCTeM, np11ae.ay HeCKOJibKO

120
HCK)'CCTBeHHO COCTaBJle HHb!X pyccKHX CTl1XOB, ocymeCTl!Jl.51l0lllHX 3TH
T¡)H CHCTeMbl.
l) CHcTeMa q:>paHUY3CKaR:

CMeeM JIH Mbl ewé, 1 B 33MeHy 6b1Jlb1X 6é.1l

flY'{WHX rpimywHX .llHéA I BCTpC'iaTb MH3KHH paccsir?
Tbl 6y.1leWb JIH, MOfi CblH, 1 OT HeC'l3CTI1A H36áMeH
H T$llKenoA 0$1TÓH I H3CHJJb$1 He pal.llásneH?

2) 11TaJlbHHCKaH CHCTeMa:

Ewe JIH Mbl He CMéeM, 1 npeOJJ.OJleB roHéttbe,

I
BpeMeH JJY'{WHX 11 pá.lloCTHblX npeJJ.BHJJ.eTb npoceewé11be?
YlKCJlb, MOfi CblH, Tbl 6y.1lCWb I OT ropbKHX lfYlK.1l H36aBJJell,
3no¡:j H TSl.llC.KOl-1 ru!TÓIO I H3CHJ1b$1 He pal.llásneH?
3) noJibCKrul CHCTeMa:
He}')l(eJIH He CMéeM, 1 3a6blBWH roHéHbe,
I
)lHeA rplJ.!lYU,lKX H CBéTJlblX BCTpentTb npoceerné11be?
Tbl 6yaewb JIH, o, CblH MOA, 1 OT 6eJJ.CTBHfi H36állJleH
l1 lKeJie3HOH ru!TÓIO 1 3J106bl He pa3JJ.áBJJeH?*

113 nonbWbl c11JU1a6H'leCKoe CTl1XOCJIO)l(eHHe npoHHKJIO B PocCHIO,

rD.e npoD.ep)l(aJIOCb D.O nonoBHHbl XVIII s.
3nwieCKHÍI pa3Mep (nOD.06HblÍI aneKCaHD.pHACKOMY CTHXY) - TpH-
Han.uaTHCJIO)l(J-IHK - 6hU1 socnpHtUIT H a PocCHH, rD.e OH HBJUUJCH rnas-
Hb!M PaJMepoM 6oJibWHX npOH3BeD.eHHA. J,13 noJibCKHX npaBHJI 6blJIH
ycBoeHbl: )l(eHCKrul pHq:>Ma (T.e . yD.apeHHe Ha 12-M cnore), OT KOTOPOH
oTcrynanH BeCbMa peD.KO, H cnosopa:men (ue3ypa) nocne 7 -ro cnora.
ÜD.HaKo npasHJio 06 yD.apeHHH 6-ro cnora 61>1J10 oT6poweHo. B nonb-
CKOM H3b1Ke OHO HBJUUJOCb MexaHH'ieCKHM CJieD.CTBHeM CJIOBopa3D.eJia
nocne 7 -ro cnora, TaK KaK no-noJibCKH cnosa HMe toT y.u.apeHHe Ha
npeD.nocJieD.HeM cnore. 8 pyCCKOM )l(e H3b1Ke yD.apeHWI CBOOOD.Hbl.
ÜTCIOD.a npoHcTeKJIO TO, '!TO BMeCTO D.Byx HenoD.BH)l(HblX yD.apeHHH
pyccKHÍI T¡)HHMUaTHCJIO)KHHK HMeJI TOJlbKO OD.HO, npH 3TOM D.OBOJib-
HO 'iacTo y.u.apeHHe nepeD. ue3ypoi:\ npHXOD.HJIOcb Ha nocneD.HHÍI ceD.b-

• CTIIXII 3TII, Ja HCCKJlaaHOCTb KOTOpblX npowy ll3BIIHCHIIR Y 'IIITaTCJICH, JIBJIIIIOT-

CII 8}Ul0113MCHCHIICM pyCCKIIX a/lCKC3H.!lpllllCKHX CTIIXOB )J(yKOtlCKl)l{)-5epHema:

YJKeJll, HC CMCCM Mbl, B JaMClfY ,110/lrHX 6c.11,

fpllO.ylllll)( /IY'IWHX .llHCiÍ npHBCTCTBOBaTb paccBCT?
Mo» CblH , Tbl 6y.aewb /IH OT ropbKIIX HYJl(JI 1(3Óa.B.,1CH,
)l(CJ1C3HOIO runoll Hacll/lbll HC p3.l.113BJICH?

