ഇന്ത്യൻ ഭരണഘടന - പാഠപുസ്തകം

C¥y≥ `c-W-L-S\ :
{]h¿Ø-\-Øn¬
XI
tIc-fk
- ¿°m¿
hnZym-`ym-k-h-Ip∏v
Xbm-dm-°n-bXv
kwÿm\ hnZym-`ymk Kth-jW ]cn-io-e\ kanXn (SCERT), tIcfw
2018
First Edition
March 2006 Chaitra 1928 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
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Reprinted in a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by
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June 2014 recording or otherwise without the prior permission of
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© National Council of Educational Research
and Training, 2006
Rs. .....
Printed on 80 GSM paper
Published by the SCERT, Thiruvananthapuram

Department of Education,
Government of Kerala
&
Printed at:
Centre for Advanced Printing and Training (C-apt),
(Government of Kerala), Thiruvananthapuram
BapJw
ae-bmf `mj am[y-a-am-°n-s°m≠v GXp hnj-bhpw F{X Bg-
Øn¬ ]Tn-°m\pw GXp -K-l-\-amb Bi-bhpw {]Im-i\w sNøm\pw
Ign-tb-≠-Xp-≠v. t{ijvT-`m-j-bmbn AwKo-I-cn-°-s∏´ \ΩpsS `mj-
bn¬ lb¿sk-°‚dn ]T-\-Øn\v Ah-kcw \¬Im-\p≈ ]cn-{i-
a-Øns‚ `mK-am-bmWv ]mT-]p-kvX-I-ßƒ ]cn-`m-j-s∏-SpØn {]kn-
≤o-I-cn-°p-∂-Xv.
F≥.-kn.-C.-B¿.-Sn. Xbm-dm-°nb F√m tIm¿ hnj-b-ß-fp-sSbpw
]pkvX-I-ßƒ Fkv.-kn.-C.-B¿.-Sn. ae-bm-f-Øn-te°v kzX{¥ ]cn-
`mj \SØn ]pd-Øn-d-°p-I-bm-Wv. hnI-knX cmPy-ßƒ amXr-
`mjbmWv hnZym-`ym-k-Øn\p≈ am[y-a-ambn D]-tbm-Kn®p hcp-∂-
Xv. tZio-b-X-e-Øn-ep≈ an° a’-c-∏-co-£-Ifpw {]mtZ-inI `mj-
I-fn¬ DØ-c-sa-gp-Xp-∂Xv AwKo-I-cn-®n-cn-°p∂ Cu Ah-k-c-Øn¬
lb¿sk-°‚dn Xe-Ønepw ae-bm-f-Øn-ep≈ ]pkvX-I-ßƒ A\n-
hm-cy-am-Wv. tIc-f-Ønse Ipń-Iƒ Ah-cpsS amXr-`m-j-bn¬Øs∂
⁄m\-\n¿Ωn-Xn-bn¬ G¿s∏-Sp-∂-Xn\v Cu ]pkvX-I-ßƒ Ah-k-c-
sam-cp-°pw.
]pkvX-I-ßƒ ]cn-`m-j-s∏-Sp-Øp-tºmƒ kmt¶-XnI ]Z-ßƒ ]c-am-
h[n ae-bm-f-Øn-em-°m≥ {ian-®n-´p-≠v. F∂m¬ ssZ\w-Zn\ hyh-lm-
c-Øn\v D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ ]Z-ßƒ ae-bmf en]n-bn¬ AtX ]Sn \ne-
\n¿Øm\pw {ian-®n-´p-≠v. Ipń-I-fpsS Bi-b-{K-lWw IqSp-X¬ Ffp-
∏-am-°p-∂-tXm-sSm∏w ae-bmf `mj-bpsS hf¿®bv°pw Cu ]cn-`mj
]pkvX-I-ßƒ klm-b-I-am-Ip-sa∂v \ap°v {]Xym-in-°mw.
tUm. sP. {]kmZv
Ub-d-IvS¿, Fkv.kn.-C.-B¿.Sn.
FOREWORD
The National Curriculum Framework (NCF), 2005, recommends that children’s life at
school must be linked to their life outside the school. This principle marks a departure
from the legacy of bookish learning which continues to shape our system and causes
a gap between the school, home and community. The syllabi and textbooks developed
on the basis of NCF signify an attempt to implement this basic idea. They also attempt
to discourage rote learning and the maintenance of sharp boundaries between different
subject areas. We hope these measures will take us significantly further in the direction
of a child-centred system of education outlined in the National Policy on Education
(1986).
The success of this effort depends on the steps that school principals and teachers
will take to encourage children to reflect on their own learning and to pursue imaginative
activities and questions. We must recognise that given space, time and freedom,
children generate new knowledge by engaging with the information passed on to them
by adults. Treating the prescribed textbook as the sole basis of examination is one of
the key reasons why other resources and sites of learning are ignored. Inculcating
creativity and initiative is possible if we perceive and treat children as participants in
learning, not as receivers of a fixed body of knowledge.
These aims imply considerable change in school routines and mode of functioning.
Flexibility in the daily time-table is as necessary as rigour in implementing the annual
calendar so that the required number of teaching days is actually devoted to teaching.
The methods used for teaching and evaluation will also determine how effective this
textbook proves for making children’s life at school a happy experience, rather than a
source of stress or boredom. Syllabus designers have tried to address the problem of
curricular burden by restructuring and reorienting knowledge at different stages with
greater consideration for child psychology and the time available for teaching. The
textbook attempts to enhance this endeavour by giving higher priority and space to
opportunities for contemplation and wondering, discussion in small groups, and
activities requiring hands-on experience.
The National Council of Educational Research and Training (NCERT) appreciates the
hard work done by the textbook development committee responsible for this book. We
wish to thank the Chairperson of the advisory group in Social Sciences, Professor Hari
Vasudevan and the Chief Advisors for this book, Professor Suhas Palshikar and
Professor Yogendra Yadav for guiding the work of this committee. Several teachers
contributed to the development of this textbook; we are grateful to their principals for
making this possible. We are indebted to the institutions and organisations which
have generously permitted us to draw upon their resources, material and personnel.
We are especially grateful to the members of the National Monitoring Committee,
appointed by the Department of Secondary and Higher Education, Ministry of Human
Resource Development under the Chairmanship of Professor Mrinal Miri and Professor
G.P. Deshpande, for their valuable time and contribution. As an organisation committed
to systemic reform and continuous improvement in the quality of its products, NCERT
welcomes comments and suggestions which will enable us to undertake further revision
and refinement.
Director
New Delhi National Council of Educational
20 December 2005 Research and Training
D ≈ S- °w
Foreword 4
\nßƒs°mcp IØv 8
1. `c-WL
- S- \ F¥p-sIm≠v?
Fßs\? 16
2. C¥y≥ `c-W-L-S\bnse
Ah-Im-iß
- ƒ 41
3. Xnc-s™-Sp∏pw {]mXn-\n-[yhpw 67
4. Imcy-\n¿ΔlW hn`mKw 97
5. \nb-a- \n¿ΩmW k` 119
6. \oXn \ymb hn`mKw 145
7. sÛ-de
- nkw 173
8. {]mtZ-inI Kh¨sa‚ v 201
9. `c-W-L-S\ Hcp kPoh 221

{]am-W-sa∂ \ne-bn¬
10. `c-WL- S- \bpsS XXz-imkv{Xw 245
iv
]mT-]p-kvXI hnI-k\ kanXn

sk°-≠dn Xe-Ønse ]mT-]p-kvXI D]-tZ-iI kanXn A[y-£≥
lcn hmkp-tZ-h≥, s{]m^-k¿, Ncn{X hn`m-Kw, I¬°´ k¿Δ-I-em-im-e, sIm¬°´
apJy D]-tZ-jvSm-°ƒ
kp{lmkv ]¬jn-°¿, s{]m^-k¿, cmjv{S-X{¥, s]mXp-`-c-W-hn-`m-Kw, ]qs\ k¿Δ-I-em-im-e, alm-
cmjv{S.
tbmtK-{μ-bm-Z-hv, ko\n-b¿ s^-tem, sk‚¿ t^m¿ Zn ÃUn Hm^v Uh-e-]nwKv skmssk-‰n, U¬ln.
AwK-ßƒ
F.sI. sh¿a, doU¿, cmjv{S-X{¥ hn`mKw ss{IÃv N¿®v tImtf-Pv, Im≥]q¿, DØ¿{]-tZiv
AeIvkv Fw tPm¿÷v, kzX{¥ Kth-j-I≥, Ccp-ń, IÆq¿ Pn√, tIcfw
ARvPp a¬tlm-{X, {]n≥kn-∏mƒ, I¬° ]ªnIv kvIqƒ, \yqU¬ln.
ssN{X tcUvI¿, ko\n-b¿ eIvN¿, F v.-F≥.-Un.‰n tImtf-Pv, apwss_, alm-cm-jv{S.
Fw. a\o-j, ko\n-b¿ eIvN¿, cmjv{SX{¥ hn`m-Kw, semtdt‰m tImtfPv sIm¬°´.
a\ojv Pbn≥, Kth-jI hnZym¿∞n, hnZym-`ymk hn`m-Kw, U¬ln bqWn-th-g- n-‰n, U¬ln.
]¶Pv ]pjvI¿, ko\n-b¿ eIvN¿, Ub-d-Ivt{S‰v Hm^v lb¿ FUq-t°-j≥, l¬Zhm-\n, DØ-cm-
©¬
{]Xm]v `m\p taØ, A[y-£≥, sk‚¿ t^m¿ t]mfnkn dnk¿®v, \yqU¬ln.
]pjvI¿ cmPv, ko\n-b¿ eIvN¿, cmjv{S-X{¥ hn`mKw, k°o¿ lpssk≥ tImtf-Pv, \yqU¬ln.
cmPoh `m¿K-h, ko\n-b¿ s^tem, sk‚¿ t^m¿ Zn ÃUo Hm^v Uh-e-∏nwKv skmssk-‰okv, U¬ln
cmtIjv ip¢, A`n-`m-j-I≥, kp{]o-tIm-S-Xn, U¬ln.
kμo]v imkv{Xn, Ub-dI - vS¿, C‚¿ \mj-W¬ A°m-Zan t^m¿ {Intb-‰ohv So®nw-Kv, _wK-fq¿, I¿Æm-
S-I.
kRvPbv tem[, At m-kn-tb‰v s{]m^-k¿, cmjv{S-X{¥ hn`m-Kw, taml≥em¬ kpJm-Znb k¿Δ-I-
em-im-e, DZ-bv]q¿
kRvPo_v apJ¿Pn, ko\n-b¿ eIvN-d¿, cmjv{S-X{¥ hn`mKw, I¬°´ k¿Δ-I-em-im-e, sIm¬°´.
kønZv k_q-√, ]n.Pn.‰n alm-dm-Wokv Kh¨sa‚v {]o bqWn-th-gvkn‰n tImtf-Pv, ssakq¿, I¿Æm-
SI
ssite{μ Zntbm-em-¶¿, eIvN-d¿, cmjv{S-X{¥ hn`m-Kw, Kh¨sa‚v tImtfPv Hudw-K-_m-Zv, alm-cm-
jv{S.
sj^men XvVm, At m-kn-tb‰v s{]m^-k¿, sk‚¿ t^m¿ s]mfn-‰n-°¬ & ÃUo-kv, kvIqƒ Hm^v
tkmjy¬ kb≥kv, Ph-l¿em¬ s\lvdp k¿Δ-I-em-im-e, \yqU¬ln.
{ioteJ apJ¿Pn, ]n.Pn.-‰n., sk‚v t]mƒ kvIqƒ, \yqU¬ln.
th¿j a¶p, sshkv {]n≥kn-∏mƒ, Ipe®n lm≥kv cmPv kvIqƒ \yqU¬ln.
saº¿ tIm˛-Hm¿Un-t\-‰¿
kRvssP Zypss_, doU¿, F≥.-kn.-C.-B¿.-‰n. \ypU¬ln
]mT-]p-kvXI hnh¿Ø\w
inev]-im-e-bn¬ ]s¶-Sp-Ø-h¿
\nßƒs°mcp IØv
{]nb-s∏´ hnZym¿∞n-Isf,
Cu ]pkvX-I-Øns‚ t]cv ImWp-tºmƒ, Rm≥ ho≠pw C¥y≥ `c-W-
L-S\ ]Tn-t°-≠-Xp-t≠m? CXv Rm≥ ap≥ ¢m p-I-fn¬ ]Tn-®-X-t√?.
F∂o tNmZy-ßƒ \nß-fn¬ \n∂pw kzm`m-hn-I-ambpw D≠m-tb-°mw.
icn-bm-Wv, C¥y≥ K-h¨sa‚ns‚ LS-\bpw `c-W-L-S-\-bpsS Nne
`mK-ßfpw \nßƒ ]Tn-®n-´p-≠v. ]t£ \nßƒ CXp-hsc ]Tn-®-Xn¬
\n∂pw hyXykvX taJ-e-I-fn-te°v Cu ]pkvXIw \nßsf Iqń-s°m-
≠p-t]m-Ipw.
\nßƒ Ct∏mƒ sXc-s™-SpØ hnj-b-a-\p-k-cn®v hcp∂ c≠psIm√w
cmjv{S-X{¥w ]Tn-°m≥ t]mhp-I-bm-W-t√m. cmjv{S-X-{¥sØ ]cn-N-b-
s∏-Sm≥ G‰hpw \√ am¿§w cmPy-sØ cmjv{Sobw ]Tn-°p-∂-Xt√? Cu
]pkvXIwsIm≠p-t±-in-°p-∂Xpw AXp-X-s∂-bm-Wv. C¥y≥ `c-W-L-S-
\-bpsS {]h¿Ø\w ]Tn-°p-∂-Xp-hgn C¥y≥ cmjv{Sob ]T-\-ta-J-se-
bnte°p≈ hmXn-ep-Iƒ \nßƒ°p-ap-∂n¬ Xpd-∂n-Sp-I-bm-Wn-hnsS
sNbvXn-cn-°p-∂-Xv. hnhn[ ÿm]-\-ß-sfbpw Ahsb Np‰n-∏-‰n-bp≈
cmjv{Sob A[n-Im-c-sØbpw ]Tn-°p-∂-Xn-eqsS cmjv{So-b-Øns‚ XXz-
ßfpw kn≤m-¥-ßfpw a\- n-em-°m≥ \nßƒ°v Ign-bp-sa-∂mWv
Rßƒ {]Xo-£n-°p-∂-Xv.
AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂ Fß-s\-bmWv `c-W-L-S\ {]h¿Øn-°p-∂-sX∂pw
AXv Fßs\ \ΩpsS cmPy-Øns‚ cmjv{So-bsØ cq]-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-
°p-∂p-sh∂pw Cu ]pkvX-I-Øn-eqsS \nßƒ°v a\-kn-em-°m≥ km[n-
°pw. \ΩpsS `c-W-L-S-\-bpsS \nba hyh-ÿ-Ifpw AXns‚ kmt¶-
Xn-I-amb hni-Zmw-i-ßfpw A√ Cu ]pkvX-I-Øn¬ {]Xn-]m-Zn-°p-∂-Xv.
ChnsS bYm¿Y-cm-jv{So-b-hp-am-bp≈ kwhm-Z-ß-fn-eqsS Fß-s\-bmWv
cmj-{Sob ÿm]-\-ßƒ cq]w sIm≠n-cn-°p-∂-sX∂v ]cn-tim-[n-°p-
∂p.
2005 se tZiob ]mTy-]-≤Xn N´-°q-Sn¬ {]tNm-Zn-X-cm-bn-´mWv Rßƒ
hnhn[ Xc-Øn-ep≈ ]mT-]p-kvX-I-ßƒ Xbm-dm-°n-bn-´p-≈-Xv. CX-\p-
k-cn®v Bh¿Ø-\-Øn-eqsS a\x]mT-am-°p-∂-Xn\p ]Icw ImgvN-∏m-Sp-
Iƒ cq]-s∏-Sp-Øn-s°m≠v cmjv{Sob ˛ kmaq-lnI bmYm¿∞y-ßsf
vi
hni-I-e\w sNøm-\p≈ tijn t\Sn-sb-Sp-°p-I-bmWv th≠-Xv. Cu

]pkvX-I-Øns‚ Bap-J-Øn¬ F≥.-kn.-C.-B¿.-Sn. Ub-d-IvS¿ ]pXnb
]mTy-]-≤-Xn-bpsS X{¥-Øns‚ ]pXnb kne-_-kn¬ Ipń-Iƒ C¥y≥
`c-W-L-S\ hyh-ÿ-Iƒ Bg-Øn¬ a\- n-em-t°-≠-Xns‚ Bh-iy-I-
Xsb AwKo-I-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂p.
AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂ IqSp-X¬ hnh-c-ßƒ IpØn \nd-bv°p-∂-Xn\p ]I-
cw, `c- W - L - S - \ - b psS bp‡nbpw AXns‚
bYm¿∞ {]h¿Ø-\-Øns‚ ê-ßƒ°p-amWv
ChnsS {]m[m\yw \¬In-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv. `c-W-L-
S\ F∂ Bi-b-sØbpw AXns‚ cq]o-I-cW
A\p-tOZ-ßƒ Ncn-{X-sØbpw C¥y≥ `c-W-L-S\ Fßs\
{]h¿Øn- ° p- ∂ p- s h∂pw Cu ]pkvXIw
\nßƒ°v ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Øn-Ø-cpw. Xo¿®-bmbpw
`c-W-L-S-\-bpsS {][m\ hyh-ÿ-I-sf-°p-dn-®v
\Ωƒ N¿®-sN-øpw. ]t£ \Ωƒ ]pXnb aq∂v
khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂p.
H∂m-a-Xm-bn, F¥p-sIm-≠mWv Nne {]tXyI {Iao-I-c-W-ßƒ \ΩpsS
`c-W-L-S-\-bn¬ kzoI-cn-®n-´p-≈-sX∂pw a‰p-Nn-eXv kzoI-cn-°mØsX-
∂p-ap≈ \nß-fpsS PnRvPmk-tbmSv Cu ]mT-]p-kvXIw {Inbm-∑-I-ambn
{]Xn-I-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂p.
c≠m-a-Xm-bn, bYm¿∞ cmjv{So-b-hp-am-bp≈ IqSn-tN-c-en-eqsS cmjv{Sob
ÿm]-\-ßƒ Fßs\ hf-cp∂p F∂p \nßƒ°v ImWm≥ Ign-bpw.
AXp-sIm≠v Cu ]pkvX-I-Ønse A[ym-b-ßƒ 1950 ¬ h®v Ah-km-
\n-∏n-°p-∂n-√. bYm¿∞-Øn¬ Ah 1950 ¬
Bcw- ` n®v ASpØ Aº- X p- h ¿jsØ
`c-W-L-S\ \n¿ΩmW k`-bnse
cmjv{Sob Ncn-{X-Øn-eqsS IS-∂p-t]m-Ip-Ibpw kw`m-j-W-ß-fn¬ \n∂p≈ D≤-
sNøp-∂p. c-Wn-Iƒ
C¥y≥ cmjv{So-b-sØ-°p-dn®v IqSp-X¬ Adn- Source: http://parliamentofindia.nic.in/
ls/debates/debates.htm
bp- ∂ - X n- \ p≈ Hcp PnPv R mk \nß- f n¬
krjvSn-°m≥ Cu ]pkvX-I-Øn\p Ign-bp-
sa∂p Rßƒ {]Xo-£n-°p-∂p. AXp-t]mse Xs∂ ASpØ h¿jw
\nßƒ ]Tn-°m≥t]m-Ip∂ C¥y≥ cmjv{So-b-Øn-\p-th≠n \nßsf
k÷-cm-°p-Ibpw sNøpw.
aq∂m-a-Xmbn C¥y-tbbpw AXns‚ `c-W-L-\-tbbpw kam-\-kz-`m-hhpw
DXvI-WvT-I-fp-a-S-ßnb a‰p-tem-I-cm-Py-ß-fpsS `c-W-L-S-\-bp-ambn
vii
XmcXayw sNøm≥ \nßsf {]m]vX-cm-°p-∂p. AXp-

sIm≠vXs∂ km[y-amb Ah-k-c-ß-fn-se√mw temI-
Øns‚ a‰p `mK-ß-fn¬ \S-°p-∂-sX-s¥∂p Cu
]pkvXIw ]d-™p-Xc - p-∂p. CXp-hgn ÿm]-\ß - s - fbpw
kaq-l-ß-sfbpw Xmc-Xayw sNøm-\p≈ ioew \nß-
fn¬ hf¿Øm≥ Ign-bp-sa∂p Rßƒ {]Xo-£n-°p-
∂p.
Cu hnj-bsØ-°p-dn-®p≈ ]T\w IqSp-X¬ BI¿j-
I-am-°p-∂-Xn\p th≠n-bp≈ ]T-\-k-lm-bn-Ifpw
Rßƒ D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cn-°p-∂p. ap∂n
Hmtcm A[ym-b-Ønepw `c-W-L-S-\-bn¬ \n∂pw A\p-tO-Z-ßƒ DZm-
l-c-W-Øn-\p-th≠n tN¿Øn-´p-≠v. CXn-eqsS `c-W-L-S-\-bpsS hmNI-
L-S-\bpw ]Zm-h-enbpw A\p-`-hn-®-dn-bm≥ \nßƒ°v Ign-bp-∂p. Hmtcm
A[ym-b-Ønepw `c-W-L-S\ \n¿ΩmW k`-bn¬ \S∂ N¿®-I-fn¬
\n∂p≈ Ipd®v D≤-c-Wn-Ifpw tN¿Øn-´p-≠v. \ΩpsS ]mc-º-cy-Ønse
Akm-[c - W
- a - mb cmjv{Sob [o£-Wt- bbpw Dƒ°m-gvNt- bbpw \nßƒ°v
]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Øp-I-bmWv CXns‚ Dt±iyw. AXp-t]mse C¥y≥ `c-W-
L-S-\-bpsS cq]o-I-c-W-Øn\p]n∂nse kw`-h-hn-Im-k-ß-sf Adn-bm\pw
CXv \sΩ klm-bn-°p-∂p.
IqSmsX an°-hmdpw F√m A[ym-b-ß-fnepw Im¿´q-Wp-Iƒ Dƒs∏-Sp-
Øn-bn-´p-≠v. Ah shdpw t\cw-t]m-°n\p th≠n-bp-≈-X-√. hna¿i-\-
ßƒ, Zp¿_-e-amb taJ-e-Iƒ, ]cm-P-b-ßƒ F∂n-h-sb-°p-dn®v Ah
\nßƒ°v ]d-™p-X-cpw. Cu Im¿´q-Wp-Iƒ Bkz-Zn-°p-∂-Xp-Iq-SmsX
cmjv{Sobw Fs¥∂pw cmjv{So-bsØ Ipdn®v GXp cqXn-bn¬ Nn¥n-
°-W-sa∂pw Ah-bn¬ \n∂pw \ap°v ]Tn-°m≥ Ign-bpw. Ah-
km-\a - mbn kμ¿`-Øn-\\ - p-kc
- n®v t]Pp-If
- psS hi-ßf
- n-embn {]Xy-
D∂n
£-s∏-Sp∂ c≠p IYm-]m-{X-ß-fp-≠v. C¿^m≥ F∂ Im¿´q-
WnÃns‚ hc-bn-eqsS Ah¿ \nß-fp-ambn _‘s∏ń-cn-°p-∂p.
Ah¿ \nß-sf-t]mse Xs∂-bm-Wv. At\zjW-Xz-cbpw Pn⁄m-
kbpw hna¿i-\-_p-≤n-bp-ap-≈-h¿. Nne-t∏m-sgms° Cu ]pkvXI
cN-bn-Xm-°sf-°mƒ ss[cyw Ah¿ ImWn-°p-∂p.
Ah¿ Db¿Øp∂ A{]n-b-amb tNmZy-ßfpw A`n-{]m-b-ßfpw
Hmtcm-cp-Ø-scbpw CcpØn Nn¥n-∏n-°m≥ t]mIp-∂-Xm-Wv. Ahsc
\Ωƒ "D∂n' F∂pw "ap∂n' F∂pw hnfn-°p-∂p. Cu ]pkvX-I-c-N-\-bn-
eqsS Ah¿ Rßƒ°v {]nb-s∏-´h-cmbn amdn. \nßƒ°pw Ahsc
CjvS-s∏-Sp-sa-∂mWv Rßƒ {]Xo-£n-°p-∂-Xv. Nne-t∏mƒ Ah-cn¬
viii
\n∂pw {]tNm-Z\w t\Sn \nßƒ A[ym-]I - t- cmSpw Rß-tfmSp Xs∂bpw

IqSp-X¬ tNmZy-ßƒ tNmZn-t®-°mw.
Hmtcm A[ym-b-Øn-s‚bpw Ah-km\w A`ym-k-ß-fpsS `mK-ambn
BI¿j-I-amb Nne ]Z-{]-iv\-ßƒ tN¿Øn-´p-≠v. tZiob ]mTy-]-≤-
Xn-bn¬ \n∂pw {]tNm-Z\w Dƒs°m-≠p-sIm-≠v F≥.-kn.-C.-B¿.-Sn. Ub-
d-IvS¿ {]Xo-£n-°p-∂-Xp-t]mse, ]mT-]p-kvX-I-ßƒ aqey-\n¿Æb hyh-
ÿsb sa®-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ klm-bn-t°-≠-Xp-≠v. AXp-sIm≠v Xs∂ Nne
kplr-Øp-°-fpsS klm-b-tØmsS A`ym-k-Øn¬ \qX-\-amb ]Z-{]-
iv\-ßƒ tN¿Øn-cn-°p-∂p. \nß-fpsS _u≤-nI-amb tijn ]c-am-h[n
D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ Ah \nßsf klm-bn-°pw. Cu ]Z-{]-iv\-ßƒ
]cn-l-cn-°m≥ \nßƒ {ian-°p-tºmƒ, AXv Hcp ]co-£°v DØcw
\¬Ip-∂-Xp-t]m-se-bp≈ tXm∂¬ \nß-fn¬ D≠m-°n√ F∂-mWv
Rßƒ {]Xo-£n-°p-∂-Xv.
Bdp-amkw XpS¿®-bmbn A[zm-\n® hen-sbmcp kwL-Øns‚ klm-b-
tØm-sS-bmWv Rßƒ Cu ]pkvXIw Xøm-dm-°n-bn-´p-≈-Xv. Cu {Kq∏n-
s\-Ip-dn-®p≈ hni-Z-hn-h-c-ßƒ ]pkvXI-Øn¬ ]Øm-asØ t]Pn¬
sImSp-Øn-´p≈ ]mT-]-]p-kvXI hnI-k\ kanXn F∂ `mK-Øn¬
tN¿Øn-cn-°p-∂p. F≥.-kn.-C.-B¿.-‰n. Ub-d-IvS¿ s{]m^. IrjvW-Ip-am¿
Rßsf Cu DZy-a-Øn¬ hf-sc-b-[nIw ]n¥p-W-°p-Ibpw Bh-iy-amb
am¿K-\n¿t±-i-ßƒ \¬Ip-Ibpw sNbvXn-´p-≠v. AXp-t]mseXs∂
s{]m^. arWmƒan-dn, s{]m^. Pn. ]n. tZiv ]msfi, tZiob \nco-
£W kanXn AwK-ßƒ F∂n-h-cpsS hne-tb-dnb klmb kl-I-c-
W-ßƒ Rßƒ°v e`n-®n-´p-≠v.
Hcp henb hn`mKw Bfp-Iƒ Cu ]pkvX-I-Øns‚ \n¿Ωm-W-Øn-\mbn
Bflm¿∞-amb kw`m-h-\-Iƒ \¬In-bn-´p-≠v. s{]m^. cmPohv `m¿K-h,
{]Xm-]vta-Ø, kμo]v imkv{Xn, tUm. k\vPo_v apJ¿Pn, tUm. kRvPbv
tem[, tUm. ]pjvI¿ cmPv, {ioaXn Fw. a\o-j, tUm. ssite{μ Untbm-
e-¶¿, {ioaXn ssN{X tcUvI¿ XpS-ßn-b-h-cpsS tkh\w e`n-®Xv `mKy-
am-bn -I-cp-Xp-∂p. ]¶Pv ]pjvI¿, a\ojv Pbn≥, AeIvkvtPm¿Pv, Fw,
a\oj F∂nhcmWv. Cu kwL-Øns‚ s\Spw XqWp-I-fmbn {]h¿Øn-
®-Xv. Ah-cmWv ]pkvX-I-Øn-\p-th-≠n-bp≈ Kth-j-W-ßƒ \S-Øn-bXv.
Cu ]pkvXI - Ø
- ns‚ Ic-Sp-cq]w Xbm-dm-°m°p∂Xn\pw ]ń-II - fpw hnh-
c-W-ßfpw tiJ-cn-°p-∂-Xn\pw th≠n-bp≈ Ah-cpsS ITn-\-{iaw
Rßƒ°v Gsd {]tbm-P\{]Z-am-bn. ta∑ \ne-\n¿Øp-∂-Xn-ep≈ Ah-
cpsS {]tXy-I-{i-≤bpw kmaqly imkv{X-Øns‚ t_m[-\-am¿§-ßsf
Ipdn-®p≈ Ah-cpsS Dƒ°m-gv®bpw Cu ]pkvX-IsØ {]Xo-£n-®-Xn-\-
∏p-d-tØ-°p≈ \ne-hm-c-Øn-se-Øn-°m≥ k-lm-bn-®p.
A`ym-k-ß-fpsS \ne-hmcw Db¿Øm\pw AXn¬ \qX-\-amb kt¶-X-
ßƒ Bhn-jv°-cn-°m\pw a\ojv Pbn≥ A{im¥ ]cn-{iaw \S-Øn-bn-
´p-≠v. Cu ]pkvXIw AXns‚ {]mtbm-KnI Xe-Øn¬ apt∂m´v sIm≠p-
t]m-bXv ]¶Pv ]pjv°-dm-Wv. kn.F-kv.-Un.-F-kv. s‚ temI-\oXn ]cn-
]m-Sn-bn¬ {]h¿Øn-°p∂ {io c⁄-\bpw tUm. k≥RvPn¿ Aehpw
ASn-b-¥nc L´-ß-fn¬ \sΩ Gsd klm-bn-®n-´p-≠v. anjn-K≥ k¿h-I-
em-im-e-bnse KthjW hnZym¿∞n-bmb AanXv Alp-P-bmWv Xmc-
Xay DZm-l-c-W-ß-fn-eqsS ]ń-I-Iƒ Xmb-dm-°p-∂-Xn\v klm-bn-®-Xv.
tizX-dmhp \n¿h-ln-®n-´p≈ Cu ]pkvX-I-Øns‚ kpμ-c-amb cq] Iev]-
\bpw hnhn[ Im¿´q-Wp-Ifpw C¿^m≥ Jms‚ krjvSn-bmb D∂n, ap∂n
F∂o IYm-]m-{X-ßfpw \nßƒ \∂mbn Bkz-Zn-°p-sa∂v Rßƒ°p-
d-∏p-≠v. Nn¬{U≥kv _p°v{S-Ãv, i¶-dns‚ Im¿´q-Wp-Iƒ D]-tbm-Kn-
°m≥ A\p-h-Zn-®p-sIm≠v Rß-tfmSv kl-I-cn-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn. {io. B¿.
sI ejvaWpw At±-l-Øns‚ Im¿´q-Wp-Iƒ D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈
A\p-aXn \¬In-bn-´p-≠v. Npcp-°-Øn¬ cmjv{S-X-{¥-]-T\w IqSp-X¬
ssPhn-Ihpw, {]k-‡hpw, hnZym¿∞n kulm¿Z-]-c-hp-am-Ip-∂-Xn-\p≈
Iq´mb ]cn-{i-a-Øns‚ ê-amWv Cu ]pkvX-Iw.
]pkvX-I-\n¿Ωm-Whp-ambn _‘-s∏´ {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ \S-Øp-∂-Xn-\m-
h-iyamb ]›m-Øe kuI-cy-ßƒ Hcp-°n-Ø∂ kn.F-kv.-Un.-F-kns‚
temIv\oXn ]cn-]m-Sn-bp-sSbpw AXns‚ Ub-d-IvS-dp-sSbpw k∑-\kv
ChnsS {]tXyIw ]cm-a¿in-®p-sIm-≈-s´.
kao-]-Im-eØv \nßƒ henb Hcp ]co-£-bn¬ hnP-bn-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn.
]co- £ n- ° - s ∏- S m- \ p≈ ASpØ Dugw Rß- f p- t S- X m- W v. Cu
]pkvXIwsIm≠v Dt±-in® ê-ap-≠mtbm F∂v \nßƒ°v hne-bn-cp-
Ømw. \nß-fpsS A`n-{]m-b-ßfpw hna¿i-\-ßfpw ASpØXhW
]pkvXIw IqSp-X¬ sa®-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂Xn\v Bhiyamb \n¿t±-i-ßfpw
AS-ßnb ]co-£m-^-e-Øn-\p-th≠n Rßƒ BImw-£-tbmsS ImØn-
cn-°p-∂p.
kplmkv ]¬{jn-°¿
tbmtK-{μ-bm-Zhv
apJy D]-tZ-jvSm-°ƒ
IS-∏mSv
A[ymbw 1 `c-W-L-S\ F¥p-sIm≠v? Fßs\?
15
A[ymbw 1
`c-W-L-S\ F¥p-sIm≠v?
Fßs\?
BapJw
Cu ]pkvXIw C¥y≥ `c-WL - S- \
- b
- psS {]h¿Ø-\s
- Ø-°p-dn-®mWv. \ΩpsS
`c-W-L-S\bpsS {]h¿Ø-\-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´ hnhn[ taJ-e-Iƒ CXnse
A≤ym-bß - f
- n¬ \n∂pw \nßƒ°v a\- n-em-°mw. IqSmsX Kh¨sa‚ns‚
hnhn[ ÿm]-\ß - s
- f-°p-dn®pw Ah XΩn-ep≈ ]c-k] v c _‘-ßsf ]‰nbpw
CXn¬ \n∂pw \nßƒ ]Tn-°pw.
C¥y-bnse sXc-s™-Sp-∏p-Iƒ, Kh¨sa‚ v, {]kn-U‚ v, {][m-\a- {¥n F∂n-
hsb°pdn®v a\- n-em-°p-∂X - n\v ap≥]v Kh¨sa‚ns‚ kºq¿Æ LS\ a\-
n-em-°W- w. Ahsb ]c-k] v cw _‘n-∏n-°p∂ hnhn[ Bi-bß- ƒ Bhn¿`-
hn-®-Xv C¥y≥ `c-W-L-S-\-bn¬ \n∂p-amWv F∂pw a\- n-em-°mw. Cu
A≤ymbw ]Tn-®p-Ig- n-bp-tºmƒ Xmsg ]d-bp∂ Imcy-ßƒ \nßƒ a\- n-em-
°pw.
$ `c-WL
- S- \ F∂-Xp-sIm≠v A¿∞-am-°p-∂s
- X¥v ?
$ Hcp `c-W-L-S\ kaq-l-Øn\v {]Zm\w sNøp-∂-sX¥v ?
$ kaq-l-Ønse A[n-Im-c-Øns‚ hnX-cWw `c-W-L-S\ Fßs\ \n¿Δ-
ln-°p∂p ?
$ C¥y≥ `c-W-L-S\ cq]-s∏-Sp-Øn-b-sX-ßs\ ?
Indian Constitution at Work
F¥p-sIm-≠mWv \ap°v `c-W-L-S\ Bh-iy-am-Ip-∂Xv ?

Why do we need a Constitution ?
F¥mWv Hcp `c-W-L-S\? CXns‚ Npa-X-e-Iƒ Fs¥-√m-amWv? Hcp
kaq-l-Øn¬ F¥v ]¶mWv AXv \n¿Δ-ln-°p-∂Xv? \ΩpsS ssZ\w-Zn\
Pohn-Xh
- p-ambn `c-WL
- S- \ Fß-s\-sb√mw _‘-s∏-ń-cn-°p-∂p? Cu tNmZy-
ßƒ°v DØcw \¬IpI \nßƒ Nn¥n-°p-∂p-t]mse A{X {]bm-kI - c
- a
- √
- .
`c-W-L-S\ GtIm-]-\hpw Dd∏pw A\p-h-Zn-°p-
∂p. Constituion allows coordination and assurance
XmcXtay\ Hcp henb Iq´-Ønse AwK-amWv \nßƒ
F∂v Nn¥n-°p-I. Cu Iq´-Øn\v Xmsg ]d-bp∂ khn-ti-j-
X-Iƒ Ds≠∂p IqSn hnNm-cn-°p-I. Cu Iq´-Ønse AwK-ßƒ
hnhn[ coXn-bn¬ hyXy-kvX-cm-Wv. Ah¿ aX-ß-tfmSv Iqdv
]pe¿Øp∂p. Ch-cn¬ Nne¿ lnμp-°fpw Nne¿ ap…o-ßfpw
Nne¿ {InkvXym-\n-Ifpw a‰p Nne¿ Hcp aX-tØmSpw Iqdp
]pe¿Øm-Ø-h-cp-amWv. CXp IqSmsX Ah¿ a‰p Xc-Ønepw
hyXy-kvXc - m-Wv. hnhn[ sXmgn¬ sNøp-∂h - cpw, hyXykvX Ign-
hp-≈-hcpw hnt\m-Z-ß-fn-te¿s∏-
Sp- ∂ - h cpw kn\na apX¬ Ch¿ Fs‚ {Kma-Ønse P\-
]pkvXIw hsc hyXykvX A`n- ßsf t]mse-bmWv.
cp-Nn-Iƒ h®p ]pe¿Øp-∂h - c- p-am-
Wv. Nne¿ kº-∂-cpw. Nne¿ Zcn-{Zcpw Nne¿
hr≤cpw a‰p Nne¿ bphm-°-fp-am-Wv. Pohn-X-
Øns‚ hnhn[ Xe-ßsf kw_-‘n-®n-St- Ømfw
AwK-ßƒ XΩn¬ A`n-{]m-bh - y-Xymkw D≠m-
hm≥ km≤y-Xb - p≠v F∂pw hnNm-cn-°p-I. Hcp
hy‡n°v F{Xam{Xw kºØv ssIhiw
AsX CXv Fs‚ tImf-\n- sh°mw? F√m Ipń-I-sfbpw kvIqfn¬ Ab-
t]m-sebmWv. CXv \nß-fpsS
{Kma-Øn\v /\K-c-Øn\v /tImf- °-W-sa-∂Xv \n¿_-‘n-X-am-°tWm? AtXm
\n°v _m[-Ia - mtWm? c£n-Xm-°sf Xocp-am-\-sa-Sp-°m≥ A\p-h-Zn-
°-Wtam? `{Z-X, kpc£ F∂n-hb - v°p-th≠n
Cu Iq´-Øn\v F{X-am{Xw XpI sNe-h-gn°mw? AtXm ]I-c-ambn IqSp-X¬
]m¿°p-Iƒ \n¿Ωn-°tWm? Iq´-Ønse GXm\pw AwK-ßƒs°-Xnsc hnth-
N\w Im´p-hm≥ Cu Iq´-Øns\ A\p-hZ- n-°mtam? Cu tNmZy-ßƒs°√mw hnhn[
16 AwK-ßf - n¬ \n∂pw sshhn-≤y-am¿∂ DØ-cß - f- m-bn-cn°pw e`n-°p-I. F∂m¬ Ah-
cpsS Cu sshhn≤yßsf \ne-\n¿Øp-∂X - n\v Ch¿°v HsØm-cp-at- bmsS Pohn-t°-
≠-Xp-≠v. hnhn[ Xc-Øn¬ Ch¿ ]c-kv]cw B{i-bn-°p-∂p. ChnsS ]c-kv]c
kl-Ic
- Ww A\n-hm-cy-am-Wv. HsØm-cp-at- bmsS kam-[m-\]
- c
- a
- mbn Pohn-°p-
hm≥ Cu Iq´sØ {]m]vX-cm-°pI F¥m-bn-cn-°pw? 17
Nne ASn-ÿm\ \nb-aß - f- n¬ tbmPn-°m≥ Ign-™m¬ Ch¿°v HsØm-cp-a-
tbmsS Pohn-°m≥ Ign-bp-sa∂v Nne¿ A`n-{]m-bs - ∏-t´°mw. F¥p-sIm-≠mWv
Cu Iq´-Øn\v Nne ASn-ÿm\ \nb-aß - ƒ Bh-iy-ambn hcp-∂X - v? Nne ASn-
ÿm\ \nb-aß - f- psS A`m-hØ - n¬ F¥p kw`-hn-°p-sa∂v Nn¥n®p t\m°q.
Ac-£n-Xm-hÿ - b
- n-em-bn-cn°pw Ch¿ Pohn-°p-I. ChnsS Hmtcm-cp-Ø¿°pw
Fs¥√mw sNømw F∂ Adnhv D≠m-hp-Ib - n-√. B¿°v F¥n-emWv Ah-Im-
i-hmZw D∂-bn-°m-\m-hp-I? Npcp-ßnb tXmXn-se-¶nepw GtIm-]\w t\Sp-∂-
Xn\v F√m AwK-ßƒ°pw Adn-hp-≈Xpw s]mXp-hmbn Xøm-dm-°s - ∏-´X - p-amb
Nne ASn-ÿm\ \nb-aß - ƒ A\n-hm-cy-am-W.v F∂m¬ Cu \nb-aß - f - n-¬ F√m-
h¿°pw Adn-hp-≠m-hpI F∂p am{X-a√ \S-∏m-°m≥ Ign-bp-∂Xp IqSn--bm-bn-
cn-°W
- w. a‰p-≈h - ¿ Cu \nb-aß - ƒ A\p-kc - n-°p-sa∂ Dd∏v ]uc\v C√mØ
]£w Xßfpw Cu \nb-a-ßƒ A\p-k-cn-°p-∂-Xn¬ A¿∞-an√ F∂v
Ah¿ Icp-Xpw. a‰p-≈h - ¿ \nbaw A\p-kc - n-°p-sa∂v F√m-h¿°pw \¬Ip∂
Dd-∏mWv \nb-a-]-c-ambn \S-∏m-°m≥ Ign-bp∂ N´-ßƒ F∂-Xp-sIm-≠¿∞-
am-°p-∂-Xv. Aßs\ sNømØ ]£w Ah¿ in£n-°-s∏-Spw.
kaq-lØ
- nse AwK-ßƒ°n-Sb - n¬ Npcp-ßnb tXmXn-se-¶nepw GtIm-]\w
sIm≠p-h-cp-∂-Xn-\p≈ ASn-ÿm\ \nb-a-ßƒ {]Zm\w sNøpI F∂-
XmWv `c-WL
- S- \
- b
- psS H∂m-asØ NpaXe.
{]h¿Ø\w
Cu `mK-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ Hcp Nn¥m-]-co-£Ww ¢m n¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-
°p-I. ¢m v apgp-h\- mbn Ch N¿® sNøp-Ibpw F√m-h¿°pw _m[-I-
amb Nne Xocp-am-\ß - f
- n¬ FØp-Ibpw thWw. Xocp-am-\ß
- ƒ Xmsg
]d-bp-∂h
- b
- m-Imw.
* Fß-s\-bmWv ¢m v {]Xn-\n-[nsb sXc-s™-Sp-t°-≠X
- v?
* ¢m ns\ samØw {]Xn-\n-[m\w sNøp∂ hy‡n F∂ \nebv°v
¢m n\v apgp-h≥ _m[-I-am-Ip∂ Fs¥√mw Xocp-am-\-ß-fmWv
ssIs°m-≈m≥ Ign-bp-I?
* apgp-h≥ ¢m p-ambpw IqSn-bm-tem-Nn-°msX ¢m v {]Xn-\n-[n°v Xocp-
am\w FSp-°m≥ Ign-bmØ Nne Imcy-ßƒ Dt≠m ?
* Cu ]ń-ItbmSv F√m-hcpw kΩ-Xn-°p∂ ]£w \nßƒ°v IqSp-
X¬ Iqńt®¿°mw. t\csØ A`n-{]mb hyXymkw D≠m-bn-cp∂
hnj-bß
- f- mWv Dƒs∏-Sp-Øp-∂Xv F∂v Dd-∏m-°W
- w.
* Bh-iy-sa-¶n¬ Cu Xocp-am-\-ßƒ Fßs\ \nßƒ ]p\x-]-cn-tim-[n-