121
MOH cnor, 'ITO co:maeano pe3Koe pHTMINCCKOe HepaeeHCTBO nonyCTH-
WHH. HanpHMCp:

Konb MH0JH cyn, coetrn, 1 HX)l(C JIKUC KpaCH0

MHHTCSl 6blTH , H0, er A a I paCCMOTptM onaCH0,
JiHaKO SlBJU110TCSl.•• 1 O ep BOC CC SIBt,
nopOAHTCSl 0T cero I YJC0PHJHa C/laet
HaweR: HC n oeepryJIH I rpC'ICCKHM IT0A HOJt
U apeM e-tHua MOero? 1 H HX)l(C He MH0Jt
YcMHPHX no6baMH, 1TilM caM IT0.ll'IHHCHHHA.
fiYAY, HC o p y)l(HCM , 1 CAHHM n o6i.)l(JlCH HHA
CnoeoM $KJ10<:o<l><>eHM.I HHaxo lKC HOCHT
I no6tlK.llCHHHR npocMT
O6bl'laA: Aa 3aK0Ha
0r no6-tAHHKa, ceA lKC I TOMY .11a BJlaAteT.
K TOMY MHp JHaCT, SlK0 I CKJl.14 AOBJltCT.•. •
(•BJtal!H MHp•. TparHKOMCllHJI
<P co(j)aH a n po K onoa H'l a.1705ro.na.)

B. Tpe.nHaKOBCKHA, npoHJee.nwHA pe4>opMy pyccKoro cHJ1J1a6H-

'lecKoro CTH.Xa, B Ha'lane ceoeA .nesrreJJbHOCTH fl0Jlb30B3JICj[ TOA )l(C
CHCTCMOH, 'ITO H <J>eoct>aH TTpOKOnOBH'l. BoT npKMep H3 • 3nerHH Ha
cMepTb TTeTpa BenHKOro• .

I
'-ITO Ja n e'laJlb n oBCIOJJ.Y CJlblWHTCll Y)IC3CH0?
I
Ax! 3H3Tb PoccH>J nJl3'1CT e MH0rOJIK>ACTBC rnaCHO!
f .11e )1( n oBCC.llHCBHblX ropJKCCTB I pa.o.OCTCA rpoMaJlhll
Cn.blwb, HC TOKM0 C,ll.HHa: 1 nna'UOT Y)IC " 'laAbl!
(1725 r .)

Ho B 1735 r. OH H3,llaJJ PYKOBO.nCTBO K CTHXOCnO)l(CHHIO, r.ne npe.n-

JlO)K}IJl CTaBHTb Ha 7-M cnore o6.11JaTenbHOC y.napeHHC. A.HTHOX Kattre-
MHP, ero COBpeMCHHHK, npHtulJI 3'1"0 npaBHJJO, .nonyCTHB, O.nHaKO )l(C,
cso6o.izy CTaBHTb nocne.nHee y.napeHHe n onycTHWWI Ha 5-M HJJK 7-M
cnore. H B TOM, H B .npyroM CJJY'lae Mbl BH.nHM .IJBHOC OTKJJOHCHHC OT
nonbCKOH TpanHUHH.
BoT o6pa3l.lhl CTHXOB KaHTCMHpa:

ToT e CCH lKHJHH J\K Wb 611axeH, 1 KT0 MaJlblM .ll0BOJICH

B TilWHHC JHaCT npolKHTb, 1 0T cyeTHblX BOJICH
MblCJleA, 'IT0 My'laT ApyTHX, 1 " T0IT'ICT HaJlC)KHY
CrCJIO JlOOpü,ll.CTCJIH I K K0H.UY HCH36elKJ-ly.

• CoxpaHJIIO B oJ>4,orpa(j)HH 6yKBy .-t.•. n on IOJl(HO-pyc<:KHM 8/IHJIHHCM º"ª

npo-
H3HOCHJl3Cb KaK • H•, OTCIOlla pHCpMbl: •MHpy-si;py., «cH10-TJ1i;10•, c6i;l!HO-CTH.!1HO
(CTblllHO) • .