°pw?
* Xocp-am-\ßƒ F√mw FgpXn t\mókv t_m¿Un¬ CSp-I. Fs¥√mw
{]iv\ß- f- mWv Cu Xocp-am-\ß
- ƒ FSp-°p-∂X- n¬ D≠m-bX - ?v hnhn[ Ipń-
Iƒ°n-S-bn-ep-≠mb A`n-{]mb hyXym-k-ßƒ Fs¥-√mw. Cu A`n-
{]mb hyXym-kß - ƒ Fß-s\-bmWv ]cn-lc - n-®X
- v. ¢m n\v Cu {]h¿Ø-
\-Øn¬ \n∂pw Fs¥-¶nepw t\´w D≠m-tbm?
Xocp-am-\-sa-Sp-°m-\p≈ A[n-Imcw hy‡-am-°¬ (Specifi-
cation of decision making powers)
cmjv{Sw Fßs\ cq]o-Ic - n-°s
- ∏-ń-cn-°p-∂p `cn-°s - ∏-Sp∂p, XpS-ßn-bh - s
- b-°p-
dn-®p≈ ASn-ÿm\ XXz-ßƒ Dƒs°m-≈p-∂Xv `c-WL - S- \
- b- n-em-W.v F∂m¬
Cu ASn-ÿm\ \nb-aß - ƒ Fs¥-√m-am-bn-cn-°Ww? Ahsb ASn-ÿm\ \nb-
a-am-°p-∂s
- X-¥mWv? kaq-lsØ `cn-°p-∂X - n-\p≈ \nb-aß - sf kw_-‘n®v
Bcv Xocp-am\w FSp-°Ww F∂mWv H∂m-asØ tNmZy-Øns‚ Imcy-Øn¬
\nßƒ Xocp-am-\n-t°-≠Xv. \nßƒ°v x F∂ \nbaw Bh-iy-am-Ip-tºmƒ
a‰p-≈-h¿°v y F∂ \nb-a-amIpw Bh-iyw. BcpsS \nb-a-ßfpw Xm¬∏-cy-
hp-amWv \sΩ `cn-t°-≠Xv F∂v Fßs\ \Ωƒ Xocp-am-\n-°pw? \nßƒ
apt∂m´p hbv°p∂ \nb-aa - mWv F√m-h¿°pw Pohn-°m≥ \√Xv F∂v \nßƒ
hnNm-cn-°pw. F∂m¬ a‰p-≈-h¿ Nn¥n-°pI Ah-cpsS \nb-a-amWv \√Xv
F∂m-hpw. Cu X¿°w \ap°v Fßs\ ]cn-l-cn-°m-\mhpw? AXp-sIm≠p
Xs∂ Cu kwLsØ `cn-°p-∂X - n-\p≈ \nb-aß - ƒ F¥m-bn-cn-°Ww F∂v
Xocp-am-\n-°p-∂-Xn\p ap≥]v BcmWv Xocp-am-\-sa-Sp-°pI F∂v Xocp-am-
\n°Ww.
Cu tNmZy-Øn\v DØcw \¬tI-≠Xv `c-W-L-S-\-bm-Wv. kaq-l-Ønse
A[n-Im-cØ - ns‚ hnX-cWw AXv hy‡-am-°p-∂p. \nbaw F¥m-bn-cn-°Ww
F∂v Xocp-am-\n-°m-\p≈ A[n-Imcw B¿°m-bn-cn-°Wsa∂v `c-W-L-S\
Xocp-am-\n-°p-∂p. Bcv Xocp-am-\s
- a-Sp-°Ww F∂ tNmZy-Øn\v XXzm-[njvTnX-
ambn hnhn[ Xc-Øn¬ DØcw \¬Imw. cmP-hmgvN A\p-hZ- n-°p∂ `c-WL - -
S-\-bn¬ cmPmhv Xocp-am-\-sa-Sp-°pw. ]gb tkmhn-b‰v bqWn-b-\nt‚Xp
t]mse GI ]m¿ń k{º-Zmbw \ne-\n¬°p∂ cmPy-ß-fn¬ Xocp-am-\-sa-Sp-
°m-\p≈ A[n-Imcw ]m¿ń-°m-Wv \¬In-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv. P\m-[n-]Xy `c-W-
L-S\- I
- f- n-em-Is´ Cu A[n-Imcw P\-ßƒ°m-Wv. F∂m¬ CXv A{X Ffp-
∏-a-√. F¥p-sIm-s≠-∂m¬ P\-ßƒ Xocp-am-\-sa-Sp-°pw F∂v DØcw
18 \¬Iptºmƒ Ah¿ Fßs\ Xocp-am\w FSp°pw F∂p-IqSn hy‡-am-°-
Ww. Hcp \nbaw \n¿Ωn-°p-∂Xn\v F√m P\-ßfpw AwKo-Imcw \¬ItWm?
]pcm-X\ {Ko°p-Im¿ sNbvXn-cp-∂X - p-t]mse F√m hnj-bß
- f
- nepw P\-ßƒ
t\cn´v thm´p sNøtWm? AtXm {]Xn-\n-[n-Isf sXc-s™-Sp-Øp-sIm≠v Xß-

fpsS ap≥K-W\ {]I-Sn-∏n-®m¬ aXntbm? F∂m¬ P\-ßƒ {]Xn-\n[nIfn-eq- 19
sS-bmWv {]h¿Øn-°p-∂-sX-¶n¬ Fß-s\-bmWv Cu {]Xn-\n-[n-Isf sXc-
s™- S p- t °- ≠ Xv ? F{X
Cartoons.
Herald
{]Xn-\n-[n-Iƒ D≠m-bn-cn- Im¿´q¨
°Ww?
DZm- l - c - W - Ø n\v
International
C¥y≥ `c-W-L-S\ \nb-a-
Cagle
ßƒ, \b- ß ƒ F∂n- h -
bn¬ Xocp- a m- \ - s a- S p- ° m-
\p≈ A[n-Imcw ]m¿e-
Copyright
sa‚n\v \¬In-bn-cn-°p-∂p.
]m¿e-sa‚n\v cq]w \¬In-
Chappate,
bXpw khn-ti-ja - mb coXn-
bn-em-W.v Hcp kaq-lØ - nse
21SEP04
\nb-a-ßƒ F¥mWv F∂v
Xncn-®-dn-bp-∂Xn\p ap≥]v
Patrick
AXv \n¿Ωn-°m-\p≈ A[n-
Imcw B¿s°∂v a\- n-em-
Tribune,
°-Ww. \nb-a-ßƒ \n¿Ωn-
°m-\p≈ A[n-Imcw ]m¿e-
by
sa‚n-\m-sW-¶n¬, Cu A[n-
bqtdm-]y≥ bqWn-b-\nse cmPy-ßƒ Hcp bqtdm-]y≥ `c-W-L-S\
Imcw ]m¿e-sa‚n\p \¬- cq]-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ {ian-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn. F∂m¬ Cu {iaw ]cm-P-b-
Constitution”
Ip∂ Hcp \nb-ahpw AhnsS s∏-´p. Cu {iasØ Hcp Im¿´q-WnÃv t\m°n-°m-Wp-∂-XmWv
D≠m-bn-cn-°W - w. CXv `c- ChnsS Nn{Xo-I-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. GXp `c-W-L-S\m cq]o-I-c-W-
Ønepw F√m-bvt∏mgpw Cßs\ kw`-hn-°m-dp-t≠m? Cu \nb-a-
W-L-S-\-bpsS Npa-X-e-bm- ßƒ \ymb-c-ln-Xhpw \oXn-hn-cp-≤hpw BsW∂v \nßƒ Xo¿®-
Wv. Cu A[n-Imcw Kh¨- bmbpw Nn¥n-°pw. Nne IrXy-amb \S-]-Sn-{I-a-ßƒ ASn-ÿm-\-
sa‚ns\ {]Y-a-ÿm-\Øv am°n \ne-hn¬ h∂ Kh¨sa‚m-Wv Ah ]m m-°n-bXv G¶nepw
Xo¿®-bmbpw CØcw \nb-a-ßƒ \n¿Ωn-°p-∂Xv \oXn-hn-cp-≤-am-
{]Xn-jvTn-°p-∂p. bn-cn-°pw.
“European
kaq-lØ- n¬ Xocp-am-\s
- a-
Sp-°m-\p≈ A[n-Imcw B¿s°∂p hy‡-am-°p-∂Xv `c-W-L-S-\-bpsS
c≠m-asØ Npa-X-e-bm-Wv. Kh¨sa‚ v cq]o-I-cn-°-s∏-Sp-∂Xv Fß-s\-
sb∂pw AXv Xocp-am-\n-°p-∂p.
Kh¨sa‚ns‚ A[n-Im-c-ßƒ°p-ta-ep≈ ]cn-an-Xn-Iƒ
(Limitations on the powers of Government)
Xocp-am-\s- a-Sp-°m-\p≈ A[n--Imcw B¿s°∂v \n›-bn-®X
- psIm≠v am{Xw aXn-
bm-hp-Ib- n-√. Xocp-am\w FSp-°m-\p≈ A[n-Imcw B¿°m-sW∂v \n›-bn®p
F∂v k¶¬∏n-°p-I. F∂m¬ \nßƒ XnI®pw \ymb-c-ln-X-

sa∂v Icp-Xp∂ \nb-aß - ƒ AXn-\ptijw Cu A[n-Im-ct- I{μw
]m m-°n-bm-tem. DZm-lc - W
- Ø - n\v \nßƒ A\p-jvTn-°p∂ aXw
]n≥Xp-Sc - p-∂Xv \ntcm-[n-®m¬, Nne \nd-Øn-ep≈ hkv{Xw \ntcm-
[n-°p∂p F∂v B⁄m-]n-®m¬, As√-¶n¬ Nne ]m´p-Iƒ ]mS-
cp-sX∂v \n¿t±-in-®m¬, Hcp hn`m-KØ - n¬s∏´ (PmXn, aXw) P\-
ßƒ F√mbvt∏mgpw a‰p-≈-hsc tkhn-°-W-sa∂p ]d-™m¬,
kºØv ssIhiw shbv°m≥ Ahsc A\p-h-Zn-°m-Xn-cp-∂m¬
AXp-a-s√-¶n¬ Kh¨sa‚ v GI-]-£o-b-ambn Bsc-sb-¶nepw
AdÃv sNbvXm-tem, GsX-¶nepw Hcp \nd-ap-≈-h¿ am{Xta
s]mXp-°n-Wd - n¬ \n∂pw sh≈-sa-Sp-°m≥ ]mSp≈q F∂v {]Jym-
]n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXm-tem.
AXp-sIm≠p Xs∂ `c-WL - S- \ - b
- psS aq∂m-asØ Npa-Xe
\nßƒ Hcp òI-c-Po-hnsb
BZyw krjvSn-°p-Ibpw AXn- Xß-fpsS ]uc-\p-ta¬ Kh¨sa‚n\p Npa-Øm-hp∂ A[n-
\p- t ijw AXn¬ \n∂pw Im-c-Øn\v ]cn[n \n›-bn-°p-I-sb-∂-Xm-Wv. Cu ]cn-[n-Iƒ
\nßsf c£n- ° p- ∂ - X ns\ auen-I-amWv Fs¥-∂m¬ Kh¨sa‚p-Iƒ Hcn-°epw Ah
Ipdn®v Bi- ¶ - s ∏- S p- I bpw
sNøp-∂p. BZyw Kh¨sa- ewLn-°p-hm≥ ]mSn-√.
s‚∂ òI-c-Po-hnsb F¥n\v hnhn[ am¿§-ßf - n-eqsS Kh¨sa‚p-If - psS A[n-Im-csØ `c-
krjv S n- ° - W - s a∂v Rm≥ W-LS- \ ]cn-an-Xs - ∏-Sp-Øp-∂p. Hcp Kh¨sa‚n-\pw ewLn-°m≥
tNmZn-°pw.
A\p-hmZ-an-√m-ØXpw ]uc-s\-∂\ - n-eb - n¬ F√m-h¿°pw e`n-°p-
∂-Xp-amb Nne auen-Im-hI - m-iß - ƒ {]Jym-]n-°p-Ib - m-Wv, A[n-
Imcw ]cn-an-Xs - ∏-Sp-Øp∂Xn\p≈ s]mXp-hmb am¿§w. Cu Ah-
Im-iß - f - psS kq£vaa - mb D≈-S° - hpw hymJym-\hpw Hmtcm `c-
W-LS- \ - b - nepw hyXy-kvXa - m-bn-cn-°pw. F∂m¬ ASn-ÿm-\] - c
- -
amb Hcp Iq´w Bh-iy-ßƒ `qcn-`mKw `c-WL - S- \
- I- fpw kwc-£n-
°pw. CXn-eqsS Imc-Wa - n-√msX GI-]£ - o-ba - mbn AdÃv sNøp-
∂-Xn¬ \n∂pw ]uc≥ kwc-£n-°s - ∏-Spw. Kh¨-sa‚ns‚ A[n-
Im-cØ - n\p taep≈ Hcp ASn-ÿm\ \nb-{¥-Wa - mWv CXv. Nne
ASn-ÿm\ kzmX-{¥y-ßƒ°v kzm`m-hn-Ia - mbpw ]uc\v Ah-Im-
i-ap-≠v. A`n-{]mb-kzm-X{- ¥yw, hnizmk kzmX{¥yw, kwL-S\m
kzmX-{¥yw, hym]m-c˛ hmWnPy kzmX{¥yw XpS-ßn-bh - b- mWv
Ch. tZiob ASn-b¥ - cmh-ÿ° - m-eØv Cu Ah-Im-iß - ƒ ]cn-
an-Xs
- ∏-Sp-Ømw. Cu Ah-Im-iß - ƒ d±m°mhp∂ kml-Nc - y-ßfpw
`c-WL - S- \ \n›-bn-®n-cn-°p-∂p
20 Hcp kaq-lØ
- ns‚ e£y-ßfpw A`nem-jß
- fpw
(Aspirations and goals of a Society)
Xocp- a m- \ - s a- S p- ° m- \ p≈ A[n- I mcw hnX- c Ww sNøpI,
Kh¨sa‚ns‚ A[n-Im-c-ßƒ°v ]cn[n \n›-bn-°pI XpS-ßnb Imcy-ß-

fn¬ ]gbIme `c-WL - S- \- I
- ƒ IqSp-Xe
- mbpw HXpßn \n∂n-cp-∂p. F∂m¬ 21
C¥y≥ `c-WL- S- \
- sb t]mep≈ 20˛mw \q‰m-≠nse `c-WL - S- \
- I
- ƒ kaq-l-
Øns‚ e£y-ßfpw A`n-em-j-ßfpw {]I-Sn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn\v Nne {Inbm-fl-I-
amb Imcy-ßƒ sNøp-∂X - n-\p≈ Hcp N´-°qSv {]Zm\w sNøp-∂p. C¥y≥ `c-
W-L-S\ {]tXy-In®pw Cu cwKØv ]pXp-a-bp-≈-Xm-Wv. hnhn[ Xc-Øn-ep≈
Trust.
Im¿´q¨
Book
Children’s
Copyright:
Shankar.
4 December 1949
`c-W-L-S\m \n¿Ωm-Xm-°ƒ°v hyXykvX A`n-em-j-ßsf A`n-kw-t_m-
[\ sNtø-≠-Xp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. hyXy-kvX-amb ImgvN-∏m-Sp-Iƒ, {]Xy-b-im-
kv{X-ßƒ F∂n-h-bv°n-S-bn¬ ka-hmbw sIm≠p-h-cm≥ {ian-°p∂
s\lvdphns\ ChnsS ImWmw. Cu hyXykvX hn`m-Kß - ƒ F¥n-\p-th≠n
\nesIm≈p∂p F∂v \nßƒ°v Xncn-®-dn-bmtam? CXn¬ BcpsS hmZ-K-
Xn-bv°mWv {]mapJyw e`n-®-sX-∂mWv \nßƒ Icp-Xp-∂-Xv?
Ak-a-Xz-ßƒ Bg-Øn¬ thtcm-Snb kaq-l-Øn¬ A[n-Im-c-ßƒ°v ]cn[n

\n›-bn-°pIbpw Ak-aXzw adnIS-°p∂Xn\p≈ A\p-Iq-em-flI \S-]S- n-Iƒ
ssIs°m-≈p-∂X - n\v Kh¨sa‚p-Isf i‡n-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw thWw.
DZm-l-c-W-Øn\v PmXn-hn-th-N-\-Øn¬ \n∂pw ap‡-amb Hcp kaq-l-
amWv C¥y A`n-ej - n-°p-∂X - v. CXmWv kaq-lØ - ns‚ A`n-em-js
- a-¶n¬ Cu
e£yw km£m-Xv°c - n-°p-∂X- n-\p≈ \S-]S- n-Iƒ ssIs°m-≈p-hm≥ Kh¨-
sa‚ns\ i‡n-s∏-Sp-ØW - w. h¿Æ-hn-th-N\- Ø- ns‚ Zo¿L-Ime Ncn-{X-ap≈
Z£n-Wm-{^n-°-sb-t∏m-semcp cmPyØv AXns‚ ]pXnb `c-W-L-S\ h¿Æ-
hn-th-N\w Ah-km-\n-∏n-°p-hm≥ Ahn-SsØ Kh¨sa‚ns\

{]m]vXa - m-°W- w. Npcp-°n-∏d - ™- m¬ `c-WL - S- \ {Inbm-flI - a
- m-
b coXn-bn¬ kaq-l-Øns‚ A`n-em-j-ßƒ {i≤m-]q¿Δw kwc-
£n-°-Ww. DZm-l-c-WØn\v kaq-l-Ønse Hmtcm hy‡n°pw
A¥-t m-Spw, kzm`n-am-\-tØmSpw Pohn-°p-∂-Xn-\m-h-iy-amb
F√mw AXm-bXv ùXn-Ik - pJw, hnZym-`ym-kw, XpS-ßn-bh D≠m-
bn-cn-°-W-sa∂v C¥y≥ `c-W-L-S\m \n¿Ωm-Xm-°ƒ Nn¥n-®n-
cp-∂p. {Inbm-fl-I-amb t£a-]-≤-Xn-Iƒ ssIs°m-≈p-hm≥
Kh¨sa‚ns\ `c-W-L-S\ ]cym-]vX-am-°p-∂p. Ah-bn¬ Nne-
Xv \nb-a-]-c-ambn \S-∏m-°m≥ Ign-bp-∂-h-bp-am-Wv. C¥y≥ `c-
W-LS- \- s- b-°p-dn®v ]Tn-°p-tºmƒ \ΩpsS `c-WL - S- \
- b
- psS Bap-
`c- W - L - S - \ - b n¬ Nne J-Øns‚ ]n¥pW AXn-\p-s≠∂v a\- n-em-Ipw. CØcw hIp-
\√ Imcy-ßƒ FgpXn ∏p-Iƒ auen-Im-hI - m-iß
- f - n¬ ImWm≥ Ign-bpw. cm{„-\b - s- Ø-
hbv°p-∂-sX-¥n-\mWv? °p-dn-®p≈ \n¿t±-iI-XX - z-ßf - pw P\-ßf- psS Nne A`n-em-jß - ƒ
P\-ßf - psS Pohn-XsØ
am‰m- \ m- h p- ∂ n- s √- ¶ n¬ km£m-Xv°c - n-°p-hm≥ Kh¨sa‚n-t\mSv B⁄m]n°p-∂p.
DZm-Ø-amb A`n-em-j- kaq-l-Øns‚ A`n-e-mj-ßƒ km£m-Xv°-cn°pI \oXn-\n-
ßƒ Fgp-Xn-h-bv°p-∂-
Xns‚ Imcy-sa¥v? jvT-amb Hcp kaq-l-Øn-\m-h-iy-amb hyh-ÿ-Iƒ°v cq]w
\¬IpI XpS-ßn-b-hbv°v Kh¨sa‚ns\ {]m]vX-am-°p-I-
bm-Wv. `c-W-L-S-\-bpsS \mem-asØ Npa-Xe.
`c-W-L-S-\-bnse A\p-_‘ hIp-∏p-Iƒ
`c-WL- S- \ Kh¨sa‚ns‚ A[n-Im-csØ \nb-{¥n-°p∂ \nb-
a-ßfpw N´-ßfpw am{X-a√ - , kaq-lØ
- ns‚ s]mXp \∑-°m-hi - y-
amb {]h¿Ø- \ - ß ƒ Gs‰- S p- ° p- ∂ - X n- \ p≈ A[n- I mcw
Kh¨sa‚n\v \¬Ip-Ibpw sNøp-∂p.
$ Z£n-Wm-{^n-°≥ `c-W-L-S\ At\Iw DØ-c-hm-ZnXz-ßƒ
Kh¨sa‚ns\ G¬∏n-®n-´p-≠.v ]cn-ÿnXn ]cn]me-\w, \ymb-
c-ln-X-amb hnth-N-\-Øn\v Cc-bm-b-hsc kwc-£n-°p-∂-Xn-
\p≈ \S-]-Sn-Iƒ, F√m-h¿°pw ]m¿∏n-Sw, BtcmKyw XpS-
ßn-bh e`y-am-°p-∂-Xn-\m-h-iy-amb \S-]-Sn-Iƒ t{]m’m-
ln-∏n-°p-hm≥ AXv Kh¨sa‚n-t\m-Sm-hi - y-s∏-Sp-∂p.
$ Ct¥m-t\-jy≥ `c-W-L-S-\ tZiob hnZym-`ymk hyhÿ
cq]o-Ic- n-°m\pw \S-∏m-°m\pw Kh¨sa‚n-t\m-Sm-hi - y-s∏-Sp-
∂p. ]mh-s∏-´-hcpw AK-Xn-I-fp-amb Ipń-Isf Kh¨sa‚ v
kwc-£n-°p-sa-∂pw Cu `c-WL - S- \ Dd-∏p-\¬Ip∂p.
22
Hcp P\-X-bpsS auenI kzXzw

(Fundamental Identity of a People) 23
Ah-km-\a - mbn Hcp ]t£ G‰hpw {][m-\a - mbn Hcp `c-WL - S- \ P\-Xb
- psS
ASn-ÿm\ kzXzw {]I-Sn-∏n-°p-∂p.
P\-ßƒ hyXn-cn-‡a - mb Hcp Iq´-sa∂ \ne-bn¬ \ne-hn¬hcp-∂Xv ASn-
ÿm\ \nb-aa - mb `c-WL - S- \- b- n-eq-sS-bm-sW∂v CX¿∞-am-°p-∂p. Fßs\
Hcmƒ `cn-°s - ∏-SW- w, Bcm¬ Ah≥ `cn-°s - ∏-SWw F∂n-hsb kw_-‘n®
Hcp Iq´w ASn-ÿm\ \nb-aß - t- fmSv tbmPn-°p-∂X - n-eqsS P\-ßƒ Iq´mb kzXz-
Øn\v cq]w \¬Ip-∂p. `c-WL - S- \ \ne-hn¬ hcp-∂X - n\v ap≥]v Hcmƒ°v ]e
Xc-Øn-ep≈ kzXz-ßƒ D≠m-bn-cn-°pw. F∂m¬ Nne ASn-ÿm\ \nb-aß - -
tfmSv tbmPn-°p-∂X - n-eqsS Hcmƒ Ahs‚ cmjv{Sob kzXz-Øn\v cq]w \¬Ip-
18AUG05.
Cartoons.
∂p. c≠m-aX - mbn `c-WL - S\m \nb-aß - ƒ hy‡n-KX A`n-em-jß - fpw e£y-
ßfpw kzmX-
{ ¥ y h p w
H c m ƒ ° v Hcp Im¿´q¨ hmbn-°pI
]n≥Xp-Sc - p-∂X - n-
Journal ,
Cagle
\p≈ Hcp N´-
°qSv {]Zm\w
sNøp-∂p.
Hcmƒ Fs¥m-
Copyright.
Albuquerque
s° sNømw
sNøm≥ ]mSn-√
F∂n- h - b psS
ta¬ B[n-Im-cn-
I- a mb \nb-
{¥Ww `c- W -
Trever,
L-S\ sIm≠p-
h- c p- ∂ p. \mw
ewLn-°p-hm≥
John
]mSn-√mØ ASn-
ÿm\ aqey- kZmw lpss s‚ `cWw XI¿∂Xn-\p-tijw Cdm-Jnse
ßsf AXv hnhn[ hwiob hn`m-K-ßƒ°n-S-bn¬ ]pXnb `c-W-L-S\
Xøm-dm-°p-∂Xp kw_-‘n®v [mcmfw A`n-{]m-b-hy-Xym-
\n¿Δ-Nn-°p-∂p.
Constitution”,
k-ß-fp-≠m-bn. Cu hyXykvX P\-hn-`m-K-ßƒ F¥n-\p-

AXp-hgn `c-W- th-≠n-bmWv \ne sIm≈p-∂-Xv. bqtdm-]y≥ bqWn-b≥,
L-S\ Hcmƒ°v C¥y F∂n-hn-Sß - f - n-ep-≠m-bn-´p≈ X¿°-ßsf kw_-‘n®v
ap≥]v \¬In-bn-´p≈ Im¿´q-Wp-Isf ChnsS Nn{Xo-I-cn-®n-
[m¿-ΩnI cn-°p∂ Im¿´q-Wp-ambn Xmc-Xayw sNøq.
kzXzhpw
“ I r a q i
\¬Ip-∂p. Ah-
km-\a - mbn hnhn[ ASn-ÿm\ cmjv{Sob [m¿ΩnI aqey-ßƒ hnhn[ `c-WL - S- \m

]cn-lm-cß- f- n¬ ]¶p-hb - ° v s
- ∏-Sp-∂Xv Hcp-]t£ AXp-sIm-≠m-bn-cn-°mw.
temI-sØ-ºm-Sp-ap≈ hnhn[ `c-W-L-S\Iƒ t\m°n-bm¬ Ah hnhn[
Xc-Øn¬ hyXymk-s∏-ń-cn-°p-∂p. Kh¨sa‚ns‚ cq]-Øn¬ Bh-iy-amb hni-
Zmw-i-ßƒ Ah Iqń-t®¿°p-∂p. IqSmsX [mcmfw Bi-b-ßƒ Ah ]¶p-h-bv°p-
Ibpw sNøp-∂p≠v. an° B[p-\nI `c-W-L-S-\-Ifpw Nne coXn-bn-se-¶nepw P\m-
[n-]Xy Kh¨sa‚p-Iƒ°mWv cq]w \¬In-bn-cn-°p-∂X - v.
AtXm-sSm∏w Nne ASn-ÿm\ Ah-Im-i-ßƒ kwc-£n-°p-∂p F∂pw Ah
Ah-Im-is - ∏-Sp∂p. F∂m¬ Ah {]Xn-\n-[m\w sNøp∂ kzm`m-hnI kzXz-Øns‚
Imcy-Øn¬ `c-WL - S- \
- I- ƒ hyXy-kvXa - m-Wv. k¶o¿Æ-amb Hcp Iq´w Ncn{X ]mc-
º-cy-ß-fpsS IqSn-t®-c-emWv an° cmjv{S-ßfpw. cmjv{S-Øn-\p-≈n¬ A[n-h-kn-
°p∂ hyXykvX hn`m-Kß - sf Ah tIm¿Øn-W° - p-∂p. DZm-lc
- W
- Ø
- n\v hwio-b-
Xsb ASn-ÿm-\-am-°n-bmWv P¿Ω≥ kzXzw cq]o-I-cn-°-s∏-´-Xv. P¿Ω≥ `c-W-L-
S\ Cu kzXzw {]Im-in-∏n-°p-∂p. t\sc adn®v C¥y≥ `c-W-L-S\ hwiob
kzXzw ]uc-Xz-Øn-\p≈ am\-Z-fi-ambn IW-°m-°p-∂n-√. tI{μ-K-h¨sa‚pw
cmPysØ hnhn[ {]tZ-iß - fpw XΩn-ep≈ ]c-k] v c _‘sØ kw_-‘n®v hnhn[
cmjv{S-ßƒ hyXykvX [mc-W-I-fmWv apt∂m´v hbv°p-∂Xv. Hcp cmjv{S-Øns‚
tZiob kzXzw cq]oI-cn-°s∏Sp-∂Xv CØcw _‘-ßf - n¬ \n∂m-Wv.
]T-\-]p-tcm-KXn hne-bn-cp-ØpI
C¥y-bn-sebpw a‰v `c-W-L-S-\-I-fn-sebpw Nne hIp-∏p-Iƒ ChnsS \¬In-
bn-cn-°p-∂p. Hmtcm hIp∏pw \n¿Δ-ln-°p∂ Npa-Xe Fgp-Xp-I.
Kh¨sa‚ v Hcp]uc-t\mSv GsX-¶nepw Hcp aXw Kh¨sa‚ns‚

]n¥p-S-cp-hm-t\m, Hcp aXhpw ]n¥p-S-cp-hm≥ A[n-Im-cØn\p -
]mSn-s√t∂m Iev]n-°m≥ ]mSn-√. taep≈ \nb-{¥Ww
kº-Øv, hcp-am\w F∂nh ASn-ÿm-\a- m-°n-bp≈

Ak-a-Xzw Ipd-bv°p-hm≥ Kh¨sa‚ v {ian-°-Ww.
{][m-\a
- {- ¥nsb \nb-an-°m-\p≈ A[n-Imcw
{]kn-U‚n-\p-≠v.
F√m-hcpw A\p-kc - n-t°≠ ]c-tam-∂X
\nb-aa
- mWv `c-WL
- S- \.
24
GsX-¶nepw hwiw, PmXn aXw F∂n-hb
- n¬s∏´
h¿°v am{X-ambn C¥y≥ ]ucXzw
]cn-an-Xs
- ∏-Sp-Øn-bn-ń√.
Hcp `c-W-L-S-\-bpsS B[n-Im-cn-IX (The Authority

of a Constitution) 25
Hcp `c-WL
- S- \ \n¿Δ-ln-°p∂ GXm\pw Npa-Xe - Iƒ \mw tcJ-s∏-
Sp-Øn. F¥p-sIm-≠mWv an° kaq-lß - ƒ°pw `c-WL - S- \
- b
- p-≈Xv
F∂v Cu Npa-X-e-Iƒ hnh-cn-°p-∂p. F∂m¬ `c-W-L-S-\-I-sf-°p-
dn®v \ap°v aq∂v tNmZy-ßƒ IqSn D∂-bn-°mw.
F) F¥mWv Hcp `c-W-L-S\ ?
_n) Hcp `c-W-L-S\ F{X-am{Xw Imcy-£-a-amWv ?
kn) Hcp `c-W-L-S\ F{X-am{Xw \oXn-bp-‡-amWv ?
cmjv{S-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ Ht´sd hIp-∏p-Iƒ Dƒs°m≈p∂ HXp-
°-ap≈ Hcp {]am-Wa- mWv an° cmPy-ßf - n-sebpw `c-WLS\. cmjv{Sw
Fßs\ cq]o-Ic - n-°s- ∏-ń-cn-°p∂p F∂pw F¥v \nb-aß - f- mWv AXv
]n≥Xp-St- c-≠Xv F∂pw CXv hy‡-am-°p-∂p. Hcp cmPysØ `c-W-
L-S\- s- b-°p-dn®v \mw tNmZn-°p-tºmƒ Cu {]am-Wa - mWv km[m-cW - -
K-Xn-bn¬ kqNn-∏n-°p-I. F∂m¬ {_n´≥ t]mep≈ Nne cmPy-ß-
fn¬ `c-WL - S- \
- s - b∂p hnfn-°m-hp∂ GI {]am-Wa - n-√. adn®v {]am-
W-ßf - p-sSbpw Xocp-am-\ß - f - p-sSbpw Hcp \ncsb Iq´mbn `c-WL - S- \
- -
sb∂p hnfn-°p-∂p. AXp-sIm≠p Xs∂ apI-fn¬ kqNn-∏n® Npa-X-
e-Iƒ \n¿Δ-ln-°p∂ Hcp {]am-WsØ AYhm Hcp Iq´w {]am-W-
ßsf \ap°v `c-WL - S- \- s- b∂v hnfn-°mw.
F∂m¬ temIØv C∂p \ne-\n¬°p∂ `c-W-L-S-\-Iƒ
an°Xpw IS-em-kn¬ am{Xw HXp-ßp-∂-h-bm-Wv. AXm-bXv Ah
D]cnπ-ha - mb hm°p-Iƒ am{XamsW∂¿∞w. \n¿Æm-bI tNmZy-an-
XmWv: Hcp `c-WL - S- \ F{X-am-{Xw Imcy-£a - a
- mWv? Ahsb Imcy-
£-aa
- m-°p-∂s - X-¥mWv? P\-ßf - psS Pohn-XØ
- n¬ `c-WL - S- \
- b
- psS
bYm¿∞ kzm[o\w Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øp-∂-sX-¥mWv? Hcp `c-W-L-S\
Imcy-£a - a- mbn amdp-∂Xv hnhn[ LS-Iß - sf B{ibn®m-Wv.
{]Jym-]\ coXn (Mode of Promulgation)
Xß- f psS `c- W - L - S \
Fßs\ Hcp `c-W-L-S\ \ne-hn¬ h∂p F∂-XmWv CXv \oXn- b p- ‡ - a √ F∂p
kqNn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv. `c-W-L-S\ Xøm-dm-°n-bXv Bcm-Wv, F{X-am{Xw I≠m¬ P\-ßƒ F¥p
A[n-Imcw Ah¿°-Xn-\p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p? hnhn[ cmPy-ß-fn¬ `c-W- sNøpw? `c-W-L-S\ IS-
em-kn¬ am{X-sam-Xp-ßn-
L-S\ {]h¿Ø-\c - l
- n-Xa
- mWv F¥p-sIm-s≠-∂m¬ Ah Xøm-dm-°n- bm¬ P\-ßƒ°v F¥v
bXv ssk\n-It- a-[m-hn-Itfm, P\-ßsf Xß-tfm-sSm∏w \n¿Øm≥ kw`-hn-°pw?
Ign-hn-√mØ P\-]n-¥p-W-bn-√mØ t\Xm-°≥amtcm BWv. C¥y,
t\∏m-fnse `c-W-L-S\m \n¿Ωm-
Z£n-Wm-{^n-°, Ata-cn-°≥ sFIy-\mSpIƒ W-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ kwhmZw
XpS-ßnb cmPy-ß-fn-te-Xp-t]mse G‰hpw `c-W-L-S\m \n¿ΩmW {]{Inb kpK-
hnP- b - I - c - a mb `c- W - L - S - \ - I ƒ tZiob ahpw efn- X hpamb H∂√. `c- W - L -
{]ÿm-\Ø - n\p tijw \n¿Ωn-°s - ∏-´h
- b- m-W.v S\m\n¿Ωm- W - Ø ns‚ k¶o¿ÆX-
shfn- s ∏- S p- Ø p∂ DZm- l - c - W - a mWv
1946 Unkw-_-dn\pw 1949 \hw-_-dn\pw t\∏mƒ. 1948 apX¬ 1990 hsc t\∏mƒ
CSbv°v {]h¿Øn® `c-W-L-S\m \n¿ΩmW A©v `c-W-L-S-\-Iƒ \n¿Ωn®p. 1948,
k`-bmWv C¥y≥ `c-W-L-S\ Hu]-Nm-cn-I- 1951, 1959, 1962, 1990 F∂nßs\.
ambn Xøm-dm-°n-b-Xv. F¶nepw C¥y≥ kaq- t\∏mƒ cmPm-hmWv Cu `c-W-L-S-\-
I- s f√mw Xøm- d m°n \¬In- b - X v.
l-Ønse hnhn[ hn`mKw P\-ßsf HsØm- A¥na A[n-Imcw cmPm-hn-\m-bn-cp-∂p.
cp-an®v sIm≠p-t]m-Ip-∂-Xn¬ Akm-am\y F¶nepw 1990 se `c- W - L - S \
Ignhp {]I-Sn-∏n® tZiob {]ÿm-\-Øns‚ _lpI£n k{º-Zmbw (Multi Party
Zo¿L-Ime Ncn-{XsØ AXv Dƒs°m-≈p-∂p. System) sIm≠p h∂p. cmPy- s Ø
Kh¨sa‚ v ]p\x-kw-LS- n-∏n-°p-∂X - n-\p-
s]mXp-kΩ - X - c- mb t\Xm-°ƒ tN¿∂mWv `c- th≠n Hcp Zim-_vZ-°mew Xo{h-amb
W-L-S\ Xøm-dm-°n-bXv F∂-Xp-sIm≠v cmjv{Sob ka-c-ßfp≠m-bn. t\∏mƒ
Xs∂ henb s]mXp-kΩ - nXn `c-WL - S- \
- b- ° v v `c-W-L-S-\-bn¬ cmPm-hns‚ ]s¶-¥m-
e`n-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn. kaq-l-Ønse hnhn[ bn- c n- ° - W - s a- ∂ - X m- b n- c p∂p {][m- \
hn`m-Kß- fpsS BZ-chv t\Sm≥ Ign-™h - c- pw, hnj-bw. Nne hn`m-K-ßƒ t\∏mfn¬
cmP-`c - Ww Ah-km-\n-∏n-°m\pw dn∏-ªn-
hy‡n-]c - a - mb A[n-Imc Xm¬∏-cy-ßƒ°p≈ °≥ Kh¨sa‚ v ÿm]n-°m\pw B{K-
D]-I-c-W-a√ `c-W-L-S\ F∂v P\-ßsf ln-®p. cmPm-hn\v Ipd®v A[n-Imcw am{X-
t_m≤y-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ Ign--™-h-cpamWv `c-W- ap≈ ]cn-anX cmP-`-c-W-Øn-te°v amd-
L-S\ Xøm-dm-°n-b-Xv. AXp-sIm≠p Xs∂ W-sa∂v a‰v Nne¿ Icp-Xn. cmPm-hm-I-
s´, Xs‚ A[n-Im-c-ßƒ Dt]-£n-°m≥
Cu `c-WL - S- \ s]mXp-hmbn cq]-s∏-Sp-Ønb Xøm-dm-bn-cp-∂n-√. 2002 HIvtSm-_dn¬
tZiob A`n-{]mb ka-\z-bsØ {]Xn-^-en- cmPmhv F√m A[n-Im-c-ßfpw ssIø-
∏n-®p. S-°n.
hnhn[ cmjv{Sob ]m¿ń-Ifpw
Nne cmPy-ßƒ Xß-fpsS `c-WL - S- \ Hcp kwL-S-\-Ifpw ]pXnb `c-W-L-S\m
kºq¿Æ P\-lnX ]cn-tim-[-\bv°v (Ref- \n¿ΩmW k` cq]o-I-cn-°-W-sa-∂m-h-
erendum) hnt[-b-am-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn. `c-W-L- iy-s∏-´p. P\-Io-b-ambn sXc-s™-Sp-°-
S-\b
- psS Bh-iy-IX - s- b-°p-dn®v F√m P\-ß- s∏´ `c-W-L-S\m \n¿ΩmW k`-bv°p-
th- ≠ n- b p≈ t]mcm- ´ - Ø n¬ IΩyq-
fpw ChnsS thm´v tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p. C¥y≥ WnÃv ]m¿ń Hm^v t\∏mƒ (amthm-bn-
`c-W-L-S\ CØ-c-samcp P\-lnX ]cn-tim- Ãv) ap≥\n-c-bn¬ D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. kacw
[-\bv°v hnt[-ba- m-°s - ∏-ń-ń-√. F∂n-cp-∂mepw sNøp∂ ]m¿ń-Iƒ°v kzoIm-cy-amb
P\-ßf - psS Af-h‰ ]n¥p-Wbpw AwKo-Im- Hcp Kh¨sa‚ v ÿm]n-°p-hm≥ Ah-
km\w cmPmhv \n¿_-‘n-X-\m-bn. Cu
chpw AXn-\p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. F¥p-sIm-s≠-∂m¬ Kh¨sa‚ v cmPm-hns‚ an° A[n-Im-
P\-]n-¥p-W-bp≈ t\Xm-°-fpsS tbmPn® c-ßfpw \o°w sNbvXp.
26 ]n¥pW AXn-\p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. `c-WL - S- \ P\- 2013 ¬ t\∏mƒ `c-W-L-S\m
lnX ]cn-tim-[-\bv°v hnt[-b-am-°-s∏-ń- \n¿ΩmW k`- b n- t e- ° p≈ ]pXnb
sXc-s™-Sp∏v \S-∂p. 2015 sk]v‰w-_-
¿ 17 \v ]pXnb `c-W-L-S\ {]Jym-]n-
°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sk]v‰w-_¿ 20 \v \ne-
hn¬ hcp-Ibpw sNbvXp.
ńs√¶nepw AXnse hyh-ÿI - ƒ A\p-kc - n-®p-sIm≠v AXv P\-ßƒ kzo-I-

cn®p. AXp-sIm≠p Xs∂ `c-WL - S- \ Xøm-dm-°nb hy‡n-If - psS s]mXp-k- 27
ΩXn `c-WL- S- \
- b
- psS hnPbkm≤y-Xsb Hcp ]cn-[n-hsc Dd-∏m-°p-∂p.
`c-W-L-S-\-bnse apJy hIp-∏p-Iƒ (The substantive Provi-
sions of a Constitution)
`c-W-L-S-\-bnse hyh-ÿ-I-fp-ambn HØp t]mIp-hm≥ F√m-h¿°pw
Fs¥-¶nepw Nne Imc-W-ßƒ D≠m-IpI F∂Xv AXns‚ AwKo-Imc ap{Z-
bm-Wv. DZm-l-c-W-Øn\v `qcn-]£ hn`mKw \yq\-]£ hn`m-K-ßsf ASn-
®a¿Øp∂p F¶n¬ Ah¿ `c-WL - S- \
- b
- p-ambn tbmPn®p t]mhp-Ib - n-√. Hcp
hn`mKw P\-X-bpsS sNe-hn¬ Ipd®p t]¿ {]_-e-cmbn amdp-Ibpw kaq-l-
Ønse sNdnb hn`m-Kß - f
- psS A[n-Imcw hyh-ÿm-]n-Xa - mbn Dd-∏n-°p-Ib- pw
sNøp∂ `c-W-L-S-\-Iƒ F√m-h¿°pw kzoIm-cy-am-hp-I-bn-√. Xß-fpsS
kzXzw ASn-®a- ¿Øs∏-Sp-∂p F∂v GsX-¶nepw Hcp hn`m-KØ - n\v tXm∂n-bm¬
Ah¿ `c-W-L-S-\sb A\p-k-cn-°p-I-bn-√. Hcp `c-W-L-S-\bpw kºq¿Æ-
\oXn Dd-∏m-°p-∂n-√. F∂m¬ ASn-ÿm\ \oXn Dd-∏m-°p-∂X - n-\p≈ Hcp N´-
°qSv {]Zm\w sNøp∂p F∂v AXv P\-ßsf t_m≤y-s∏-Sp-Ø-Ww.
Cu Nn¥m]co£Ww \nßƒ sNøq. \nß-tfmSp Xs∂ Cu tNmZyw
tNmZn-°p-I. kaq-l-Ønse F√m-h¿°pw tbmPn-®p-t]m-Im≥ Imc-W-am-hp∂
Nne ASn-ÿm\ \nb-a-ß-fpsS D≈-S°w F¥m-bn-cn-°-W-sa-∂mWv \nßƒ
Icp-Xp-∂Xv?
`c-W-L-S\ AXn¬ AwK-am-Ip-∂-h-cpsS kzmX-{¥yhpw ka-Xzhpw
F{X-am-{Xw kwc-£n-°p-∂pthm AXn-\-\p-kr-X-ambn AXv hnP-bn-°m-\p≈
km≤y-Xbpw IqSpw. hnim-e-amb A¿∞-Øn¬ C¥y≥ `c-W-L-S\ F√m-
h¿°pw AXn-t\mSv tbmPn-°m≥ Ign-bp∂ Hcp N´-°qSv {]Zm\w sNøp-
∂pt≠m? Cu ]pkvXIw ]Tn-®-Xn-\p-tijw CXns\ km[q-I-cn-°p∂ DØ-c-
ßƒ \¬Ip-hm≥ \nßƒ°v Ign-bpw.
k¥p-enX ÿm]\ cq]-tcJ (Balanced Institutional Design )
`c-WL - S- \ km[m-cW- b
- mbn Ań-ad - n-°s- ∏-Sp-∂Xv P\-ßf - m-e√ adn®v
Xß-fpsS A[n-Imcw h¿≤n-∏n-°m-\m-{K-ln-°p∂ Bfp-I-fm¬ BWv. anI®
coXnbn¬ cq]-I¬∏\ sNbvXn-cn-°p∂ `c-W-L-S-\-Iƒ kaq-l-Øn¬ A[n-
Imcw hn`-Pn®p \¬IpIbpw `c-WL - S- \ Ań-ad - n-°s- ∏-Sp-∂X - n¬ \n∂v XS-bp-
Ibpw sNøp∂p. Hcp ÿm]-\hpw A[n-Im-cØ - ns‚ IpØI t\Sp-∂n-√ F∂v
_p≤n-]-c-amb cq]-I¬∏-\-bn-eqsS Dd-∏m-°p-I-bmWv Hcp am¿§w. hnhn[
ÿm]-\ß - ƒ°n-Sb - n¬ A[n-Imcw hn`-Pn®v \¬Ip-∂X - n-eq-sS-bmWv CXv \S-
∏m-°p-I. DZm-lc- W
- Ø- n\v C¥y≥ `c-WL - S- \, \nb-a\ - n¿ΩmW hn`m-Kw, Imcy-
copyright
SEP05
\n¿Δ-lW hn`mKw, \oXn-\ymb hn`mKw `c-W-

Im¿´q¨ hmbn-°pI L-S\m ÿm]-\-amb sXc-s™-Sp∏v IΩo-j≥
F∂o ÿm]-\-ßƒ°n-S-bn¬ A[n-Imcw kam-
¥-c-ambn hn`-Pn®p \¬Ip-∂p. GsX-¶nepw
Cartoons,
Ares,
Hcp ÿm]\w `c-WL - S- \

- sb Ań-ad
- n-°m≥ {ian-
°p-Ib- m-sW-¶n¬ AXv \nb-{¥n-°m≥ a‰v ÿm]-
\-ßƒ°v Ign-bp-sa∂v CXn-eqsS Dd-∏m-°p-∂p.
,
C¥y≥ `c-W-L-S-\-bpsS hnP-b-I-c-amb \ne-

Cagle
\n¬∏n\v klm-bI - a
- mbn amdn-bXv CØ-cØ - n¬
Cards”
_p≤n-]-c-ambn cq]w \¬Inb ]c-kv]c \nb-{¥-