122
 He6onbwoA n.oM, Ha c.aoeM I noc-rpoeHHblÍI none,
)laeT HY)K.HOe MOCÍI I yMepeHHOÍl .aone,
He CKYJDiOÍI, He mtwHeit KOPM I H CpeD.HIO 3a6a.ay,
fn.e 6 e D.PYTOM 'leCTHblM Sl Mor 1, no MOeMy Hpaay
Bb16paHHblM, .8 JUIWHbl '13Cb( 1 npornaTb CKylOt 6peMll,
fn.e 6 oT WYMY oTn.aneH I npoqee .ace epeMJ1
TTpo.ao)l(.!laTb MeJK MepT.BblMH I fPCKH H naTHHbl,
Hccnen.ySJ. .acex aeweít In.eACT.aa H npH'IHHbl.
(Campa VI. 1738 r.) •

3-ra pe<f>opMa npeepantna nOJlbCKl{Ü CKMMeTpK'IHbJÜ CTKX B He-

CKMMeTpK'IHblÜ pycCKHÜ H TeM caMblM .nana TOJl'IOK K .ll3JlbHe8weMy
pa3BKTKIO pyCCKOfO CTHXOCJIO)l(eHK.11.
Bnpo'leM, y)l(e e 40-x ro.llax XVIII e. cHJ1Jia6J{<{ect<a.11 c1tcTeMa 1tc-
qe311a H3 PYCCKOÜ npaKTKKH.
CHJ1Jia61t'lecKHH CTHX e JHa'IHTeJibHO 6onbwe8 CTeneHH, \feM aHTH-
'IHblA., e ceoeM COBpeMeHHOM BH.lle .IIBJUleTCJI fOBOPHblM, T.e. He Tpe6y -
e-r 'ITeHWI, peJKO OTJll{'{HOfO 0T 'ITeHWI npo3bl. ,ll.eKJiaMaUWI eCTb Jll{Wb
BblpaeHeHHoe H nOBb!WeHHO-OT'leTJIHBOe \fTeHKe. K neHHIO OHa HH-
CKOJlbKO He np1t6m0trae-rc.11. CrnXH nHWYTC.11 He Ha MY3b1K3JlbH)'10 Me-
JIO.llHIO. B 3TOM OTHOWeHHH JIJ06onb1THO, 'ITO BOKaJlbHa.11 MY3b1Ka (po-
MaHCbl) COBpeMeHHOCTI1 OObl'IHO HapywaeT pa3Mep, npHCyWHÜ CTH-
XOTBOpHOMY TeKCTY. CoepeMeHHoe neHHe He npo.11BJUJeT, a HCKa)!(aeT
(33 HeMHOrHMH l{CKJIJO\feHWIMH) CTHXOTBOpHbllt pHTM.

3. TOH1f11ECKMI CHCI'EMA
B CHJIJla61{'{eCKOM CTHXOCJIO)l(eHHH Mbl JaMeqaeM, oco6eHHO e
JO)l(HO- poMaHCKHX CTHXax, T.llfOTeHHe K npaBHJlbHOMY, nepHO.llH\feC-
KOMY pacnpe.lleJTeHHJO y.llapeHHÜ.
TTO.ll BJUUlHHeM 3T08 TeH.lleHUHH BblpaBHKBaHHJI HHTepeanoe Me)l(-
.llY y.nap.11eML1MH CJTOraMH nOSIBKJIOCb, npH6JIH3HTeJlbHO B 3noxy Me-
poBHHfOB, HOBoe JTaTHHCKoe CTHXOCJTO)l(eHKe, coxpaHHBweec.11 B KaTo-
JTH\feCKHX rHMHax H .llOwe.ruuee .llO Hac B BH.lle JHa'IKTe.llbHbIX no3M,
.ll0Ka3blBaJOIUHX, lfTO CTHXOCJIO)l(eHHe 3TO npHMeH.IIJIOCb He TOJlbKO 8
<f>opMe fHMHOB-neceH , HO H 8 BH.lle npoH3BeD.eHHA., K neHHIO coeep-
weHHO He npeD.Ha3Ha\feHHblX. BOJbMeM 8 Ka\feCTee npHMepa rHMH
•Pange linguam•, HanHCaHHblA. no 3T08 CHCTeMe, H o6paTHM BHHMa-
HHe Ha pacnpe.lleJieHKe Y.llapeHHH. YcJIOBHO 0003Ha'IHM rnaBHble y.lla-

• 8 6onee paHtUIX npoH3Be.aeHIUIX l<.attTCMHP .aonycK.aJJ llCCHCK}'IO ue3ypy, Hanp.:

6paHH Toro, ICTO npocHT I e nyCTblMH PYJC.aMH ...