Whpw k¥p-e-\hpw (Checks and Balances)
BWv.
of
`c-WL - S- \
- I
- ƒ Nne aqey-ßƒ, Bi-bß - ƒ,
“Castle
\S-]-Sn-Iƒ F∂nh B[n-Im-cn-I-sa∂ \nebv°v

apdpsI ]nSn-°p-Ibpw AtX-k-abw AXns‚
{]h¿Ø-\-Øn¬ ]c-am-h[n hg°w ImWn-®p-
F¥p-sIm-≠mWv Im¿´q-WnÃv CdmJn `c- sIm≠v amdn hcp∂ Bh-iy-ßfpw kml-N-cy-
W-LS- \- sb No´p-sIm-´mcw F∂v hnti-jn-
∏n-°p-∂X.v Cu hnti-jWw C¥y≥ `c- ßfpw Dƒs°m≠v k¥p-en-Xm-hÿ krjvSn-°p-
W-LS- \
- bv°v _m[-Ia - mtWm? Ibpw thWw F∂-XmWv _p≤n-]-c-amb ÿm]-
\\n¿Ωn-Xn-bpsS as‰mcp {][m\ hiw. hf-sc-b-
[nIw ZrV-amb (rigid) `c-W-L-S-\-Iƒ am‰-Øn-
\p-th-≠n-bp≈ apd-hn-fn-bm¬ XI-cm-\mWv km≤y-X. AtX-k-abw hf-sc-b-
[nIw Ab-hp≈ (Flexible) `c-WL - S- \
- b- m-sW-¶n¬ P\-ßƒ°v kpc-£t- bm,
Zo¿L Z¿in-Xz-tam, kzXztam \¬Ip-I-bn-√. hnP-b-I-c-amb `c-W-L-S-\-Iƒ
AXp-sIm≠v ASn-ÿm\ aqey-ßƒ kwc£n-°p-∂X - nepw kml-Nc- y-ßƒ°\p-
kr-Xa - mbn amdp-∂X - nepw icn-bmb k¥p-en-Xm-hÿ \ne-\n¿Øp-∂p. ""`c-W-
L-S\ Hcp kPo-h-{]-amWw F∂ \ne-bn¬'' F∂ A≤ym-b-Øn¬ (chapter
IX) C¥y≥ `c-W-L-S\m \n¿Ωm-Xm-°-fpsS Cu [njW ImWm≥ Ign-bpw.
C¥y≥ `c-W-L-S\ Poh-\p≈ Hcp {]am-W-ambn IW-°m-°p-∂p. hyh-ÿ-
I-fn¬ am‰w hcp-Øp-∂X - n-\p≈ km≤y-Xbpw F∂m¬ AØ-cØ - n-ep≈ am‰-
ßƒ°p≈ ]cn-[nbpw XΩn-ep≈ Hcp k¥p-en-Xm-hÿ \ne-\n¿Øp-∂-Xn-
eqsS `c-WL - S- \ P\-ßƒ BZ-cn-°p∂ Hcp {]amW-ambn \ne-\n¬°p-sa∂v
Dd-∏m-°p-∂p. Hcp hn`m-KØ - n\pw `c-WL - S- \
- sb Ań-ad- n-°m≥ Ign-bn-√ F∂pw
Cu kwhn-[m-\-Øn-eqsS Dd-∏m-°s∏Sp-∂p.AXp-sIm≠p Xs∂ `c-W-L-S\
28 B[n-Im-cn-I-amtWm F∂v \n¿Æ-bn-°p-∂Xv kw_-‘n®v \nßƒ°v aq∂p
tNmZy-ßƒ kzbw D∂-bn-°mw.
$ `c-WL
- S- \ Xøm-dm-°nb hy‡n-Iƒ hnizm-kt- bm-Ky-cmtWm? Cu A≤ym-
b-Øns‚ _m°n `mKØv Cu tNmZy-Øn\v DØcw \¬Imw. 29
$ c≠m-aX- mbn `c-WL
- S- \
- sb Ań-ad
- n-°m≥ B¿°pw Ign-bmØ Xc-Øn¬
A[n-Imcw _p≤n-]q¿Δw hnX-cWw sNbvXn-´p-≠v F∂v `c-WL - S- \ Dd-
∏m-°p-∂pt≠m? {][m-\-ambpw `c-W-L-S-\-bp-ambn HØp-t]m-Ip-hm≥
AXv Hmtcm-cp-Ø¿°pw Fs¥-¶nepw \¬Ip-∂pt≠m? Cu tNmZysØ
Ipdn-®mWv Cu ]pkvX-I-Øn¬ {][m-\-ambpw {]Xn-]m-Zn-°p-∂-Xv.
$ AXp-t]mse Xs∂ P\-ßf - psS {]Xo-£I - ƒ, A`n-em-jß
- ƒ F∂n-h°v
`c-W-L-S\ DNn-X-amb ÿm\w \¬Ip-∂pt≠m? P\-ß-fpsS kza-\-
m-se-bp≈ AwKo-Imcw AYhm Iqdv `c-W-L-S-\bv°v e`n-°p-∂Xv
`c-W-L-S\ \oXn-bp-‡-amtWm F∂-Xns\ B{i-bn-®mWv. C¥y≥ `c-
W-LS- \- b
- n¬ A¥¿eo-\a - m-bn-cn-°p∂ \oXn-bpsS XXz-ßƒ Fs¥-√m-
am-Wv? Cu ]pkvX-I-Øns‚ Ah-km\ A≤ymbw CXn-\p≈ DØ-cw
\¬Ipw.
C¥y≥ `cWLS\ cq]-s∏-Sp-Øn-b-sX-ßs\? (How was the
Indian Constitution made)
C¥y≥ `c-W-L-S\ Fß-s\-bmWv cq]-s∏-Sp-Øn-bXv F∂v \ap°v ]cn-tim-
[n-°mw. Ahn-`‡ C¥y-b° v p-th≠n sXc-s™-SpØ `c-WL - S- \m \n¿ΩmW
k`-bmWv (Constituent Assembly) Hu]-Nm-cn-Ia - mbn `c-WL
- S- \ cq]o-Ic
- n-®X.v
BZy ktΩ-f\w 1946 Unkw-_¿ 9˛mw XobXn \S-∂p. C¥ym hn`-P-\sØ
XpS¿∂p `c-W-L-S\m \n¿ΩmW k`-sb∂ \ne-bn¬ 1947 ˛ BKÃv 14 \v
ho≠pw ktΩ-fn-®p. 1935 ˛ se Kh¨sa‚ v Hm^v C¥ym BI‰neqsS ÿm]n-
°-s∏´ {]hniym \nba \n¿ΩmW k`-I-fnse AwK-ßƒ ]tcm£ sXc-
s™-Sp-∏n-eq-sS-bmWv `c-WL - S- \m \n¿Ωm-Wk`-bnse AwK-ßsf sXc-s™-
Sp-ØXv. Iym_n-\‰v anj≥ F∂-dn-bs - ∏´ {_nójv Iym_n-\‰v IΩn‰n \n¿t±-
in® cq]-tcJ ASn-ÿm\am°n-bmWv `c-W-L-S\m \n¿ΩmW kanXn cq]o-
I-cn-®-Xv. Cu ]≤-Xn-b-\p-k-cn®v :
$ P\-kw-Jym-\p-]m-Xn-Ia - mbn Hmtcm {]hn-iybv°pw Hmtcm \m´p-cmPy-Øn\pw
As√-¶n¬ cmPy-ßf - psS Iq´-Øn\pw ko‰p-Iƒ A\p-hZ- n-°p-Ib - p-≠m-bn.
1 : 10,00,000 F∂-Xm-bn-cp∂p GI-tZi A\p-]mXw.
$ CXns‚ ê-ambn {_nójv {]hn-iy-I-fn¬ \n∂pw ({_n´s‚ t\cn-´p≈
\nb-{¥-W-Øn-ep≠m-bn-cp∂ {]tZ-i-ßƒ) 292 AwK-ßsf sXc-s™-Sp-
t°-≠-Xp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. \m´p-cm-Py-ßƒ°v 93 ko‰p-Ifpw A\p-h-Zn-®p.
$ Hmtcm {]hn-iy-bn-sebpw ko‰p-Iƒ P\-kw-Jym\p]mX-a-\p-k-cn®v
ap…oßƒ, knJpIm¿, s]mXp-hn-`mKw (General) F∂nßs\ aq∂p apJy-
hn-`m-Kß - ƒ°n-Sb
- n¬ hoXn®p \¬In.
$ B\p-]m-XnI {]mXn-\n[y hyh-ÿ-bnse GI ssIam‰ thm´p k{º-Zm-

b-a\
- p-kc- n®v (Single Transferable Vote system) {]hniym \n¿ΩmW k`-
bnse Hmtcm kap-Zm-b-Ønepw s]´ AwK-ßƒ Ah-cpsS {]Xn-\n-[I
sXc-s™-Sp-Øp.
$ \m´p-cm-Py-ßf - n¬ \n∂p≈ {]Xn-\n-[n-Isf IqSn-bm-tem-N\- b
- n-eqsS \n›-
bn-°p-hm\pw Xocp-am-\n-®p.
\ΩpsS cmjv{Sob P\m-[n-]X - ysØ Hcp kmaqly P\m-[n-]X - y-am°n \mw amt‰-≠-
Xp-≠v. kmaqly P\m-[n-]-Xy-Øns‚ ASn-Ø-d-bn-e-√msX cmjv{Sob P\m-[n-]-Xy-
Øn\v IqSp-X¬ Imew \ne-\n¬°m≥ Ign-bn-√. kmaqly P\m-[n-]Xyw sIm≠v
A¿∞-am-°p-∂s - X-¥mWv? kzmX-{¥yw, ka-Xzw, kmtlm-Zcyw F∂o PohnX XXz-
ßsf AwKo-I-cn-°p∂ Hcp PohnX coXn-sb-∂mWv CXp-sIm-≠¿∞-am-°p-∂-Xv.
{XnXz-Ønse (trinity) hyXykvX LS-I-ß-sf∂ coXn-bn¬ kzmX-{¥yw, ka-Xzw,
kmtlm-Zcyw F∂o XXz-ßƒ IW-°m-t°-≠-Xn-√. H∂ns\ as‰m-∂n¬ \n∂pw
th¿s]-SpØm-\p≈ {iaw P\m-[n-]X - y-Øns‚ Dt±-iysØ Xs∂ ]cm-Pbs∏Sp-Øp-
∂-Xn\v Xpey-am-Ipw. kzmX-{¥ysØ ka-Xz-Øn¬ \n∂pw ka-XzsØ kzmX-{¥y-
Øn¬ \n∂pw th¿]n-cn°pI km≤y-a√ - . ka-Xz-an-√mØ kzmX{¥yw `qcn-]£ - Ø
- n-
\p-ta¬ Npcp°w Nne-cpsS ta[m-hn-Xz-Øn\v CS-bm-°pw. kzmX-{¥y-an-√mØ kaXzw
hy‡n-If - psS ap≥ssI-sø-Sp-°¬ C√m-Xm-°pw. kmtlm-Zc - y-an-√m-sX kzmX-{¥yhpw
kaXzpw kzm`m-hn-IX ssIh-cn-°n-√.
tUm. _n.B¿. At_- Z vI¿, CAD,Vol.XI,p.979,25 \hw- º ¿ 1949
kaXzw kzmX{¥yw kmtlm-Zcyw F∂o XXz-ßƒ \nß-fpsS ¢mkvap-dn-I-

fn¬ \ne-\n¬°p-∂pt≠m? Ah Fßn-s\-bmWv kl-h¿ØnXzw ]pe¿Øp-
∂Xv: N¿® sNøp-I.
Hcp `c-W-L-S-\sb Imcy-£-ahpw BZ-c-Wo-b-hp-am-°p∂ aq∂v LS-I-
ß-fmWv CXn\v ap≥]v N¿® sNbvX-Xv. C¥y≥ `c-W-L-S\ Cu ]co-£-
bn¬ F{X-tØmfw hnP-bn-°p∂p F∂v ]cn-tim-[n-°mw.
`c-W-L-S\m \n¿ΩmW k`-bpsS LS\ (Composition of the
Constituent Assembly)
1947 Pq¨ 3 se ]≤Xn ASn-ÿm-\-am°n C¥y hn`-Pn-®-Xns‚ ê-ambn
]m°n-ÿm-\n¬ \n∂pw sXc-s™-Sp-°s - ∏-´h
- ¿ `c-WL - S- \
- m-\n¿ΩmW k`-
bnse AwK-ßf - √- m-Xm-bn. CtXmsS `c-WL - S- \m \n¿ΩmW k`-bnse AwK-
kwJy 299 Bbn Ipd-™p. Ah-cn¬ 284 t]¿ 1949 \hw-_¿ 26 \v A¥n-a-
ambn `c-WL - S- \- ]m m-°n-bt- ∏mƒ H∏p-hb - v°m-\p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. D]-`q-Jfi
- -
30 Øns‚ hn`-P-\sØ XpS¿∂v sI´-gn®phn´ òI-c-amb A{I-a-ß-fpsS ]›m-
Ø-eØ - n-emWv C¥y≥ `c-WL - S- \ Xøm-dm-°n-bX- .v Xo{h-amb kΩ¿±-Øn¬
\n∂p-sIm≠pw hn`-P\ - sØ XpS¿∂p-≠mb k¶¬∏n-°m≥ Ign-bmØ Iem-
]-ß-fn¬ \n∂v icn-bmb ]mT-apƒs°m≠pw `c-W-

L-S\ Xøm-dm-°p-∂-Xn¬ Akm-am\y a\-°-cpØv 31
`c-WL - S- \m \n¿Ωm-Xm-°ƒ {]I-Sn-∏n-®p. Hcp ]pXnb
]ucXz k¶¬∏-Øn\v `c-W-L-S\ cq]w \¬In.
ChnsS \yq\-]£ hn`m-Kß - ƒ kpc-£n-Xc - m-bn-cn-°p-
sa∂pw AtX kabw aX-]-c-amb kzXzw ]ucXz
Ah-Im-iØ - n\v am\-aZfi-am-bn-cn-°n-s√∂pw hy‡-
am-°s - ∏-´p.
\ΩpsS `c-W-L-S\m \n¿ΩmWk-`-bpsS
LS-\-sb-°p-dn-®p≈ Cu hnh-cWw `c-W-L-S\
C¥y-bnse F√m P\-ßfpw Fßs\ Xøm-dm°n F∂-Xns‚ D]-cn-πh - a - mb Hcp
tN¿∂v `c-WL - S- \m \n¿Ωm-W- Nn{Xo-I-cWw am{X-amWv. km¿Δ-{XnI thm´-h-Im-
k-an-Xnsb sXc-s™-Sp-Øn-cp- isØ ASn-ÿm-\a - m-°n-b√
- `c-WL
- S- \- m- \n¿ΩmW
∂p-sh-¶n¬ F¥p kw`-hn-°p-am-
bn-cp∂p? AXv Ct∏m-g-tØ- k`- b nse AwK- ß sf sXc- s ™- S p- Ø -Xv. F∂n-cp-
Xn¬ \n∂pw XnI®pw hyXy- ∂mepw `c- W -L-S\m\n¿ΩmW k`sb {]mXn- \n[y
kvXa- m-bn-cp-°ptam? kz`m-h-ap-≈-Xm-°m≥ Kuc-h-amb {ia-ßƒ \S-∂p.
apI-fn¬ kqNn-∏n® ]≤-Xn-b\ - p-kc - n®v F√m aX-hn-`m-Kß- ƒ°pw {]mXn-\n[yw
\¬In-bn-cp-∂p. ]ń-Ih - n-`m-KØ
- n¬s∏´ 28 AwK-ßfpw CXp-Iq-SmsX k`-bn¬
D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. cmjv{So-b-]m¿ń-I-fpsS Imcy-Øn-em-sW-¶n¬ 82 % ko‰p-Iƒ
ssIh-is - ∏-Sp-Ønb tIm¨{K- n-\m-bn-cp∂p Akw-ªn-bn¬ ta[m-hn-Xzw. F√m-
hn[ A`n-{]m-bß - s- fbpw Dƒs°m-≈p∂ sshhn-≤y-ßsf AwKo-Ic - n-°p∂
]m¿ń-bm-bn-cp∂p tIm¨{K- v.
hnNn-¥\ XXzw ( The Principle of Deliberation)
{]mXn\n[y kz`m-h-Øn¬ \n∂p am{X-a√ `c-W-L-S\m \n¿ΩmW k`bpsS
B[n-Im-cn-IX - shfn-hm-Ip-∂Xv. `c-WL- S- \ Xøm-dm-°p-∂X - n\v kzoI-cn® \S-
]-Sn-{I-a-ßƒ, AwK-ßƒ, Ah-cpsS N¿®-I-fn¬ Db¿Øn-∏n-Sn® aqey-ßƒ
F∂n-hbpw B[n-Im-cn-IX \n¿Æ-bn-°p-∂Xn¬ {][m-\L - S- I
- ß- f - mWv. {]mXn-
\n[y kz`mhw Ah-Im-is - ∏-Sp∂ GXv Akw-ªn-bnepw kaq-lØ - nse hnhn[
hn`m-Kß - ƒ ]s¶-Sp-°p∂p F∂Xv A`n-ej - W
- o-ba- m-Wv. kz¥w kzXz-Øns‚
{]Xn-\n-[n-Iƒ F∂ \nebv°v am{X-a-√, cmPy-Øns‚ samØw Xm¬∏-cy-
ßƒ a\- n¬ h®p-sIm-≠mWv Hmtcm AwKhpw N¿®-I-fn¬ ]s¶-Sp-Ø-Xv
F∂Xpw Xpey-{]m-[m\yw A¿ln-°p-∂p. AwK-ßƒ°n-S-bn¬ ]e-t∏mgpw
hntbm-Pn-∏p-Iƒ D≠m-bn-cp∂p. F∂m¬ Chsbm∂pw AwK-ßf - psS kzm¿∞
Xm¬∏-cy-ßƒ kwc-£n-°p-hm≥ th≠n-bm-bn-cp-∂n-√.
ASn-ÿm\ XXz-ßf - n¬ \ymb-ambpw A`n-{]mb hyXymkw D≠m-bn-
cp-∂p. Cu A`n-{]mb hyXym-kß - ƒ {][m-\a - mbpw Xmsg-∏d - b
- p∂hbm-bn-cp-
∂p. C¥y kzoI-cn-t°-≠Xv tI{μo-IrX Kh¨sa‚mtWm hntI-{μo-IrX
Kh¨sa‚mtWm? kwÿm-\ßfpw tI{μhpw XΩn-ep≈ _‘w Fßns\-
bmbn-cn-°Ww? \oXn-\ymb hn`m-K-Øns‚ A[n-Imcw F¥m-bn-cn-°Ww?

`c-WLS\ kzØ-h-Imiw kwc-£n-tI≠-Xpt≠m? F∂nßs\ B[p-\nI
cmjv{S-Øn\v ASn-Ød- b
- n-Sp∂ an°-hm-dpw F√m hnj-bß - fpw AXoh Xm¬∏-
cy-tØmsS N¿® sNø-s∏-´p. `n∂m-`n-{]m-b-sam∂pw IqSmsX ]m m-°-s∏-´Xv
`c-W-L-S-\-bnse Htc Hcp hIp-∏m-Wv. km¿Δ-{XnI thm´-h-Im-isØ kw_-
‘n®v Bbn-cp∂p AXv. \n›n-X-{]m-b-sa-
Ønb F√m ]uc∑m¿°pw aXw, PmXn,
hnZym-`ym-kw, enwK-hy-Xym-kw, hcp-am\w
F∂o hyXym-kß - f - n-√msX thm´p sNøm-
\p≈ Ah-Im-i-sa-∂mWv AXn-\¿∞w.
B¿s°√mw thm´-hI - miw \¬IWw F∂
hnjbw N¿® sNtø-≠-Xn√ F∂v Xocp-
am-\n-®p. AtX-ka - bw as‰√m hnj-bß - fpw
Kuc-ha - mb N¿®-Iƒ°pw kwhm-Zß - ƒ°pw
hnt[-ba - m-°n. `c-WL - S- \m \n¿ΩmW k`-
- S- \m \n¿ΩmW k`-bpsS {]kn-U‚ v tUm. bpsS P\m-[n-]Xy {]Xn-_-≤X°v CXp
`c-WL
cmtP-{μ-{]-kmZpw {Um^v‰nwMv IΩn-‰n-bpsS Xs∂-bmWv G‰hpw henb km£y-]-{Xw.
sNb¿am≥ tUm. _n.B¿ Awt_-ZI
v dpw ]c-k]
v cw
A`n-hmZyw sNøp-∂p. s]mXp-bp‡n (Public Reason) ASn-
.................. {Um^v‰nMv IΩn‰n AwK-ßƒ {]tXy-
ÿm- \a
- m-°n-bmWv AwK-ßƒ `c-WL - S- \m
In®pw AXns‚ sNb¿am- \ mb tUm._n.B¿. \n¿ΩmW k`-bpsS {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬
Awt_-ZvI¿ kz¥w A\m-tcmKyw t]mepw hI-h- G¿s∏-´Xv F∂-Xn¬ \n∂pw `c-W-L-S\
bv°msX AXyp¬km-l-tØmSpw A¿∏-W-a-t\m-`m- AXns‚ B[n-Im-cn-IX t\Sp-∂p. N¿®-
h- t ØmsSbpw {]h¿Øn®p F∂v a‰m- t c- ° mfpw
\∂mbn Rm≥ a\- n-em-°n. {Um^v‰nMv IΩn-‰n- Iƒ°pw bp‡n-k-l-amb hmZ-ßƒ°p-
bn¬ AwK-ambpw ]n∂oSv AXns‚ sNb¿am-\mbpw amWv `c-W-L-S\m \n¿ΩmW k`-bnse
\nb-an-°m≥ \msa-SpØ Xocp-am-\-Øn-s‚-b-{Xbpw AwK-ßƒ Du∂¬ \¬In-bX - v. Xß-fpsS
icn-bmb as‰mcp Xocp-am-\hpw \ap°v FSp-°p-hm≥
Ign- b p- a m- b n- c p- ∂ n- √ . Xs‚ sXc- s ™- S p- ° - e ns\
kz¥w Xm¬∏- cy-
ß ƒ apt∂m´p hbv°p-I-
At±lw A\z¿∞am°nsb∂p am{X-a√ G¬∏n® b√ Ah¿ sNbv X X
- .
v t\scadn®v Xß- fpsS
tPmen Zo]vX-am-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. CXp-ambn _‘- \ne-]m-Sp-Iƒ°p≈ XXzm-[n-jT v nX Imc-W-
s∏´v IΩn-‰n-bnse AwK-ßƒ°n-S-bn¬ Ah-cpsS ßƒ a‰v AwK-ßsf t_m≤y-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-
{]h¿Ø-\-ßsf th¿Xn-cn®p ImWpI A\-h-k-c-
Øn-ep-≈-Xm-bn-cn-°pw. sNb¿am-s\-t∏mse Xs∂ Xn\v Du∂¬ \¬In. k¶p-NnX Xm¬∏-
Ah-sc-√m-hcpw AXyp¬km-l-tØmSpw A¿∏-W-a- cy- ß - f n¬ \n∂v AI∂p \n¬°m≥
t\m-`m-h-tØmSpw {]h¿Øn®p F∂v F\n-°-dn-bmw. CXneqsS Ah¿°v Ign-™p. F¥p-sIm-
Ah¿ cmPy-Øns‚ BZ-chpw \μnbpw A¿ln-°p-
∂p. ”
s≠-∂m¬ \nß-fpsS hmZ-KX - n-bp-ambn HØp-
tUm. cmtP- { μ- { ]- k mZv CAD, Vol. XI, t]m-Im-\p≈ Imc-W-ßƒ a‰p-≈-h¿°v
p.994, 26 \hw- º ¿ 1949
32 \nßƒ \¬tI-≠X - m-bn-´p-≠.v `c-WL - S- \m
\n¿ΩmW k`-bnse Zo¿L-amb kwhm-Z-
ßƒ hgn `c-W-L-S-\-bnse Hmtcm hIp∏pw kq£va-amb ]cn-tim-[-\bv°v
hnt[-b-am-°n. CXv s]mXp-bp-‡n-bv°p≈ G‰hpw henb AwKo-Im-c-am-Wv.
`c-W-L-S\m \n¿ΩmW Ncn-{X-Ønse {][m\ \mgn-°-√p-I-

fmb Ata-cn-°≥ {^©v hn]vf-h-ßfpw Xpey-{]m-[m-\y-tØmsS 33
Cu kwhm-Zß- fn¬ Hm¿Ωn-°s- ∏-Sp∂p.
\S-]-Sn-{I-a-ßƒ (Procedures)
`c-WL - S- \m \n¿ΩmW k`-bpsS km[m-cW \S-]S- n-{I-aß - f - nepw
s]mXp-bp-‡n°v Du∂¬ \¬In-bn-´p-≠.v hnhn[ hnj-bß - ƒ°mbn
`c-WL - S- \m \n¿ΩmW k`-bn¬ 8 {][m\ IΩn-‰n-Iƒ D≠m-bn-cp-
∂p. Cu IΩn-‰n-If - psS A≤y£ ÿm\w hln-®Xv Ph-l¿em¬
s\lvd- p, cmtP-{μ-{]-km-Z,v k¿Zm¿ h√`mbv ]t´¬, auem\m Bkm-
Zv, tUm._n.-B¿ Awt_-ZI v ¿ XpS-ßn-bh - c
- m-bn-cp-∂p. ]e Imcy-ß-
fnepw Ch¿ XΩn¬ tbmPn-∏n√m-bn-cp∂p. tIm¨{K- n-s‚bpw
Km‘n-Pn-bp-sSbpw ISpØ hna¿i-I\ - m-bn-cp∂p Awt_-ZI v ¿. ]ń-
I-Pm-Xn-°m-cpsS D∂-a\ - Ø - n\v Bh-iy-am-bs - Xms° sNøm-Xn-cp-
∂-Xn\v Ahsc At±lw Ip‰-s∏-Sp-Øn. ]tépw s\lvdp-hp-am-
Is´ \nc-h[n hnj-bß - f - n¬ hntbm-Pn-∏p-≈h - c - m-bn-cp-∂p. F∂n-cp-
∂mepw Ah¿ F√m-hcpw HsØm-cp-at- bmsS {]h¿Øn-®p. Hmtcm
IΩn-‰nbpw `c-WL - S- \
- b - psS {]tXyI hyh-ÿI - fpsS IcSv Xøm-
dm-°p-Ibpw `c-WL - S- \m \n¿ΩmW k`-bn¬ N¿®-Iƒ°v hnt[-
b-am-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. ]e-t∏mgpw A`n-{]mb ka\zbw sIm≠p-
h-cm≥ {ian-®n-cp-∂p. F∂m¬ Nne hyhÿ-Iƒ thms´-Sp-∏n\v
hnt[-ba - mbmWv AwKo-Ic - n-®X
- v. Hmtcm Xh-Wbpw Hcp sNdnb
hmZ-KX - n-tbm, XS- h - m-Ztam, A`n-{]-bmtam Db¿∂p-hc - p-tºmƒ
hfsc A[nIw kq£-aX - t- bm-sS-bmWv Ah ssIImcyw sNbvXncp-
∂-Xv. XS- h -- m-Z-ßƒ Fgp-Xn-sb-Sp-ØmWv ]cn-K-Wn-®n-cp-∂-Xv.
Akwªn 2 h¿j-Øn\pw 11 amk-Øn-\p-an-Sb - n¬ 166 Znh-kß - ƒ
tbmKw sN¿∂p. Cu tbmK-ßf - n¬ ]{X-{]-h¿Ø-I¿°pw, s]mXp-
P-\ß - ƒ°pw {]th-i\ - m-\p-aXn e`n-®n-cp-∂p.
tZiob {]ÿm-\-Øns‚ ss]XrIw (Inheritance
of the Nationalist Movement)
F∂m¬ Hcp `c-W-L-S-\bpw AXv \n¿Ωn® `c-W-L-S\m 1937 ˛ ¬ \ap°v
kzmX{¥yw e`n-®n-cp∂p
\n¿ΩmW k`-IfpsS am{Xw D¬∏-∂a - √- . `c-WL - S- \
- - {i≤m- F¶n¬ F¥v kw`-hn-°p-
]q¿Δw kwc-£n-t°≠ {][m\ XXz-ßs - f-°p-dn®v A`n-{]mb ka- am- b n- c p∂p? As√- ¶ n¬
\z-bØ
- ns‚ ]›m-Øew D≠m-bn-cp-∂n-s√-¶n¬ C¥y≥ `c-W- 1957 hsc ImØn-cn-t°≠n
h∂n- c p∂p F¶ntem ?
L-S\m \n¿ΩmW k`sb-t∏mse sshhn-≤y-ap≈ Hcp kan-Xn°v \ΩpsS `c- W - L - S \
{]h¿Øn-°m≥ Ign-bp-am-bn-cp-∂n-√. Cu XXz-ßƒ kzmX{¥y C∂p-≈-Xn¬ \n∂pw hf-
ka-cI- m-eØ
- mWv cq]-s∏-´X
- v. tZiob {]ÿm-\Ø - n¬ \n∂pw sc-b-[nIw hyXym-k-ap-≈-
ss]Xr-Ia- mbn e`n® XXz-ßƒ°v (Bi-bß - ƒ°v) aq¿Ø cq]hpw Xm-Ip-am-bn-cpt∂m?
BIr-Xnbpw \¬Ip-I-bmWv Hcp coXn-bn¬ `c-W-L-S\m \n¿ΩmW k`

sNbvX-Xv. `c-WL - S- \m \n¿Ωm-WØ - n\v ap≥]p≈ Zim-_vZß - f - n¬ `c-WL - -
S\m \n¿Ωm-Wh - p-ambn _‘-s∏´v {]k-‡a - mb At\Iw tNmZy-ßƒ tZiob
{]ÿm\w N¿® sNøp-Ib - p-≠m-bn ˛ C¥y-b° v p-≠m-bn-cn-t°≠ Kh¨sa‚ns‚
cq]w, AXv Db¿Øn-∏n-Sn-t°≠ aqey-ßƒ, AXv adn IS-t°≠ Ak-aX - z-ßƒ
XpSßn Cu kwhm-Zß - f - n¬ Dcp-Øn-cn™ DØ-cß - ƒ°v `c-WL - S- \
- b- n¬ A¥na
cq]w \¬In.
Hcp ]t£, tZio-b{- ]-ÿm\w `c-WL - S- \m \n¿ΩmW k`-bn¬ sIm≠p h∂
XXz-ß-fpsS G‰hpw \√ Npcp-s°-gp-Øm-Wv. 1946 ¬ s\lvdp Ah-X-cn-∏n®
e£y-{]-ta-bw, (Akw-ªn-bpsS e£yßƒ \n¿Δ-Nn® {]ta-bw) Cu A`n-em-
j-ß-fp-sSbpw aqey-ß-fp-sSbpw cXv\-®p-cp-°-am-Wv. `c-W-L-S-\-bnse apJy-
hy-h-ÿ-Iƒ F∂ `mKØv ap≥]v ]cm-a¿in-°-s∏´ aqey-ßƒ Cu e£y-{]-
ta-bØ- n-epƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cp∂p. Cu {]ta-bØ - ns‚ ASn-ÿm-\Ø - n¬ kaXzw,
kzmX-{¥yw, P\m-[n-]-Xyw, ]c-am-[n-Im-cw, km¿h euIn-I kzXzw XpS-ßnb
ASn-ÿm\ XXz-ßƒ°v \ΩpsS `c-WL - S- \ ÿm]-\] - c
- a
- mb cq]w \¬In.
CØ-cØ - n¬ \nb-aß - fpw \S-]S- n-{I-aß - fpw Cg-]n-cn™ tIh-ea - mb H∂√
C¥y≥ `c-WL - S- \, adn®v P\-ßf - psS apºmsI tZio-b{- ]-ÿm\w Db¿Øn-
∏n-Sn® hnhn[ hmKvZm-\ß - ƒ km£m-X° v c - n-°m≥ Ign-bp∂ Hcp Kh¨sa‚n\v
cq]w \¬Im≥ AXn\v [m¿ΩnI DØ-c-hm-Zn-Xz-ap≠v.
e£y-{]-ta-b-Ønse {][m\ Bi-b-ßƒ
* C¥y Hcp kzX-{¥, ]c-am-[n-Imc, dn∏-ªn-°m-Wv.
* C¥y {_nójv C¥y≥ `q{]-tZ-i-ß-fp-sSbpw, C¥y≥ kwÿm-\-ß-fp-
sSbpw (\m´p-cm-Py-ßf - p-sS-bpw) {_nó-jn-¥ybv°v ]pd-Øp-≠m-bn-cp∂ a‰v
`mK-ß-fp-sSbpw, bqWn-bs‚ `mK-am-Im-\m-{K-ln-°p∂ kwÿm-\-ß-fp-
sSbpw Hcp bqWn-b\ - m-bn-cn-°pw.
* kzX{¥ ]c-am-[n-Imc C¥y-bp-sSbpw, `c-W-L-S-\-bp-sSbpw F√m A[n-
Imchpw P\-ßf - n¬ \n∂pw D¤-hn-°p-∂X - m-Wv.
* kmaq-lnI kmº-ØnI cmjv{Sob \oXn; ]Z-hn-bnepw Ah-k-c-Øn-ep-
ap≈ kaXzw, \nb-a-Øn\p ap∂nse kaXzw, auenI kzmX-{¥y-ßƒ,
kwkmcw, Bi-b{- ]-IS- \w, aX hnizm-kw Bcm-[\ - , sXmgn¬ kwL-S\ - ,
{]hrØn kwLw tN¿∂p {]h¿Øn-°pI. F∂nh \nb-ah - y-hÿ - bv°pw
s]mXp-[m¿Ωn-IX - bv°pw hnt[-ba - mbn Dd∏p \¬Ip-Ibpw kwc-£n-°p-
Ibpw sNø-Ww.
* \yq\-]£ - ß - ƒ, ]nt∂m° tKm{X-h¿§-ta-Je - I- ƒ, ASn-®a- ¿Ø-s∏-´h - ¿, a‰v
]nt∂m° hn`m-Kß - ƒ XpS-ßn-b¿ - °v aXn-bmb kwc-£W - w \¬I-Ww.
* C¥y≥ dn∏-ªn-°ns‚ `q{]-tZ-i-]-c-amb AJ-fi-Xbpw Ic, IS¬,
34 BImiw F∂n-h-bpsS ta¬ AXn-\p≈ ]c-am-[n-Imc Ah-Im-i-ßƒ
F∂nh \oXn°pw \nb-aØ - n\pw A\p-kr-Xa - mbn \ne-\n¿Ø-Ww. etemI-
k-am-[\Øn\pw am\-hc - m-in-bpsS t£a-Øn\pw th≠n kzt{]-cW - b - m¬
Cu cmPyw kw`m-h\ sNøpw.
ÿm]-\-]-c-amb cq]-tcJ (Institutional arrangements)

Kh¨sa‚ v ÿm]-\-ß-fpsS k¥p-en-X-amb kwhn-[m-\-amWv `c-W- 35
L-S\- b- psS Imcy-£a - X Dd-∏m-°p∂ aq∂m-asØ LS-Iw. Kh¨sa‚ v
P\m-[n-]Xy]chpw P\-ß-fpsS t£a-tØmSv {]Xn-_-≤X ]pe¿Øp-
∂-Xp-am-bn-cn-°W
- w F∂-XmWv ASn-ÿm\ XXzw. \nb-a\ - n¿ΩmW hn`m-Kw.
Imcy-\n¿Δ-lW hn`m-Kw, \oXn-\ymb hn`mKw F∂nh ÿm]-\ß - ƒ°n-
S-bn¬ icn-bmb k¥p-e\w cq]-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn\v `c-W-L-S\m
\n¿ΩmWk` [mcmfw kabw sNe-h-gn-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn. CXv \nb-a-
\n¿ΩmW hn`m-K-Øn-\pw Imcy-\n¿Δ-l-W- hn`m-K-Øn\pw A[n-Imcw
hn`-Pn®p \¬Ip∂ ]m¿esa‚dn hyh-ÿbpw tI{μ ˛ kwÿm\
Kh¨sa‚p-Iƒ A[n-Imcw ]¶n-Sp∂ sÛ-d¬ k{º-Zm-b-hpw kzoI-
cn-°p-∂X - n\v CS-bm-°n.
G‰hpw k¥p-en-X-amb Kh¨sa‚ v kwhn-[m-\-ßƒ°v cq]w
\¬Ip-tºmƒ a‰p≈ cmPy-ßf - nse ]co-£W - ß- fn¬ \n∂pw A\p-`h - - At∏mƒ CsXmcp IS-
ß-fn¬ \n∂pw ]mT-ßƒ Dƒs°m-f-fp-hm≥ `c-W-L-S\m \n¿Ωm- sa-Sp-°s
- ∏´ `c-WL- S- \
- -
Xm°ƒ bmsXmcp aSnbpw Imń-bn-√. `c-W-L-S\m ]mc-º-cy-ß-fn¬ bm-bn-cpt∂m ? Hcn-SØp
\n∂pw H∂pw IS-sa-Sp-
\n∂pw ISw-sIm-≈p-∂-Xn\v AXp-sIm≠v Xs∂ `c-W-L-S\m \n¿Ωm- °mØ Hcp `c-WL - S- \
Xm-°ƒ FXn-cm-bn-cp-∂pan√. Ah-cpsS hnim-ea - mb Adn-hp-If - psS Hcp \ap-s°-¥p-sIm≠v
km£y-]{Xw F∂ \ne-bn¬ Xo¿®-bmbpw _p≤n-]q¿Δ-amb GXv hmZ- D≠m-bn-√?
K-Xn-°p-taepw, Ncn-{X-]-c-amb GXv DZm-l-c-W-Ønepw ssIh-bv°p-I-
sb-∂Xv bYm-ka - bw `c-WL - S- \ ]q¿Øn-bm-°p-∂X - n-\m-hi- y-am-bn-cp-∂p.
AXp-sIm≠pXs∂ hnhn[ cmPy-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw Ht´sd hyh-ÿ-Iƒ
Ah¿ IS-sa-Sp-Øp.
F∂m¬ Cu Bi-b-ß-fpsS IS-sa-Sp-°¬ shdpw A\p-I-c-W-am-bn-cp-
∂n-√. C¥y-bpsS {]iv\-ßƒ°pw A`n-em-j-ßƒ°pw IS-sa-SpØ
Hmtcm hyh-ÿbpw A\p-tbm-Py-amWv F∂v km[q-I-cn-t°-≠-Xp-≠m-
bn-cp-∂p. k¶p-NnX ImgvN∏ - m-Sp-If
- n¬ \n∂pw hyXy-kvXa - mbn temIØv
temI-Nc - n-{X-Øn¬ Cu ImeØv

Xøm-dm-°-s∏´ Hcp `c-W-L-S-\-
bn¬ Fs¥-¶nepw ]pXn-b-Xbn
D≠m-Iptam F∂v tNmZn-°m≥
Rm≥ B{K-ln-°p-∂p. ]pXn-b-
Xmbn Fs¥-¶n-ep-sam∂v D≠m-
Canadian hp-sa-¶n¬ AXv ]cm-P-b-ßsf
Constitution
C√m-Xm-°n cmPy-Øns‚ Bh-
iy-ßƒ°v A\p-cq-]a - m-°p-Is
- b-
∂Xv am{X-
A quasi-federal form am-
W v
.
of government (a
tUm. _n.B¿. At_-ZvI¿
federal system with a
AD.Vol.VV,P.37,A \hw-º¿ 1948
strong central
government)
The idea of Residual

Powers
hnhn[ cmPy-ß-fpsS `c-W-L-S-\-bn¬ \n∂pw IS-sa-SpØ hyh-ÿ-Iƒ

(Provisions adopted from constitutions of different countries)
sFdnjv `c-W-L-S\
{_nójv `c-W-L-S\
* cmjv{S-\-b-hp-ambn
* tIhe `qcn- ] £ hyhÿ _‘-s∏´ \n¿t±-
(FPTP) i-X-Xz-ßƒ
* ]m¿e- s a‚dn `c- W - k - { º-
Zmbw
* \nb-a-hm-gvN-sb∂ Bibw
* kv ] o°- d psS ÿm]- \ hpw
At±- l - Ø ns‚ / Ah- c psS {^m≥kns‚ `c-W-LS\
Npa-X-e-Ifpw * kzmX{¥yw ka- X zw,
* \nb-a-\n¿ΩmW \S-]Sn{Iaw. kmtlm-Zcyw F∂o XXz-
ßƒ.
Ata-cn-°≥ sFIy-\m-Sp-
I-fpsS `c-W-L-S\ It\Unb≥ `c-W-L-S\
* auen- I m- h - I m- i - s Ø- * A¿≤ sÛ-d¬ Kh¨-
°p-dn-®p≈ A≤ymbw sa‚ v (i‡-amb tI{μ-
K- h ¨sa- t ‚mSp IqSnb
* \oXn-\ymb ]p\x ]cn- sÛ-d¬ k{º-Zm-bw)
tim-[-\m-[n-Imcw
* Ah-in-jvSm-[n-Im-c-sa∂
* \oXn- \ ymb hn`m- K - Bi-bw.
Øns‚ kzX-{¥-X.
36
e`y-am-bX
- n¬ G‰hpw anI-®X
- ns\ kz¥-am-°m≥ sI¬∏p-≈X
- p-amb Hcp `cW- 37
L-S\m \n¿ΩmW k` e`n-®-Xn¬ C¥y `mKyw sNbvXp.
kw{Klw (Conclusion)
P\-ßƒ ]¶p-h® ASn-ÿm\ aqey-ßfpw D∂-X-amb A`n-em-
j-ßfpw Dƒs°m≈p∂ Hcp {]amWw cmPy-Øn\v ka¿∏n-°-
s∏-´Xv `c-W-L-S\m \n¿Ωm-Xm-°-fpsS Zo¿L Z¿in-Xz-Øn\pw
[nj-Wbv°pw D≈ D]-lm-ca - mbm-Wv. a‰-t\Iw `c-WL - S- \- I
- ƒ
Ah BZyw Fgp-Xs - ∏´ IS-em- p-If
- psS H∏w \in-®p-t]m-bt- ∏mƒ
k¶o¿Æ-ambn cq]-I¬∏\ sNbvX {]amWambn´p IqSn C¥y≥
`c-W-L-S\ AXn-Po-hn-°p-Ibpw Hcp Pohn-°p∂ {]am-W-ambn
\ne-sIm-≈p-Ibpw sNbvXXv C°m-cW - Ø
- m-em-Wv.
Hcp AXp-ey-amb {]am-W-sa∂ \ne-bn¬ C¥y≥ `c-W-L-S\
a‰-t\Iw `c-W-L-S-\-Iƒ°v amXr-I-bm-Wv, {]tXy-In-®pw Z£n-
Wm-{^n-°≥ `c-W-L-S-\°v. icn-bmb Hcp k¥p-en-Xm-hÿ
Is≠-Øp-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p GI-tZiw aq∂p h¿j-tØmfw \o≠p
\n∂ `c-WL - S- \
- b
- v°p-th-≠n-bp≈ kpZo¿L-amb At\z-jW- -
Øns‚ {][m\ e£yw. AXpsIm≠v Xs∂ `c-W-L-S\ cq]w
\¬Inb ÿm]-\-ßƒ bmZr-›n-Itam Xm¬°m-enI kwhn-[m-
\tam Bbn-cp-∂n-√. t\sc adn®v hcpw Ime-ßf - n¬ C¥y-bnse
P\-ß-fpsS A`n-em-j-ßsf Dƒs°m-≈p-hm≥ Ign-hp-≈-h-bm-
bn-cp-∂p. Cu ]pkvX-I-Ønse _m°n A≤ym-b-ßƒ ]Tn-°p-
tºmƒ CtX-°p-dn®v \nßƒ IqSp-X¬ a\- n-em-°pw.
A`ymkw
1) Xmsg tN¿Ø-h-bn¬ GXmWv `c-W-L-S-\-bpsS Npa-Xe A√m-ØXv?
a. ]ucs‚ Ah-Im-i-ßƒ AXv Dd∏p \¬Ip-∂p.
b. Kh¨sa‚ns‚ hnhn[ LS-I-ß-fpsS A[n-Im-c-ta-Je AXv tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-
∂p.
c. \√ P\-ßƒ A[n-Im-c-Øn¬ hcp∂p F∂v AXv Dd-∏m-°p-∂p.

d. s]mXp-hmbn ]¶p-h-bv°-s∏-Sp∂ aqey-ßsf AXv {]Im-in-∏n-°p-∂p.
2) ]m¿e-sa‚nt‚Xn-t\-°mƒ D∂XamWv `c-W-L-S-\-bpsS B[n-Im-cn-IX F∂
\nK-a-\-Øn¬ FØn-t®-cm-\p≈ {][m\ ImcWw Xmsg ]d-bp-∂-h-bn¬ GXm-
Wv.
a. ]m¿e-sa‚ v \ne-hn¬ hcp-∂-Xn\v ap≥t] `c-W-L-S\ Xøm-dm-°-s∏-´p.
b. ]m¿e-sa‚w-K-ß-tf-°mƒ {]K¬`-cmb t\Xm-°-∑m-cmWv `c-W-L-S\m \n¿Ωm-
Xm-°ƒ.
c. ]m¿e-sa‚ v Fßs\ cq]o-I-cn-°-Ww, AXns‚ A[n-Im-c-ßƒ Fs¥-√m-amWv
F∂v hy‡am-°p-∂Xv `c-W-L-S-\-bm-Wv.
d. ]m¿e-sa‚n\v `c-W-L-S\ t`ZKXn sNøm≥ Ign-bn-√.
3) `c-W-L-S-\-sb-°p-dn®v Xmsg \¬In-bn-cn-°p∂ {]kvXm-h-\-Iƒ icntbm sXt‰m
F∂v {]kvXm-hn-°p-I.
a. Kh¨sa‚ns‚ cq]o-I-cWw A[n-Im-c-ßƒ F∂n-h-sb-°p-dn-®p≈ enJnX
{]am-W-amWv `c-W-L-S-\.
b. P\m-[n-]Xy cmPy-ß-fn¬ am{Xw Bh-iy-ap-≈Xpw \ne-\n¬°p-∂Xpamb
H∂mWv `c-W-L-S-\.
c. Bi-b-ßƒ, aqey-ßƒ F∂nh IW-°n-se-Sp-°mØ \nb-a-kw-ln-X-bmWv
`c-W-L-S-\.
d. `c-W-L-S\ ]uc\v Hcp ]pXnb kzXzw {]Zm\w sNøp-∂p.
4) C¥y≥ `c-W-L-S-\-bpsS cq]o-I-c-WsØ°pdn®v \¬In-bn-cn-°p∂ A\p-am-\-
ßƒ icntbm sXt‰m F∂v {]kvXm-hn-°p-I. \nß-fpsS DØ-csØ km[q-I-
cn-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ hmZ-K-Xn-Iƒ Fgp-Xp-I.
a. F√m P\-ßfpw tN¿∂v sXc-s™-Sp-Ø-X√ F∂-Xn-\m¬ `c-W-L-S\m
\n¿ΩmW k` C¥y≥ P\-Xsb {]Xn-\n-[m\w sNøp-∂n-√.
38
b. t\Xm-°ƒ°n-S-bn¬ `c-W-L-S-\-bpsS ASn-ÿm\ N´-°qSv (Basic Frame