Holl e KOB'lere e co6oto I cnac cc6e ece pa&Hblx ...

123
peHIHI cnoB 3HUKOM « '» H no6o'iHblC , npHrnyweHHblC y.o.apeHWI CROB
3HaKOM «' ».

Pánge lingua gloriósi I córporis mystérium

Sanguinísque pretiósi, 1 quém in múndi prétium
Frúctus véntris gencrósi, 1 réx effúdit géntium.
Nóbis dátus, nóbis nátus I ex intácta vírgine
El in múndo consecváms I spárso vérbi sémine,
Súi móras incolátus miro cláusit órdine. •

PaCCMOTpHM nORO)KCHHe y.o.apeHHH B KIDKAOM nonyCTHWHH, o6o-

3Ha'¾aR umppoít nopmi.oK cnora, Ha KOTOpblR y.o.apeHHe na.naeT. Mbl
nORYlfHM TaKYJO KapTHHy:

l 3 71 1 5 (7)
3 7 I 1 3 5 (7)
1 3 7 1 1 3 5 (7)
1 3 5 7 1 3 5 (7)
3 71 1 3 5 (7)
1 3 7 11 3 5 (7)

Mbl nORYlfaCM HCJ<JllO'¾HTeRbHO HC'iCTHble UHq>pbl, nOKalbl.BaJOWHe,

'¾TO TORbKO Ha HC'¾CTHblX MCCTax MOryr HMCTb MCCTO YAapeHHff. HHa'ie
fOBOpff, 'ICTHble H HC'leTHble cnorn HMCIOT pa.3JIH'¾HYK> <PYHKUHIO. He-
'ICTHblC npeAHa3Ha'¾CHbl ATlR y.napHblX cnoroa. l<ruK,iu.tR HC'iCTHblR cnor
Bbl3b(BaeT B Hac O)IOUlaHHC YAapeHWI, Ha '¾CTHblX CJIOrax Mbl YAapeHWI
He CTaBHM. ECJI!-1 6bl Mbl «npoconbq>e.IDKHpoBanH» pa3Mep 3TOfO CTH -
XOTBOpeHWI ( T.e. no)l(enanH 6bI .naTb o HCM npeD.CTaBJJCHHe, llyYCM
noBTOpeHWI OD.HOfO H Toro )l(C CJIOra, ttanpHMep, <ra»), TO nonyqH-
nacb 6bl CRCAYIOW.éUI CXCMa:

ni-Ta ni-Ta ni-Ta ni-Ta / ni-Ta Tá-Ta ni-Ta-rit

ni-Ta ni-Ta ni-Ta ni-Ta/ ni-Ta ni-Ta ni-Ta-rit

TaK KaK Mbl npHBblKnH OObCD.HlUlTb y.o.apHblC H Hey.napHble CJIOflf

B rpynnb1-cnoaa C OD.HHM YAapeHHCM, TO H B CORbq>e.IDKHpyeMOM TCKC-
Te Mbl 6bl 3TO OO'beAHHeHHe CAenanH, ec-recTBeHHo, BblpaBWIB ace «cno-
aa», T.e. OO'be.QHWUI c~orn «Ta» nonapHO (.o.pyrnx BO3MO)l(HOCTCR HCT) •

• 3am1ca11H1>1ll pyCCKHMII 6}'1<Jl8.Mlf rHMH lTOT .aoJDKeH JBy,taTb TaK:

íláHre MÍHrBa rnopHÓJH I KÓpnopHC MIICTépH)'M

ClU-trBHIIHCKBe npeTHÓ3H I KaéM Hll M}'HD.H npérH yM
<l>pyx,yc aéHrpHc reHepÓJH I péKc 34><t>y.1111r réHTH)'M H r . .11.
124