Work) kw_-‘n®v s]mXp-[m-cW D≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xn-\m¬ CXns‚ cq]o-I-c-W- 39
Øn¬ {][m\ Xocp-am-\-ß-sfm∂pw FSp-°m-\p-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√.
c. a‰v cmPy-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw ISw sIm≠-Xm-b-Xn-\m¬ `c-W-L-S-\-bn¬ H´pw
auen-IX - p≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√. (originality)
- b
5) C¥y≥ `c-W-L-S-\-sb-°p-dn®v \¬In-bn-cn-°p∂ \nK-a-\-ßsf A\p-Iq-en-
°p∂ c≠v DZm-l-c-W-ßƒ Fgp-Xp-I.
a. P\-ß-fpsS AwKo-Imcw t\Sm≥Ign™ hnizm-ky-X-bp≈ t\Xm-°-∑m-
cmWv `c-W-L-S\ Xøm-dm-°n-b-Xv.
b. `c-W-L-S-\sb Ań-a-dn-°m≥ Ign-bmØ Xc-Øn¬ AXv A[n-Imcw hnX-
cWw sNøp∂p.
c. P\-ß-fpsS {]Xo-£-I-fp-sSbpw A`n-em-j-ß-fp-sSbpw BsI-Øp-I-bmWv
`c-W-L-S-\.
6) Hcp cmPysØ A[n-Im-c-ßfpw DØ-c-hm-Zn-Xz-ßfpw `c-W-L-S-\-bn¬Øs∂
IrXy-ambn \n¿Æ-bn-®n-cn-°p-∂sX¥p-sIm-≠mWv? AØcw \n¿Æ-b-Øns‚
A`m-h-Øn¬ F¥v kw`-hn°pw?
7) `c-Wm[nImcn-I-fpsS ta¬ `c-W-L-S\ \nb-{¥Ww sIm≠p-h-tc-≠-Xm-h-iy-
am-b-sX-¥p-sIm≠v? P\-ßƒ°v bmsXmcp A[n-Im-chpw \¬ImØ Hcp `cW-
L-S-\-bp-≠m-Iptam ?
8) c≠mw temI-a-lm-bp≤Ønse ]cm-P-b-Øn-\p-tijw P∏m≥ Ata-cn-°≥ ]´m-
f-Øns‚ \nb-{¥-W-Øn-em-bn-cn-°p-tºm-gmWv P∏m≥`c-W-L-S\ cq]o-I-cn-°-
s∏-´-Xv. Ata-cn-°-bnse Kh¨sa‚n-\n-jvS-s∏-SmØ Hcp hyh-ÿbpw P∏m≥
`c-W-L-S-\-bn-ep-≠m-hp-I-bn-√. CØ-c-Øn-ep≈ `c-W-L-S\m cq]o-I-c-W-Øn¬
\nßƒ Fs¥-¶nepw {]iv\-ßƒ ImWp-∂pt≠m? CXn¬ \n∂pw C¥y-
bpsS A\p-`-hw GXp XcØn-emWv hyXy-kvX-am-hp-∂-Xv.
9) cPXv Ahs‚ So®-tdmSv Cu tNmZyw tNmZn-®p. `cWLS-\bv°v Adp-]-sØ´p

h¿jw ]g-°-ap-≠v. AXv Hcp Ime-l-c-W-s∏´ ]pkvX-I-am-Wv. AXv \S-∏m-°p-∂-
Xn\v Bcpw Fs‚ A\p-hmZw tNmZn-®n-√. hfsc ISp-∏-ap≈ `mj-bn¬ Fgp-Xn-bn-
cn-°p-∂-Xn-\m¬ F\n°Xv a\- n-em-°m\pw Ign-bn-√. Cu {]amWw Rms\-
¥n\v A\p-k-cn-°-Ww? \nß-fm-bn-cp∂p cP-Xns‚ A≤ym-]-I-s\-¶n¬ Cu
tNmZy-Øn\v Fßs\ DØcw \¬Ipw
10) \ΩpsS `c-W-L-S\bpsS {]h¿Ø-\-Ønse A\p-`-h-ßƒ F∂ N¿®-bn¬
]s¶-SpØ aq∂v {]mkw-KI¿ aq∂v hyXykvX \ne-]m-Sp-I-sf-Sp-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn.
l¿_m≥ : P\m-[n-]Xy Kh¨sa‚ns‚ N´-°qSv \¬Ip-∂-Xn¬ C¥y≥ `c-W-
L-S\ hnP-bn-®p.
t\l : kzmX-{¥yw, kaXzw, kmtlm-Zcyw F∂nh Dd-∏m-°p-∂-Xn\v \√
hmKvZm-\-ßƒ `c-W-L-S\ \¬In. F∂m¬ CXp-hsc AXv \S-∏m-
bn-√. AXn-\m¬ `c-W-L-S\ ]cm-P-b-s∏-´p.
\koa : `c-WL- S- \ \sΩ ]cm-Pb - s
- ∏-Sp-Øn-bn-√. \Ωƒ `c-WL
- S- \
- sb BWv
]cm-P-b-s∏-Sp-Øn-b-Xv.
CXn¬ GsX-¶n-epw \ne-]m-Sp-I-tfmSv \nßƒ tbmPn-°p-∂pt≠m? Ds≠-¶n¬ F¥p-
sIm≠v? tbmPn-°p-∂n-s√-¶n¬ F¥mWv \nß-fpsS \ne-]mSv ?
40
A[ymbw 2 C¥-y≥ `c-W-L-S-\-bnse Ah-Im-i-ßƒ
41
A[-ymbw ˛ 2
C¥-y≥ `c-W-L-S-\-bnse
Ah-Im-i-ßƒ
(RIGHTS IN THE INDIAN CONSTITUTION)
BapJw (Introduction)
Hcp `c-WL - S- \
- - Kh¨sa‚ns‚ hnhn[ hn`m-Kß - f - psS LS-\s - b-°p-dn®v am{X-
a√, Ah XΩn-ep≈ _‘-sØ-°p-dn®pw {]Xn-]m-Zn-°p-∂p. Ign™ A≤-ym-
b-Øn¬ ]Tn®Xv t]mse `c-W-L-S-\-sb∂p-≈Xv Kh¨sa‚ns‚ A[n-Im-c-
ßƒ°pta-¬ \n-b{- ¥-Wß - ƒ sIm≠p-hc - nIbpw F√m hy-‡n-Iƒ°pw A\p-
`-hn-°m≥ Ign-bp∂ Nne Ah-Im--iß - t- fm-Sp-Iq-Snb Hcp P\m-[n-]X - y hy-hÿ
Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øp-Ibpw sNøp∂ Hcp {]am-W-amWv. Cu A[-ym-b-Øn¬ C¥y≥
`c-WL - S- \
- b- n¬ Dƒs°m-≈n-®n-´p-≈- auen-Im-hI - m-iß- s- f-°p-dn®v \Ωƒ ]Tn-
°pw. C¥-y≥ `c-WL - S- \ - psS III ˛mw `mKw auen-Im-hI
- b - m-iß - ƒ ]ń-Is-- ∏-Sp-
Øp-∂t- Xm-sSm∏w Cu Ah-Im-iß - ƒ°v taep≈ ]cn-an-Xn-Is - f-°p-dn®pw kqNn-
∏n-°p∂p. Ign™ Adp-]Øn Ggv h¿j-Øn-\p-≈n¬ Cu Ah-Im-i-ß-fpsS
hym]vXn amdp-Itbm hn]p-ea - m-Ip-Itbm sNbvXn-´p-≠v. Cu A≤-ymbw ]Tn-°p-
∂-Xn-eqsS Xmsg ]d-bp∂ Imc-y-ß-sf-°p-dn®v \nß-ƒ-°-dn-bm≥ Ign-bpw.
1. C¥-y≥ `c-WL
- S- \
- b
- n¬ Dƒs∏-ń-´p≈ hy-Xy- kvX auen-Im-hI
- m-iß
- ƒ
GsX-√m-amWv?
2. Cu Ah-Im-iß
- ƒ kwc-£n-°s
- ∏-Sp-∂s
- X-ßs\?
3. Cu Ah-Im-i-ßƒ kwc-£n-°p-∂-Xn\pw hymJym-\n-°p-∂-Xn\pw
\oXn\ymb hn`m-KØ
- n-\p≈ ]s¶¥v?
4. auen-Im-hI
- m-iß
- fpw cmjv{S-\b
- Ø
- ns‚ \n¿tZ-iI
- X
- X-zß
- fpw XΩn-ep≈
hy-Xy- mksa¥v?
Ah-Im-i-ß-fpsS {]m[m-\yw (The Importance of Rights)

1982 ˛ ¬ Gj-y≥ sKbnw-kns‚ \n¿amW {]h¿Ø\ßƒ Kh¨sa‚ v GXm\pw
Ipd®v tIm¨{Sm-IvS¿amsc Gev]n-®p. ta¬∏m-XI - fpw (Flyovers) tÃUnbßfpw
\n¿an-°p-∂-Xn\v Cu Icm-dp-Im¿ cmP-y-Øns‚ hnhn[ `mK-ß-fn¬ \n∂p≈ Zcn-{Z-
cmb \n¿amWsØmgn-em-fn-Is- f-bmWv D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp-∂X - .v tami-amb PohnX kmlN-
cy-Øn-emWv Ahsc ]m¿∏n-®X - .v an\naw Iqen-t]mepw \¬Ip-hm≥ Ah¿ Xbm-dm-bn-
cp-∂n√.
Ah-cpsS Zb-\o-ba - mb kml-Nc - y- s
- Ø-°p-dn®v ]T\w \S-Ønb kmaq-
ly imkv{X-⁄-cpsS Hcp kwLw kp{]owtImS-Xn-bn¬ CXns\ kw_-
‘n®v ]cm-Xn-s∏´p. k¿°m¿ \n¿tZ-in-®n´p≈ Ipd™ Iqen \¬ImsX
tPmen sNøn∏n°p-∂Xv ASn-a∏ - W- nt°m (beger) As√-¶n¬ \n¿_-‘nX
tPment°m (Forced labor) XpeyamsW∂pw AXv auen-Im-hI - m-iß
- f
- psS
ewL-\-am-sW∂pw hmZn-®p. Cu hmZw tImSXn kzo-I-cn-°p-Ibpw Bbn-c-
°-W-°n\p hcp∂ Cu sXmgn-em-fn-Iƒ°v k¿°m¿ \n¿-tZin® an\naw
Iqen e`-ya- m-Ip-∂Xv Dd∏v hcp-ØW - s- a∂v k¿°m-dn-t\mSv \n¿tZin-°p-Ibpw
sNbvXp.
a°¬ emew-ßns\ 23 hb- p-≈t-- ∏mƒ {Inan-\¬ Ip‰-Øn\v AdÃp
sNbvXp. A -anse Np_pcn {Kma-Ønse \nhm-kn-bm-bn-cp∂p At±lw.
hnNm-cW ka-bØv am\-kn-I-\ne sX‰n-b-Xmbn ImW-s∏-´-Xn-\m¬ At±-
lsØ tXPv]q-cnse temIv {]nb tKm]n-\mYv _¿tZmfn am\-knI Bip-
]-{Xn-bn-te°v Ab-®p.
1967 ˛epw 1996 ˛epw a°¬ emewMns\ NnIn-’n-®n-cp∂
tUmIvS¿am¿ At±l-Øns‚ NnIn’ hnP-b-I-c-am-b-Xns‚ ASn-
ÿm-\-Øn¬ a°¬ hnNmcW t\cn-Sp-hm≥ tbmK-y-\m-sW∂v
ImWn®v Pbne[n-Im-cn-Iƒ°v IsØ-gpXn. ]t£ Bcpw Cu Fgp-
Øn\v {i≤-sIm-Sp-Øn-√. a°¬ PpUo¬j-y¬ IÃ-Un-bn¬ Xs∂
XpS¿∂p.
a°¬ emewMns\ 2005 Pqsse-bn¬ tamNn-∏n-®p. At∏mƒ At±- a°¬ Hcp kº- ∂ \pw
l-Øn\v 77 hb- p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. 54 h¿jw At±lw IÃ-Un-bn¬ A[n- I m- c - a p≈h\p- a m- b n-
sNe-hm-°n. B Ime-b-f-hn¬ At±-l-Øns‚ tIkv hnNm-c-W°v cps∂-¶n¬ F¥v kw`-hn-
h∂-tX-bn√. kwÿm-\Øv hnNm-cW sNø-s∏-SmsX InS-∂n-cp∂ °p-am-bn-cp-∂p? \n¿amW
tIkp-Iƒ ]cn-tim-[n-°p-∂X
- n\p th≠n a\p-jy- m-hI
- mi IΩo-j≥sXmgn-em-fn-Iƒ F≥Pn-\o-
\nb-an-® Hcp kwLw CS-s]-´Xv sIm≠mWv Abmsf tamNn-∏n- b¿am-cm-bn-cp-s∂-¶n¬
42 ®Xv. F¥m-bn-cn°pw. Ah-cpsS
a°-ens‚ PohnXw ]q¿W-ambpw ]mgm-bn. ImcWw At±-l- Ah-Im-iß - ƒ ewLn-°s∏-
Øn-s\-Xnsc icn-bmb coXn-bn-ep--s≈mcp hnNm-cW Hcn-°epw - Sp-
a m-
b n-
c pt∂m?
\S-Øp-Ib- p-≠m-bn-√. \ΩpsS `c-WL - S- \ Hmtcm ]uc\pw Pohn-°m\pw kzmX-

{¥y-Øn-\pap≈ Ah-Imiw \¬Ip-∂p-≠v. \ym-bhpw Ime-Xm-ak-hp-an-√mØ 43
hnNm-W°- p≈ Ah-Imiw GsX-mcp ]uc\pw D≠m-bn-cn-°W - s
- a-∂XmWv CXp-
sIm≠¿∞-am-°p-∂X - v. `c-WL
- S- \ \¬Ip∂ Ah-Im-iß - ƒ e`n-°msX hcp-
tºmƒ F¥p kw`-hn-°p-∂psh∂v a°-ens‚ A\p-`hw ImWn-°p-∂p.
BZy DZm-l-c-W-Øns‚ Imc-y-Ønepw `c-W-L-S\ \¬In-bn-´p≈ Ah-
Im-iß
- f
- psS ewL-\a
- p-≠m-bn. ]t£ CXv tImS-Xn-bn¬ tNmZyw sNø-s∏-´p.
AXns‚ ê-ambn sXmgn-em-fn-Iƒ°v Ah-Im-is-- ∏´ thX\w e`n-°p-Ibpw
sNbvXp. Aßs\ `c-WL - S- \ Dd-∏p-\¬Ip∂ Nqj-WØ
- n-s\-Xnscbp≈ Ah-
Imiw Cu sXmgn-em-fn-Iƒ°v \oXn Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øn.
Ah-Im-i- ]{XnI (Bill of Rights)
Cu c≠v DZm-lc - W- ß
- fpw ImWn-°p-∂Xv Ah-Im-iß - f - psS {]m[m-\y- s-- Øbpw
Ah-bpsS \S-∏n-em-°e - n-s\-bp-amWv. ]uc-∑m¿°v Nne Ah-Im-iß - f - p-s≠∂pw
Kh¨sa‚ v Cu Ah-Im-iß - sf AwKo-I-cn--°p- ∂ps≠∂pw P\m-[n-]X - yw Dd-
∏p-h-cp-Ø-Ww. AXn-\m¬ an°- P-\m-[n-]-Xy cmP-y-ß-fp-sSbpw `c-W-L-S-\-
bn¬ ]uc-∑m-cpsS Ah-Im-i-ß-fpsS Hcp ]ńI Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≠v. `c-W-
L-S-\-bn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Ønbn-´p-≈Xpw AXn-\m¬ kwc-£n-°-s∏Sp-Ibpw
sNbvXn´p≈ AØcw Ah-Im-i-ß-fpsS ]ń-I-tb-bmWv Ah-Imi ]{XnI
(Bill of Rights) F∂v hnfn-°p-∂-Xv. Ah-Imi ]{XnI hy-‡n-I-fpsS AhIm-
i-ßƒs°-Xnsc {]h¿Øn-°p-∂X - n-¬\n∂v Kh¨sa‚ns\ hne-°p-Ibpw Ah-
Imi ewL-\a - p-≠m-bm¬ AXn-\p≈ ]cn-lmcw Dd-∏m-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p.
hy-‡n-bpsS Ah-Im-i-ßƒ `c-W-L-S\ kwc-£n--t°-≠Xv
Bcn¬ \n∂mWv? Hcp hy-‡n-bpsS Ah-Im-i-ßsf òj-Wn-s∏-Sp-
Øp-∂Xv as‰mcp hy-‡ntbm, As√-¶n¬ kz-Im-cy kwL-S-\tbm
BImw. AØ-cs - amcp kml-Nc - y- Ø- n¬ hy-‡nbv°v Kh¨sa‚ns‚
kwc-£Ww Bh-iy- a - m-Wv. A{]-Imcw hy-‡n-bpsS Ah-Im-iß - ƒ
Kh¨sa‚n\v kwc-£n-°p-hm-\p≈ DØ-ch - m-Zn-Øa - p-≠.v t\sc-ad - n®v
Hcp sSen-hn-j≥ As√-¶n¬
^m≥ hmßp--tºmƒ hmd‚n Kh¨sa‚ns‚ hnhn-
[ L
- S
- I
- ß
- f
- psS (\nb-a\
- n¿amWw (legislation)
Im¿Uv e`n-°p-∂Xv t]mse- Imc-y\ - n¿h-lWw (Executive) DtZ-ym-Kÿ - hrμw (Bureacracy), \oXn-
bmWv Ah-Imi ]{XnI \-ymb hn`mKw (Judiciary), {]h¿Ø-\Ø - m¬ hy-‡n-bpsS Ah-Im-
sb∂v (Bill of Rifhts)
F\n°v a\- n-embn. Aß- i-ßƒ ewLn--° s∏-t´-°mw.
s\-Xs
- ∂-bt√?
C¥-y≥ `c-W-L-S-\-bnse auen-Im-h-Im-i-ßƒ
(Fundamental Rights in the Indian Constitution)
kz-mX-{¥y kacIm-eØv \ΩpsS tZiob t\Xm-°-∑m¿ auen-Im-
h-Im-i-ß-fpsS {]m[m-\yw a\- n-em-°p-Ibpw {_nójv `c-Wm-[n-
Im-cn-I-tfmSv Ah am-\n-°-W-sa∂v
Bh-iy- s - ∏-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp. 1928 ˛ ¬ Z£n-Wm-{^n-°≥ `c-WL - S- \
- b
- nse Ah-Imi ]{XnI
Xs∂ tamØn-em¬ s\lvdp IΩn‰n (Bill of Rights in the South
Ah-Im-i- ]-{XnI (Bill of Rights) African Constitution)
thW-sa∂ hmZw D∂-bn-®n-cp∂p. kzm- 1996 Unkw-_d - n-emWv Z£n-Wm-{^n-°≥ `c-WL - S- \ \ne-
hn¬ h∂Xv. Z£n-Wm-{^n-°-bnse h¿Whnth-N\
X-{¥yw t\Sn `c-W-L-S\ cq]o-I-cn- Kh¨sa‚ns‚ ]ncn-®p-hnSens\ XpS¿∂p-≠mb B`-y-
°p∂ thf-bn¬ Ah-Im-iß - ƒ `c-W- ¥-c-bp≤ òj-Wn-bp-sS ]›m-Ø-e-Øn-emWv `c-W-L-S-
L- S - \ - b n¬ Dƒs∏- S p- Ø p- ∂ - X ns\ \-bpsS cq]o-I-c-Whpw {]J-ym-]-\hpw \S-∂-Xv. P\m-[n-
]-Xy- Ø
- ns‚ aqe-°√ - m-bn-´mWv Ah-Imi ]{Xn-Isb Z£n-
kw_- ‘ n®v c≠v A`n- { ]m- b - ß ƒ Wm-{^n°≥ `c-W-L-S\ hnti-jn-∏n-°p-∂Xv. Z£n-Wm-
D≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√. {]tX-yIw kwc-£n-°- {^n-°≥ `c-W-L-S\ h¿Kw (race), enwKw (gender) ,
s∏-tS≠ Ah-Im-iß - f- psS Hcp ]ńI K¿`w (Pregnancy), sshhm-lnI ]Zhn (Marital Sta-
tus), hwiw (Ethnic), h¿Ww, hbkv, sshI-eyw (dis-
Xs∂ `c-W-L-S-\-bn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn. ability), aXw, a\xkm£n (Conscience), hni-zmkw,
Ah auen-Im-hI - m-iß- ƒ (Fundamen- kwkvImcw, `mj, P\\w, F∂n-h-bpsS ASn-ÿm-\-
tal Rights) F∂v Adn-b-s∏-´p. auen- Ønep≈ hnth-N\w hne°p∂p. Hcp ]s£ ]uc-
∑m¿°v G‰hpw IqSp-X¬ Ah-Im-i-ßƒ e`-y-am-°n-bn-
Im-h-Im-i-ßƒ hfsc {]m[m-\-y-ta-dn- ´p≈ `c-W-L-S-\-bnsem-∂m-Wn-Xv. Hcp {]tX-yI `c-W-
bXmb-Xn-\m¬ Kh¨sa‚ v Xs∂ L-S\m tImS-Xn-bmWv Cu Ah-Im-i-ßƒ \S-∏n¬
Ah- ewLn-°p-Ibn-s√∂v `c-WL - S- \ hcpØp-∂X - v.
Dd∏v hcp-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂p. Z£n-Wm-{^n-°≥ `c-W-L-S-\-bn¬ Dƒs]-ń-´p≈
Nne Ah-Im-i-ßƒ Xmsg ]d-bp-∂p.
auen-Im-hI - mi-ßƒ e`-ya - mb a‰v
Ah-Im-iß - f - n¬ \n∂pw hy-Xy-kX v a
- m- $ A¥-kn-\p≈ Ah-Imiw (Right to Dignity)
- bv°p≈ Ah-Imiw (Right to Privacy)
$ kz-Im-cy- X
Wv. km[m-c-W-bmbn, \nb-a-]-c-amb $ am\-y-amb sXmgn¬ sNøm-\p≈ Ah-Imiw
Ah-Im-iß - sf kwc-£n-°p-∂Xpw \S- (Right to Fair labour Practices)
∏n-em-°p-∂X - pw km[m-cW \nb-aß - ƒ $ Btcm-K-y-I-c-amb ]cn-ÿn-Xnbv°pw, ]cn-ÿnXn
(Ordinary laws) BsW-¶n¬ auen-Im- kwc-£-W-Øn-\p-apf≈ Ah-Imiw (Right to
Healthy environment and right to protection of
h-i-ßsf kwc-£n-°p-∂Xpw Dd∏v environment)
hcp-Øp-∂Xpw cmP-ys-- Ø `c-WL - S- \- - $ ]m¿∏nS kuI-c-yØn-\p≈ Ah-Imiw (Right
bm-Wv. km[m-cW \nb-a-ßsf efn-X- to adequate housing)
amb \S-]Sn {Ia-Øn-eqsS t`Z-KXn $ Btcm-Ky]cn-]m-e\w, `£Ww, Pew, kmaq-
lnI kpc£ F∂n- h bv ° p≈ Ah- I miw
sNøp-tºmƒ auen-Im-h-Im-i-ß-fpsS (Right to health care, food, water and social
t`Z-KX- nbv°v `c-WL - S- \m t`Z-KX
- n-bn- security)
eqsS am{Xta km[-y-am-Iq. Kh¨- $ Ipń-If- psS Ah-Imißƒ (Children's Rights)
sa‚ns-‚ Hcp L-S-Ihpw auen-Im-h- $ ASn-ÿm\ hnZ-ym-`y- m-kØ - n\pw D∂X hnZ-ym-`y-- m
Im-i-ßsf ewLn-°p∂ coXn-bn¬ -kØn\pap≈ Ah-Imiw (Right to Basic and
higher education)
{]h¿Øn- ° m≥ ]mSn- √ . Kh¨- $ kmwkvIm-cn-Ihpw, aX-]-c-hpw, `mjm-]-c-hp-amb
44 sa‚ns‚ {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn-eqsS auen- hn`mK-ß-fpsS Ah-Imiw (Right to cultural,
Im- h - I m- i - ß ƒ ewLn- °- s ∏- ´ m¬ religious and linguistic communities.)
Ahsb kwc-£n°p-hm-\p≈ A[n-Im- $ hnh-cm-h-Imiw (Right to Information)
chpw DØ-c-hmZnØhpw \oXn-\-ymb
(Judiciary) hn`m-KØ
- n-\p-≠v. CXv XpS¿∂v hcp∂ A[-ymb-Øn¬ \Ωƒ ]Tn-
°pw. Imc-y-\n¿h-lW hn`m-K-Øns‚bpw, \nb-a-\n¿amW hn`m-K-Øns‚bpw 45
{]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ auen-Im-h-Im-i-ßsf ewLn-°p-Itbm, A\ym-b-amb coXn-
bn¬ \nb-{¥n-°p-Itbm sNbvXm¬ CØcw {]h¿Øn-Isf \nb-ah - n-cp≤ambn
{]J-ym-]n-°m-\p≈ A[n-Imcw \oXn-\-ymb hn`m-K-Øn-\p-≠v. F¶nepw auen-
Im-hI - ƒ ]cn-]q¿Wtam (absolute) A\n-b{- ¥n-Xtam (unlimited) A√.
- m-iß
AXn-\p-ta¬ Kh¨sa‚n\v bp‡n-]-c-amb (Reasonable) \nb-{¥-Wßƒ
G¿s∏-Sp-Ømhp∂-Xm-Wv.
]ptcm-KXn ]cn-tim-[n-°pI (Check your progress)

C¥-y≥ `c-WL - S- \
- b
- nse auen-Im-hI
- m-iß
- f
- pw `£n-Wm-{^n-°≥ `c-WL
- -
S-\-bn-se Ah-Imi ]{Xn-Ibpw XΩn¬ Xmc-X-ayw sNbvXv Xmsg ]d-bp∂
Ah-Im-i-ß-fpsS ]ńI Xbmdm°pI
$ c≠nepw s]mXp-hm-bn-´p≈ Ah-Im-i-ßƒ
$ `£n-Wm-{^n-°≥ `c-W-L-S-\-bn¬ e`y-am-bXpw F∂m¬ C¥-y≥ `c-
W-LS- \
- b
- n¬ e`y-a√
- m-ØXpw
$ `£n-Wm-{^n-°≥ `c-W-L-S-\-bn¬ hy-‡-ambn ]cm-a¿in-®n-´p-≈Xpw.
F∂m¬ C¥-y≥ `c-W-L-S-\-bn¬ A¥¿eo-\-am-b-Xp-amb Ah-Im-i-
ßƒ.
ka-X-zm-h-Imiw (Right to Equality)

Xmsg ]d-bp∂ c≠v kml-N-c-y-ßƒ ]cn-K-Wn-°p-I. Ch km¶¬]n-I-am-Wv.
F∂m¬ Ch-bn¬ NneXv \ne-hn¬ kw`-hn-°p-∂X - pw, `mhn-bn¬ kw`-hn-t®°m-
hp-∂-Xp-am-Wv. auen-Im-h-Im-i-ß-fpsS ewL\w CXn¬ Dƒs∏ń-´ps≠∂v
\nßƒ IcpXp-∂p-t≠m?
kz-mtZjv Ipam¿ Xs‚ kplr-Øp-°-fn¬ Hcm-tfmsSm∏w {KmaØnse hgn-
tbmc °S-bn¬ \n∂pw Nmb IpSn-°m≥ Xocp-am-\n-®p. IS-°m-c-\v kzm-tZjv
Ipamdns\ Adn-bmw. ]t£ Ahs‚ kplrØns‚ PmXn Adn-bp-hm≥ th≠n
At±-lØ - n‚ t]cv tNmZn-®p. CXn\v tijw Nmb-°S- °
- m-c≥ kz-mtZjv Ipam-
dn\v \√ ]m{X-Øn¬ Nmb sImSp-Øt∏mƒ Zfn-X\ - mb kplr-Øn\v a¨]m-
-{X-Øn-emWv Nmb \¬In-b-Xv.
C¥y≥ `c-W-L-S\
`mKw 3: auenI Ah-Im-i-ßƒ
ka- X z- Ø n- \ p≈ Ah- I miw (Right to in£-bn¬ \n∂pw Ad-Ãn¬ \n∂p-ap≈

Equality) ]cn-c-£.
$ \nb-a-Øn-\p-ap-∂n¬ Xpey-X. NqjW- Ø n- s \- X n- s c- b p≈ Ah- I miw
$ Xpey \nba ]cn-c£. (Right against exploitation)
$ aXw, h¿Kw, PmXn, enwKw, P\-\-ÿew $ a\pjy hym]-c-Øn-s\-Xn-sc-bpw, \n¿_-
F∂n- h bpsS ASn- ÿ m- \ - Ø n- e p≈ ‘nX tPmen-s°-Xn-sc-bp-ap≈ Ah-Im-
hnth-N-\-ßfpsS \ntcm-[-\w. iw.
$ tlm´- e p- I ƒ, IS- I ƒ, InW- d p- I ƒ, $ Ipń-Is - f-sIm≠v A]-IS- I - c
- a
- mb tPmen
Ipfßƒ, s]mXp kv \ m\- L - ´ - ß ƒ, sNøn-°p-∂Xn\p≈ \ntcm-[\w
s]mXp- \ n- c - Ø p- I ƒ F∂n- h n- S - ß - f n¬ aX kzmX-{¥y-Øn\p≈ Ah-Im-iw (Right
Xpey- {]th-i\w to freedom of religion)
$ s]mXp-tPmen-I-fn¬ Ah-k-c-k-a-Xzw. $ a\xkm- £ n°pw kzX- { ¥amb aX- h n-
$ AbnØ \n¿Ωm¿P\w izmk-k-Øn\pw aXmN-c-W-Øn\pw aX
$ ÿm\-t∏-cp-Iƒ \n¿Ø-em-°¬. {]Nm-c-W-Øn-\p-ap≈ kzmX{¥yw
kzmX-{¥y-Øn-\p≈ Ah-Imiw (Right to $ aX- ] - c - a mb Imcy- ß fpsS \S- Ø n- ∏ n-
Freedom) \p≈ Ah-Im-iw.
$ GsX¶nepw {]tXyI aXsØ ]cn-
Xmsg ]d-bp∂ kzmX-{¥y-ßƒ°p≈ t]mjn-∏n-°p-∂X - n-\mbn \nIpXn \¬Ip-
Ah-Im-i-ßƒ Xv kw_-‘n® kzmX{¥yw
$ A`n-{]mb {]I-S-\-Øn\pw Bhn-jvIm- $ hnZym-`ymk ÿm]-\-ß-fn¬ aX-t_m-[-
c-Øn-\pap≈ kzmX-{¥yw. \-Øn-tem, Bcm-[-\-bntem ]s¶-Sp-°p-
$ kam- [ m- \ - ] - c - a mbn ktΩ- f n- ° m- \ p≈ ∂-Xp-ambn _‘-s∏´ kzmX-{¥yw.
Ah-Im-iw. kmwkvIm-cn-Ihpw hnZym-`ymk]c-hp-amb
$ kwL-S-\-Iƒ cq]n-I-cn-°p-hm-\p≈ Ah- Ah-Im-i-ßƒ (Cultural and Educational
Im-iw. Rights)
$ C¥y- b n- s ehnsSbpw kzX- { ¥- a mbn $ \yq\- ] - £ - ß - f psS `mj- b p- s Sbpw
k©-cn-°m-\p≈ Ah-Imiw. kwkv°m-c-Øn-s‚bpw kwc-£-Ww.
$ C¥ybn¬ Fhn-sSbpw ÿnc-Xm-a-k-am- $ \q\-]£ hn`m-K-ßƒ°v hnZym-`ymk
°m-\p≈ Ah-Im-iw. ÿm]- \ - ß ƒ Bcw- ` n- ° p- ∂ - X n- \ p≈
$ CjvS-ap≈ sXmgn¬ sNøp-∂-Xn-\pw, Ah-Im-iw.
hyh- k m- b - Ø nepw I®-- h - S - Ø nepw `c-W-L-S-\m-]-c-amb ]cn-lm-c-ßƒ°p≈
G¿s∏-Sp-∂-Xn-\p-ap≈ Ah-Imiw. Ah-Im-iw. (Right to Constitutional Rem-
$ Ip‰-ßƒ ÿm]n-°p-∂Xv kw_-‘n® edies)
kwc-£Ww $ auen-Im-h-Im-i-ßƒ kwc-£n-°p-∂-Xn-
46 $ Poh\pw hy‡n kzmX-{¥y-Øn-\p-ap≈ \mbn dn´pIƒ (Writs), DØ-c-hp-Iƒ,
Ah-Imiw. \n¿t±-iß - ƒ F∂nh ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn-°p-∂-
$ hnZym-`ym-k-Øn-\p≈ Ah-Im-iw. Xn-\mbn tImS-Xnsb kao-]n-°m-\p≈
$ Nne tIkpI- f p- a mbn _‘- s ∏´p≈ Ah-Imiw.
Hcp hm¿Øm Nm\¬ Xß-fpsS \mev hm¿Øm Ah-Xm-c-I¿s°-

Xnsc C\n apX¬ Ah¿ hm¿Ø hmbn--t°-≠X - n-s√∂p≈ Hcp DØ- 47
chv ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn-®p. Ah¿ \mev t]cpw kv{XoI-fm-bn-cp-∂p. 45 hb-
n\p apI-fn¬ {]mb-aps≠-∂X - m-bn-cp-∂p Ah¿s°-Xn-sc DØ-chv
]pd--s∏-Sp-hn-°m-\p≈ Imc-Ww. F∂m¬ 45 hb-kn\p apI-fn-¬ {]mb-
ap≈ ]pcp-j≥am-cmb c≠v hm¿Øm Ah-Xm-c-I¿s°-Xnsc Cu
hne°v G¿s∏-Sp-Øn-bXpan√.
hy-‡-amb hnth-N-\-Øns‚ DZm-l-c-W-ß-fmWv Ch. H∂m-a--
tØXv PmXn-bp-sS ASn-ÿm-\Ø - n-em-sW-¶n¬ c≠m-at-- ØXv enwK-
Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\Ø - n-em-Wv. AØ-cØ - n-ep≈ hnthN\w \oXo-
Icn-°m-hp-∂X
- msW∂v \nßƒ Icp-Xp-∂p-t≠m?
bYm¿∞-Øn¬ CØcw Imcy-
ßƒ \ΩpsS cmPy-Øv kw`- ka-X-zm-h-Imiw CØ-c-Øn-ep≈Xpw A√m-Ø-Xp-amb F√m
hn-°p-∂pt≠m? AtXm CsXm-
s° shdpw km¶-ev]nIw am{X-
hnth-N\- s-- Øbpw Zqco-Ic- n-°m≥ {ian-°p-∂p. s]mXp-ÿe - ß
- f- mb
amtWm? IS-Iƒ, t`mP-\i - m-eI
- ƒ, hnt\mZ tI{μ-ßƒ, InW-dp-Iƒ, kv\m\-
L´-ßƒ, Bcm-[-\m-e-b-ßƒ F∂n-hn-S-ß-fnte°v {]th-in-°m≥
CXv Xpey Ah-kcw \¬Ip-∂p. P\\w, aXw, enwKw, h¿Ww, PmXn,
h¿Kw F∂n-hb - psS ASn-ÿm-\Ø - n¬ bmsXmcp hnth-N\hpw ]mSn-
√. ta¬ ]d™ Imc-Wß - f - p-sS ASn-ÿm-\Ø
- n¬ s]mXp \nb-a\ - -
ß-fn¬ bmsXmcp hnth-N\hpw A\p-hZ- n-°p-∂n-√. ap≥Im-eß - f- n¬
\ΩpsS kaq-l-Øn¬ CØcw Xpey-{]-th-i\w {]mh¿Øn-I-am-
°nbn-cp∂n√. AXvsIm≠v Xs∂ Cu Ah-Im-iß - ƒ hfsc {][m-
\-s∏´-Xm-Wv.
Abn-Øm-Nc- W
- w- A-ka
- X
- z- Ø
- ns‚ {]mIr-Xa
- mb cq]am-Wv. ka-
X-zm-h-Imiw CXns\ \n¿am¿P\w sNbvXn-cn-°p-∂p. `c-W-L-S-\-
bnse 18 ˛mw hIp-∏v {]Imcw ÿm\-t∏cpIƒ \¬Ip-∂Xv \n¿Ø-
em-°p∂-Xn-eqsS Hcp hy-‡n°v ssk\n-Ihpw hnZ-ym-`y- m-k]
- c
- h
- p-amb
anI-hn-s\m-gnsI bmsXmcp ÿm\-t∏cpw \¬Ip-∂-Xn¬ \n∂v
cmjv{SsØ hne-°p-∂p. Aßs\ ka-X-zm-h-Imiw Xpe-y-]-Z-hnbpw
A¥ pw Dd∏v hcp-Øn--s°m≠v C¥-ysb Hcp bYm¿∞-P-\m-[n-]-
Xy cmjv{Sam-°nØo¿°m≥ ]cn-{i-an-°p∂p.
A\p-tOZw 16(4) ]nt∂m° hn`m-K-Øn¬s]´ P\-

hn-`m-K-Øn\v k¿°m¿ k¿Δo-kn¬ aXn-bmb {]mXn-
\n[yw e`n-®n-ń√ F∂v tÃ‰n\v t_m[y-s∏-Sp-∂-
]£w B hn`m- K - Ø n\v A¿l- a mb kwh- c Ww
sIm≠p-h-cp-∂-Xn¬ \n∂v Cu hIp∏v k¿°m-dns\
hne-°p-∂n-√.
\ΩpsS `c-WL - S- \ - psS BapJw (Preamble) hmbn-®n-´p-t≠m? CXv Fß-

- b
s\-bmWv ka-Xz- s - Ø hni-Zo-Ic - n-°p-∂X - v. ka-Xz- sØ kw_-‘n®v c≠v Imcy-
ßƒ Bap-J-Øn¬ ]cm-a¿in-°p-∂-Xmbn \nßƒ°v ImWmw. ˛ Xpe-y-]Zhn,
Ah-k-c-k-aXzw. kaq-l-Ønse F√m hn`m-K-ßƒ°pw Xpey Ah-k-c-ßƒ
A\p-`-hn-°p-hm≥ Ign-bpI F∂-XmWv Ah-k-c-k-a-Xzw sIm≠v A¿∞-am-
°p-∂-Xv. F∂m¬ hnhn[ Xc-Øn-ep≈ Ak-a-X-z-ßƒ \ne-\n¬°p∂ Hcp
kaq- l - Ø n¬ Ah- k - c - k - a - X zw sIm≠v A¿∞- a m- ° p- ∂ - X v F¥mWv ?
]nt∂m°w \n¬°p∂ Nne hn`m-K-ß-fpsS (kmaq-ln-Ihpw, kmº-Øn-I-hp-
ambn ]nt∂m°w \n¬°p-∂-h¿, kv{XoIƒ, Ipń-Iƒ) D∂-a-\-Øn-\mbn
{]tXyI ]≤-Xn-Ifpw \S-]S- n-Ifpw Kh¨sa‚n\v \S-∏n-em-°m-hp-∂X - m-sW∂v
`cW-LS- \ - hy-‡a - m-°p-∂p. ka-Xz- s
- Ø ]n≥Xp-Sc - p--tºmgpw, sXmgn-enepw, hnZym-
`-ymk ÿm]--\ ß-fnse {]th-i-\Ønepw kwh-cWw \¬Ip-∂Xv \nßsf
AXvv`p-Xs-- ∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≠mhmw. kwh-cWw t]mep≈ \b-ßsf ka-Xz- m-hI - m-
i-Øns‚ ewL-\-ambn ImWm≥ Ign-bn--s√∂v `c-W-L-S-\-bpsS A\p-tOZw
16 (4) ¬ hy-‡-ambn hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-∂p. Ah-k-c-ka-Xz-Øn-\p≈ Ah--Imiw
]q¿-Øn-bm-°p-∂X - n\v CXv A\n-hm-cy- a - m-sW∂v `c-WL - S- \
- b
- psS A¥xkØ
]cn-tim-[n-®m¬ \nß-ƒ°v t_m[-ya - m-Ipw.
\nß-fmWv \ymbm-[n-]≥ (You are the Judge)

Hdokbnse ]pcn Pn√-bn¬ \n∂v ZfnXv hn`m-KØ - n¬s∏´ Hcm-
fmWv Xm≥ F∂v kzbw ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Øn-s°m≠v lZn-_μp
F∂ hy‡n-bn¬ \n∂pw \nßƒs°mcp X]m¬ Im¿Uv e`n-
®p. Cu IØn¬ At±lw kqNn-∏n-®Xv Xß-fpsS kap-Zm-b-
Øn¬s∏´ ]pcp-j≥am¿ AhnsS \S∂ Hcp hnhml NS-ßns‚
`mK-ambn hc-s‚bpw hc-t\m-sSm∏w h∂ Db¿∂ PmXn-bn¬s∏´
AXn-Yn-If - ptSbpw Im¬ Igp-IW - s
- a∂ BNm-csØ \nc-kn®p
F∂-XmW,v CXns‚ {]Xn-Im-c-ambn Cu kap-Zm-b-Øn¬s∏´
\mev kv{XoIsf a¿±n-°p-Ibpw as‰m-cmsf \·-bm°n \S-Øp-
Ibpw sNbvXp. X]m¬ Im¿Un¬ At±lw XpS¿∂v Cßs\
Fgp-Xn, ""Rß-fpsS Ipń-Iƒ hnZym-k-º-∂-cm-Wv. BNm-c-ß-
fpsS `mK-ambn D∂-XP - m-Xn-bn¬s∏-´h- c
- psS Im¬ Igp-Ip-∂X
- pw,
F®nene FSp-°p-∂-Xpw, ]m{X-ßƒ Igp-Ip-∂-Xn\pw Ah¿
Xøm-d√ F∂v hy‡-am°n.''
apI-fn¬ ]d-™n-´p≈ hkvXp-X-Iƒ icn-bm-sW∂ \nK-a-\-
Øn¬ Xmsg ]d-bp∂ Imcy-ß-fn¬ \nßƒ Xocp-am-\-sa-Sp-°p-I.
$ Cu kw`-h-Øn¬ auen-Im-h-Im-i-ß-fpsS ewL-\-ap-≠m-bn-´pt≠m?
48 $ Cu Imcy-Øn¬ F¥v sNøp-hm-\mWv \nßƒ Kh¨sa‚n-t\mSv DØ-chnSpI?
hIp∏v 21. Poh\pw hy‡n kzmX-{¥y-Øn-\p-ap≈ kwc-

£Ww ˛ \nb-a-Øm¬ ÿm]n-X-amb \S-]Sn {Ia-ßf- n-eq-sS-
49
b-√msX GsXmcp hy‡n-bp-sSbpw Poht\m, hy‡n-kzm-X-
{¥y-tam l\n-°m≥ ]mSn-√.
kzmX-{¥y-Øn-\p≈ Ah-Imiw (Right to Freedom)

ka-Xzhpw kzmX-{¥yhpw (equality and freedom) P\m-[n-]X - y-Øn\v
G‰hpw AXy-¥m-t]-£n-Xa - mb c≠v Ah-Im-iß- f- m-Wv. Ch c≠pw
]c-kv]c]qc-I-ß-fm-Wv. kzmX-{¥y-sa-∂Xv sIm≠v Dt±-in-°p-∂Xv
Nn¥-bp-sSbpw, Bhn-jv°m-c-Øn-s‚bpw Ah-bpsS {]tbm-K-Øn-
s‚bpw kzmX-{¥y-am-Wv. F∂n-cp-∂mepw Hcmƒ CjvSs - ∏-Sp-∂X- p-t]m-
setbm, B{K--ln-°p-∂Xv t]msetbm {]h¿Øn-°m-\p-≈-X√
kzmX{¥yw F∂v hy‡-amWv. Aß-s\-bm-bm¬ kaq-lØ - nse henb
Hcp hn`mKw P\-Xbv°v Ah-cpsS kzmX{¥yw A\p-`-hn-°m≥ Ign-
bmsX hcpw. A°m-c-W-Øm¬, a‰p-≈-h-cpsS kzmX-{¥ysØ l\n-
°m-sXbpw {Ia-ka- m-[m\w XI¿°m-sXbpw Hmtcm hy‡nbpw A\p-
`-hn-°p∂ kzmX-{¥ysØ am{Xta kzmX-{¥y-ambn \n¿ΔNn-°m≥
Ign-bq.
Pohn-°p-∂X
- n\pw hy‡n kzmX-{¥y-Øn-\p-ap≈ Ah-
Imiw (Right to life and personal liberty)
kzmX-{¥y-Øn-\p≈ Ah-Im-i-ß-fn¬ G‰hpw {][m-\-s∏-´-XmWv
Poh\pw, hy‡n kzmX-{¥y-Øn-\p-ap≈ Ah-Im-iß - ƒ. \nb-aØ
- m¬
Nne kml-Nc - y-ßf
- n¬ ÿm]n-Xa - mb \S-]S- n-{I-aß
- f - msX (Procedure established
- n-eq-sS-b√
\nb- a - { ]- I mcw Nne by law) GsXm-cm-fp-tSbpw Poh-t\m, hy‡n-kzm-X{- ¥ytam l\n-°m≥
hy‡n-I-fpsS
PohSp°m≥ Ign-bp-sa- ]mSn-√. CXv sIm≠v A¿∞-am-Ip-∂Xv Ad-Ãn\v Bkv]-Z-amb
∂mtWm CXv sIm≠v ImcWw [cn-∏n-°msX Hcp hy‡nsb AdÃv sNøm≥ ]mSn√ F∂-
A¿∞- a m- ° p- ∂ - X v?
hnNn- { X- a - t √. \nß- Xm-Wv. AYhm AdÃv sNø-s∏-Sp∂ hy‡n°v Abmƒ sXc-s™-
fpsS a\- n¬ Fs¥- Sp-°p∂ A`n-`m-j-I-\p-ambn Btem-Nn-°p-hm\pw At±lw aptJ\
¶nepw DZm- l - c - W - {]Xn-hZn-°m-\p-ap≈ Ah-Im-ia - p-≠m-bn-cn°pw. AXp-t]mse AdÃv
apt≠m?
sNø-s∏´ hy‡nsb 24 aWn-°q-dn-\-Iw G‰hpw ASp-Øp≈ aPn-
kvt{S-‰ns‚ ap≥]msI t]meokv \n¿_-‘a - mbpw lmP-cm-t°-≠X- m-
Wv. t]men-kns‚ `mK-am-√mØ aPn-{k-t{S‰v Cu AdÃv \oXn-bp-‡-
amtWm A√tbm F∂ Imcy-Øn¬ Xocp-am-\s - a-Sp-°pw.
Hcp hy‡n-bpsS Pohn°m-\p≈ Ah-Im-isØ kwc-£n-°pI

F∂Xv am{X-a√, adn®v hnim-e-amb Hcp {]mtbm-Kn-I-Xbpw CXn-\p-≠v.
kp{]ow-tIm-S-Xn-bpsS hnhn[ hn[n-\ym-b-ßƒ Cu Ah-Im-i-Øns‚
hym]vXn h¿≤n∏n-®n-´p-≠v. Nqj-Wa-- p-‡-ambn A¥-t msS Pohn°phm-
\p≈ a\p-jys‚ Ah-Imiw Cu Ah-Im-i-Øn¬s∏-Sp-∂p-sh∂v kp{]ow-
tIm-SXn hy‡-am-°n-bn-´p-≠v. Poh-t\m-]m-[n-bn-√msX Hcp hy‡n°pw
Pohn-°m≥ Ign-bn√ F∂pw Pohn-°m-\p≈ Ah-Im-i-Øn¬ ]m¿∏n-S-
Øn\pw D]-Po-h-\-Øn-\p-ap-ff Ah-Im-i-ßƒ IqSn Dƒs∏-Sp-∂p-sh∂pw
kp{]ow-tIm-SXn hy‡-am-°p-∂p.
Icp-X¬ XS-¶¬ (Preventive Detention)
km[m-c-W-bmbn Hcp hy‡n AdÃv sNø-s∏-Sp-∂Xv Abmƒ GsX-¶nepw
Ip‰-Ir-Xy-Øn¬ G¿s∏-´X - n\p tij-am-Wv. F∂n-cp-∂mepw Nne A]-hm-Zß - -
fp≠v. Nne kμ¿`-ß-fn¬ Ip‰w sNøp-∂-Xn\p ap≥]mbn- Ip‰w sNøm≥
km[y-X-bp-s≠∂ kwi-b-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ hy‡n-Isf Ipd®v ka-
b-tØ°v apI-fn¬ kqNn-∏n® \S-]S- n-{I-aß- sfm∂pw IqSmsX AdÃv sNømw.
CXv Icp-X¬ XS-¶¬ (Preventive Detention) F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. AXm-bXv
Hcp hy‡n cmjv{S-Øns‚ kpc-£-t°m, {Ia-k-am-[m-\-Ønt\m òjWn
Db¿Øp-sa∂v Kh¨sa‚n\v tXm∂p-Ib - m-sW-¶n¬ Abmsf AdÃv sNøm\pw
hnNm-cW IqSmsX XS-¶e - n¬ hbv°m\pw Kh¨sa‚n\v A[n-Im-ca - p-≠.v aq∂v
amkw hsc-bmWv Icp-X¬ XS-¶¬ \oń-s°m≠v t]mIm≥ Ign-bp-I. aq∂v
amk-Øn\v tijw Cu tIkv Hcp D]-tZ-i-I-k-anXn°v ap≥]msI ]p\x]cn-
tim-[\- bv°v hnt[-ba
- m-°W - w.
kmaq-lnI hncp≤ i‡n-I-sfbpw tZi-hn-cp≤scbpw ê-{]-Z-ambn t\cn-
Sp-hm-\p≈ Hcp D]I-cW
- a- mbn CXns\ ImWm-hp-∂X
- m-W.v F∂m¬ Kh¨sa‚ v
]e-t∏mgpw Cu \nb-asØ Zpcp-]t- bmKw sNbvXn-´p-≠v. \oXn-Ic
- n-°m-\m-hmØ
Imc-W-ß-fm¬ Hcp hy‡n-s°-Xnsc Cu \nbaw Zp¿hn-\n-tbmKw sNøp-∂-
Xn¬ \n∂pw IqSp-X¬ kpc-£n-XXzw thW-sa∂v P\-ß-fn¬ Nne-sc-¶nepw
Nn¥n-°p-∂p-≠v. hmkvXh - Ø
- n¬ Poh\pw hy‡n kzmX-{¥y-Øn\pap≈ Ah-
Im-ihpw Icp-X¬ XS-¶epw XΩn¬ ]c-kv]c sshcp≤yw \ne-\n¬°p-∂p.
a‰p kzmX-{¥y-ßƒ (Other Freedoms)
kzmX-{¥y-Øn-\p≈ Ah-Im-is- a-∂X
- n¬ a‰p ]e Ah-Im-iß
- fpw Dƒs°m≠n-
´p-≠v. F∂n-cp-∂mepw Cu Ah-Im-i-ßƒ ]q¿Æ-a-√. Hmtcm Ah-Im-ihpw
50 Kh¨sa‚ns‚ \nb-{¥-Wß - ƒ°v hnt[-ba - m-Wv.
DZm-lc - W
- Ø
- n\v A`n-{]mb kzmX-{¥yw, Bhn-j°v mc kzmX{¥yw F∂nh
{Ia-ka
- m-[m\w, kam-[m-\w, [m¿Ωn-IX XpS-ßn-bh- b- psS \nb{-¥W
- ß
- ƒ°v
hnt[-b-am-Wv. AXp-t]mse Xs∂ ktΩ-f-\-Øn-\p≈ kzmX{¥yw Bbp-[-an-

√msX ktΩ-f-\-Øn-\p≈ kzmX-{¥yw F∂ \nb{¥-W-Øn\v hnt[-b-am-Wv. 51
F∂m¬ Nne {]tZ-i-ß-fn¬ At©m AXn¬ A[n-Itam Bfp-Iƒ HØp
tNcp-∂X- n\v Kh¨sa‚n\v \nb-{¥-Wß - ƒ G¿s∏-Sp-Ømw. F∂m¬ CØcw
A[n-Im-cß - ƒ `c-Wk - w-hn-[m-\Ø
- n\v \njv{]-bmkw Zp¿hn-\n-tbmKw sNømw.
Kh¨sa‚ns‚ Hcp \S-]S- n-s°-Xnsctbm AXns‚ \b-Øn-s\-Xn-sctbm D≈
bYm¿∞ {]Xn-tj-[Ø - n-\p≈ A\p-hmZw t]mepw \ntj[n°-s∏Smw. F∂m¬
P\-ßƒ Xß-fpsS Ah-Im-i-ß-fn≥ta¬ PmK-cq-I-cm-bn-cn-°pIbpw t_m[-
hm-∑m-cm-bn-cn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXm¬ CØ-cØ - n-ep≈ Zpcp-]t- bmKw Ipd-bv°mw.
Ah-Im-i-ßƒ°v aosX-bp≈ \nb-{¥-W-ßsf kw_-‘n®v `c-W-L-S\m
""Cu auen- I m- h - I m- i - ß - f n¬ `qcn- ` m- K hpw Hcp

t]meokv DtZym-K-ÿs‚ ImgvN-∏m-Sn¬ \n∂p-sIm-≠v
cq]-s∏--Sp-Øn-b-XmsW∂v F\n°v tXm∂p-∂p. hfsc
Ipd®v Ah- I m- i - ß ƒ am{X- a mWv bYm¿YØn¬
AwKo-I-cn-®n-´p-≈-Xv. an°-hm-dp-ap≈ F√m Ah-Im-i-
ßƒ°pw ]n∂n¬ tN¿Øn-cn-°p∂ \n_-‘-\-Iƒ
Ah-Im-i-ßsf GXm≠v apgp-h-\mbpw C√m-Xm--°p-∂p.
F¥m-bn-cn-°Ww auen-Im-h-Im-i-ß-sf-°p-dn-®p≈
\ΩpsS ImgvN-∏mSv? \ΩpsS P\Xbv°v e`y-am-h-W-
sa∂v \mw B{K-ln-°p∂ F√m Ah-Im-i-ßfpw
AXn¬ Dƒs∏SptØ-≠-Xm-Wv.''
tkma-\mYv emlncn kn.F.Un hmeyw III t]Pv 404 G{]n¬ 29
\n¿ΩmW k`-bnse AwK-ßƒ Xs∂ AXr]vXn {]I-Sn-∏n-®n-cp-∂p.

Ip‰mtcm]n-X¿°p≈ Ah-Im-i-ßƒ (Rights of accused)
hnhn[ Ip‰-ßƒ Btcm-]n-°-s∏´ hy‡n-Iƒ°v th≠{X kwc-£Ww e`n-
°-W-sa∂v `c-W-L-S\ \njv°¿jn-°p-∂p. an°-t∏mgpw Ip‰w Btcm-]n-°-
s∏´ GsXmcp hy‡nbpw Ip‰-°m-c-\msW∂v \Ωƒ hniz-kn-°p-∂p. Ip‰w
sNbvXn-´p-s≠∂v tImSXn Is≠-Øn-bm¬ am{Xta Abmƒ Ip‰-hm-fn-bm-Ip-
∂p-≈q. Ip‰m-tcm-]n-X\
- mb GsXmcp hy‡n°pw kzbw {]Xn-tcm-[n-°p-hm-\p≈
Ah-k-chpw e`y-am-t°-≠-Xm-Wv. tImS-Xn-I-fn¬ \ymb-amb hnNm-cW Dd∏v
hcp-Øp-hm≥ `c--W-L-S\ aq∂v Ah-Im-i-ßƒ {][m\w sNbvXn-´p-≠v.
$ Htc Ip‰-Øn\v Hcp hy‡n-tbbpw H∂n¬ IqSp-X¬ XhW in£n-°m≥
]mSn-√.
$ GsXmcp ap≥Ime Ip‰ IrXy-sØbpw ]n¬Im-e-Øp-≠mb \nb-a-ß-
fpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ \nba hncp-≤-ambn {]Jym-]n-°mt\m in£n-
°mt\m ]mSn-√.
\nß-fpsS ]T\ ]ptcm-KXn hnebncp-ØpI (Check your Progress)

kzmX-{¥y--Øn-\p≈ Ah-Im-i-Øn-t∑¬ Xmsg ]d-bp∂ kml-N-cy-ßfn¬ \nb-{¥-
W-ßƒ Bh-iy-am-sW∂v \nßƒ Nn¥n-°p-∂pt≠m ? \nß-fpsS DØ-cß - sf km[p-
I-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ Imc-W-ßƒ hy‡-am-°pI.
$ kmap-Zm-bnI el-f°p tijw P\-ßƒ kam-[m\ PmY-bv°mbn \K-c-Øn¬
HØp tN¿∂p.
$ Zfn-Xc - psS t£{X-{]-th-i\w hne-°n-bn-´p-≠.v Cu kml-Nc - y-Øn¬ t£{X-Øn¬
_eambn {]thin°phm≥ th≠n Hcp {]t£m-`b -- m{X kwL-Sn-∏n-°-s∏-ń-cn-
°p-∂p.
$ \qdp IW-°n\v tKm{X h¿§-°m¿ hyh-km-b-Øn-\mbn k¿°m¿ Gs‰-SpØ
Ah-cpsS -`qan Xncn®v sImSp-°-W-sa-∂v Bh-iy-s∏´vsIm≠v tdmUv D]-tcm-[n-
°p-∂p.
$ PmXn amdn hnhmlw Ign® bph Zº-Xn-Iƒ°v \¬tI≠ in£ Xocp-am-\n-
°phm≥ th≠n PmXn ]©m-bØv tbmKw tNcp-∂p.
$ Hcp hy‡n-tbbpw Abmƒs°-Xn-cmbn sXfnhp \¬Ip∂-Xn-\mbn \n¿_-‘n-°m≥

]mSn-√.
Nqj-W-Øn-s\-Xn-sc-bp≈ Ah-
Imiw (Right against exploitation)
\ΩpsS cmPyØv Zi-e£ - ° - W
- °- n\v Bfp-
Iƒ \n -lm-b-cpw, apJy-[m-c-bn¬ \n∂v
AI‰n \n¿Ø-s∏´-h-cp-amWv. kl-Po-hn-I-
fmb a\p-jy-cm¬ Xs∂ Ah¿ Nqj-W-
Øn\v hnt[-ba - m-Imw. \ΩpsS cmPyØv \ne-
\n¬°p∂ ASn-a-∏Wn As√-¶n¬ Iqen
\¬ImsX \n¿_-‘nX the sNøn-∏n-°¬
F∂nh AØ-cØ - n-ep-ff Hcp Nqj-Wa - m-W.v
a\p-jy-hym]mchpw Ahsc ASn-a-I-fm°n
D]-tbm-Kn-°pI F∂Xpw as‰mcp Xc-Øn-
ep≈ Nqj-W-amWv. `c-W-L-S-\m{]-Imcw
Ch c≠pw \ntcm- [ n- ° s∏- ´ n- c n- ° p- ∂ p.
ap≥Ime-ß-fn¬ `q{]-`p-°-∑mcpw ]Ww GXv auenI Ah-Im-iØ- ns‚ ewL-\a - mWv
hmbv]bv°v sImSp-°p-∂h - cpw, a‰p kº∂ Cu Nn{X-Øn¬ {]Xn-ê- n-®n-cn-°p-∂s
- X∂p
52 hy‡n-I-fp-am-bn-cp∂p \n¿_‘nX sXmgn- Is≠-Øp-I.
se-Sp-∏n-®n-cp-∂-Xv. {]tXy-In®v CjvSnI
\n¿ΩmWw t]mep≈ Nne taJ-e-I-fn¬.
ASna∏Wn C∂pw \ne-\n¬°p-∂p. CXv Ct∏mƒ in£m¿l-amb Hcp Ip‰Ir-

Xy-ambn {]Jym-]n-®n´p-≠v. 53
hyh-kmb ime-Iƒ, J\n-Iƒ F∂nh t]mse-bp≈ A]-ISIc-amb taJ-e-
I-fn¬ 14 hb- n¬ Xmsg-bp≈ Ipń-Isf sIm≠v sXmgn¬ sNøn--∏n-°p-∂Xv
`c-W-L-S\ hne-°nbn-cn-°p∂p. _me-the \nb-a-hn-cp-≤-am°nbXpw hnZym-
`ym-k-Øn-\p≈ Ah-Imiw Ipń-I-fpsS auen-Im-h-Im-i-ambn am‰p-Ibpw
sNbvX-Xv Nqj-W-Øn-s\-Xn-sc-bp≈ Ah-Imiw IqSp-X¬ A¿∞-h-Ømbn
amdm≥ klm-bn-®p.
aX-kzm-X-{¥y-Øn-\p≈ Ah-Imiw (Right to freedon of Reli-
gion)
F√m ]uc∑m¿°pw Xß-fpsS CjvSa - \
- pk-cn®p≈ aXw sXc-s™-Sp-°p-∂Xn
\pw ]n¥p-S-cp-hm-\pap≈ kzmX-{¥yw `c-W-L-S\ \¬Inbn-cn-°p-∂p. Cu
kzmX{¥yw P\m-[n-]-Xy-Øns‚ apJ-ap-{Z-bmbn IW-°m-°-s∏-Sp-∂p. kz¥w
cmPysØ \nhm-kn-Iƒ°v aX-kzm-X{¥yw A\p-h-Zn-°m-Xn-cp∂ At\Iw `c-
Wm-[n-Im-cn-Ifpw N{I-h¿Øn-amcpw temI-Øns‚ ]e `mK-ß-fnepw D≠m-bn-
cp-∂p. `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-I-fpsS aX-Øn¬ \n∂pw hyXy-kvX-amb aXw ]n≥Xp-
S¿∂-h¿ H∂p-In¬ ]oUn-∏n-°-s∏-Sp-Itbm As√-¶n¬ `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-I-fpsS
aX-Øn-te°v ]cn-h¿Ø\w sNøm≥ \n¿_-‘n-Xc - m-hp-Itbm sNbvXp. AXn-
\m¬ Hcm-fpsS CjvSØ - n-\\- p-kc
- n-®p≈ aXw ]n¥p-Sc - m-\p≈ kzmX{¥yw P\m-
[n-]X
- y-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm\ XXz-ßf - nsem-∂mbn F∂pw \ne-sIm-≈p-∂p.
hnizm-k-Øn\pw Bcm-[-\-bv°p-ap≈ kzmX{¥yw (Freedon
of Faith and Worship)
C¥y-bn¬ GsXmcp ]uc\pw GXv aXw sXc-s™-Sp-°m\pw AXv A\p-jvTn-
°p-hm-\p-ap-ff kzmX-{¥y-ap-≠v. aX-kzm-X{¥yw A{]-Imcw Ah-\-hs‚ a\-
km-£n-°\ - p-kc
- n®v {]h¿Øn-°m-\p≈ kzmX{¥yw Dƒs°m-≈p-∂X - m-Wv. Hcp
hy‡n°v GXv aXw kzoI-cn-°p-hm\pw As√-¶n¬ Hcp aXhpw kzoI-cn-°m-
Xn-cn°m-\p-ap≈ kzmX-{¥y-ap≠v F∂-XmWv CXv sIm≠v A¿∞-am-Ip-∂-Xv.
aX-kzm-X{¥yw F∂Xv GsXmcp aXw kzoI-cn-°m\pw BN-cn-°m\pw {]N-cn-
∏n-°m-\p-ap≈ kzmX{¥yw Dƒs°m-≈p-∂-Xm-Wv. aX-kzm-X{¥yw Nne \nb-
{¥-W-ßƒ°v hnt[-b-am-Wv. {Ia-k-am-[m\w, [m¿Ωn-I-X, BtcmKyw F∂n-
hsb kwc-£n-°p-∂X - n-\v th≠n aX-kzm-X{- ¥y-Øn\p ta¬ k¿°m-cn\v Nne
\nb-{¥-W-ßƒ Npa-Øm≥ Ign-bpw. aX-kzm-X-{¥yw A\n-b-{¥n-X-amb Hc-h-
Im-i-a-√ F∂-XmWv CXpsIm≠v A¿∞-am-Ip∂-Xv. Nne kmaq-ln-I Xn∑-
Iƒ - (evils) ]ngp-sX-dn-bp-∂X - n\v k¿°m-cn\v aX-Im-cy-ßf
- n¬ CS-s]-Smw. DZm-
l-cW- a
- mbn kXn, _lp`m-cym-Xzw, As√-¶n¬ _lp`¿Xr-Xzw, \c-_en t]mse-
bp≈ A\p-jvTm-\-ßƒ XpS-ßn-bh \ntcm-[n-®p-sIm≠v ap≥Im-e-ß-fn¬

k¿°m¿ \S-]S- n-Iƒ FSp-Øn-´p-≠v. AØcw \nb-{¥-Wß - sf aX-kzm-X{- ¥y-
Øn-\p≈ Ah-Im-iß - f
- n≥taep≈ CS-s]-Se
- p-If
- m-sW∂ t]cn¬ FXn¿°m≥
Ign-bn√.
aX- k zm- X - { ¥y- Ø n- \ p≈ Ah- I m- i - Ø n≥ta- e p≈ \nb- { ¥- W - ß ƒ
Kh¨sa‚pw hnhn[ aX-ß-fpsS A\p-bm-bn-Ifpw XΩn¬ F√m-bvt∏m-gpw
kwL¿j-ßƒ°v Imc-W-am-Ip-∂p. GsX-¶nepw aX-hn-`m-K-Øns‚ Nne
{]h¿Ø-\-ßsf Kh¨sa‚ v \nb-{¥n-°m≥ {ian-°p-tºmƒ AXv Xß-fpsS
aX-Øn-ep≈ CS-s]-S-em-sW∂v B aX-Øns‚ A\p-bm--bn-Iƒ Icp-Xp-∂p.
a‰p ]e Imc-W-ßƒ sIm≠pw aX-kzm-X{¥yw cmjv{Sob hnhm-Z-Øn\v
Imc--Wa- m-Ip-∂p. Hcp hy‡n-bpsS aXw {]N-cn-∏n-°p-∂X
- n-\p≈ Ah-Imiw `c-
W-L-S\ Dd∏v \¬Ip-∂p. Hcp aX-Øn¬ \n∂v as‰mcp aX-Øn-te°v ]cn-
h¿Ø\w sNøp∂Xn\v P\-ßsf t{]cn-∏n-°p-∂Xpw CXn¬ Dƒs∏-Spw. aX-
]-cn-h¿Ø\w òj-Wn-bp-sSbpw (intimidation) As√-¶n¬ {]tem-`\ - ß-- f
- p-sSbpw
(inducement) ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-em-sW∂ Imc-W-Øm¬ Nne Bfp-Iƒ AXn-
t\mSv \ockw {]I-Sn-∏n-°p-∂p. \ΩpsS `c-W-L-S\ \n¿_-‘nX aX-]-cn-
h¿Ø\w A\p-hZ- n--°p-∂n-√. \ΩpsS aXsØ°pdn®p≈ hnh-cß - ƒ {]N-cn-∏n-
°p-hm\pw AXp-hgn a‰p-≈-hsc AXn-te°v BI¿jn-°p-hm\pw am{X-amWv
\ΩpsS, `c-W-L-S\ Ah-Imiw \¬Ip-∂-Xv.
F√m aX-ß-fp-sSbpw kaXzw (Equality of all Religion)
At\Iw aX-ßƒ \ne-\n¬°p∂ Hcp cmPy-sa∂ \ne-bn¬ hyXykvX aX-
ß-tfmSv Xpey ]cn-KW\ \¬Ip-I-sb-∂Xv Kh¨sa‚ns\ kw_-‘n-®n-S-
tØmfw Ah-iy-amb Imcy-am-W.v as‰mcp A¿∞-Øn¬ ]d™m¬ Kh¨sa‚ v
Hcp aX-Øn\pw {]tXyI ]cn-K-W\ \¬Ip-∂n-√. C¥ybv°v Hcp HutZym-
KnI aX-an-√. {][m-\a- {- ¥ntbm {]kn-Ut‚m, \ymbm-[n-]t\m As√-¶n¬ at‰-
sX-¶nepw k¿°m¿ DtZym-K-ÿt\m BIm≥ GsX-¶nepw {]tXyI aX-hn-`m-
K-Øn¬ Dƒs∏-SW - s- a-∂n-√. AXp-t]mse s]mXptPmen-bpsS Imcy-Øn¬ aX-
]-c-amb hnth-N-\-ßƒ H∂pw-Xs∂ Kh¨sa‚ v ImWn-°m≥ ]mSn-√m-sb∂v
ka-Xz-Øn-\p≈ Ah-Imiw ]Tn-®t- ∏mƒ \mw a\- n-em-°n-bn-´p-≠v. CXv Xpey-
{]h¿Ø\w (Activity)
$ \nß-fpsS {Kma-Øntem As√-¶n¬ ]´-W-Øntem \S-°p∂ s]mXp
aX ]cn-]m-Sn-I-fpsS Hcp ]ńI Xøm-dm-°p-I.
54 $ CXn¬ GsX√mw ]cn-]m-Sn-I-fmWv aX-kzm-X-{¥y-Øns‚ ]cn-[n-bn¬
hcp-∂Xv.
$ \nß-fpsS {]tZ-i-Øp≈ P\-ßƒ°v Cu Ah-Im-i-ßƒ e`y-a-√m-
bn--cp-s∂-¶n¬ F¥v kw`-hn-°p-am-bn-cp∂p F∂-Xn-s\-°p-dn®v N¿®
sNøp-I.
X-bv°p≈ Ah-Imi (Right to Equality) ØneqsS `c-W-L-S\ Dd∏v \¬Ip-

∂-Xmbn ImWmw. k¿°m¿ DS-a-ÿ-X-bn-ep≈ hnZym-`ymk ÿm]-\-ß-fn¬ 55
aX-{]-N-c-Wtam, aX-t_m-[-\tam, GsX-¶nepw aX-ÿ¿°v {]tXyI ]cn-K-
W-\tbm \¬Ip-∂n-√. atX-X-cXzw F∂ XXzsØ \ne-\n¿Øp-Ibpw, ]cn-
t]m-jn-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNøp-Is
- b-∂X
- mWv CØcw \nb-aß
- f
- psS e£yw.
kwkv°m-cn-Ihpw hnZym-`ym-k-]-c-hp-amb Ah-Im-i-ßƒ
(Cultural and Educational Rights)
C¥y≥ kaq-lsØ°pdn®v \mw kwkm-cn-°p-tºmƒ C¥y-bpsS sshhn-[y-
ßƒ \ΩpsS a\- n¬ {]Xn-^-en-°p-∂p. C¥y≥ kaqlw GI inem-flI
\yq\]£- ß fn¬ bYm¿∞- Ø n¬ Hcp

kpc-£mt_m[w D≠m-°p-∂-Xn\v `qcn-]-£-
Øn\v `mcn® DØ-c-hm-ZnXzw D≠v........ Hcp
atX-Xc cmjv{S-Øn-¬-am-{Xta \yq\-]-£-
Øn\v kpc-£n-XXzw D≠m-bn-cn-°p-I-bp-≈q.
AXv Ahsc tZio-b-hm-Zn-I-fm-°pw. `qcn-]-
£-k-ap-Zmbw Xß-fpsS tZi-kvt\-lsØ
s]men-∏n®p Imt´-≠-Xn-√..........-A-h¿ \yq\-
]-£-ß-fpsS Ah-ÿ-bn¬ Xßsf kzbw
k¶-ev]n-®p-sIm≠v Ah-cpsS òXnsb a\-
n-em-°m≥ {ian-°-Ww. kpc-£n-X-Xz-Øn-
\p-th-≠n-bp≈ F√m Ah-Im-i-hm-Z-ßfpw
\yq\-]-£-ß-fpsS a\- n-ep≈ òXn-bpsS
D¬∏-∂ß-fm-Wv......`mj, en]n AXp-t]mse
Xßƒ°v e`y-am-tI≠ tkh-\-ßƒ F∂n-
h-sb-°p-dn®p≈ òXn.
k¿Zm¿ lp°pw knßv kn.F.Un VIII
t]Pv 322, 26 May 1945
(monolithic) kaq-la- √. sshhn-[y-ßƒ \nd™ hnim-ea - mb Hcp kaq-la- mWv

\Ωp-tS-Xv. AØ-cØ - n¬ sshhn[yßƒ \nd™ Hcp kaq-lØ - n¬ a‰p hn`m-
K-ßsf At]-£n®v FÆ-Øn¬ sNdp-Xmb kmaq-lnI hn`m-Kß - ƒ D≠m-bn-
cn-°pw. GsX-¶nepw Hcp hn`mKw \yq\-]£
- a- m-sW-¶n¬ Ah¿ `qcn-]£
- Ø- ns‚
kwkvImcw kzoI-cn-t°-≠X - pt≠m ?
sshhn-≤y-amWv \ΩpsS i‡n-sb∂v \ΩpsS `c-WL- S- \ hniz-kn-°p-∂p. AXp-
sIm≠p Xs∂ auen-Im-h-Im-i-ß-fn¬ H∂v \yq\-]-£-ßƒ°v Ah-cpsS
kwkv°mcw \ne-\n¿Øp-hm-\p≈ Ah-Im-ia - m-Wv. \yq\-]£ ]Zhn aXsØ
am{Xw B{i-bn-®p-≈-X-√. `mjm-]-c-hpw, kmwkvIm-cnI ]c-hp-amb

\yq\-]£- ß - ƒ CXns‚ ]cn-[n-bn¬ hcp-∂p. cmPy-Øns‚ GsX-
¶nepw Hcp {]tXyI `mKtØm As√-¶n¬ cmPy-sØm-´m-sItbm
a‰v hn`m-K-ßs-- f-°mƒ FÆ-Øn¬ Ipd-hp-≈-hcpw Hcp s]mXp-`m-
jtbm aXtam D≈hcp-amb hn`m-K-ß-fmWv \yq\-]-£-ßƒ.
AØcw kap-Zm-b-ßƒ°v Ah-cp-tS-Xmb Hcp kwkv°m-chpw,
`mjbpw en]nbpw D≠m-bn-cn-°p-Ibpw Ah¿°v Ahsb kwc-£n-
°m\pw hnI-kn-∏n-°m-\p-ap≈ Ah-Im-ihpap≠m-bn-cn-°pIbpw
sNøpw.
aX-]c
- hpw `mjm-]c
- h
- p-amb F√m \yq\-]£
- ß
- ƒ°pw Ah-cp-
tS-Xmb hnZym-`ymk ÿm]-\-ß-ƒ ÿm-]n°m\p≈ Ah-Im-i-ap-
≠v. AXn-eqsS Ah¿°v kz¥w kwkv°m--csØ kwc-£n-°p-hm\pw Fs‚ \mń¬ Rm≥ \yq\-]-
hnI-kn-∏n-°p-hm\pw Ign-bpw. hnZym-`ymk ÿm]-\ß
- ƒ°v kmº- £w. F∂m¬ ]´- W - Ø n¬
ØnI klmbw A\p-h-Zn-°p-tºmƒ \yq\-]£ kap-Zmb amt\- Rm≥ `qcn-]£w Fs‚ `mj
Pvsa‚p-Iƒ°v Iogn¬ {]h¿Øn-°p∂ hnZym-`ymk ÿm]-\-ß- t\m°p-I-bm-sW-¶n¬ Rm≥
tfmSv k¿°m¿ hnth-N\w ImWn-°pI-bn-√. \yq\-]-£w. aXw t\m°p-I-
bm- s W- ¶ n¬ `qcn- ] - £ - h pw.
`c-W-L-S\m]c-amb ]cn-lm-c-ßƒ°p≈ Ah-
F¶n¬ \Ω-sf√mw \yq\-]£ - -
Imiw (Right to Constitutional Remedies) at√?
hf-sc-b[- nIw aXn-∏p-fh - m-Ip∂ auen-Im-hI - m-iß

- f
- psS ]ńI Dƒs°m-≈p-∂X - mWv \ΩpsS
`c-W-L-S-\-sb∂v Bcpw Xs∂ kΩ-Xn-°p∂-Xm-Wv. F∂m¬ tIhew Ah-Im-i-ß-fpsS
Hcp ]ńI Fgp-Xn-h-®Xv sIm≠v am{Xw Imcy-an-√. Ah-Im-i-ßƒ {]mtbm-KnI Xe-Øn¬
bmYm¿∞yam°p-∂X - n\pw Ah-s°-Xn-sc-bp≈ B{I-aW - ß
- sf {]Xn-tcm-[n°p∂-Xn-\p-ap≈
Hcp am¿§w D≠m-th-≠-Xp-≠v. CXv t\Sn-sb-Sp-°m-\p≈ am¿§-amWv `c-W-L-S-\m-]-c-amb
]cn-lm-cß- ƒ°p≈ Ah-Im-iw (Right to constitutional remedies). `cWL-S\ - m-]c
- a
- mb ]cn-
lm-c-ßƒ°p≈ Ah-Im-isØ `c-W-L-S-\-bpsS lrZ-bhpw Bflmhp (heart and soul)
ambmWv tUm. _n.B¿. Awt_-ZvI¿ hnti-jn-∏n-®n-´p≈-Xv. CXn\p ImcWw GsX-¶nepw
Hcp auen-Im-hI - m-iØ - ns‚ ewL-\a - p-≠m-bm¬ AXv ]p\x-ÿm-]n®v In´p-∂X - n-\mbn GsXmcp
hy‡n°pw sslt°m-S-Xntbtbm kp{]ow-tIm-S-Xn-tbtbm kao-]n-°p-hm-\p≈ Ah-Imiw
`cWL-S\ - m-]c- n-lm-ca
- m¿§-Øn-eqsS Dd∏v \¬Ip-∂p. kp{]ow-tIm--SX - n-°pw, sslt°m-SX - n°pw
CØcw Ah-Im-iß - ƒ \S∏n-em--°p-∂X - n\v k¿°mcn\v DØ-ch - p-Ifpw \n¿t±-iß - fpw \¬Im≥
Ign-bpw. tImSXn-Iƒ°v dn´p-Iƒ (writs) F∂ t]cn¬ \nc-h[n {]tXyI DØ-c-hp-Iƒ CXn-
\mbn ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn-°mw.
56 tl_ n- b
- k v tIm¿∏kv (Habeas Corpus)
AdÃv sNø-s∏´ hy‡nsb tImSXn°v ap≥]msI lmP-cm-°m≥ Bh-iy-s∏´psIm≠v
tImSXn ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn-°p∂ DØ-ch
- n-s\-bmWv tl_n-bkv tIm¿∏kv F∂-Xp-sIm≠v A¿∞-
am-°p-∂-Xv. Hcp hy‡nsb AdÃv sNøm-\p-≠mb Imc-W-ßtfm AXns‚ coXntbm \nb-am-
\p-kr-Xtam, Xr]vXn-Ic- tam As√-¶n¬ B hy‡nsb kzX-{¥-am-°m≥ tImS-

Xn°v DØ-chv ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn-°m-hp-∂X - m-Wv. 57
am≥U-akv (Mandamus)
Hcp DtZym-Kÿ- ≥ Xs‚ \nb-a] - c
- a
- mb I¿Øhyw \nd-th-‰m-Xn-cn-°p∂Xp-aqew
as‰mcp hy‡n-bp-sS Ah-Imiw l\n-°s∏Sp∂-Xmbn tImSXn Is≠-Øp-
tºmƒ ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn-°p∂ dn´mWv am≥U-ak - v.
s{]mln-_n-j≥ (Prohibition)
Iogvt°m-SX- n-Iƒ A[n-Im-c]cn[n ewLn-°p-Ib - m-sW-¶n¬ AXns\ XSbp-∂-
Xn\v ta¬ tImSXn-Iƒ (kp{]ow-tIm-S-Xn-tbm, sslt°m-S-Xn-tbm) ]pd-s∏-Sp-
hn-°p∂ DØ-ch - mWv s{]mln-_n-j≥.
tIzmhmdt‚m (Quo Warranto)
Hcp DtZym-Kÿ - ≥ At±-lØ - n\v A¿l-Xb - n-√mØ ÿm\w hln-°p-∂X - mbn
tImSXn Is≠ØpI-bm-sW-¶n¬ At±-lsØ AXn¬ \n∂v XS™p sIm≠v
tImSXn ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn-°p∂ dn´mWv tIzmhmd-t‚m.
sk¿tjym-ddn (Certiorari)
Hcp Iogvt°m-S-Xn-bn-setbm a‰v A[n-Imc ÿm\-Øn-s‚tbm ap≥]msI ]cn-
K-W\- b
- n¬ Ccn-°p∂ Hcp tIkv ta¬t°mS-Xn-bn-tet°m As√-¶n¬ D∂X-
A[n-Imc ÿm\Øn-tet°m ssIam‰w sNøm-\p≈ DØ-ch - mWv Cu dn´v.
PpUo-j-dnsb IqSmsX ]n≥Im-eØv Ah-Im-i-ß-fpsS kwc-£-W-Øn-
\mbn a‰p ]e kwhn-[m-\-ßfpw cq]-h¬°-cn-®p. tZiob \yq\-]£ IΩo-
j≥, tZiob h\n-Xm-IΩ - o-j≥, tZiob ]ń-IP - mXn IΩoj≥ apX-em-bh - s
- b-
°p-dn®v \nßƒ tIń-´p-≠m-Ipw. Cu ÿm]-\-ßƒ kv{XoI-fp-sSbpw \yq\-]-
£-ßƒ As√¶n¬ Zfn-X¿ F∂n-hc - psS Ah-Im-iß - ƒ kwc-£n-°p-∂p. CXp
IqSmsX auenImh-Im-i-ßfpw a‰p Xc-Øn-ep≈ Ah-Im-i-ß-sfbpw kwc-
tZiob a\p-jym-h-Imi IΩo-j≥ (National Human Rights Commis-

sion)
GXv `c-W-L-S-\bpw \¬Ip∂ Ah-Im-i-ßƒ ]cn-tim-[n-°-s∏-Sp-∂Xv
Ah Fßs\ \S-∏m-°p∂p F∂-Xn-eq-sS-bm-Wv. \nc-£-c¿, Zcn-{Z¿ XpS-
ßnb kaq-l-Ønse ]m¿izh¬°-cn-°-s∏´ F√m hn`m-K-ßƒ°pw Ah-
cpsS Ah-Im-iß- ƒ hn\n-tbm-Kn-°m≥ Ign-bW
- w. kzX-{¥-kw-LS- \
- I
- f
- mb
]o∏nƒkv bqWn-b≥ t^m¿ en_¿ń (]n.bp.kn.F¬.) AXp t]mse
]o∏nƒkv bqWn-b≥ t^m¿ sUtam-{Im-‰nIv ssd‰vkv (]n.bp.-Un.-B¿.)
XpSßnbh Ah-Imi ewL-\-ßƒs°-Xnsc Imh¬`S∑m-sc-t∏mse
{]h¿Øn®v hcp-∂p. Cu ]›m-Øe - Ø
- n-emWv 1993 ¬ Kh¨sa‚ v tZiob
a\p-jym-hI
- mi IΩo-j≥ ÿm]n®Xv.
kp{]ow-tIm-SXn ap≥ No^v PÃn-kv, kp{]ow-tIm-SX

- n-bnse ap≥ PUvPn,
sslt°m-S-Xn-bnse ap≥ No^v Pkv‰nkv IqSmsX a\p-jym-h-Im-i-ßsf
kw_-‘n® hnj-b-ß-fn¬ Adnhpw {]mtbm-KnI ]cn-N-b-hp-ap≈ c≠v
AwK-ßƒ, F∂nh-h¿ Dƒs°m-≈p-∂X - mWv tZiob a\p-jym-hI - mi IΩo-
js‚ LS\.
kz¥-ambn ap≥ssIsøSp-tØm, As√-¶n¬ a\p-jym-h-Imi ewL-\-
Øn\v Cc-bmb hy‡n-bpsS ]cm-Xn-bpsS ASn-ÿm-\Ø- ntem At\z-jWw
\S-Øp-I, Pbn-ep-Iƒ kμ¿in®v XS-hp-Im-cpsS Ah-ÿ-sb-°p-dn®v ]Tn-
°p-I. a\p-jym-h-Im-i-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´ hnj-b-ß-fn¬ Kth-jWw \S-
Øp-Ibpw Ah t{]m’m-ln-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNøpI XpS-ßn-b-h-bmWv a\p-
jym-h-Imi IΩo-js‚ {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ.
IΩo-j\v Hmtcm h¿j-hpw Bbn-c-°-W-°n\v ]cm-Xn-Iƒ e`n-°p-∂p.
IÃUn ac-Ww, IÃ-Un-bn¬ sh®p≈ _em¬kw-Kw, Bfp-Isf ImWm-
Xm-I¬, t]meokv AXn-{I-aß - ƒ, \S-]S- n-Iƒ FSp-°p-∂X
- n-epf-f t]mcmbva,
kv{XoI-tfmSv A]-a-cym-Z-tbmsS s]cp-am-d¬ XpS-ßn-b-h CXn¬s∏-Sp-∂p.
CXns‚ G‰hpw {][m-\s - ∏´ CS-s]-Se
- n¬ H∂mb ]©m-_n¬ \n∂v ImWm-
Xmb bphm-°-fpsS tIkp-I-fpsS At\z-j-W-Ønepw KpP-dmØv Iem]
tIkp-I-fpsS hnNm-c-W-bnepw tZiob a\p-jym-h-Imi IΩo-js‚ CS-s]-
S¬ ê-{]-Za
- m-sW∂v sXfn-™p.
IΩo-j\v in£n-°m-\p≈ A[n-Im-c-an-√. IΩo-j≥ \S-Ønb At\z-
j-W-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ Kh¨sa‚n\v ip]m¿i-Iƒ \¬Imt\m
As√-¶n¬ tImS-Xn-I-tfmSv \S-]-Sn-{I-a-ßƒ Bcw-`n-°m≥ ip]m¿i
sNømt\m am{Xta A[n-Im-ca
- p-≈q.
cmjv{S-\-b-Øns‚ \n¿tZiI XØz-ßƒ (Directive Prin-

ciples of State Policy)
kzmX{¥y C¥y At\Iw sh√p-hn-fn-Isf t\cn-tS≠n hcp-sa∂v \ΩpsS
`c-WL
- S- \m in¬∏n-Iƒ°v Adn-bm-am-bn-cp-∂p. F√m ]uc≥am¿°pw ka-
Xzhpw t£ahpw sIm≠p-hcnI F∂ sh√p-hnfnbmbn-cp∂p Ch-bn¬
G‰hpw {][m-\s- ∏-´X
- v. Cu {]iv\ß- ƒ ssIImcyw sNøp-∂X - n\v Nne \b-
58 \n¿t±-iß
- ƒ Bh-iy-am-sW∂pw Ah¿ Nn¥n-®p. F∂m¬ AsX kabw
Xs∂ Nne {]tXyI \b cq]o-I-cW Imcy-ß-fn¬ `mhn Kh¨sa‚p-
Iƒ°pta¬ ASn-t®¬∏n-°W - s
- a∂v `c-WL
- S- \
- bv°v Dt±-ia- n-√m-bn-cp-∂p.
£n-°p\-∂X - n-\mbn \nb-am-\p-kr-Xa

- mbn tZiob a\p-jym-hI
- mi IΩo-j\pw
(National Human Rights Commission) ÿm]n-°s - ∏-´p. 59
AXp-sIm≠v Xs∂ \nb-aw aqew \S∏m°m≥ Ign-bmØ Nne am¿§-tc-J-

Iƒ `c-W-L-S-\-bn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øp-I-bp-≠m-bn. AXm-bXv GsX-¶nepw Hcp
Kh¨-sa‚ v CXn¬s∏´ Fs¥-¶nepw Hcp {]tXyI am¿§-tcJ \S-∏n-em-°n-
bn√ F¶n¬ B \bw \S∏nem-°m≥ Bh-iy-amb \n¿t±iw Kh¨sa‚n\v
\¬I-W-sa∂v Bh-iy-s∏´v tImS-Xnsb kao-]n-°m≥ Ign-bn-√. AXm-bXv
Cu am¿§-\n¿t±-iß - ƒ `c-WL - S- \
- b - mWv (Non
- psS \oXn-\ym-tb-Xc `mK-ßf
-justiciable). AXm-bXv Ch tImSXn aptJ\ \S-∏n-em-°m≥ Ign-bn-√. Cu
am¿§-\n¿t±-i-ßƒ°v ]n∂n-ep≈ [m¿ΩnI i‡n Kh¨sa‚ns\ A¿ln-
°p∂ Kuc-h-tØmsS Ah \S-∏n-em-°m≥ t{]cn-∏n-°p-sa∂v `c-W-L-S\m
in¬∏nIƒ Nn¥n-®p. IqSmsX Cu am¿§-\n¿t±-iI XØz-ßƒ \S-∏n-em-°m-
\p≈ DØ-ch - m-ZnXzt_m[w - Kh¨sa‚n¬ krjvSn-°m≥ P\-ßƒ ]cn-{i-an-
°p-sa∂pw Ah¿ {]Xo-£n-®p. A{]-Imcw \b-]-c-amb am¿§-tc-J-I-fpsS
Hcp thdn´ ]ńI \ΩpsS `c-W-L-S-\-bn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn. Cu am¿§-\n¿t±-
iß-fpsS ]ń-Isb cmjv{S-\b - Ø- ns‚ \n¿t±-iI XXz-ßƒ (Directive Prin-
ciples of State Policy) F∂p ]d-bp-∂p.
F¥mWv \n¿t±-iI XØz-ß-fn¬ Dƒs∏ń´p-≈Xv ? (What
do the Directive Principles contains)
Cu A≤ym-bØ - n¬ {][m-\a - mbpw \n¿t±-iIXXz-ßsf kw_-‘n-®p≈ aq∂v
Imcy-ßf - mWv ]ń--Is
- ∏-SpØp∂Xv.
$ Hcp kaq-l-sa∂ \ne-bn¬ \mw kzoI-cn-t°≠ Dt±iy e£y-ßƒ
$ auen-Im-h-Im-i-Øn\v ]pdsa hy‡n-Iƒ A\p-`-hn-t°-≠-Xmb Nne Ah-
Im-iß - ƒ
$ Kh¨sa‚ v kzoI-cn-t°-≠-Xmb Nne \b-ßƒ. .
Xmsg ImWp∂ Nne \n¿t±-iI XXz-ßsf ]cn-tim-[n-°p--∂-Xn-eqsS `c-
W-LS- \m in¬∏n-If - psS ImgvN∏ - m-Sn-s\-°p-dn®v Nne Bi-bß - ƒ \nßƒ°v
e`n--°p-∂-Xm-W.v Nne \n¿t±-i-I-X-Xz-ßƒ \S-∏n-em-°p-∂-Xn\v AXmXv Ime-
L-´ß - f- nse k¿°m-cp-Iƒ {ian-®n-´p-≠.v P∑nØ \ntcm-[\ \nb-aß - ƒ, _m¶p-
I-fpsS tZi-km¬°-cW - w, \nc-h[n ^mIvSdn \nb-aß - ƒ, Ipd™ Iqen \n›-
bn-°¬, sNdp-InS IpSn¬ hyh-km-b-ß-fpsS t{]m’m-l-\w, ]ń-I-Pm-Xn-°m-
cp-sSbpw ]ń-I-h¿§-°m-cpsSbpw D∂-a-\-Øn-\p≈ kwh-cWw F∂o \nb-a-
ßƒ ]m m-°s - ∏-´p. hnZym-`ym-kØ - n-\p≈ Ah-Im-iw, cmPysam´msI ]©m-
bØv cmPv ÿm]-\ß - f- psS cq]o-Ic- W- w, sXmgn-ep-d∏v ]≤-Xn-bpsS `mKn-Ia
- m-
bn-s´-¶nepw tPmen sNøm-\p≈ Ah-Imiw, IqSmsX D®-`£W ]≤Xn apX-
]uc∑mcpsS auenI Npa-X-e-Iƒ (Fundamental Duties of Citizens)

$ 1976 ˛ ¬ 42 ˛mw asØ `c-WL - S- \ t`Z-KXn ]m m-°s - ∏-´p. a‰p hnj-
b-ßt- fm-sSm∏w ]uc-∑m-cpsS auenI NpaX-eI - ƒ Dƒs°m-≈p∂ Hcp
]ńI Cu t`Z-KX - n-bn¬ tN¿°--s∏-´p. samØ-ambn ]Øv Npa-Xe - I
- ƒ
Fgp-Xn-tN¿°-s∏-´p. F∂n-cp-∂mepw Cu Npa-Xe - I
- ƒ \S-∏n-em-°p-∂-
Xp-ambn _‘-s∏´v `c-WL - S- \ au\w ]men-°p-∂p.
$ ]uc-∑m-≥ F∂ \ne-bn¬ `c-WL - S- \
- sb A\p-kc- n-°pI, cmP-ys
- Ø
{]Xn-tcm-[n-°pI, F√m ]uc-∑m¿°n-Sb - nepw kulm¿±sØ ]cn-t]m-
jn-∏n-°pI, ]cn-ÿnXn kwc-£n-°p-I.
$ F∂n-cp-∂mepw \mw {]tX-yIw {i≤n-t°≠Xv Ah-Im-iß - ƒ A\p-`-
hn-°W
- s- a-¶n¬ Npa-Xe- I
- ƒ \n¿h--ln-°W
- s
- a∂v bmsXmcp \n_-‘-
\bpw `c-W-L-S\bn¬ D≠m-bn-ń-√m-sb-∂-Xm-Wv. Cu A¿∞-Øn¬
auenI I¿Øh-yß - f- psS Iqńt®¿°¬ hgn auen-Im-hI- m-iß
- f
- psS
]Z-hn°v bmsXmcp am‰hpw kw`-hn-®n-ń-√.
\nß-fpsS ]ptcm-KXn ]cn-tim-[n-°pI (Check Your Progress)

C¥-y-bn¬ GI-tZiw 33 Zi-e£w \K-c-hm-kn-Iƒ hoSn-√m-Ø-h-cm-sW∂v
IW-°m-°s-- ∏-ń-´p≠v. Cu P\-X-bpsS 5% Bfp-Iƒ°v cm{Xn-Imeß-fn¬
A`-b-ÿew e`-y-a√. \qdv IW-°n\v hoSn-√mØ hr≤cpw, tcmKnI-fp-amb
P\-ßƒ ssiX-y-Im-eØv ioX-Im-t‰‰v acWs-∏-Sp-∂p. Km¿lnI tcJ-I-
fpsS A`m-h-Øn¬ tdj≥ Im¿tUm, thmńßv Im¿tUm Ah¿°v e`-y-am-
Ip-∂n-√. Ch¿ Kh¨sa‚ns‚ klmbw Bh-i-y-ap-≈-h-cm-sW-¶nepw
CØcw tcJ-I-fpsS A`m-h-Øn¬ Ah¿°v k¿°m¿ klmbw e`n-°m-dn-
√. `h-\-c-ln-X-cmb Cu Bfp-I-fn¬ `qcn-`m-Khpw hfsc Xp—-amb thX\w
e`n-°p∂ Xm¬°m-enI Poh-\-°m-cmWv. cmP-y-Øns‚ ]e `mK-ß-fn¬
\n∂pw Ch¿ sXmgn¬ tXSn \K-c-ß-fn-te°v k©-cn-°p-∂p. Cu hkvXp-
X-Isf ASn-ÿm-\-s∏-SpØn `c-W-L-S\m ]cn-lm-c-am¿§-ßƒ°p≈ Ah-
Im-i-sa∂ ImgvN-∏m-Sn¬ \n∂p-sIm≠v kp{]ow-tIm-S-Xnbv°v Hcp ]cmXn
Fgp-Xp-I. Xm¶-fpsS ]cmXn-bn¬ Xmsg ]d-bp∂ Imc-y-ßƒ kqNn-∏n-°-
Ww.
$ `h-\-c-ln-X-cmb Ch-cpsS \nX-y-Po-hn-X-Øn¬ GsX√mw auen-Im-h-
Im-i-ß-fmWv \ntj-[n-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.
$ GXv Xc-Øn-ep≈ DØ-chv ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn-°m-\mWv \nßƒ kp{]ow
tImS-Xn-tbmSv At]-£n°pI
60
auenImh-Im-i-ßfpw \n¿tZ-i-I XØ-z-ßfpw XΩn-ep≈

_‘w (Relations between Fundamental Rights and Directive Prin- 61
ciples)
auen-Im-h-Im-i-ßfpw \n¿t±-i-I XX-z-ßfpw ]c-kv]c ]pc-I-ß-fm-sW∂v
- ƒ (Direc-
\n¿tZ-iI XØ-zß
tive Principles)
e£-y-ßƒ (Goals)
$ P\-t£aw;
kmaq-lnI, kmº-ØnI,
cmjv{Sob \oXn.
$ PohnX \ne-hmcw sa®-s∏-
Sp-Ø¬; \ym-b-hm-Zm¿l-a√mØ Ah-
hn`-h-ß-fpsS Xpe-y-hn-X- Im-i-ßƒ (Non - Justiciable
cWw Rights)
A¥¿tZ-iob kam-[m\w $ aXn-bmb D]-Po-h\ - a
- m¿Kw
$ ]pcp- j \pw kv { Xo°pw
]cn-t]m-jn-∏n-°p-I.
Xpey tPmen°v Xpe- y
thX\w
$ kmº-ØnI Nqj-WØn
s\-- Xn-sc-bp≈ Ah-Imiw
\b-ßƒ (Policies)
$ sXmgn-en-\p≈ Ah-Imiw
$ GIoIrX- - k n- h n¬
$ inip-]-cn-]m-e-\hpw Bdv
tImUv
hb- k n\p Xmsg {]mb-
$ elcn ]m\o-b-ß-fpsS
ap≈ Ipń-I-fpsS hnZ-ym-
D]-tbmKw \ntcm-[n-°p-
`ymkhpw
I.
$ IpSn¬ hy-hk - m-bß
- sf
]cn-t]m-jn-∏n-°p-I.
$ D]-tbm-Ka - p≈ I∂p-Im-
en-If- psS Iim∏v \ntcm- Hcp tImS-Xn°pw \S-∏n-em-
[n-°p-I. °m≥ Ign-bmØ `c-WL - S- -
$ {Kma- ] - © m- b - Ø p- I ƒ \-bnse at\m-lc
- a
- mb Imcy-
ßƒ Ft∂mSv ]d-bp-∂X - n‚
cq]o-Ic - n-°p-I. Dt±-iyw F¥mWv?
\ap°v ImWm≥ Ign-bp∂p. auen-Im-h-Im-i-ßƒ Kh¨sa‚ns\ Nne Imcy-

ßƒ sNøp-∂X - n¬ \n∂v hne-°p-tºmƒ \n¿tZ-iI
- X
- X
- z- ß
- ƒ Nne Imc-yß
- ƒ
sNøp-hm≥ Kh¨sa‚ns\ t{]cn-∏n-°p-∂p. auen-Im-h-Im-i-ßƒ {]-[m-\-am-
bpw hy-‡n-I-fpsS Ah-Im-i-ßsf kwc-£n-°p--tºmƒ \n¿tZ-iI XX-z-ßƒ
kaql-Ønse F√m-h-cp-tSbpw t£aw Dd∏v hcp-Øp-∂p.
F∂n-cp-∂mepw \n¿tZ-iI
- X
- X
- z- ß
- ƒ \S-∏n-em-°p-∂X
- n\v Kh¨sa‚ v {ian®
Nne kμ¿`-ß-fn¬ ]ucs‚ auen-Im-h-Im-i-ß-fp-ambn CXn\v X¿°-ap-≠m-
bn-´p-≠v.
P∑nØw C√mbva sNøm≥ \nb-a-\n¿amWw \S-Øp-∂-Xn\v Kh¨sa‚ v
Xocp-am-\n-®t∏m-gmWv Cu {]iv\w DS-se-Sp-Ø-Xv. kzØm-h-Imiw ewLn-®p-
sh-∂X - ns‚ t]cn¬ Cu \S-]S- n-Iƒ FXn¿°-s∏´p. hy‡n Xm¬]-yØ - n\p]-
cn-bmbn kaq-lØ - ns‚ Bh-iy- ß- ƒ°v ]cn-KW- \ \¬Inb Kh¨sa‚ v Cu
\n¿t±iI XXzsØ {]tbm-KØn¬ hcp-Øp-∂X - n\v `c-WL - S- \- b
- n¬ t`Z-
KXn sIm≠p-h-∂p. CXv Zo¿L-Ime \nb-a-bp-≤-Øn-te°v \bn-®p. CXn¬
Imc-y\- n¿h-lW, \oXn-\y- mb hn`m-Kß
- ƒ hy-Xy- k
- Xv - \n-e]- mSpIƒ kzo-Ic - n®p.
\n¿tZ-iI XX-zß - sf {]m_-ey- Ø
- n¬ sIm≠p-hc - p-∂X- n-\v AhIm-iß - sf shń-
®p-cp°mw F∂ hmZ-amWv Kh¨sa‚ v apt∂m´v sh®-Xv. P\-t£a {]h¿Ø-
\-ßƒ - °v Ah-Im-iß - ƒ XS- a- mbn \n¬°p∂p F∂ hmZamWv Ch¿ apt∂m´v
sh®-Xv. t\sc adn®v auen-Im-h-Im-i-ßƒ hfsc {][m-\-s∏-´Xpw ]hn-{X-hp-
kz-Øh - miw (Right to Proporty)

- I
Ah-Im-iß - fpw \n¿tZ-iI XØ-zß - fpw XΩn-ep≈ _‘sØ kw_-‘n-
®p≈ hnhm-Z-Øn\v ]n∂n-ep≈ {][m\ ImcWw bYm¿∞ `c-W-L-S-\-
bn¬ auen-Im-h-Im-i-ambn Dƒs∏-ń-cp∂ kzØv t\Sm\pw, ssIhiw
sh°m\pw, \ne- \ n¿Øm- \ p- a p≈ Ah- I m- i - a m- b n- c p- ∂ p. F∂m¬
Kh¨sa‚n\v kmaq-l-y-t£a {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ°v th≠n kzØv FSpØv
D]-tbm-Kn-°m-sa∂v `c-W-L-S\ hy-‡-am-°nbn-cn-°p-∂p. 1950 apX¬ kz-
Øh-Im-isØ ]cn-an-X-s∏-Sp-Øp-hm≥ Kh¨sa‚ v \nc-h[n \nb-a-ßƒ
D≠m-°n-bn-´p-≠v. Ah-Im-iß - fpw \n¿tZ-iI- XX-zß
- fpw XΩn-ep≈ _‘-
Øn-≥ta¬ Zo¿L-ambn\o≠p-\n∂ kwhm-Z-Øns‚ tI{μw Cu Ah-Im-i-
am-bn-cp-∂p. Ah-km\w 1973 ˛ ¬ kz-Ø-h-Imiw `c-W-L-S-\-bpsS ASn-
ÿm\ LS-\bpsS `mK-a-s√∂pw AXpsIm-≠v Xs∂ `c-W-L-S\m t`Z-K-
Xn-bn-eqsS Cu Ah-Imiw ]cn-an-X-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ ]m¿e-sa‚n\v A[n-Im-c-ap-
62 s≠∂pw kp{]ow-tIm-SXn hn[n-®p. Aßs\ 1978 ˛ ¬ 44 ˛mw `c-W-L-S\
t`Z-KX- n-bn-eqsS auen-Im-hI
- m-iß
- f- psS enÃn¬ \n∂v kz-Øh - I- misa∂
Ah-Im-isØ am‰p-Ibpw \nb-am-\p-kr-X-amb Ah-Im-ia-- mbn A\p-t—Zw
300 A bpsS `mK-ambn am‰p-Ibpw sNbvXp.
am-sW∂pw \n¿tZ-iI XX-z-ßƒ \S-∏n-em-°p-∂-Xn-\mbn Ch ]cn-an-X-s∏-Sp-Øm\mhn-s√∂

ImgvN∏
- m-SmWv tImSXn apt∂m´v sh®-Xv.
63
CXv k¶o¿Æ-amb as‰mcp kwhm-ZØ - n\v hgn-sbm-cp-°n. CXv `c-WL - S\m t`Z-KXnbpambn
_‘-s∏´Xmbn-cp-∂p. ]m¿e-sa‚n\v `c-W-L-S-\-bpsS GXv `m-Khpw t`Z-KXn sNøm≥
Ignbpw F∂-mb - n-cp∂p Kh¨sa‚ v hmZn-®n-cp-∂X
- .v auen-Im-hI
- m-iß- sf ewLn-®p-sIm-≠p≈
Hcp `c-WL - S- \ t`Z-KXnbpw ]m¿e-sa‚n\v hcp-Øm≥ Ign-bp-Ib - n-√ F∂-Xm-bn-cp∂p tImS-
Xn-bpsS \ne-]m-Sv. tIi-hm-\μ `mcXn tIknse kp{]-[m\ hn[n-bn-eq-sS-bmWv kp{]o-wtIm-
SXn Cu X¿°-Øn\v Xo¿∏v I¬]n-®n-®X - v. Cu tIkn¬ `c-WL - S- \- b- °v Nne ASn-ÿm-\-
X-Xz- ß
- ƒ Ds≠∂pw AXv ]m¿e-sa‚n-\m¬ t`Z-KXn sNøm≥ Ign-bm-ØX - m-sW∂pw kp{]ow-
tImSXn ]d-™p. A≤-ymbw ˛ 9 ¬ `c-W-L-S\ Hcp kPoh {]amWw F∂ ]mT-`m-KØv
Cu hnjbw \mw hfsc hni-Za - mbn N¿® sNøp-∂X - m-Wv.
D]-kw-lmcw (Conclusion)
alm-cm-jv{S-bn¬ \n∂p≈ kmaq-lnI ]cn-jvI¿Øm-hmb tPym-Xn- dmhp ^qte (1827 ˛
1890) bpsS teJ-\-ß-fn¬ Ah-Im-i-sa-∂-Xn¬ kzm-X-{¥yhpw ka-X-zhpw Dƒs°m-≈p-
∂p F∂ ]g- b - I me Imgv N - ∏ m- S p- I ƒ {]I- S - a m- I p- ∂ - X mbn ImWmw. tZiob
{]ÿm\Øns‚ Ime-L´- Ø - n¬ Ah-Im-iß - sf°pdn-®p≈ Cu Bibw IqSp-X¬ i‡-
am-°s-- ∏-Sp-Ibpw AXv `c-W-L-S\m Ah-Im-i-ß-fn-tebv°v \bn-°s-- ∏-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp.
\ΩpsS `c-W-LS\ Cu alXv ]mc-º-cyw {]Xn-^-en-∏n-°p-Ibpw auen-Im-h-Im-i-ß-
fpsS `mK-am-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. 1950 ˛ apX¬ Xs∂ \oXn-\ymbhyhÿ Ah-Im-i-ß-
fpsS {][m\ kwc-£I - s
- \∂ \nebn¬ {]h-¿Øn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p.
\oXn-\y- mb hy-mJ-ym-\ß
- ƒ Ah-Im-iß
- f
- psS hym]vXn ]e coXn-bnepw hn]p-es
- ∏-Sp-
Øn. \ΩpsS `cWIqShpw AXp-t]mse `c-Wh - n-`m-Khpw CXns‚ N´-°q-Sn-\IØv \n∂v
{]h¿Øn-°p-∂p. Ah-Im-i-ßƒ k¿°m-dns‚ {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ°v ]cn[n \n›-bn-°p-
Ibpw AXp-t]mse cmP-yØv P\m[n]Xy `c-W{Iaw Dd∏p hcp-Øp-Ibpw sNøp-∂p.
A`-ym-k-ßƒ (Excercises)
I X∂n-cn-°p∂ Hmtcm {]-kvXm-h\bpw icntbm sXt‰m Fs∂-gp-Xp-I.
F) Hcp cmP-yØv P\-ßƒ A\p-`-hn-°p∂ Ah-Im-i-ßƒ Ah-Im-i-]-{XnI apt∂m´v
hbv°p∂p
_n) Hcp hy-‡n-bpsS kzm-X-{¥-y-ßsf Ah-Imi ]{XnI kwc-£n-°p-∂p.
kn) temIØv F√m cmP-y-ßƒ°pw Hcp Ah-Imi ]{Xn-I-bp-≠v.
Un) Ah-Imi ewL-\-ßƒs°-Xn-cmb ]cn-lm-c-ßƒ `c-W-L-S\ Dd∏v \¬Ip-∂p.
II Xmsg X∂n-cn-°p-∂-h-bn¬ auen-Im-h-Im-i-ß-sf-°p-dn-®p≈ G‰hpw \√ hnh-
cWw GXmWv?
F) Hcp hy-‡n°v D≠m-bn-cn--t°≠ F√m Ah-Im-i-ßfpw
_n) \nb-a-]-c-ambn ]uc\v \¬In-bn-cn-°p∂ F√m Ah-Im-i-ßfpw
kn) `c-W-L-S\ \¬Ip-∂Xpw kwc-£n-°p-∂-Xp-amb Ah-Im-i-ßƒ
Un) `c-W-L-S\ \¬Ip-∂Xpw ]cn-an-X-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ Ign-bm-Ø-Xp-amb Ah-Im-i-ßƒ
III Xmsg ]d-bp∂ kml-N-c-y-ßƒ ]cn-K-Wn®v. Hmtcm kml-N-cy-Ønepw GXv auen-
64 Im-h-Im-i-amWv D]-tbm-Kn-°pItbm As√-¶n¬ ewLn-°p-Itbm sNbvXn-´p-≈Xv?
F{]-Imcw?
F) Aan-X-`m-c-ap≈ ]pcp-j-∑m-cmb hnam-\-Øn-\p-≈nse tPmen-°msc tZiob hnam\-
I-º\n ÿm\-°-b‰Øn\v A\p-h-Zn-®-t∏mƒ kl-{]-h¿Ø-I-cmb k{Xo tPmen-

°msc CtX Imc-W-Øm¬ am‰n-\n¿Øn. 65
_n) k¿°mdns‚ \b-ßsf hna-¿in-°p∂ Hcp tUmI-ypsa‚dn kn\na Hcp kwhn-
[m-b-I≥ \n¿Ωn®p.
kn) henb Hcp AW-s°-ńs‚ \n¿am-WsØ XpS¿∂v IpSn-sbm-gn-∏n°-s∏´ P\-ßƒ
]p\-c-[n-hmkw Bh-i-ys-- ∏-´p-sIm≠v Hcp dmen kwL-Sn-∏n-®p.
Un) B{‘-°m¿ B{‘m-{]-tZ-in\v ]pdØv sXep¶v `mjm ]Tn-∏n-°p∂ hnZ-ym-ebw
\S-Øp-∂Xv.
IV kmwkvIm-cn-Ihpw hnZ-ym-`-ymk]c-hp-amb Ah-Im-i-ßsf ]‰n Xmsg ]d-bp∂
hym-J-ym-\-ß-fn¬ icn-bm-bXv GXv?
F) \yq-\-]£ hn`m-K-Ønse Ipń-Iƒ°v am{Xw th≠n Bcw-`n-®n-´p≈ hnZ-ym-`-ymk
ÿm]-\-ßfn¬ B hn`mK-Ønse Ipń-Iƒ°v am{Xta ]Tn-°m≥ Ign-bq.
_n) \yq-\-]£ hn`m-K-Ønse Ipń-Iƒ°v Ah-cpsS kwkvIm-chpw hnizm-khpw ]cn-
N-b-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p≠v F∂v k¿°m¿ kvIqfp-Iƒ Dd∏v hcp-Ø-Ww.
kn) `mjm-]-chpw aX]-c-hp-amb \yq-\-]£hn`m-KØn\v Ah-cpsS- Ipń-Iƒ°p-th≠n
kvIqfp-Iƒ Bcw-`n-°p-hm\pw AXv Ah¿°p th≠n kwh-cWw sNøm\pw km[n-
°pw.
Un) Xßƒ kz¥ambn \S-Øp∂ ÿm]-\-Øn-e√msX a‰v hnZym-`ymk ÿm]-\-ß-
fn¬ Xß-fpsS Ipń-Isf ]Tn-∏n-°-cp-sX∂v `mjm aX \yq\-]£ hn`m-K-Øn\v
Bh-iy-s∏Smw.
V Xmsg ]d-bp-∂-h-bn¬ GXmWv auen-Im-h-Im-i ewL\w? F¥p-sIm≠v?
F) ASn-ÿm\ thX\w \¬Im-ØXv
_n) Hcp ]pkvX-I-Øns‚ \ntcm-[\w
kn) cm{Xn 9 aWn-°p-ti-j-ap≈ D®-`m-jn-Wn-Iƒ°p≈ \ntcm-[-\w.
Un) Hcp {]`mjWw \S-Øp-∂Xv
VI ]mh-s∏-´-h-cpsS CS-bn¬ {]h¿Øn-°p∂ Hcp kmaqly{]h¿Ø-I≥ ]d-bp∂Xv
Ah¿°v auen-Im-hImi-ß-f√ th≠Xv adn®v \nb-a-km-[p-X-bp≈ \n¿tZ-iI
XX-z-ß-fmWv F∂m-Wv. CXn-t\mSv \nßƒ tbmPn-°p-∂p-t≠m? ImcWw hy-‡-
am-°p-I.
VII Xq∏v tPmen sNbvXvsIm≠n-cn-°p∂ PmXn hn`m-KsØ AtX tPmen-bn¬ XpS-
cm≥ \n¿_-‘n-°p-I-bpw, A[n-Im-c-Øn-en-cn-°p-∂-h¿ Ah¿°v a‰v tPmen-Iƒ
\ntj-[n-°p-∂-Xp-am-bn-´mWv ]e dnt∏m¿´p-Ifpw kqNn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv. IqSmsX Ah-
cpsS Ipń-Isf hnZym-`ymkw t\Sp-∂-Xn¬ \n∂pw \ncp-’m-l-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p. Cu
kml-N-cy-Øn¬ Ch-cpsS GsX√mw auen-I-h-Im-i-ß-fmWv ewLn-°-s∏-Sp-∂Xv.
VIIIcmP-y-sØ ]ń-Wn-°m-cp-sS, Zmcn-{Zy-Øn-s‚ Ah-ÿ-sb-°p-dn®v Hcp a\p-jym-h-

Imi {Kq∏v Ah-cpsS ]cm-Xn-bn-eqsS tImS-Xn-bpsS {i≤-bn¬s]-Sp-Øn. 5 tImSn
SÆn-e-[nIw `£y-h-kvXp-°ƒ ^pUv tIm¿∏-td-j≥ Hm^v C¥ypsS tKmUu-
Wn¬ sIń-°n-S-°p-∂p. \ymb-hne tjm∏p-I-fn¬ \n∂pw F{X Afhv `£y-h-
kvXp-°-fmWv Xßƒ°v hmßm≥ Ign-bpI F∂-Xn-s\-°p-dn®v `qcn-`mKw tdj≥
Im¿Uv DS-a-Iƒ°pw Adn-bn√ F∂mWv ]T-\-ßƒ shfn-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xv. s]mXp-
hn-X-cW kwhn-[m\w i‡n-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ Kh¨sa‚n-t\mSv DØ-c-hn-Sm≥ Ah¿
tImS-Xn-tbmSv At]-£n-®p.
F) GsX√mw hy-X-ykvXßfmb Ah-Im-i-ß-fmWv Cu tIkn¬ Dƒs]-ń-´p-≈Xv?
F{]-Im-c-amWv Cu Ah-Im-i-ßƒ ]c-kv]cw _‘--s∏-ń-cn-°p-∂Xv?.
_n) CØ-c-Øn-ep≈ Ah-Im-i-ßƒ Pohn-°p-hm-\p≈ Ah-Im-i-Øns‚ `mK-amtWm?
IX Cu A≤-ym-bØn¬ D≤-cn-°-s∏´, tkma-\mYv emln-dns‚ `c-W-L-S-\m-\n-¿am-
W-k-`-bn¬ \S-Ønb {]kvXm-h\ hmbn-°p-I. At±-l-Øn-t\mSv \nßƒ tbmPn-
°p-∂pt≠m? Aß-s\-sb-¶n¬ AXv sXfn-bn-°m≥ Bh-iy-amb DZm-l-cWw
\¬Ip-I. As√-¶n¬ At±-l-Øns‚ \ne]m-Sn-t\mSv FXn-cm-bp≈ hmZ-ßƒ
ka¿∞n-°p-I.
X \nß-fpsS A`n-{]m-b-Øn¬ G‰hpw {][m-\s-- ∏´ auen-Im-h-Imiw GXv? AXnse
hy-h-ÿ-Isf t{ImUo-I-cn-®p-sIm≠v F¥v sIm≠mWv AXv {]m[m-\-y-a¿ln-°p-
∂-sX∂v ka¿∞n-°p-I.
66
A[ymbw 3 sXc-s™-Sp∏pw {]mXn-\n-[-yhpw
A[-ymbw 3 67
sXc-s™-Sp∏pw
{]mXn-\n-[yhpw (Election and Represen-
tation )
BapJw
\nßƒ Ft∏m-sg-¶nepw sNkv Ifn-®n´pt≠m? sNkv Ifn-°p-tºmƒ ‘IpXnc’
AXns‚ km[m-cW apt∂-‰Ø - n¬ \n∂v hyXy-kvXa - mbn thK-Øn¬ apt∂m´v
k©-cn-®m¬ (k©m-c-]Yw am‰n-bm¬) F¥mhpw kw`-hn-°pI? Aº-b¿
C√mØ {In°‰v a’-cs - Ø-°p-dn®v Nn¥n-°m≥ \nßƒ°v Ign-bptam? F√m
ImbnI C\-ßfpw Nne \n_-‘-\-Iƒ ]men-t°-≠-Xp≠v. \n_-‘-\-I-fn¬
am‰w hcp-ØpI hgn a’-c^ - ew Xs∂ hyXym-ks - ∏-Sp-∂p. AXp-t]mse Xs∂
F√m-hcpw AwKo-Ic - n-°p∂ s]mXp-kΩ - X
- \pw \njv]£ - \- p-amb Aº-bd - psS
km∂n[yw Bh-iy-am-Wv. a’cw XpS-ßp-∂-Xn\p apºp Xs∂ \n_-‘-\-I-
sfbpw Aº-bs - dbpw kw_-‘n®v s]mXp kzoIm-cyX Dd∏v hcp-tØ-≠X - p≠v.
ImbnI a’-c-ß-sf-°p-dn®v apI-fn¬ ]d™ Imcy-ß-sfm-s°-Øs∂ Hcp
Ce-Ivjs\ kw_-‘n®pw {]k-‡a - m-Wv. sXc-s™-Sp∏v \S-Øp-∂X - n\v Nne
\nb-a-ß-fpw Nne hyh-ÿn-Xn-Ifpw Hs° D≠v. sXc-s™-Sp-∏ns‚ ]cn-WnX
êw \mw kzoI-cn® \nb-aß - sf ASn-ÿm-\s - ∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂p. ]£-]m-X-
c-ln-X-ambn Hcp Ce-£≥ \S-Øp∂Xn\v \ap°v {]tXy-I-ambn Hcp kwhn-
[m\w Bh-iy-am-Wv. apºv {]Xn-]m-Zn® Cu c≠p Xocpam\ßfpw sXc-s™-
Sp-∏n\v apºv Xs∂ ssIs°m-t≈-≠XpsIm≠v CXv GsX-¶nepw Kh¨sa‚n\p
hn´p \¬Im-\m-hn-√. AXn-\m-emWv sXc-s™-Sp-∏ns\ kw_-‘n® ASn-ÿm\
Xocp-am-\-ß-sf√mw Xs∂ P\m-[n-]Xy cmPy-Øns‚ `c-W-L-S-\-bn¬ {]Xn-
]m-Zn-®n-cn-°p-∂X- .v
Ce-Ivjs-s\bpw AXns‚ {]mXn-\n[y kz`m-h-tØbpw kw_-‘n-®p≈
`c-W-L-S\m hyh-ÿ-I-fmWv Cu A[ym-b-Ønse {]Xn-]mZy hnj-bw.
CeIvj≥ \S-tØ≠ coXn-I-sfbpw AXns‚ `c-W-L-S-\m-]-c-amb hyh-ÿ-
I-sfbpw {]tbm-K-X-e-sØbpsa√mw \mw {i≤n-t°-≠-Xp-≠v. CXp-Iq-SmsX
`c-WL
- S- \m hyh-ÿI - ƒ am‰w hcp-Øp-∂X- n-\p≈ \n¿t±-iß
- ƒIqSn CtXm-
sSm∏w D≠v. Cu ]mT-`m-KØ
- n-eqsS Xmsg-∏d- b
- p∂ Imcy-ßƒ \nßƒ a\- n-
em-°pw.
$ hnhn[ Xc-Øn-ep≈ sXcs-™-Sp∏p coXn-Iƒ

$ \mw Ah-ew-_n-®n-´p≈ sXc-s™-Sp∏p coXn, AXns‚ khn-ti-jX
- ƒ
$ kz-X-{¥hpw \oXn-]q¿Δhp-amb sXcs-™-Sp-∏ns‚ Bh-i-y-IX
$ sXc-s™-Sp∏v ]cn-jvIc
- W
- ß
- s
- f-°p-dn®v a\- n-em-°m≥ .
sXc-s™-Sp∏pw P\m-[n-]-Xyhpw (Elections and Democracy)
sXc-s™-Sp-∏p-Is
- f-°p-dn®pw P\m-[n-]X
- y- s
- Ø-°p-dn®pw efn-Xa
- mb c≠v tNmZy- ßƒ kzbw
tNmZn®p sIm≠v \ap°v XpSßmw.
sXc-s™-Sp∏pIƒ IqSmsX \ap°v P\m-[n-]-Xyw km[yamtWm?
P\m-[n-]-Xyw C√m-sX \ap°v sXc-s™-Sp∏pIƒ km[yamtWm?
ap≥ ¢mkp- I - f n¬ \mw ]Tn-
®Xns\ ASnÿm\s∏SpØnbpw
READ A CARTOON AXn¬ \n∂v DZm- l - c - W - ß ƒ
DƒsIm≠pw Cu c≠v tNmZ- y -
ßsf°pdn®v \aps°mcp N¿®bmImw.
Hcp _rlØmb P\m-[n-]-X-y-cm-Py-
Øn¬ {]mXn- \ n- [ - y - k - { º- Z mbw
A\nhmcyam-sW∂v H∂m-asØ tNmZyw
\sΩ Hm¿Ωn-∏n-°p∂p. ]uc-∑m¿s°√mw
t\cn´v Xocpam\-saSp°¬ {]{Inbbn¬
]s¶Sp-°m≥ Ignbn√. AXp-sIm≠v P\-
ßƒ AhcpsS {]Xn-\n-[n-Isf sXc-
s™-Sp-°p∂p. Cß-s\- sXcs-™S- p-∏p-
Iƒ {]m[m-\yw ssIhcn®p. C¥y Hcp
P\m-[n-]-Xy cmP-y-am-sW∂v \mw hnNm-
cn- ° p- t ºm- s gm- s ° Ah- k m- \ m- a mbn
17
\S∂ sXc-s™-Sp-∏mWv \ΩpsS a\-
Feb
u
ra
y
r
nte°v
1957 hcnI. C∂v sXc-s™-Sp-∏p-Iƒ
P\m-[n-]X - y {]{Io-bb- psS G‰hpw {]Xy-
£-amb {]Xo-I-I-ß-fmbn amdn-bn-´p≠v.
{]Xy£hpw ]tcm£hpamb
P\m[n]Xyßsf \mw ]et∏mgpw
68 sXcs™Sp-∏p-Iƒ P\m-[n-]X - y-Øns‚ BtLm-ja
Ah¿ ]dbp-∂p. F∂m¬ Cu Im¿´q¨ AXns‚ Ipg-∏-
- m-sW∂v
th¿Xncn°mdp≠v . Kh¨sa‚ ns‚
ß-fmWv Nn{Xo-Ic
- n-°p-∂X
- v. sXc-s™-Sp-∏pIsf kw_-‘n- Xocpam\- s aSp°¬ {]{Inbbnepw
®n-S-tØmfw F√m-bv-t∏mgpw CXv icn-bmtWm? P\m-[n-]-
Xy-Øn\v CXv `qj-W-amtWm? Kh¨sa‚ns\ \bn®psIm≠p-t]mIp--
∂Xnepw P\ßƒ t\cn´v ]s¶Sp-°p∂p F∂XmWv {]Xy£ P\m[n]Xyw

F∂XpsIm≠v A¿∞am°p∂Xv. {Ko°nse ]pcmX\ \Kc cmjv{Sßƒ 69
{]Xy£ P\m[n]XyØn\v DZmlcWamWv . Xt±i kzbw`cW
kwhn[m\Ønse {Kma-kÌƒ {]Xy£ P\m[n]XytØmSv tN¿∂v
\n¬°p∂ H∂mbn ]ecpw IW°m°p∂p. e£°W°n\v BfpIƒ
tN¿∂ncp∂v Xocpam\saSp°pI F∂Xv {]Xy£ P\m[n]Xy kwhn[m-
\Øn¬ {]mtbmKnIa√. AXpsIm≠mWv P\ßfm¬ sXcs™-Sp°s∏Sp∂
`cWw F∂-Xns\ P\ßfpsS {]Xn\n[nIfm¬ sXcs™Sp°s∏Sp∂ `cWw
F∂v A¿∞-amt°≠n hcp∂Xv.
Cu kwhn[m\Øn¬ P\ßƒ AhcpsS {]Xn\n[nIsf
sXcs™Sp°pIbpw Ah¿ cmPyØns‚ `cWØnepw `cW
\n¿ΔlWØnepw Xocpam\ßsfSp°p∂Xnepw B {]Xn\n[nIƒ {InbmflI-
ambn ]s¶Sp°pIbpw CSs]SpIbpw sNøpw. Cßs\ P\{]Xn\n[nIsf
sXcs™Sp°p∂ am¿§-amWv sXcs™Sp∏pIƒ (Elections). Aßs\
hcptºmƒ {][m\ Xocpam\ßƒ ssIs°m-≈p∂-Xn\pw `cWw \SØn-
s°m≠pt]mIp∂Xn\pw ]uc∑m¿°v ]cnanXamb ]¶mWv D≠mhpI. ChnsS
\b cq]oIcWßfn¬ ]uc∑m¿ th≠{X kPoha√. Cu kwhn[m\Øn¬
]uc∑m¿ CSs]Sp∂Xv AhcpsS {]Xn\n[nIƒ aptJ\bmWv. ChnsS F√m
{][m\ Xocpam\ßfpw ssIs°m≈p∂Xv Cu {]Xn-\n[nIfmWv. AXp-
sIm≠pXs∂ P\ßƒ AhcpsS {]Xn\n[nIsf sXcs™- S p°p∂
{]{Inbbv°v hfsc {]m[m\yap≠v.
F√m sXcs™Sp∏pIfpw P\m[n]Xy]cas√∂v c≠masØ tNmZyw
\sΩ Hm¿Ωn∏n°p∂p. P\m-[n]Xyan√mØ ]e cmPyßfpw sXcs™Sp∏v
\SØmdp≠v . hmkv X hØn¬ P\m[n]Xy- a n√mØ cmPyßfnse
`cWm[nImcnIƒ t]mepw Xßƒ P\m[n]XyhmZnIfmsW∂v
t_m[y-s∏SpØm≥ {ian°mdp≠v. XßfpsS `cWØn\v òjWn
D≠mImØ XcØnembncn°pw Ah¿ sXcs™Sp∏v \SØpI.
Cßs\ P\m[n]Xy]ca√msX \SØnb sXscs™Sp∏pIƒ°v
Nne DZmlcWßƒ \nßƒ°v ]dbmtam? P\m[n]Xy]camb
sXcs™Sp∏pIsf Aßs\b√mØ sXcs™Sp∏n¬ \n∂pw
th¿Xncn°p∂sX¥msW∂v \nßƒ Nn¥n®n´pt≠m?
P\m[n]Xy]camb coXnbn¬ sXcs™Sp∏v \SØp∂Xn\v Hcp
cmPyw Dd∏phcptØ≠ Imcyßƒ Fs¥√mamWv? Cu \nb-a-ß-sf√mw `cW-L-
S-\-bn¬ FgpXn hbvt°≠
ChnsSbmWv `cWLS\ IS∂phcp∂Xv. Hcp P\m[n]Xy Bhiyw F¥mWv? CsXm
cmPyØnse `cWLS\bn¬ sXcs™-Sp∏pIƒ P\m[n]Xy s° ]m¿e-sa‚n\p Xocp-am-\n-
®p-IqsS? As√-¶n¬ Hmtcm
coXnbn¬ \SØp∂- X n\pth≠ ASnÿm\ \nbaßƒ sXc- s ™- S p- ∏ n\p ap≥]pw
{]Xn]mZn®n´p≠mhpw. F√m ]m¿ń-Iƒ°pw Xocp-am-
\n-®p-IqsS?
km[mcWbmbn sXcs™Sp∏v \nbaßƒ cq]oIco°m\p≈ NpaXe

AhnSpsØ \nba\n¿ΩmW kÌfn¬ \n£n]vXambncn°pw. Cßs\
cq]oIcn°s∏Sp∂ \nbaßfn¬ Xmsg∏dbp∂ Imcyßƒ
{]Xn]mZn®n´p≠mhpw.
• thm´psNøm≥ A¿lXbpffh¿ Bscms°bmWv.?
• B¿s°ms°bmWv sXcs™Sp∏n¬ a’cn°m\mhpI?
• BcmWv sXcs™Sp∏n\v ta¬t\m´w hln°pI?
• thm´¿am¿ Fßs\bmWv XßfpsS {]Xn\n[nIsf sXcs™Sp°pI?
• thms´Æepw P\{]Xn\n[nIsf sXcs™Sp°epw Fßs\bmWv?
a‰p an° P\m[n]XycmPyßfnsebpw `cWLS\t]mse C¥y≥
`cWLS\bpw Cu tNmZyßƒ°v DØcw \¬Ip∂p. ]cntim[n®m¬
BZysØ aq∂v tNmZyßfpw kzX{¥hpw \oXn]q¿Δhpamb sXcs™Sp∏v
\SØp∂Xns\°pdn®pw AXphgn P\m[n]Xy]camIp∂Xns\∏‰nbpamWv.
a‰p c≠p tNmZyßfmIs´, \oXn]q¿Δamb {]mXn\n[yw Dd∏phcpØp∂Xn-
s\°pdn®pw, apIfn¬ ]d™ c≠p Imcyßfpw IqSmsX sXcs™Sp∏pIsf
kw_‘n® `cWLS\m]camb hIp∏pIfpw Cu A[ymbØn¬ \nßƒ
a\ nem°p∂p≠v.
C¥ybnse sXcs™Sp∏v k{ºZmbw (Election system in
India)
apIfn¬ ]d™ncn°p∂ hnhn[ XcØnep≈ sXcs™Sp∏v k{ºZmbßfpw
coXnIfpw \nßƒ {i≤n®pImWpat√m? CsX√mw F¥msW∂v \nßƒ
A¤pXs∏ń´p≠mIpw. hnhn[Xcw {]NcW coXnIsf°pdn®pw sXcs™Sp∏v
k{ºZmbßsf°pdn®pw \nßƒ hmbn°pItbm ImWpItbm
sNbvXn´p≠mIpw. hnhn[Xcw sXcs™Sp∏v coXnIƒ Fs¥ms°bmWv?
C¥ybnsetbm at‰sX¶nepw cmPyØnsetbm sXcs™Sp∏pI-
sf∏‰n ]{Xhm¿ØIƒ tiJcn°pI. Xmsg ]dbp∂ C\ßfn¬
Ahsb Xcw Xncn°pI.
F. {]mXn\n[y k{ºZmbw
_n. kΩXnZm\ tbmKyX
kn. Xncs™Sp∏v IΩojs‚ NpaXe. \nßƒ°v C‚¿s\‰v
70 kuIcyaps≠¶n¬ CeIv j ≥ t{]mkkv C≥^¿taj≥
IfIvj≥ (www.epicproject.org) F∂ ssk‰v kμ¿in®v
apIfn¬ ]d™ hnhc-ßƒ tiJcn°mhp∂XmWv. Ipd™Xv
\mep cmPyßfpsSsb¶nepw hnhc-ßƒ Is≠Øm≥ {ian°p-
at√m?
sXscs™Sp∏v \SØp-∂-Xn\v Nne hyhÿIƒ D≠v. am{Xa√ Cu

DØchmZnXzw \n£n]vXamb Hcp A[nImc tI{μhpw. F¥psNømw 71
F¥psNøcpXv F∂Xns\∏‰n \nbaßfp≠v. sXcs™Sp∏v
kwhn[m\sa∂m¬ CXpam{XamtWm? F¥psIm≠mWv `cWLS\bn¬
thm´pIƒ Fßs\ FÆWw F∂Xns\ kw_‘n®pw {]Xn-\n-[n-Isf
Fßs\ sXcs™Sp°Ww F∂Xns\ kw_‘n®pw ]cam¿in®ncn°p∂Xv
F∂ ImcyØn¬ \nßƒ°v A¤pXw tXm∂nbn´p≠mIpw. AXv Xo¿®-bt√?
P\ßƒ sXcs™Sp∏n¬ ]s¶Sp°pIbpw thm´v tcJs∏SpØpIbpw
sNøp∂p. F‰hpw IqSpX¬ thm´pIƒ In´p∂ ÿm\m¿-∞n sXcs™-
Sp°s∏Sp∂p. temIsØhnsSbpw sXcs™Sp∏pIƒ Cßs\bmWv
AXns\∏‰n C{X hniZambn Nn¥nt°≠Xns‚ Bhiyw F¥mWv?
\mev ¢mkpIfpsS {]Xn\n[nIsf Is≠Øm≥ \nßfpsS
¢m n¬ A\pIcW sXcs™Sp∏v (Mock election)
\SØpI sXsc™Sp∏v \SØp∂Xn\v hyXykvX amb
aq∂v k{ºZmbßƒ D]tbm-Kn°pI
• Hcp hnZym¿∞n°v Hcp thm´mWv \¬Im≥ Ignbp∂Xv. G‰hpw IqSpX¬
thm´p e`n°p∂ \mev t]¿ sXcs™Sp°s∏Spw
• C\n Hmtcm hnZym¿∞n°pw \mev thm´phoXhpw AXv Hcp ÿm\m¿-
∞nt°m AXs√¶n¬ hyXykvX ÿm\m¿∞nIƒ°v hoXw ht®m
\ev I mhp∂XmWv . ChnsSbpw G‰hpw IqSpX¬ thm´v e`n°p∂
\mept]¿ sXcs™Sp°s∏Sp∂p.
• Hmtcm thm´¿amcpw ÿm¿∞nIƒ°v ap≥KW\ \evIpIbpw Xmsg
hnhcn®n´p≈ cmPyk`m AwKßsf sXcs™Sp°p∂ \nbaßƒ
A\pkcn®v thms´ÆpIbpw sNøp∂p.
Xo¿®-bmbpw Nn¥nt°≠Xp≠v, ImcWw CXp {]Xy£Øn¬ \mw

IcpXp∂Xpt]mse A{X efnXa√. \ΩpsS cmPysØ sXcs™Sp∏v
k{ºZmbhpambn A{Xta¬ CgpIntN¿∂ncn°p∂Xn\m¬ \ap°v
as‰m∂ns\∏‰n BtemNn°mt\ Ignbn√. Hcp P\m[n]Xy sXcs™Sp∏n¬
P\ßƒ \¬Ip∂ ap≥Xq°amWv hnPbnsb \n›bn°p∂Xv. F∂m¬
P\ßƒ°v XßfpsS {]Xn\n[nsb sXc-s™-Sp°m\pw ap≥KW\m{Iaw
\n›bn°m\pw hnhn[XcØnep≈ am¿§ßfpw k{ºZmbßfpw D≠v.
F∂m¬ BcmWv hnPbn F∂ ImcyØn¬ sXcs™Sp∏v k{ºZmb-a\p-
kcn®v hyXymkw hs∂∂ncn°pw. Nne k{ºZmbßfpw \nbaßfpw henb
]m¿ńIƒ°v A\pIqeambncn°pw. F∂m¬ NneXmIs´ sNdnb
]m¿ńIƒ°mIpw A\pIqeamIpI. NneXv `qcn]£ kapZmbßƒ-°mbn-
cn°pw A\pIqeamIpI. F∂m¬ a‰p Nne \nbaßƒ \yq\]£ßsfbmhpw
\¬In-bn-cn-°p∂ ]{X-hm¿Ø t\m°pI
kwc£n°pI. CXv Fßs\ kw`hn°p∂p F∂Xv Hcp

DZmlcWØneqsS \ap°v a\ nem°mw.
tIhe `qcn-]£ hy-hÿ (FPTP System)
CXv C¥ybpsS P\m[n]XysØ kw_‘n®p≈ Hcp Ncn{X
aplq¿ØamWv shfnhm°p∂Xv. 1984 ¬ \S∂ temIk`
sXcs™Sp∏n¬ BsIbp≈ 543 ko‰pIfn¬ 415 ko‰pIfnepw
hnPbn®v, 80 iXam\w ko‰pIfne[nIw t\Sn tIm¨{Kkv ]m¿ń
A[nImcØnseØn. temIvk`m sXc-s™Sp∏v Ncn{XØn¬
50 iXam\Øn¬ Xmsg C∂phsc as‰mcp ]m¿ń°pw CØcw Hcp hnPbw t\Sm\mbnń√.
thm´pIfpw F∂m¬ 80
i X a m \ Ø n e [ n I w Cu sXc-s™Sp∏v êw hy‡am°p∂sX¥mWv?
ko‰pIfpw CXv A\oXn- tIm¨{Kkv ]m¿ń A©n¬ \mev `mKw ko‰pIƒ t\Sn
bt√? A\oXnIcamb Hcp
sXcs™Sp∏v hyhÿn-Xn- hnPbn®p. C¥ybnse kΩXnZmbIcn¬ A©v t]cn¬ \mev t]¿
sb \ΩpsS `cW-LS\m tIm¨{Kkn\v thm´p sNbv X psh∂mtWm CXpsIm≠v
\n¿ΩmXm°ƒ°v Fßs\ A¿∞amt°≠Xv? F∂m¬ bYm¿-∞Øn¬ Aßs\b√. Xmsg
AwKoIcn°m\mIpw?
X∂n´p≈ ]ńI ]cntim[n®v t\m°pI. \m¬∏-Ønsb´p iXam\w
thm´pIfmWv tIm¨{Kkv ]m¿ń°v t\Sm\mbXv. CXn\¿∞w
BsI thm´v sNbvXhcn¬ 48% t]¿ am{XamWv tIm¨{Kkv ÿm\m¿∞n°v
thm´v sNbvXn´p≈Xv F∂mWv. F∂n´pw temIvk`bnse 80
72 iXam\Øne[nIw ko‰pIfn¬ hnPbn°m≥ tIm¨{Kkv ]m¿ń°v Ign™p.
a‰p ]m¿ńIfpsS {]IS\w H∂v ]cntim[n°pI. _n.sP.]n.°v 7.4% thm´pIƒ
e`yam- s b¶nepw Hcp iXam\Øn¬ Xmsg ko‰pIƒ am{XamWv
1984 temI-vk` sXc-s™-Sp-∏n¬ {][m\ ]m¿ń-Iƒ°p e`n® thm´p-Ifpw

ko‰p-Ifpw 73
]m¿ń thm´p-Iƒ ko‰p-Iƒ
(i-Xm-am-\-Øn¬)
tIm¨{Kkv 48.0 415
_nsP]n 7.4 2
P\X 6.7 10
temIvZƒ 5.7 3
kn ]n sF(Fw) 5.7 22
sXep-¶p-tZiw 4.1 30
Un.Fw.sI 2.3 2
FsF-F-Un-FwsI 1.6 12
AIm-en-Zƒ 1.0 7
FPn]n 1.0 7
hnPbn°m\mbXv. CsXßs\ kw`hn®p?
\ΩpsS cmPyØv ]n¥pScp∂ sXc-s™-Sp∏p coXn-bpsS {]tX-yI
- X
- a
- q-ea
- mWv
Cßs\ kw`-hn-°p-∂Xv. Cu k{º-Zm-b- {]-Imcw
$ cmP-ysØ samØw 543 \ntbm-P-I-a-WvU-e-ambn hn`-Pn-®n-cn-°p∂p
$ Hmtcm \ntbm- P - I a- W v U - e hpw Hcp {]Xn- \ n- [ n- s b - h oXw sX-
cs™Sp°p∂p.
$ Hmtcm \ntbm-P-I-a-WvU-e-Ønepw G‰hpw IqSp-X¬ thm´p-In-´p∂
ÿm\¿∞n sXcs™-Sp°-s∏´Xmbn {]J-ym-]n-°p∂p.
a‰p ÿm\¿∞n-Is - f-°mƒ IqSp-X¬ thm´p-Iƒ In´p∂ ÿm\m¿∞n hnP-bn-
®-Xmbn {]J-ym-]n°s∏--Sp-sa-∂XmWv ChnsS {]tX-yIw {i≤n-t°≠ hkvXpX.
hnP-bn-°p∂ ÿm\m¿∞n°v B \ntbmP-Ia - W- U
-v e
- Ø
- nse `qcn-]£w thm´p-
Iƒ In´-W-sa-∂n√ `qcn-]£w e`n°p∂ ÿm\¿∞n sXcs™-Sp-°-s∏-´-
Xmbn {]J-ym-]n-°p∂ {]mXn-\n-[yhy-h-ÿsb tIh-e-`q-cn-]£ hy-hÿ
AYhm Bt]£nI `qcn-]£ hy-hÿ As√-¶n¬ ^Ãv ]mÃv Zn t]mÃv
(First Past The Post System FPTP) hyhÿ F∂p- ]d-bp∂p. ‘sXc-s™-
Sp∏p a’-c-Øn¬ a‰p-≈-h-sc-°mƒ ap∂n-se-Øp∂ BZ-ysØ ÿm\m¿∞n-
bmWv hnPbn’ Cu hy-hÿ - sb ‘_lp-Xz- h - y- h- ÿ’ (Plurality System) F∂pw
hnfn-°m-dp≠v. sXcs™Sp∏n¬ Cu am¿§ßfmWv C¥y≥ `c-W-L-S\
\njvI¿jn®n´p≈Xv.
C\n \ap°v DZmlcWØnte°v Xncn®pt]mImw. tIm¨{Kkv ]m¿ń°v
Inńb thm´p hnlnX-sØ°mƒ F{Xtbm A[nIw ko‰v hnlnXamWv
Ah¿°v e`n®Xv. an° afießfnepw A≥]Xv iXam\w thm´pt]mepw
t\SmsXbmWv ÿm\m¿∞nIƒ hnPbn®Xv. [mcmfw ÿm\m¿∞nIƒ a’c

cwKØp≈t∏mƒ hnPbnbmIp∂ ÿ\m¿∞n°v an°t∏mgpw A≥]Xv
iXam\Øn¬ XmsgbmIpw thm´pIƒ e`n°pI. ]cmPbs∏Sp∂
ÿm\m¿∞nIƒ°pw ko‰pIƒ In´msX t]mIp∂ ]m¿ńIƒ°pw e`yamIp∂
th´pIƒ ]mgmbn t]mIpIbmWv sNøp∂Xv. CØcw kmlNcyßfn¬
Ccp]Øn At©m AXn¬ Xmsgtbm iXam\w thm´pIƒ t\SpI
hgn ]m¿ń°v an° ko‰pIfnepw hnPbn°m\mIpw.
B\p-]m-XnI {]mXn-\n-[yw (Proportional Represention)
Cu k{ºZmbsØ C{ktben¬ C∂v \nehnep≈ as‰mcp
sXcs™Sp∏v coXnbpambn XmcXayw sNbv X p t\m°mw
C{kmtben¬ thm´pIƒ FÆn Ign™m¬ Hmtcm ]m¿ńIƒ°pw
e`yamb thm-´pIƒ°v B\p-]m-Xn-Ia- mbn ]m¿e-sa‚n¬ ko‰p-Iƒ
A\p-hZ- n-°p∂p. (]ńI ImWpI) Hmtcm ]m¿ńbpw B\p-]m-Xn-I-
ambn e`yamb ko‰pIfnte°v sXcs™Sp∏n\p ap≥]pXs∂
CXv hfscb[nIw Nn¥m- ap≥KW\ {IaØn¬ \n›bn®n´p≈ ÿm\m∞nIfpsS
Ipg∏w D≠m°p∂XmW- ]ńIbn¬ \n∂v {]Xn\n[nIsf sXcs™Sp°p∂p. Cu
t√m? Cu hyhÿnXnbn¬
Fs‚ Fw.]n.bpw Fw.F¬- sXcs™Sp∏v k{ºZmbsØ B\p]mXnI {]mXn\n[y
Fbpw BcmsW∂v Rm≥ k{ºZmbw (Proportional Representation) F∂p ]dbp∂p. Cu
Fßs\bmWv AdnbpI. k{ºZmbØn¬ Hcp ]m¿ń°v Xßƒ°v Inńb thmńs‚
Fs¥-¶nepw Imcy-ap-s≠-
¶n¬ Rm≥ BcpsS ASp- A\p]mXØnem-bncn°pw ko‰pIƒ e`n°pI.
tØ-°mWv t]mtI-≠Xv?
B\p]mXnI {]mXn\n[y k{ºZmbØn\v c≠v coXnIƒ
D≠v . Nne cmPyßfn¬ {]tXyIn®v C{k- t b¬, s\X¿em‚ v k v
F∂nhnSßfnep≈ t]mse cmPyw apgph≥ H‰ afieambn IW°m°p∂p.
tZiob sXcs™Sp∏n¬ Hmtcm ]m¿ń°pw e`n°p∂ thm´p hnlnXØns‚
ASnÿm\Øn¬ ko‰p-Iƒ A\phZn®p \evIp∂p. A¿P‚o\bnepw
t]m¿®pKenepw D≈Xp t]mse cmPyw apgph≥ hnhn[ _lp AwKafi-
eßfmbn hn`Pn°p∂ am¿§amWv as‰m∂v. ChnsS F{X t]sc sXc-s™--
Sp°Ww F∂Xns‚ ASnÿm\Øn¬ Hmtcm afi-eßfn¬ \n∂pw
ÿm\m¿∞nIfpsS Hcp ]ńI ]m¿ńIƒ D≠m°p∂p. Cu c≠p coXnIfnepw
thm´¿am¿ XßfpsS A`n{]mbw tcJ-s∏Sp-Øp∂Xv ÿm\m¿∞n°√. adn®v
]m¿ń°ƒ°mWv. Hcp ]m¿ń°v tcJs∏SpØnb thm´pIfpsS ASn-ÿm-
\ØnemIpw afießfnse ko‰pIfpsS hnXcWw \n›bn°p∂Xv. AXp-
sIm≠p Xs∂ Hcp afieØn¬ \n∂v sXcs™Sp°s∏Sp∂ {]Xn\n[nIƒ
74 hnhn[ ]m¿ńIfn¬s]´hcm-bncn°pw. C¥ybn¬ B\p]mXnI k{ºZmbw
]tcm£ sXcs™Sp∏pIfn¬ (Indirect Election) ]cnanXamb tXmXn¬
kzoIcn®n´p≠v. C¥ybn¬ cmjv{S]Xn, D]cmjv{S]Xn, cmPyk`, hn[m≥
]cnjØv (Legislative Council) F∂nhnS-ßf
- n¬ aq∂masXmcp XcØnep≈
k¶o¿Æamb B\p]mXnI k{ºZm-bamWv kzoIcn-®n´p≈Xv.
C{ktbense B\p-]m-XnI {]mXn-\n[y k{º-Zmbw

B\p-]m-XnI {]mXn-\n[y k{º-Zm-b-amWv C{k-tb¬ ]n¥p-S-cp-∂-Xv. 75
C{k-tb-ens‚ \nb-a-\n¿ΩmW k` (s\ ‰v)-bn-te°v \mep-h¿j-
Ønsem-cn-°-emWv sXc-s™-Sp∏v \S-°p∂Xv. Hmtcm ]m¿ńbpw Ah-
cpsS ÿm\m¿∞nIsf kw_-‘n® Hcp enÃv {]kn-≤o-I-cn-°pw.
thm´¿am¿ ÿm\m¿∞n-°-√ ]m¿ń-°mWv thm´p sNøp-∂-Xv. Hmtcm
]m¿ń°pw e`y-amb thm´p-I-fpsS A\p-]mXw A\p-k-cn-®mWv \nb-a-
k-`-bn¬ ko‰p-Iƒ e`n-°p-∂-Xv. sNdn-b-tXm-Xn¬ P\-]n-¥p-W-bp≈
sNdp-]m¿ń-Iƒ°p t]mepw CXp-hgn {]mXn-\n[yw e`n-°p-∂p. (\nb-a-
k-`-bn¬ ko‰v e`n-°p-∂-Xn\v Hcp ]m¿ń°v G‰hpw Ipd-™Xv 1.5
iX-am\w thms´-¶nepw e`n-®n-cn-°W
- w) CXv an°-t∏mgpw Hcp Iq´p-I£n
k¿°m-cns‚ cq]o-I-c-W-Øn\v Imc-W-am-Im-dp-≠v.
2003 ¬ s\ -‰n-te°v \S∂ sXc-s™-Sp∏v ê-Øns‚ ]ńI Xmsg
sImSp-Øn-cn-°p-∂p. Hmtcm ]m¿ń°pw e`y-amb thm´v iX-am\w F{X-
sb∂v I≠p]nSn-°p-I.
cmPy-k` sXc-s™-Sp-∏n¬ B\p-]m-XnI {]mXn-\n[yw Fßs\
{]h¿Ø-\-£-a-am-°p∂p? (How does PR Works in Rajya
Sabha Election?)
]m¿ń ko‰pIƒ ko‰phnlnXw thm´vIfpsS
hnlnXw
en°pUv 37
jmkv 11
\mjW¬ bqWnb≥ 07
\mjW¬ eoPnbkv
]m¿ń 5
bp.Sn.sP 5
C{ktb¬ _n Aenbm 2
te_¿ 19
jn\p¬ 15
Ad_v ]m¿ń 9
ansd‰vkv 6
Bw ClmZv 4
BsI 120
tIhe`qcn]£ k{ºZmbhpw (FPTP) B\p]mXnI {]mXn\n[y hyhÿbpw

Hcp XmcXayw
tIhe `qcn]£w (FPTP) B\p]mXnI {]m[n\nXyw (PR)
\ntbmPIafießƒ As√¶n¬ henb `q{]tZiw \ntbPI-afi-
Pn√Iƒ F∂p hnfn°p∂ sNdnb efmbn \nPs∏SpØnbncn°p∂p. Nne-
`q{]tZi bqWn‰pIfmbn cmPy- t∏mƒ cmPyw apgph≥ H‰ \ntbm-PI-
sØ hn`Pn®ncn°p∂p afieambncn°pw
F√ \ntbmPIafieØnepw Hcp \ntbmPIafieØn¬ \n∂p
Htcm {]Xn\n[nIsf sXcs™Sp- Xs∂ H∂ne[nIw {]Xn-\n[nIsf
°p∂p. sXcs™Sp°mw
thm´¿am¿ ÿm\m¿-∞nIƒ-°mWv thm´¿am¿ ]m¿ń°mWv thm´p
thm´p \evIp∂Xv \ev°p∂Xv.
Hcp ]m¿ń°v Inńb thmńs‚ iX- Hmtcm ]m¿ń°pw Ah¿°v e`n®
am\sØ°mƒ \nba\n¿ΩmW thmń\v B\p]mXnIambn ko‰v
k`bn¬ ko‰v e`n°mw. e`n°p∂p.
hnPbn°p∂ ÿm\m¿∞n°v hnPbn°p∂ ÿm\m¿- ∞ n°v
`qcn]£w (50% +1) thm´v e`n°- `qcn]£w thm´v e`n°p∂p.
Wsa∂n√. DZmlcWw: C{ktb¬, s\X¿em-
DZmlcWw : {_n´≥, C¥y ‚kv
B\p-]m-XnI {]mXn-\n[y k{º-Zm-b-Ønse aq∂m-asØ C\-amb GI-

ssIam‰ thm´p hyhÿ (Single transferable vote system -STV) bmWv
cmPy-k` sXc-s™-Sp-∏n¬ ]n¥p-Sc - p-∂X
- v. Hmtcm kwÿm-\Ø - n\pw cmPy-
k-`-bn-te°v {]tXyI tIzm´ (Quota) \n›-bn-®n-cn-°pw. AXm-bXv
kwÿm\ \nba--\n¿ΩmW k`-If - mWv (State Legislative Assembly) cmPy-
k`m saº¿amsc sXc-s™-Sp-°p-∂-Xv, kwÿm\ \nbak`-I-fnse
Fw.F¬.F amcmWv thm´¿am¿. Hmtcm thm´dpw ÿm\m¿∞n°v Xß-
fpsS thm´v ap≥K- W - \ m- { Iaw A\p- k - c n®v tcJ- s ∏- S p- Ø - W w. Hcp
ÿm\m¿∞n-bpsS hnP-bØ - n\v Hcp \n›nX tIzm´ thm´v e`n-®n-cn-°W - w.
 samØw tcJs∏S-pØnb thm´pIfpsS FÆw 

76  samØw sXcs™Sp°s∏tS- ÿm \ m¿∞nIfpsS FÆw + 1  + 1
 
DZm-lc - W
- Ø - n\v cmP-ÿm-\nse 200 Fw.F¬.F am¿ tN¿∂v \mev
cmPy-k`m AwK-ßsf sXcs™-Sp-°-W-sa-¶n¬ hnP-bn°v (200/ 77
4+1 = 40+1) thm´v e`n-®n-cn-°-Ww. Hmtcm ÿm\m¿∞n-°pw e`n®
H∂mw thm´p-If - mWv BZyw FÆp-I. ÿm\m¿∞n-Iƒ H∂mw ]cn-
K-W\ thm´p-Iƒ Dd-∏m-°n-bn-cn-°-Ww. F√m H∂mw ap≥K-W\
thm´p-Ifpw FÆn-°-gn-bp-tºmƒ \n›-bn® tIzm´ thm´v In´p∂
ÿm\m¿∞n-Iƒ hnPbn-®X - mbn {]Jym-]n-°pw. F√mw H∂mw ap≥K-
W\m thm´p-Ifpw FÆn-°-gn-™n´pw tIzm´ XnI-bp-∂n√ F¶n¬
G‰hpw Ipdhv ap≥K-W\m thm´p-Iƒ Inńb ÿm\m¿∞nsb Hgn-
hm-°pw am{X-a√ {]kvXpX ÿm\m¿∞n-bpsS ap≥K-W\m thm´p-
Iƒ B_m-e-‰n¬ c≠mw ÿm\Øv ap≥K-W\m thm´v e`n®
Bƒ°v ssIam‰w sNøpw. Bh-iy-ap≈ ÿm\m¿∞n-Iƒ sXc-
s™-Sp-°s - ∏-Sp-∂X - p-hsc Cu {]{Inb XpS-cp-Ibpw Ah¿ sXc-s™-
Sp-°s- ∏-´X- mbn {]Jym-]n-°p-Ibpw sNøpw.
F¥p-sIm-≠mWv C¥y tIh-e-`q-cn-]£ k{º-Zmbw kzoI-
cn-®Xv? (Why did India adopt the FPTP system?)
CXn-\p≈ DØcw Duln-s®-Sp-°pI A{X {]bm-k-I-c-a-√. cmPy-k`m sXc-
s™-Sp∏pIsf kw_-‘n-°p∂ tImfw (Box) hy‡-ambn hmbn-®n-´p-s≠-¶n¬
Hcp Imcyw \nßƒ°v t_m[y-amIpw. Cu k{º-Zmbw hfsc k¶o¿Æ-am-
sW∂pw AXn-\m¬ Xs∂ sNdnb cmPy-ßf - n-emWv AXp {]mh¿ØnIam°m-
\mIpI F∂pw t_m≤y-s∏-Spw. C¥ysbt∏mse-bp≈ D]-`q-Jfi - Ø
- n¬ CXv
\S-∏n-em-°pI hfsc {]bm-kI - c
- a
- mW.v efn-Xa - mb \S-]S- n-{I-aß
- f- mWv tIhe
`qcn-]£ k{º-Zm-b-Øns‚ hnP-b-Øn\pw P\-Io-b-Xbv°pw B[m-cw. sXc-
s™-Sp-∏p- I-sf-°p-dn®pw cmjv{So-bs - Ø-°p-dn®pw khn-tij ⁄m\-an-√mØ
km[m-cW kΩ-Xn-Zm-bI - \p t]mepw Cu k{º-Zmbw (tIhe `qcn-]£) hfsc
efn-Xa- mbn s]s´∂v a\- n-em-°mw. sXc-s™-Sp∏v ka-bØp Xs∂ kΩ-Xn-
Zm-b-I\v sXc-s™-Sp-t°≠ ÿm\m¿∞n-Isf°pdn®v hy‡-amb [mcW
\¬Ip- ∂ p. thmńw- K n- e qsS Xm≥ GXp ]m¿ńsb As√- ¶ n¬ GXp
ÿm\m¿∞nsb kzoI-cn-°p∂p F∂ Imcy-amWv hy‡-am-°p-∂X - .v bYm¿∞
cmjv{Sob kml-N-cy-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ kΩ-Xn-Zm-b-I≥ ]m¿ń-t°m,
ÿm\m¿∞nt°m As√-¶n¬ Ah c≠n\pw Xpey-amtbm {]m[m\yw \¬Ip-
∂p. tIhe `qcn-]£ k{º-Zmbw CjvS-s∏´ ]m¿ńsb sXc-s™-Sp-°m≥
am{X-a√ adn®v CjvS-s∏´ {]tXyI ÿm\m¿Ynsbt∏mepw sXc-s™-Sp-°m-
\p≈ kzmX{¥yw \¬Ip-∂p. F∂m¬ B\p-]m-XnI {]mXn-\n[y k{º-Zmbw
t]mse-bp≈ sXc-s™-Sp∏v hyh-ÿb - n¬ thm´¿am-tcmSv ]m¿ńsb sXc-s™-
Sp-°p-hm-\mIpw Bh-iy-s∏-Sp-I. ]m¿ń ]ń-Ib - n¬ \n∂mIpw (Party list) {]Xn-
READ A CARTOON
`c-W-]-£sØ AwK-ßƒ ‘sIm®p’ {]Xn]£sØ tIƒ°m≥ {ian-°p∂p!

CXv \ΩpsS sXc-s™-Sp∏v hyh-ÿ-bpsS {]Xn-^-e-\-amtWm?
\n-[n-Isf sXc-s™-Sp-°p-∂X - v. XXvê

- a
- mbn Hcp {]tXyI {]tZ-isØ {]Xn-
\n-[o-Ic- n-°p-∂tXm B {]tZ-it- ØmSv ]q¿Æ DØ-ch - m-Zn-Xz-ap-≈h
- tcm Bb
GI {]Xn-\n[n D≠m-hp-I-bn-√. Bcm-sW∂v a\- n-em-°p-hm-\p≈ Ah-k-c-
ap-≠m°n sImSp-°p∂p F∂pam{X-a√ B afietØmSv {]tXyI {]Xn-_-
≤-Xb- p-≈h - c
- mbn \ne-\n¿Øp-Ibpw sNøp-∂p.
B\p-]m-XnI {]mXn-\n[y k{º-Zmbw ASn-ÿm-\s - ∏-Sp-Øn-bp≈ sXc-s™-
Sp-∏p-Iƒ Hcp ]m¿e-sa‚dn P\m-[n-]-Xy-Øn¬ ÿnc-X-bm¿∂ Kh¨sa‚p-
Iƒ {]Zm\w sNøm≥ A\p-tbm-Py-a√ F∂-Xm-bn-cp∂p C¥y≥ `c-WL - S- \m
\n¿Ωm-Xm-°f- psS ImgvN∏- mSv. ]m¿e-sa‚dn k{º-Zm-bØ - nse Imcy-\n¿Δ-lW
hn`mK (Executive) Øns‚ kz`m-hs - Ø-°p-dn®v \mw ASpØ A[ym-bØ - n¬
]Tn-°pw. Cu hyh-ÿb - n¬ Imcy-\n¿Δ-lW hn`m-KØn (Executive) \v \nb-
a-\n¿ΩmW k`-bn¬ `qcn-]£w Bh-iy-am-Wv. thm´p hnln-X-Øns‚ ASn-
ÿm-\Ø - n¬ ko‰p-Iƒ ]¶p-sh-°s - ∏-ń-cn-°p-∂X
- n-\m¬ B\p-]m-XnI {]mXn-
\n[y k{º-Zm-bØ - n¬ hy‡-amb Hcp `qcn-]£w D≠m-Ip-Ib - n√ F∂ Imcyw
\nßƒ {i≤n-®n-´p-≠m-Ipw.
78 ]T\]ptKmKXn hnebncpØpI
1996 se Xangv \ mSv \nbak`m sXcs™Sp∏ns‚ êw ChnsS
sImSpØncn°p∂p.
C{ktbenset∏mse B\p]mXnI {]mXn\n[y (PR System) hyh-

ÿ-bmbncp∂p. AhnsSsb¶n¬ 79
$ \nbak`bpsS LS\ F¥mIpambncp∂p?
$ GXp ]m¿ń°mbncn°pw `qcn]£w D≠mbncn°pI?
$ Bcv Kh¨sa‚ v cq]oIcn°pw?
Cu k{ºZmbw s]mXpsh henb ]m¿ńt°m ap∂Wnt°m thm´phnln-
XsØ°mƒ Ipd®[nIw ko‰pIƒ \¬Ip∂p. Aßs\ Cu k{ºZmbw
ÿncXbm¿∂ Hcp Kh¨sa‚ ns\ {]Zm\w sNøpI hgn Hcp
]m¿esa‚dn Kh¨sa‚ns‚ kpKaambXpw Imcy£aambXpamb
cmjv { Sob ]m¿ńIƒ XΩnep≈ _‘Øn¬ Cu hyhÿnXn F¥p
kzm[o\amWv D≠m°pI?
BsI ko‰pIƒ : 234
]m¿ń thm´pIƒ ko‰pIƒ B\p]mXnI {]mXn\n[y hyhÿ
A\pkcn®v ko‰pIƒ
Un.Fw.sI 42.1 173
F.sF.FUn.Fw.sI. 21.5 4
tIm¨{Kkv 5.6
kn.]n.sF. 2.1 8
kn.]n.sF. (Fw.) 1.7 1
Sn.Fw.sI. 9.3 39
]n.Fw.sI. 3.8 4
a‰p≈hcpw kzX{¥∑mcpw 13.9 5
{]h¿Ø\Øn\v ImcWam-Ip∂p. Ahkm\ambn, Hcp {]tZisØ hyXykvX

kmaqlnI hn`mKßƒ°v sXcs™- S p∏n¬ Hcp- a n®v \n∂v hnPbn°m≥
tIhe`qcn]£ (FPTP) k{ºZmbw Ahkcsamcp°p∂p. C¥yt]mse ssh-
hn[yßƒ ]pe¿Øp∂ Hcp cmPyØv B\p]mXnI {]mXn\n[y k{ºZmbw Hmtcm
kmapZmbnI hn`mKßƒ°pw AhcptSXmb tZihym]I ]m¿ń cq]oIcn°p∂Xn\v
th≠ t{]m’ml\w {]Zm\w sNøpw. \ΩpsS `cWLS\m \n¿ΩmXm°fpsS
a\ n¬ CØcw Imcyßƒ IqSn `c-WL
- S- \m \n¿Ωm-Wt- h-fb
- n¬ D≠mbn-cp-∂n-cn-
°-Ww.
`cWLS\bpsS CXphscbp≈ {]h¿Ø\w `cWLS\m

\n¿ΩmXm°fpsS {]Xo£Isf Duń-bpd∏n®p´p≠v. tIhe`qcn]£
k{ºZmbw (FPTP System) efnXhpw km[mcW thm´¿∑m¿°p-t]mepw ]cnNn-
X-hpamsW∂v sXfnbn®n´pap≠v. AXpt]mse Xs∂ Hcp kapZmbØn¬
\nt∂m PmXnbn¬ \nt∂m apgph≥ thm´pIfpw Hcp ]m¿ń°v e`yamIp∂Xns\
\ncp’mls∏SpØpIbpw sNøp∂p. km[mcWbmbn tIhe `qcn]£
k{ºZmbw Zzn ]m¿ń k{ºZmbØn\v ImcWam-bnØo-cp∂p. CXv A¿∞-
am°p∂Xv A[nImcØn\pth≠n c≠p ]m¿ńIƒam{Xw a’cn-°m\p-
≠mhpIbpw an°t∏mgpw A[nImcw amdnamdn ]¶ph-b°-v s∏SpIbpw sNøp∂p
F∂XmWv. ChnsS A[nImc a’cØn\pw ]¶ph-bv-°en\p ]pXnb Hcp
]m¿ńtbm aq∂masXmcp ]m¿ńtbm IS∂phcnI {]bmkIcamWv. Cu
hn[Øn¬ t\m°nbm¬ C¥ybnse tIhe`qcn]£ k{ºZmbØn\v t\cnb
Nne hyXymkßƒ ImWmw. kzmX{¥ym\¥cw \Ωƒ tIhe`qcn]£
k{ºZmbamWv kzoIcn-®sX-¶nepw H∂ne[nIw sNdp]m¿ńIƒ \ne\n¬-
°Øs∂ Hcp GII£n]m¿ń ta[mhnXzw DSseSpØp. 1989 \ptijw C¥y
Hcp _lpI£n ap∂Wn k{ºZmbØn\v km£yw hln®p. AtXkabw
Xs∂ ]e kwÿm\ßfnepw a’cmSnÿm\Ønep≈ ZznI£n k{ºZmbw
Ime-{ItaW-t]mepw Iq´pI£n cmjv{Sob-Øns‚ DZbw [mcmfw ]pXnb
]m¿ńIƒ°pw sNdp]m¿ńIƒ°pw sXcs™Sp∏v a’cØn¬ ]s¶Sp°m≥
Ahkcsamcp°n F∂XmWv C¥y≥ ]m¿ń k{ºZmbsØ hyXykvX-
am°nbXv.
\ntbmPI afießfpsS kwhcWw (Reservation of Con-
stituencies)
tIhe `qcn]£ k{ºZmbØn¬ Hcp {]tXyI \ntbmPI afieØn¬
G‰hpw IqSpX¬ thm´v t\Sp∂ ÿm\m¿∞n sXcs™Sp°s∏´Xmbn
{]Jym]n°psa∂v \mw I≠pIgn™p. sNdnb kmaqlnI hn`mKßƒ°v
CXv an°t∏mgpw tIm´w hcpØp∂XmWv. C¥ybpsS kmaqlnI kml-
NcyØn¬ CXv {]m[m\ya¿ln°p∂p≠v. PmXn ASnÿm\Ønepff
hnthN\Øn\Øns‚ Hcp Ncn{Xw Xs∂ \ap°p≠v. AØcw Hcp
kmaqlnI hyhÿbn¬ tIhe`qcn]£ k{ºZmbØn¬ ta[mhnXz-
ap≈ kmaqlnI hn`mKßfpw PmXnIfpw F√mbnSØpw hnPbn°pIbpw
ASn®a¿-Øs∏´ kmaqlnI hn`mKßƒ Aßs\Xs∂ XpScpIbpw
sNbvtX°mw. \ΩpsS `cWLS\m in¬]nIƒ CØcw {]bmkßsf-
80 °p- d n®v t_m[yap≈hcmbncp∂p. ASn®a¿Øs∏´ kmaqlnI
hn`mKßƒ°v kzX{¥hpw \oXn]q¿Δhpamb {]mXn\n[yw Dd-∏p-h-cp-
Øm-\p≈ Hcp am¿§Øns‚ BhiyIXsb°pdn-®pff t_m[yw
Ah¿°p≠mbncp∂p.
{]tXyI sXc-s™-Sp∏v afi-e-ßƒ (separate electorate) C¥y-bv°v F∂pw Hcp

im]-am-bn-cp-∂p, CXm-Is´ Cu cmPy-Øn\v IW-°m-°m-\m-I-Ø{X tZmjw sNøp- 81
Ibpw sNbvXp.............
{]tXyI sXc-s™-Sp∏v afi-e-ßƒ “\ΩpsS apt∂m-´p≈ ]ptcm-K-Xn-bn¬ Ahy-
‡X ]S¿Øn.... Rßƒ°v (ap…ow-ßƒ°v) Cu tZi-tØm-sSm∏w H∂mbn tNc-
Ww.... ap…ow kap-Zm-b-Øn-\mbn \o°n h® kwh-c-Wß-fn¬ ssZhsØ Hm¿Øv
\nßƒ ssII-SØ - c- pXv”
XmPm-ap¬ lpssk≥ CAD, Vol.VIII, P.333, 26 sabv 1949
Cu {]iv \ w kzmX{¥Øn\pap≥]pXs∂ hfscb[nIw N¿®-

sNøs∏ńcp∂p. {_nójv Kh¨-sa‚mIs´ {]tXyI sXcs™Sp∏v
afiew (seprate electorate) F∂ Bibw \S∏nem-°pIbpw sNbvXp.
Cu hyhÿ {]Imcw Hcp {]tXyI kapZmbØn¬ \n∂pw Hcp ÿm\m¿-
∞nsb sXc- s ™Sp°Wsa¶n¬ AtX kapZmbØn¬ s]Sp∂
BfpIƒ°mIpw thm´p sNøphm\p≈ tbmKyX. `cWLS\m \n¿ΩmW
k`bn¬ \ΩpsS bYm¿∞ e£y \n¿ΔlWØn\v Cu k{º-Zmbw
A\p-tbmPyas√∂ Bi¶ ]e AwK-ßfpw {]ISn∏n®n´p≠v. AXp-
sIm≠mWv "kwhcW afießƒ' F∂ Bibw \S∏nem°m≥
Xocpam\n®Xv. Cu hyhÿ {]Imcw Hcp afieØnse F√m thm´¿-
am¿°pw thm´hImiap≠v , F∂m¬ ÿm\m∞n \n¿_‘ambpw
kwhcWw sNbv X n- ´ p≈ {]tXyI kapZmbØntem kmaqlnI
hn`mKØntem Dƒs∏Sp∂ Bfmbncn°Ww.
\ΩpsS cmPyØns‚ hnhn[ `mKßfnembn Nne kmaqlnI
hn`mKßƒ Nn∂n NnXdn InS°p∂p≠v. Ah¿ GsX¶nepw Hcp {]tXyI
afieØnse hnPbsØ kzm[o\n°m\p≈ i‡nbp≈ hn`mK-
ambncn°n√. F∂m¬ cmPyw BI-am\w t\m°p-tºmƒ Ah¿ \n¿Wm-
bI i‡n-bp≈ hn`m-K-hp-am-Wv. AhcpsS icnbmb {]mXn\n[yw Dd∏p
hcpØp∂Xn\v kwh-cWw Bhiyambnh∂p. temIvk`bnte°pw
kwÿm\ \nbakÌfnte°pw ]ńIPmXn ]ńIh¿KØn¬s∏´h¿°v
ko‰v kwhcWw sNbvXncn°p∂p. XpS°Øn¬ CXv ]Øp h¿jtØ-
°mWv \¬InbX.v ]n∂oSv XpS¿-®bmbn `cWLS\mt`ZKXnbneqsS
2020 hsc Zo¿Ln∏n°pIbpw sNbvXp. kwhcWØns‚ Imem-h[n-
Ignbptºmƒ, AXv Zo¿Ln∏n®psIm≠v ]m¿esa‚n\v Xocpam\saSp-
°mhp∂XmWv. C¥ybnse P\kwJybn¬ Cu c≠p hn`mKØn\pap≈
FÆØn\v B\p]mXnIambn´mWv ko‰pIƒ kwhcWw sNøs∏ńcn-
°p∂Xv. temIvk`bnse sXcs™Sp°s∏Smhp∂ BsIbp≈ 543
ko‰pIfn¬ 84 FÆw ]ńIPmXn hn`mKßƒ°mbpw 47 FÆw ]ńI

h¿§ hn`mKßƒ°mbpw kwhcWw sNbv-Xncn°p∂p.
kwhcW afiew GXmbncn°Wsa∂v BcmWv Xocpam\n°pI?
F¥ns‚ ASnÿm\ØnemWv CXv Xocp-am-\n-°p-∂Xv? AXn¿Øn
\n¿Wb IΩoj≥ F∂ kzX{¥ GP≥knbmWv CXv Xocp-am\n°p-
∂Xv. C¥ybpsS cmjv{S]XnbmWv Cu IΩojs\ \nban°p∂Xv.
""........ F∂m¬ C¥y-bnse BZn-hm-knIsf {]Xn-\n-[oI-cn®v Nne Imcy-

ßƒ ]d-bp-hm-\mWv Rm≥ FØn-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv. `qX-Ime C¥y-bn¬
Hcp arK-im-e-bn¬ F∂ t]mse Rßsf H‰-s∏-SpØn \n¿Ønbncp-∂-
Xn-\m¬ {][m\ cmjv{Sob ]m¿ń-I-tfmSpw {_nójv Kh¨sa‚n-t\mSpw
{]_p-≤-cmb C¥y≥ ]uc-∑m-tcmSpw Rßƒ \μn-bp-≈-h-cm-Wv. Rßƒ
\nß-tfmSv CgpIn tN¿∂p t]mIp-hm≥ Xøm-dmWv. B ImcWw sIm≠m-
Wv....... \nb-a-k-`-I-fn-te°v Ign-bp-∂{X kwh-cWw Rßƒ \n¿t±-in-®-
Xv. Rßƒ Hcn-°epw {]tXyI sXc-s™-Sp∏v afi-e-ßƒ (Separate
electorate) tNmZn-®n-cp-∂n-√........... 1935 se BIvSv {]Imcw C¥y-bnse
samØw \nb-a-k`m afi-e-ß-fpsS FÆw 1585 Bbn-cns° BZn-hmkn
Fw F¬ -F -am-cpsS FÆw shdpw 24 Bbn-cp-∂p..... tI{μ-Øn-\m-Is´
Hcp {]Xn-\n-[n-t]mepw D≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√.''
Pbv]m¬knwKv CAD, Vol.V, P.209, 27 BKÃv 1947
C¥ybpsS sXc- s ™Sp∏p IΩoj\pambn klIcn®psIm≠mWv

AXn¿Øn \n¿Wb IΩoj≥ XßfpsS tPmenIƒ \n¿Δln°p∂Xv.
C¥ybnse apgph≥ afießfptSbpw AXn¿ØnIƒ \n¿Æbn°pI
F∂XmWv Cu IΩojs‚ e£yw. Hmtcm kwÿm\ßfnepw F{X
kwhcWafießƒ D≠mIWw F∂Xv B kwÿm\sØ ]ńI-
PmXn ]ńIh¿§ hn`mKßfpsS FÆØn\m\p]mXnIambn´mWv
\n›bn®bn°p-∂-Xv. AXn\p tijw Cu IΩoj≥ AhnsSbp≈
P\kwJybpsS LS\]cntim[n°p∂p. G‰hpw IqSpX¬ ]ńIh¿§-
hn`mK A\p]mXap≈ afieamWv Ah¿°mbn kwhcWw sNøpI.
]ńIPmXn hn`mK-ßfpsS ImcyØn¬ AXn¿Øn \n¿Wb IΩoj≥
82 c≠p ImcyßfmWv ]cnKWn°p∂Xv. G‰hpw IqSpX¬ ]ńIPmXn
P\-kwJym A\p]mXap≈ afießƒ kwh-c-W-Øn-\mbn FSp-°p-
∂p. IqSmsX cmPy-Øns‚ hnhn[ `mK-ß-fnembn kwhcW afi-e-
ßƒ hnXcWw \SØp∂ ImcyØnepw {i≤n-°p∂p. ]ńIPmXn

hn`mKßƒ cmPyØns‚ hnhn[ `mKßfnembn GItZiw Xpeyambn 83
hnXcWw sNøs∏ńcn°p∂XpsIm≠mWv Cßs\ sNøpXv.
AXn¿Øn \n¿Æb \S]-SnIƒ ssIsIm-≈p-tºmƒ Cu kwhcW
afießƒ Htcm XhWbpw amdn hcmdp≠v.
a‰p Zp¿_e hn`mKßfpsS Imcy- Ø nemIs´ CØcw Hcp
kwhcWcoXn `cWLS\ ]cnKWn®nń√. Ime- { ItaW
temIvk`bnte°pw kwÿm\ \nbakÌfnte°pw h\nXIƒ°v
kwhcWw thWa∂pff Bhiyw i‡ambn Db¿∂p h∂p.
{]m[n\nXy kÌfn¬te°v Ipd®p kv{XoIƒ sXcs™Sp°s∏-ń´p-
s≠∂p≈Xv bmYm¿∞yamsW¶nepw aq∂nsem∂p kwhcWw F∂
Bhiyhpw i‡ambn D∂bn-°s∏´p. \Kc ˛ {Kma Xt±i ÿm]\ßƒ
kv { XoIƒ°v kwhcWw \ev I nbn´p≠v . Xt±i Kh¨sa‚p- I sf
kw_‘n°p∂ IqSpX¬ Imcy-ßƒ Xt±i Kh¨sa‚p-Iƒ F∂ A[ym-
b-Øn¬ \Ωƒ N¿®sNøpw. temIv-k`-bpsS ImcyØnepw kwÿm\
\nba- k ÌfpsS (hn[m≥k`) Imcy- Ø n- e pw Cu kwhcWw
\S∏nem°p∂Xn\v C\nbpw t`ZKXnIƒ A\nhmcy-amWv. ]m¿esa‚n¬
CXn\p≈ \n¿t±ißƒ ]eXW Db¿∂p h∂p. F∂m¬ C∂phsc
\nbaw ]m m°nsbSp°phm≥ Ign™nń√.
kzX{¥hpw \oXn ]q¿Δhpamb sXc-s™-Sp∏v (Free and
Fair Elections)
kzX{¥hpw \oXn ]q¿Δ-hpamb sXcs™-Sp∏v Dd∏v hcpØpI F∂-XmWv
GsXmcp CeIv j - ≥ k{º- Z mbØns‚bpw icnbmb hne- b n- c p- Ø ¬.
P\m[n]XysØ bmYm-¿∞ - Ø
- nte°v ]cnh¿-Ø\w sNøm-≥ \mw B{K-ln°pI-
bm-sW-¶n¬ sXcs™Sp∏v k{ºZm-bw \njv]£hpw kpXm-cy-hpambn-
cnt°≠Xv ]ca{][m\amWv. IqSm-sX sXcs™Sp∏p ê-Øn-eqsS Xs‚
\nba]-ca-- mb {]Xn^-e\w Is≠-Øm\p≈ thm´-dpsS A`nem-jsØ sXc-s™-
S- p∏v k{ºZm-bw-A\ph-Zn°pI Xs∂ thWw.
]ptcmKXn ]cntim[n°pI.
C¥ybnse ap…ow P\kwJybpsS A\p]mXw GItZiw 13.5 iXam\amWv
F∂m¬ km[mcWbn¬ temIvk`bnse ap…ow Fw.]n. amcpsS FÆw
AhcpsS P\kwJym hnlnXØns‚ ]IpXnbn¬ Xmsg IpdhmWv. Cu
kmlNcyw ]e \nba kÌfnepw \ne\nev-°p∂p. Cu hkvXpXsb ]‰n
aq∂p hnZym¿∞nIƒ hyXykvXamb \nKa\ßfnseØp∂p. \nßƒ AhtcmSv
F¥psIm≠v tbmPn∂p As√¶n¬ hntbmPn°p∂p F∂v tcJs∏SpØpI
hnim¬ : CXv tIhe `qcn]£ k{ºZmbØns‚ (FPTP) A\oXnbmWv
{]Xnên∏n°p∂Xv \Ωƒ B\p]mXnI {]mXn\n[y hyhÿ
kzoIcn°Ww
Bcn^v : CXv ]ńIPmXn ]ńI h¿§Øn\v kwhcWw \evInb bp‡nbmWv
ImWn°p∂Xv. ]ńI PmXn h¿§ßƒ°v \evIp∂Xpt]mse
ap…oßƒ°v kwhcWw \evtI≠Xv BhiyamWv.
km_n : F√m ap…oßsf Ipdn®pw kwkmcn°p∂Xn¬ Igºn√. GsXmcp
hyhÿ {]Imchpw ap…ow kv{XoIƒ°v Hcphn[ {]mXn\n[yhpw
e`n°p∂n√. ap…ow kv{XoIƒ°v Hcp {]tXyI Izm´bmWv
\evtI≠Xv.
km¿h{XnI thm´hImihpw a’cn°m\p≈ AhImihpw
(Universal Franchise and Right to Contest)
Hcp sXcs™Sp∏v k{ºZmbw \evIp∂Xn\p ]pdta `cWLS\ c≠v
ASnÿm\ tNmZyßƒ°v adp]Sn \evIpI IqSnsNøp∂p. Bsc√mamWv
thm´¿am¿? Bscm-s° sXcs™Sp∏n¬ a’cn°pw? \ΩpsS
`cWLS\ C°mcy-Øn¬ hfsc kpÿm]nXamb P\m[n]Xy
{IaßfmWv ]n¥pS-cp∂Xv.
P\m[n]Xy sXcs™Sp∏n\v B cmPysØ {]mb]q¿Ønbmb
apgph≥ ]uc≥amcpw sXcs™-Sp∏n¬ thm´p sNøm≥ tbmKy-
cmbncnt°≠Xv BhiyamsW∂v \nßƒ CXn\Iw Xs∂ a\ nem-
°nbn´p≠v. CXns\bmWv km¿-Δ{XnI {]mb]q¿Øn thm´hImiw
Rm≥ {]mb- ] q¿Øn- b mb
F∂dnbs∏Sp∂Xv. Cu AhImi Øn\p th≠n ]e cmPyßfnepw
BfmtWm AtXm P\ßƒ Zo¿LImesØ kact]mcm´ßƒ \SØn- b n- c p∂p.
A√tbm? Rm≥ Fs‚ kv{XoIƒ°v kac t]mcm´ßƒs°mSphn¬ hfsc sshInbmWv Cu
`mhn sXmgn¬ PohnXw sXc-
s™-Sp-°m≥ X° ]Iz-a-Xn- AhImiw e`n®Xv. \ΩpsS C¥ybnse `cWLS\m \n¿ΩmXm°fpsS
bmWv, ss{UhnwKv ssek {][m\s∏´ Xocpam\ßfn¬ H∂v {]mb]q¿Øn-bmb F√m ]uc≥
≥kv FSp-°m≥ X° {]mb- am¿°pw thm´hImiw Dd∏phcpØpI F∂Xmbncp∂p.
ap≈ Bfm- W v. F∂m¬
thm´p sNøm≥ X° {]mb- 1989 hsc C¥ybn¬ {]mb]q¿Ønbmbh¿ F∂Xns‚ A¿∞w 21
am- b n- √ t{X? \nb- a - ß ƒ
hb n\v apIfn¬ {]mbap≈h¿ F∂mbncp∂p. F∂m¬ 1989 se Hcp
F\n°pw _m[- I - a m- ° p- I -
bm-sW-¶n¬ B \nb-a-ßƒ `cWLS\m t`ZKXnbneqsS thm´psNøm\p≈ {]mbw 18 hb m°n
Bcp \n¿Ωn- ° - W - s a∂v Ipd®p. F√m ]uc≥am¿°pw AhcpsS {]Xn\n[nIsf
F¥p-sIm≠v F\n°v Xocp-
am-\n-°m≥ Ign-bp-∂n-√. sXscs™Sp°p∂ {]{Inbbn¬ ]¶mfnIfmIm\p≈ Ahkcw
{]mb]q¿Øn thm´hImiw Dd∏hcpØn. CXv \mw AhImißƒ
F∂ A[ymbØn¬ ]Tn® kaXzw, hnthN\w ImćpXv apXemb XXzßtfmSv
Dƒt®¿∂p \nev-°p∂p. hnZym`ymk tbmKyX t]mepw IW°nseSp°msX
84 F√mh¿°pw thm´hImiw \¬Ip∂Xv icnbmb \S]Snbs√∂v C°meØp
t]mepw \nch[nbmfpIƒ Nn¥n°p∂p. F∂m¬ kaql-Øns‚ \∑bpw
AhcpsS afieØns‚ \∑bpw Xocpam\n°m\pff tijnbpw
aqeyt_m[hpw {]mb]q¿Ønbmb F√m

]uc∑m¿°pw XpeyamsW∂ ImcyØn¬ 85
\ΩpsS `cWLS\m \n¿Ωm-X°ƒ°v Dd®
hnizmkamWp≠mbncp∂Xv.
thm´p sNøp∂Xn¬ GXmtWm
icnbmbn´p≈Xv AXp Xs∂bmWv
a’cn°p∂Xn\pw _m[- I am- I pI.
sXcs™Sp∏n¬ a’cn°p∂Xn\pw {]Xn-
\n[nbm°p∂Xn\pw F√m ]uc∑m¿°pw
AhIm-iap≠v. F∂n-cp-∂mepw hnhn[ s-- Xc-
- s ™Sp∏pIfn¬ a’cn°p∂Xn\v hy--
XykvXßfmb {]mb]cn-[n B -- hiyap≠v.
DZmlcWØn\v temIvk` sXc--s™Sp∏n¬
a’cn°p∂Xn\vÿ ---- m\m¿∞n°v 25 hbs -
¶nepw X -- nI™ncn°Ww. IqSmsX a‰pNne {]mb-]q¿Øn thm´-h-Imi k{º-Zm-bsØ
\nb{--¥W--ß-fpap≠v. DZmlcWØn\v, c-- ≠v B\-bp-ambn Xmc-Xayw sNøp-∂-sX-¥p-sIm-
- h ¿jtam AXn--e [nItam XShp - i - n£ ≠m-sW-∂-dn-bmtam? CXp sacp-ßm-Ø-Xm-b-
A\p`hn® hy‡nIƒ sXcs™-Sp∏n¬ Xp-sIm-≠mtWm? AtXm Hmtcm-cp-Øcpw B\-
bpsS Hmtcm `mK-ßƒ sXm´p-t\m°n B\
a’cn°m≥ AtbmKycmWv . - F ∂m¬
F¥m-sW∂v Nn{Xo-I-cn-°p∂ IY-t]m-se-
sXcs™Sp∏n¬ a’cn°m\p≈ AhImi- bmtWm?
Øn\v [\w, h -- nZym`ymkw, hwiw, h¿§w,
enwKw, X -- pSßnb b -- msXmcp \ -- nb{¥Wß-fpan√. Cu A¿∞Øn¬ \ΩpsS
sXcs™Sp∏v k{ºZmbw F√m ]uc∑m¿°pambn Xpd∂nńcn°p∂p.
kzX{¥ sXcs™Sp∏v IΩoj≥ (Independent Election Commis-
sion)
sXcs™Sp∏v hyhÿnXnbpw {]{Inbbpw kzX{¥hpw \oXn]q¿Δ-
hpamsW∂v Dd∏phcpØp∂Xn\v C¥y \nch[n ]cn{iaßƒ \SØnbn´p≠v.
21 October 1951
sXcs™Sp∏ns‚ \SØn∏n\pw ta¬t\m´w hln-°p∂Xn\pw kzX{¥amb
Hcp sXcs™Sp∏v IΩojs‚ cq]oIcWw F∂XmWv CXn¬ G‰hpw
{][m\ambn´p≈Xv. ]e cmPyßfnepw sXcs™Sp∏ns‚ \SØn∏n\mbn Hcp
kzX{¥ kwhn-[m\an√ F∂ Imcyw \nßƒ°v Adnbmtam?
`cWLS\bpsS 324˛mw hIp∏p {]Imcw C¥ybn¬ "thm´¿ ]ńI
Xømdm- ° p∂Xn\pw sXcs™- S p∏ns‚ \SØn∏n¬ ta¬t\m´w
hln°p∂Xn\pw \n¿t±ißƒ \¬Ip∂Xn\pw \nb{¥Wßƒ
Dd∏phcpØp∂Xn\pw' Hcp kzX{¥ sXcs™Sp∏v IΩoj≥ D≠v .
sXcs™Sp∏pambn _‘s∏´ F√m-Imcyßfpw \n¿Δln°p∂Xn\v
sXcs™Sp∏v IΩojs‚ apJy ]¶v Dd∏p- h cp- Ø ns°m≠p≈

`cWLS\bnse Cu hm°pIƒ hfsc {][m\-s∏´XmWv. `cWLS\bpsS
Cu hymJym\w kp{]ow tImSXnt]mepw AwKoI-cn®n´p≠v.
hIp∏v 324 (1)

sXsc™Sp∏pIfpsS ta¬t\m´hpw am¿§ \n¿t±i \nb{¥Whpw
sXcs™Sp∏v IΩnj\n¬ \n£n]vXambncn°psa∂v Cu `cWLS\{]Imcw,
]m¿sa‚nte°pw Hmtcm kwÿm\Øns‚ \nba \n¿ΩmWaWvUeØn
te°pw \SØp∂ F√m sXsc™Sp∏pIƒ°pw th≠ kΩXnZmbI ]ńIIƒ
Xømdm°p∂Xp∂Xns‚bpw Ahbnte°p≈ F√msXcs™Sp∏pIfpw
\SØp∂- X n- s ‚bpw cmjv { S]XnbpsSbpw D]cmjv { S]XnbpsSbpw
ÿm\ßfnte°v \SØp∂ sXsc™Sp∏pI- f psSbpw ta¬t\m´hpw
am¿§\n¿t±ihpw \nb{¥Whpw (Cu `cWLS\bn¬ sXsc™Sp∏v IΩn-
j≥ F∂v ]cma¿in°p∂) Hcp IΩnj\n¬ \n£n]vXambncn°p∂XmWv.
C¥y≥ sXcs™Sp∏v IΩojs\ klmbn°p∂Xn\v Hmtcm kwÿm-
\ßfnepw Hcp apJy-sXcs™-Sp∏v DtZymKÿ≥ (Chief Electoral Officer)
D≠v. Xt±i kzbw`cW ÿm]\ßfnte°p≈ sXc-s™Sp∏pIƒ \SØp-
∂Xn\p≈ DØchmZnXzw C¥y≥ sXcs™Sp∏v IΩoj\n¬ \n£n]vXa√.
C¥y≥ sXcs™Sp∏v IΩoj\n¬\n∂pw hyXykvXambn kwÿm\Øv
kzX{¥ambn {]h¿-Øn°p∂ kwÿm\ sXcs™Sp∏v IΩojW¿amcmWv
Xt±i Kh¨sa‚ nte°p≈ sXcs™- S p∏pIƒ \nb{¥n°p∂Xpw
\SØp∂Xpw. c≠n\pw AhcptSXmb {]h¿Ø\ afießfp≠v. CXns\-
°pdn®v IqSpX¬ Imcyßƒ Xt±i Kh¨sa‚pIƒ F∂ A[ymbØn¬
\mw ]Tn°pw. C¥ybnse sXcs™Sp∏v IΩoj≥ Hcp GImwK kanXntbm
Hcp _lp AwK kanXntbm BImw.
1989 hsc CsXmcp GImwK IΩoj≥ Bbncp∂p. F∂m¬ sXcs™Sp∏v
IΩojs\ Hcp _lpAwK kanXnbm°pI F∂ e£ysØ ap≥\n¿Øn
1989˛se s]mXp sXcs™Sp∏n\v apt∂m-Snbmbn c≠p sXcs™Sp∏v
IΩojW¿amsc \nban®p. F∂m¬ sXcs™Sp∏n\v tijw hfsc s]s´∂p
Xs∂ CXv ho≠pw Hcp GImwK IΩoj\mbn ]p\x{IaoIcn®p. F∂m¬
1993˛¬ c≠v sXcs™Sp∏v IΩojW¿amsc \nban®psIm≠v sXcs™Sp∏v
IΩoj≥ ho≠pw Hcp _lpAwK kanXnbm°n am‰n. A∂papX¬ CsXmcp
_lpAwKIΩoj\mbn XpS-cp-∂p. _lpAwK IΩo-js\ Ipdn®v XpS°-
Øn¬ hfscb[nIw Bi¶Iƒ D≠mbncp∂p. B¿°mWv G‰hpw IqSpX¬
A[nImcw F∂Xns\ kw_‘n®pw F{XtØmfw A[nImcap≠v F∂Xns\
kw_‘n®pw A∂sØ apJy sXcs™Sp∏v IΩojW¿ a‰p IΩojW¿-
86
amcpambn hy‡amb A`n{]mb hyXymkw D≠mbncp∂p. kp{]ow tImSXn°v
Cu {]iv\w ]cnlcnt°≠Xmbpw h∂p. IqSpX¬ DØchmZnXztØmSpIqSn
{]h¿Øn°p∂Xn\v A[nImcw hn`Pn®p \¬Ins°m≠p≈ Hcp _lp AwK

sXcs™Sp∏v IΩoj\mWv G‰hpw A\ptbmPyambn´p≈sX∂ ImcyØn¬ 87
Hcp A`n{]mb ka\zbw C∂v cq]s∏ń´p≠v.
sXcs™Sp∏v IΩojs‚ A[y£\mbn´p≈Xv
apJysXcs™Sp∏v IΩojW¿ BWv. F∂m¬ a‰p sXcs™Sp∏v
IΩojW¿amsc°mƒ IqSpX¬ A[nImcßƒ At±lØn\v
\¬Inbnń√. a{¥nk`bpsS D]tZi-Øns‚ ASnÿm\Øn¬
cmjv{S]Xn-bmWv sXcs™Sp∏v IΩojW¿amsc \nban°p∂Xv.
AXpsIm≠pXs∂ `cn°p∂ ]m¿ńtbmSv B`napJyap≈
hy‡nIsf IΩoj≥ AwKßfmbn \nban°p∂Xn\pw
sXcs™Sp∏n¬ Ch¿ Xßsf \ntbmKn°p∂ ]m¿ńI-tfmSv Nmbvhv
]pe¿Øp∂Xn\pap≈ km[yXIƒ \ne\n¬°p∂p≠v. Cu t]mcm-
bva \ne\nev°p∂Xp sIm≠v \nba\ \S]Sn{Iaw amt‰≠Xps≠∂v
[mcmfw BfpIƒ \n¿t±in- ° p∂p. apJysXcs™Sp∏v Cu {]iv\w Ct∏m-sg-¶nepw
IΩojWdpsSbpw a‰p IΩojW¿-amcpsSbpw \nba\Øn\v kp{]ow ]cn-l-cn-°-s∏-ń-s√-¶n¬
tImSXn No^v PÃnkpambpw {]Xn]£ t\Xmhpambpw k¿°m-cn\v Hcp GImwK
sXc-s™-Sp∏v IΩo-j-\n-
IqSnbmtemN-\Iƒ \StØ≠Xm-sW∂p≈ Hcp \n¿t±iw ]ecpw
te°v aS-ßn-t∏m-Im≥ Ign-
apt∂m´v h®n´p≠v.
bptam? `c-W-L-S\ Cu
apJysXcs™Sp∏v IΩojW- d psSbpw sXcs™Sp∏v Ifn (game) AwKo-I-cn-°p-
IΩojW-¿amcpsSbpw Imemh[nbpsS kwc£Ww `cWLS\ ∂pt≠m?
Dd∏p \¬Ip∂p. Bdv h¿jtØbv°v AYhm 65 hb v hsc BWv
AhcpsS \nba\ Imemh[n. ]m¿esa‚ns‚ Ccp kÌfpw {]tXyI
`qcn]£tØmsS (Special Majority) Hcp {]tabw ]m m-°nbm¬ C¥y≥
cmjv{S]Xn°v Imemh[n ]q¿Ønbm°p-∂Xn\papºv apJysXcs™Sp∏v
IΩojWsd ]pdØm°mhp-∂XmWv. Xßƒ°v A\pIqeambn Xocpam\ßƒ
ssIs°m≠n√ F∂Xns‚ t]cn¬ `cWI£n apJysXcs™Sp∏p
IΩojWsd am‰m≥ {ian®m¬ AXn¬ \n∂pw At±lsØ
kwc£n°p∂Xn\p th≠nbmWv Cßs\ sNbvXncn°p∂Xv. sXcs™Sp∏v
IΩojW¿amsc C¥y≥ cmjv{S]Xn°v \o°w sNømhp∂XmWv.
C¥ybnse sXcs™Sp∏v IΩoj\v [mcmfw NpaXeIfp≠v.
$ thm´¿ ]ńI Xømdm°p∂Xn\pw ]cnjv°cn°p∂Xn\pw ta¬t\m´w
hln°p∂p. cPnÃ¿ sNbvXn´p≈ t]cpIƒ ]ńIbn¬ D≠mIm-Xncn°pI,
A\¿lcpsS t]cpIfpw \nehnen-√m-ØhcpsS t]cpIfpw IS∂pIqSpI
XpSßnb sX‰pIƒ Hgnhm°n thm´¿]ńI kzX{¥hpw Ip‰-
a‰Xpam°p∂Xn\pw F√m ]cn{iaßfpw sXcs™Sp∏v IΩoj≥
\SØp∂p.
{]tXyI `qcn-]£w
{]tXyI `qcn-]£w F∂Xp sIm≠¿∞-am-°p-∂Xv:
$ ]s¶-Sp-°p-∂-h-cp-sSbpw thm´p sNøp-∂-h-cp-sSbpw aq∂n¬ c≠v `qcn-
]£w
$ k`-bnse samØw AwK-kw-Jy-bpsS tIhe `qcn-]£w
{]tXyI `qcn-]-£-tØmSp IqSn \nß-fpsS ¢m n¬ Hcp {]tabw ]m m-
t°-≠-Xp-s≠-∂n-cn-°-s´. \nß-fpsS ¢m n¬ 57 hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ Ds≠∂p
k¶-ev]n-°p-I. F∂m¬ sXc-s™-Sp∏v Znhkw 51 Ipń-Iƒ lmP-cm-dp-
Ibpw AXn¬ 50 t]¿ thms´-Sp-∏n¬ ]s¶-Sp-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp F∂pw
hnNm-cn-°p-I. CØcw Hcp kml-N-cy-Øn¬ {]tabw {]tXyI `qcn-]-£-
tØmsS ]m m°n F∂v Fßs\ ]d-bm-\mIpw?
Cu ]pkvX-I-Øn¬ G‰hpw Ipd-™Xv a‰p aq∂v A[ym-b-Øn-se-¶nepw
\nßƒ°v {]tXyI `qcn-]-£sØ ]‰n ]cm-a¿i-ßƒ ImWm-\m-Ipw. Imcy-
\n¿Δ-lW hn`mKw (Executive) F∂ ASpØ A[ym-b-Øn¬ cmjv{S-]-
Xn-bpsS Cw]o®vsa‚p-ambn _‘-s∏´ N¿® sNøp-∂-Xm-Wv. {]tXyI `qcn-
]-£sØ∏‰n N¿® sNøp∂ a‰p c≠p kμ¿`-ßƒ Is≠-Øp-I.
$ sXcs™Sp∏v kab{Iaw \n›bn°pIbpw sXcs™Sp∏v ]ńI (Sched-

ule) Xømdm°pIbpw sNøp∂p. sXcs™Sp∏v hn⁄m]\w, \ma\n¿t±i
]{XnI ka¿∏nt°≠ XobXn, ]{XnI ka¿-∏nt°≠ Ahkm\
XobXn, kq£va ]cntim[\m XobXn, ]{XnI ]n≥hen°m\p≈
Ahkm\ XobXn, sXcs™Sp∏v XobXn, thms´Æ¬, ê{]Jym]\w
F∂nhsb√mw Dƒs∏Sp∂XmWv sXcs™Sp∏v ]ńI. (Election sched-
ule)
$ kzX{¥hpw \oXn]q¿ΔIhpamb Hcp sXcs™Sp∏v Dd∏phcpØp∂Xn\v
sXcs™Sp∏v {]{Inb-IfpsS GXp L´Ønepw Xocpam\saSp°m\p≈
A[nImcw sXcs™Sp∏v IΩoj\p≠v. cmPytØm GsX¶nepw Hcp
kwÿm\tØm As√¶n¬ Hcp afieØntem sXcs™Sp∏v A¥-
co£w IepjnXamhpIbpw kzX{¥hpw \oXn]q¿ΔIhpamb Hcp
sXcs™Sp∏v km[ya√msX hcpIbpw sNøp∂ kμ¿`Øn¬
sXcs™Sp∏v \oń hbv°p∂Xnt\m d±m°p∂Xnt\m D≈ A[nImcw
sXcs™Sp∏v IΩoj\p≠v. IqSmsX cmjv{Sob ]m¿ńIƒ°pw ÿm\m-
¿∞nIƒ°pw Hcp amXrIm s]cpam‰ N´w IΩoj≥ \S∏nem°mdp≠v.
Hcp {]tXyI afieØn¬ ho≠pw thms´Sp∏v (re-poll) Bhiyambn
h∂m¬ AXn\p≈ DØchv ]pds∏Sphn°phm\pw IΩoj\v km[n°pw.
kzX{¥hpw \oXn ]q¿Æhpamb√ thms´Æ¬ \S∂sX∂v IΩoj\v
88 t_m[yw h∂m¬ ho≠pw thms´Æ¬ (re-count) {]Jym]n°m\p≈
A[nImchpw IΩoj\p≠v.
$ cmjv{Sob ]m¿ńIƒ°p≈ AwKoImchpw Ah¿ HmtcmcpØ¿°p≈
Nn”hpw sXcs™Sp∏v
IΩoj\mWv A\phZn®p \¬Ip Im¿´q¨ hmbn-°p-I. 89
∂Xv.
sXcs™Sp∏v IΩoj\v kz¥
ambp≈ DtZymKÿcpsS FÆw hfsc
IpdhmWv . Kh¨sa‚ ns‚ `cW
kwhn[m\Øns‚ klmbtØm
sSbmWv IΩoj≥ sXcs™Sp∏pIƒ
\SØp∂Xv. F∂n-cp∂mepw H-- cn°¬
sXcs™Sp∏v {]{Inb Bcw`n®p
Ign™m¬ - s Xcs™Sp∏pambn
_‘s∏´ {]h¿Ø\ßfpsStaepw
`cWkwhn[m\Øns‚taepw
sXcs™Sp∏v -IΩoj\v \nb{¥W-
ßfp≠m- b ncn°pw. sX- c s™Sp∏v
{]{Inbmthf-bn¬ tI{μ kwÿm\
DtZymKÿ¿°v -sXcs™--S- p-∏pambn
_‘s∏´ N - paXeIƒ sXcs™Sp∏p
IΩoj≥ \n›bn®p - \ ¬Ip∂p.
CXns‚ ]q¿Æ - \ nb{¥Ww sXc-
s™Sp∏v - I Ωoj-- \ mWp≈Xv.-- - t\Xm-hv sXc-s™-Sp∏v IΩo-js\ `b-s∏-Sp-∂p.
--
DtZymKÿsc ÿew a-- m‰m\pw Ahcp- t\Xm-°ƒ sXc-s™-Sp∏v IΩo-js\ `b-s∏-Sp-∂-
sS ÿew-am‰w d--- ±m°m\pw -\njv]£- sX-¥p-sIm≠v?
ambn {]h¿Øn-°mØh¿s°-Xnsc \S-
]-Sn-sb-Sp-°m\pw IΩoj\v km[n°pw.
A[nImcßfp≈ Hcp kzX{¥ A[nImctI{μambn Ime{ItaW
C¥ybnse sXcs™Sp∏v IΩoj≥ amdn. sXcs™Sp∏v {]{InbbpsS
]cnip≤n ImØpkq£n°p∂Xn\v sXcs™Sp∏v IΩoj≥ \njv]£-ambpw
Nmbvhn√msXbpw {]h¿Øn-°p∂p. ÿm]\ßfpsS Imcy£aX sa®s∏Sp-
Øp∂Xn\v \nba]ctam `cWLS\m]ctam Bb am‰w A\n-hmcyas√∂v
sXcs™Sp∏v IΩojs‚ Ncn{Xw ImWn®pXcp∂p. BZy Ccp]Xv
h¿jßfn¬ D≠mbncp∂Xns\°mƒ kzX{¥hpw B[nImcnIhpamWv Ct∏m-
gp≈ sXcs™Sp∏v IΩoj≥ F∂v ]cs° AwKoIcn°s∏ńcn-°p∂p.CXv
sXcs™Sp∏v IΩojs‚ A[nImchpw `cWLS\m]camb kwc£Whpw
ho≠pw h¿≤n-∏n®XpsIm≠√, adn®v `cWLS\ t\csØ Xs∂ \¬Inb
A[nImcßƒ ê{]Zambn D]tbm-Kn®psIm≠mWv sXcs™Sp∏p IΩoj\v
CXv km[yambXv.
Ign™ 65 h¿jßfnembn 16 temIvk`m sXcs™Sp∏pIƒ \S∂p.

AXns\°mƒ IqSpX¬ kwÿm\ sXcs™Sp∏pIfpw D]sXcs™-
Sp∏pIfpw sXcs™Sp∏v IΩoj≥ \SØpIbp≠mbn. B mw, ]©m_v,
PΩpImivao¿ XpSßnb A{Ia km∂n≤yap≠mbncp∂ taJeIfn¬ sXc-
s™-Sp∏pIƒ \SØp∂Xn\v sXcs™Sp∏v IΩoj\v \nch[n _p≤nap´pIƒ
t\cntS≠Xmbn h∂n´p≠v. IqSmsX 1991˛¬ ap≥{][m\a{¥n cmPohvKm‘n
sXcs™Sp∏v ImeØv sIm√s∏´Xns\ØpS¿∂v sXcs™Sp∏v {]{Inb
]mXnhgn°v \n¿Ønsht°≠n h∂ kmlNcyhpw sXcs™Sp∏v IΩoj\v
A`napJoIcnt°≠n h∂n´p≠v. 2002˛¬ sXcs™Sp∏v IΩoj\v as‰mcp
\n¿ÆmbI kmlNcyw t\cntS≠n h∂p. KpPdmØv \nba-k` ]ncn®phn´v
sXcs™Sp∏v \StØ≠ kμ¿àmbncp∂p AXv. F∂m¬ KpPdmØnse
A\nb{¥nXamb A{Iaw ImcWw AhnsS s]s´∂v Hcp kzX{¥hpw
\oXn]q¿Δhpamb sXc-s™Sp∏v \SØpI km[yas√∂v sXcs™Sp∏v
IΩoj≥ hnebncpØn. kwÿm\ \nbak`-bn-te°p≈ sXcs™Sp∏v
GXm\pw amktØ°v \ońhbv°m≥ sXcs™Sp∏v IΩoj≥ Xocpam\n®p.
kp{]ow tImSXn sXcs™Sp∏v IΩojs‚ Cu Xocpam\sØ icnh®p.
sXcs™Sp∏v ]cnjv°mcßƒ (Electoral Reforms)
Hcp sXcs™Sp∏v hyhÿnXnbpw ]cn]q¿Æa√. AhbpsS bYm¿∞
\SØn∏n¬ [mcmfw Ip‰- ß fpw IpdhpIfpw D≠mIpw. kzX{¥hpw
\oXn]q¿Δhpambn Hcp sXcs™Sp∏v \SØns°m≠p-t]mIp∂Xn\p≈ F√m
am¿§ßfpw ]cn{iaßfpw an° P\m[n]Xy kaqlßfpw XpS¿∂p sIm-
t≠bncn°pw. kzX{¥amb sXcs™Sp∏v IΩoj≥, sXcs™Sp∏n¬
\nb-aØ- n¬ am‰w hcp-
Øn- s Im≠v \ap°v a’cn°phm\p≈ kzmX{¥yw, {]mb]q¿Øn thm´hImiw F∂nhbneqsS
sXc- s ™- S p- ∏ nse
]W-Øn-s‚bpw Iøq- ]ptcm-KXn ]cn-tim-[n-°pI
°n-s‚bpw kzm[o\w
Ipd- b v ° p- h m≥ Ign- sXc-™-Sp∏v IΩo-j\v Xmsg-]-d-bp∂ A[n-Im-c-ßfpw {]tXyI Ah-Im-
bptam? \nb-a-Øn¬ i-ßfpw Ds≠∂v F¥p-sIm-≠mWv \nßƒ Nn¥n-°p-∂Xv?
am‰w hcp- Ø p- ∂ Xv
sXc- s ™- S p∏v kw_- ‘ - a mb GXp- t Pm- e nbpw \n¿h- l n- ° p- ∂ - X n\v
sIm≠v bYm¿ YØn
¬ Fs¥-¶nepw am‰w
Kh¨sa‚ v Poh-\-°m¿°v DØ-chv \¬Im≥ sXc-s™-Sp∏v IΩo-j\v
kw`-hn-°ptam? Ign-bpw.
Kh¨sa‚n\v apJy-sX-c-s™-Sp∏v IΩo-j-Wsd ]pd-Øm-°m≥ Ign-bn-√.
\oXn-bp-‡-a√ F∂p-tXm-∂p∂ ]£w sXc-s™-Sp∏v IΩo-j\v sXc-s™-
90 Sp∏v d±m-°m≥ Ign-bpw.
kzX{¥hpw \o¿]q¿Δhpamb
Hcp sXcs™- S p∏v - { ]{In- READ A CARTOON 91
bbv ° p th≠p∂ F√mw
Dd∏m-°m≥ C -- ¥y ]cn{ian
®n´p≠v. - F - ∂ ncp- ∂ mepw
Ign™ 65 h¿-jsØ sXc
R K Laxman in The Times of India.

s™-- S p∏v A-- \ p`hßƒ
C¥y≥ sXcs--™Sp∏v hyh
ÿn- X n Ip‰a‰Xm°m≥
[mcmfw ]- c njv°mc
\n¿t±ißƒ apt∂m´v
hbv ° p∂p. sX- c s™Sp∏v
IΩoj≥, cmjv{Sob ]m¿ń-
Iƒ, - \ nc- h [n kzX- { ¥
kwLS-\-Iƒ, Cu cwK-sØ
hnZKv≤¿ F -- -∂nh¿ [mcmfw
]cnjv I mc- ß ƒ \n¿- t ±in-
®n´p≠v. N -- ne \n¿t±ißfm-
Is´ CXp kw_‘n® `cW-
LS\m hIp∏pIfpsS am‰-
sØ-°pdn-®p≈-XmWv. CtX-
°pdn®v IqSpXembn Cu
A[ymbØn¬ N¿® sNømw.
• \ΩpsS sXcs™Sp∏v
k{º-Zmbw tIhe `qcn-
Kuc-h-ta-dnb Ip‰-Ir-Xy-Øn\v Btcm-]W hnt[-
]£k{ºZmbØn¬
b-\mb hy‡nsb sXcs™Sp∏n¬ a’-cn-°p-∂-
(FPTP) \n∂v hn`n∂ambn
Xn¬ \n∂v hne-t°-≠X - t√?
B\p]mXnI {]mXn\n[y-
k{ºZmbØns‚ GsX-
¶nepw Hcp amXrI kzoI-cn-°Ww. CXv Ignbp-∂nS-tØmfw Xßƒ°v
e`n°p-∂ thm´pIƒ°v B\p]m-XnIamb ko‰pIƒ Dd∏p-hcpØp∂Xn\v
]m¿ńIsf klmbn°pw.
• ]m¿esa‚nepw kwÿm\ \nbakÌfnepw aq∂n-sem∂v {]mXn\n[yw
kv{Xo-Iƒ°v e`yam°p-∂Xc-Øn¬ {]tXyI hIp-∏p-Iƒ `cWLS\bn¬
Dƒ-s∏-SpØWw.
• sXcs™Sp∏v cmjv{So-bØn¬ ]WØns‚ kzm-[o-\w \nb{¥n-°p∂-Xn\v
I¿i\amb \nb{¥-W-ßfpw hIp∏p-Ifp-ap≠m-IWw. sXcs™Sp∏v
sNehpIƒ apgph≥ Hcp {]tXyI ^≠v cq]oIcn®v AXn¬ \n∂pw
k¿°m¿ hln°Ww.
• tImSXnbpsS hnNmcWbnencn°p∂ hy‡nbmsW¶n¬ IqSnbpw {Inan\¬

tIkv ]›mØe- a p≈ ÿm\m¿∞nIsf sXcs™Sp∏n¬ a’cn-
°p∂Xn¬ \n∂v hne°Ww.
• sXcs™Sp∏v {]NmcWßfn¬ PmXn˛aX {]oW\ßfpsS D]tbmKw
]q¿Æambpw \ntcm[n-°Ww.
• kpXmcyhpw P\m[n]Xy]chpambmWv cmjv{Sob ]m¿ńIƒ {]h¿-
Øn°p∂sX∂v Dd∏p- h cp- Ø p∂Xn\pw AhbpsS {]h¿Ø\ßsf
\nb{¥n°p∂Xn\pw {]tXyI \nbaßƒ D≠mIWw.
Chsb√mw Ipd®v \n¿t±ißƒ am{XamWv. C°mcyØn¬ kahmbw
cq]s∏´v h∂nń√. AYhm kahmbw D≠mbm¬ t]mepw \nbaßƒ°pw
Hu]NmcnI hIp∏pIƒ°pw sNøm\mhp∂ Imcy-ßƒ°v Nne ]cnanXnbp≠v.
ÿm\m¿∞nIfpw, ]m¿ńIfpw sXcs™Sp∏v {]{Inbbn¬ ]¶mfnIfm-Ip∂
a‰p≈hcpw Hcp bYm¿∞ P\m[n]Xy a’cØns‚ A¥xkØ Dƒs°m≠v
{]h¿Øn°p-tºmƒ am{Xta kzX{¥hpw \oXn]q¿Δhpamb sXcs™-Sp∏pIƒ
km[yamhpIbp≈q.
sXcs™Sp-∏pIƒ P\ßfpsS {]Xo£Ifpw P\m[n]Xy A`nemjßfpw
{]Xnên∏n°p∂p F∂v Dd∏p-hcpØp∂Xn\v \nba]camb ]cnjvImcßfn¬
\n∂pw hn`n∂ambn c≠v {][m\ am¿§ßƒ IqSn-bp≠v. P\ßƒ Xs∂
PmKcqIcmbpw {InbmflIambpw cmjv{Sob {]h¿Ø\ßfn¬ ]s¶Sp°pI
F∂XmWv H∂masØ am¿§w. F∂m¬ km[mcW P\ßƒ°v \nc¥cambn
cmjv { Sobhpambn _‘s∏´v F{XtØmfw {]h¿Øn°m\mIpw F∂
ImcyØn¬ Nne ]cnanXnIƒ D≠v. AXpsIm≠v Xs∂ kzX{¥hpw
\oXn]q¿Δhpamb sXcs™Sp∏v Dd∏v hcpØp∂Xn\v hnhn[ cmjv{Sob ÿm]-
\ßfpw k∂≤ kwLS\Ifpw hfsc PmKcqIcmbncnt°- ≠ Xv
A\nhmcyamWv.
D]kwlmcw (Conclusion)
{]mXn\n[y P\m[n]Xyw ]n≥XpScp∂ cmPyßfn¬ P\m[n]Xyw IqSpX¬
Imcy£ahpw hnizmk- ] q¿Æhpambn \SØns°m≠pt]mIp∂Xn\v
sXcs™Sp∏pw sXcs™Sp∏nse {]mXn\n[y-kz`m-hhpw apJyLSIßfmWv.
C¥y≥ sXcs™Sp∏v k{ºZmbØns‚ hnPbw [mcmfw LSIßsf
B{ibn®mWv \nesIm≈p∂Xv.
• \ΩpsS sXcs™Sp∏v k{ºZmbw thm´¿am¿°v XßfpsS {]Xn\n[nIsf
92 kzX{¥ambn sXcs™-Sp°phm\p≈ Ahkcw \¬Ip∂p F∂v am{Xa√
kwÿm\Ønepw tI{μØnepw kam[m\]cambn Kh¨sa‚pIfpsS am‰w
D≠mIpIbpw sNøp∂p.
• c≠maXmbn thm´¿am¿ hfsc Xmev]cytØmsSbpw {i≤tbmsSbpw

sXcs™Sp∏v {]{Inbbn¬ ]¶mfnIfmIp∂p F∂XmWv. 93
sXcs™Sp∏n¬ ]s¶Sp°p∂ ÿm\m¿∞nIfpsSbpw ]m¿ńIfp-sSbpw
FÆw IqSnh∂psIm≠ncn°p∂p.
• aq∂maXmbn, C¥y≥ sXcs™Sp∏v k{ºZmbw hnhn[ hn`mKßƒ°v
CSw \¬Ip∂Xpw (accommodative) hyXykvX hn`mKßsf Dƒs°m≈p-
∂XpamsW∂v (inclusive) sXfnbn®n´p≠v. \ΩpsS {]Xn\n[nIfpsS
kmaqlnI LS\bn¬ kmh[m\w am‰ßƒ D≠mbn´p≠v. h\nXm-
kmamPnIcpsS FÆØn¬ kwXr]vXamb XcØn¬ am‰ßƒ D≠mbnń√
F¶nepw C∂v \ΩpsS {]Xn\n-[nIƒ hnhn[ kmaqlnI hn`mKßfn¬
\n∂v D≈hcmsW∂v ImWmw.
• \memaXmbn, cmPyØns‚ `qcn`mKw {]tZißfnsebpw sXcs™Sp∏p
êßfn¬ {Iat°tSm _qØp]nSpØtam {]Xnên°mdn√. Nne
ÿeßfn¬ Xo¿®bmbpw _qØp]nSpØw \S-°m-dp≠v. thm´¿]ńIbn¬
\n∂v t]cpIƒ A{]Xy£ambXns\ Ipdn®pw, thm´¿amsc òjWns∏-
SpØp∂ ]cmXnIsf°pdn®pw Hs° \nßƒ tIń´p≠mIpw.
sXcs™Sp∏pambn _‘s∏´v Nne A{Iakw`hßƒ D≠mbXns‚
hm¿Øbpw \nßƒ hmbn®n´p≠mIpw. Cßs\bp≈ kw`hßƒ
A]q¿Δambn D≠mImdps≠¶nepw sXcs™Sp∏v êsØ AXv
Imcyambn _m[n-°mdn√.
• Ahkm\ambn, G‰hpw {][m\s∏´ Imcyw sXcs™Sp∏pIƒ
P\m[n]Xy PohnXØns‚ ASnÿm\ LSIambn amdn F∂XmWv. Hcp
sXcs™Sp∏ns‚ A¥naêw Xnckv°cn°p-∂Xns\ Ipdn®v Hcp
Kh¨sa‚n\pw C∂v Nn¥n°m≥ t]mepw BIn√. AXpt]mseXs∂
sXcs™Sp∏pIƒ IqSmsX Hcp k¿°m¿ cq]oIcn°p∂Xns\°pdn®pw
C∂v Nn¥n°m\mIn√. bYm¿∞Øn¬ IrXyamb CSthfIfn¬
\SØp∂ sXcs™Sp∏pIƒ Hcp P\m[n]Xy ]co£Wsa∂ \nebv°v
C¥ybv°v bi pw Io¿Ønbpw D≠m°ns°mSpØp.
apIfn¬ ]cma¿in°s∏´ LSIßƒ sIm≠pXs∂ C¥y≥
sXcs™Sp∏v kwhn[m\Øn\v cmjv{S-Øn\IØpw ]pdØpw BZchpw
hnizmkhpw B¿Pn°m≥ Ign™n´p≠v. C¥ybnse thm´¿am¿ hnizmkw
B¿Pns®SpØncn°p∂p. P\ßfpsS ImgvN∏mSn¬ sXcs™Sp∏v IΩojs‚
hnizmky- X bpw \nbakm[pXbpw h¿≤n®n´p≠v . CXv `cWLS\m
\n¿ΩmXm°ƒ ssIs°m≠ Xocpam\sØ \oXoIcnp∂p. sXcs™Sp∏v
{]{Inb IqSpX¬ Ip‰a‰XmhpIbmsW¶n¬ \mw thm´¿am¿ F∂ \nebnepw
]ucs\∂ \nebnepw IqSpX¬ Imcy£aXtbmsS P\m[n]XyØns‚
atlm’hØn¬ ]¶mfnIfmhpIbpw CXv IqSpX¬ A¿∞hØmbn
amdpIbpw sNøpw.
A`ymkw
1. Xmsg X∂n´p≈Xn¬ {]Xy£ P\m[n]Xyhpambn kmZriap≈Xv
GXmWv?
(a) IpSpw_ tbmKØnse N¿®Iƒ
(b) ¢mkv tamWn´dpsS sXsc™Sp∏v
(c) Hcp cmjv{Sob ]m¿ńbpsS ÿm\m¿∞nsb sXsc™Sp°¬
(d) {Kmak`bn¬ FSpØ Xocpam\ßƒ
(e) am[yaßƒ \SØnb A`n{]mbthms´Sp∏v
2. Xmsg ]dbp∂hbn¬ GXv DØchmZnXzamWv sXsc™Sp∏v
IΩoj\n¬ \n£n]vXa√mØv ?
(a) thm´¿]ńI Xømdm°pI
(b) ÿm\m¿∞nIsf \ma\n¿t±iw sNøpI
(c) t]mfnwKv _qØv k÷am°¬
(d) sXsc™Sp∏v s]cpam‰N´w \S∏nem°¬
(e) ]©m-bØv sXc-s™-Sp-∏p-Iƒ°v ta¬t\m´w hln-°¬
3. Xmsg ]d-bp-∂-h-bn¬ temIvk-`bv°pw cmPy-k-`bv°pw s]mXp-hm-bXv
GXv?
(a) 18 hb- n\p apI-fn¬ {]mb-ap≈ F√m ]uc-∑mcpw thm´p
sNøm≥ A¿l-cmWv
(b) hyXykvX ÿm\m¿∞n-Iƒ°v ap≥K-W-\m-{I-a-Øn¬ thm´p
tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ Ign-bpw.
(c) Hmtcm thmń-s‚bpw aqeyw Xpey-amWv
(d) hnP-bn°v ]Ip-Xn-bn¬ IqSp-X¬ thm´p-Iƒ e`n-®n-cn-°Ww
4. tIh- e - ` q- c n- ] £ k{º- Z m- b - Ø n¬ hnP- b n- b mbn {]Jym- ] n- ° p∂
94 ÿm\m¿∞n
(a) G‰hpw IqSp-X¬ t]mÃ¬ _me‰v t\Sn-bn-cn-°-Ww.
(b) cmPyØv G‰hpw IqSp-X¬ thm´p-Iƒ e`n-°p∂ ]m¿ń-bn¬

Dƒs∏-Sp∂ Bfm-bn-cn-°Ww 95
(c) B \ntbm-PIaWvUe - Ø
- n¬ a‰p≈ ÿm\m¿∞n-Itf-°mƒ IqSp-
X¬ thm´v e`n-®n-cn-°W - w.
(b) 50 iX-am-\-Øn-e-[nIw thm´p-Iƒ t\Sn H∂m-a-sX-Ønb Bƒ
Bbncn-°Ww
5. kwh-cW aWvU-ehpw {]tXyI sXc-s™-Sp∏v afi-ehpw (Sepa-
rate electorate) XΩn-ep≈ hyXymkw F¥mWv ?
{]tXyI sXc-s™-Sp∏v afiew (Separate electorate) `c-W-L-S-\m-
\n¿Ωm-Xm-°ƒ \ncm-I-cn-®Xv F¥p-sIm-≠mWv?
6. Xmsg sImSp-Øn-´p≈ {]kvXm-h-\-I-fn¬ icn-b-√m-Øh GXv? Hcp
hmt°m Hcp hmN-Itam ]I-cw h®p-sIm-t≠m, ]pXp-Xmbn tN¿Øp-
sImt≠m As√-¶n¬ ]p\:{Iao-I-cn®p sImt≠m {]kvXm-h-\sb
icn-bm-°pI
(a) C¥y-bnse apgp-h≥ sXc-s™-Sp∏pw tIh-e-`q-cn-]-£- k-
{ºZmb (FPTP)amWv]n¥p-S-cp-∂Xv
(b) ]©m-bØp sXc-s™-Sp-∏p-Iƒ, \K-c-k-`m-sX-c-s™-Sp-∏p-
Iƒ F∂n-h-bpsS ta¬t\m´w sXc-s™-Sp∏v IΩo-j≥
hln-°p-∂n-√.
(c) C¥y-bn¬ sXc-s™-Sp∏v IΩo-j-Wsd ]pd-Øm-°m≥ cmjv{S-
]-Xn°v Ign-bn√
(d) sXc-s™-Sp∏v IΩo-j\- n¬ H∂n-e[
- nIw IΩo-jW
- ¿amsc \nb-
an-t°-≠Xv \n¿_-‘-am-Wv.
7. kmaq-lnIambn Ah-KW- n-°s
- ∏´ hn`m-Kß
- f
- psS {]mXn-\n[yw C¥y≥
sXc-s™-Sp∏v k{º-Zmbw e£y-an-Sp-∂p. F∂n-cp-∂mepw C¥y≥
\nb-a-\n¿ΩmWkÌfnse kv{Xo{]m-Xn-\n[yw ]Øp-i-X-am-\-am-sb-
¶nepw amtd-≠-Xp-≠v. Cu kml-Ncyw sa®-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ \nßƒ
Fs¥√mw am¿§-ß-fmWv \n¿t±-in-°p-∂Xv ?
8. ]pXn-sbmcp cmPy-Øns‚ `c-W-L-S\ N¿® sNøp-∂n-Xn-\p≈ ktΩ-
f-\-Øn¬ {]I-Sn-∏n-°-s∏´ Nne B{K-l-ßƒ ChnsS ]cm-a¿in-®n-
cn-°p-∂p. Hmtcm-∂n\pw t\sc, Cu B{K-l-ß-fpsS km[q-I-c-W-

Øn-\mbn tIh-e-`q-cn-]£ k{º-Zm-b-am-tWm, AtXm B\p-]m-XnI
{]mXn-\n-[y-k-{º-Zm-b-amtWm tbmPn-®Xv F∂v tcJ-s∏-Sp-ØpI
(a) P\-ßƒ Ah-cpsS {]Xn-\n-[nsb Bsc∂v hy‡-ambn
Adn-™n-cn-°-Ww. Aßs\ hy‡n-]-c-ambn DØ-c-hm-Zn-Xz-
ap-≈-h-cmbn Ahsc \ne-\n¿Øm≥ Ign-bpw.
(b) cmPy-Øns‚ hnhn-[-`m-K-ß-fn-embn sNdnb `mjm \yq\-]-
£-ß-fp-≠v. \ymb-amb {]mXn\n[yw \mw Ah¿°v Dd-∏p-h-
cp-ØWw
(c) hnhn[ cmjv{Sob ]m¿ń-Isf kw_-‘n-®n-S-tØmfw thm´p-
Ifpw ko‰p-Ifpw XΩn¬ s]mcp-Ø-t°Sv D≠m-bn-cn-°-cp-Xv.
(d) Hcp \√ ÿm\m¿∞nsb Abm-fpsS/Ah-cpsS cmjv{Sob
]m¿-ńsb CjvS-a-s√-¶n¬ IqSnbpw P\-ßƒ°v sXc-s™-Sp-
°m≥ Ign-bm-Ww.
9. Hcp ap≥ apJy-sX-c-s™-Sp∏v IΩo-j-W¿ Hcp cmjv{So-b ]m¿ń-
bn¬ tNcp-Ibpw sXc-s™-Sp-∏n¬ a’-cn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. CXns\
kw_- ‘ n®v hyXy- k vX- ß - f mb ho£- W - ß - f m- W p- ≈ - X v.
ap≥sXcs™-Sp∏v IΩo-jW - ¿ Hcp kzmX{¥ ]uc-\m-sW∂pw At±-
l-Øn\v GsX-¶nepw Hcp cmjv{Sob ]m¿ń-bn¬ tNcp-∂-Xn\pw
sXc-s™-Sp-∏n¬ a’-cn-°p-∂-Xn\pw Ah-Imiw D≠v F∂-XmWv
AXn-sem-∂v. CXv sXc-s™-Sp∏v I
- Ωo-js‚ \njv]£- X- sb kzm[o-
\n-°m-\p≈ kml-Ncyw krjvSn°m-sa-∂-XmWv as‰mcp hmZw. AXn-
\m¬ ap≥sXc-s™-Sp∏v IΩo-j-W¿amsc sXc-™-Sp-∏n¬ a’-cn-
°m≥ A\p-h-Zn-°-cp-Xv. CXn¬ GXv \ne-]m-Sn-t\m-SmWv Xm¶ƒ
tbmPn-°p-∂-Xv. ImcWw hy‡-am-°pI?
10. ]mI-s∏-SmØ tIh-e-`q-cn-]£ k{º-Zm-b-Øn¬ \n∂pw B\p-]m-
XnI {]mXn-\n[yw k{º-Zm-b-Øn-te-°p≈ am‰-Øn\v C¥y≥ P\m-
[n-]Xyw Ct∏mƒ ]mI-s∏-ń-cn-°p-∂p. Cu {]kvXm-h-\-tbmSv \nßƒ
tbmPn- ° p- ∂ pt≠m? tbmPn- ° p∂p F¶nepw hntbm- P n- ° p∂p
F¶nepw AXn-\p≈ ImcWw \nßƒ tcJ-s∏-Sp-ØpI.
96
Imcy\n¿ΔlW hn`mKw
A≤ymbw ˛ 4 97
Imcy\n¿ΔlW hn`mKw
(Executive)
BapJw
\nba\n¿ΩmW k` (Legislature), Imcy\n¿ΔlW hn`mKw (Executive),
\oXn\ymb hn`mKw (Judiciary) F∂nh Kh¨sa‚ns‚ aq∂v LSIßfmWv.
{Iakam[m\]me\w, P\ßfpsS t£aw Dd∏m°¬ XpSßnb Kh¨sa‚ v
NpaXeIƒ Cu aq∂v LSIßfpw tN¿∂mWv \n¿Δln°p∂pXv. Cu aq∂v
LSIßfptSbpw tbmPn®p≈ {]h¿Ø\w Dd∏phcpØpIbpw ChbpsS
kwXpenXmhÿ \ne\n¿ØpIbpw sNøpI F∂Xv `cWLS\ Dd∏m°p∂p.
Hcp ]m¿esa‚dn hyhÿnXnbn¬ Imcy\n¿ΔlW hn`mKhpw
\nba\n¿ΩmW hn`mKhpw ]ckv]cm{ibXzw ]pe¿Øp∂p. \nba\n¿ΩmW
hn`mKw Imcy\n¿ΔlW hn`mKsØbpw Imcy\n¿ΔlW hn`mKw
\nba\n¿ΩmW hn`mKsØbpw \nb{¥n°p∂p. Cu A≤ymbØn¬
Imcy\n¿ΔlW hn`mKØns‚ LS\bpw (Structure), NpaXeIfp (Func-
tion) amWv N¿® sNøp∂Xv. B\p-Im-enI {]mtbm-KnI cmjv{SobØns‚
`mKambn Imcy\n¿ΔlW hn`mKØns‚ LS\bnepw {]h¿Ø\Ønepw h∂
am‰ßfpw Cu ]mT`mKØn¬ N¿® sNøp∂p≠v. Cu ]mT`mKØneqsS
IS∂pt]mIp∂ Hcp ]TnXmhn\v Xmsg ]dbp∂ Imcyßƒ {Kln°phm≥
km[n°p∂p.
• ]m¿esa‚dn, {]knU≥jy¬ FIvknIypóhpIƒ XΩnep≈ hyXymkw
Is≠Øm≥.
• C¥y≥ cmjv{S]XnbpsS `cWLS\m]Zhn a\ nem°m≥
• a{¥nk`bpsS LS\bpw {]h¿Ø-\hpw {][m\a{¥nbpsS {]m[m\yhpw
a\ nem-°m≥
• `cW kwhn[m\Øns‚ {]m[m\yhpw {]h¿Ø\hpw a\ nem°m≥
Indian Constitution
at Work
Imcy\n¿ΔlW hn`mKw F∂m¬ F¥v? (What is
an Exceutive?)
\nßfpsS kvIqfns‚ `cW \n¿ΔlW NpaXe B¿°mWv?
Hcp kv I qfntem Hcp k¿ΔIemimebntem {][m\s∏´
Xocpam\ßƒ FSp°p∂Xv BcmWv? GsXmcp ÿm]\Ønepw
Xocpam\ßsfSp°p∂Xn\pw Ah \S∏nem°p∂Xn\pw Hcp
A[nImcn D≠mbncn°pw. Cu {]h¿Ø\sØ `cWw Ft∂m
amt\Pv s a‚ v Ft∂m ]dbpw. F∂m¬ \bcq]oIcWw,
`cW\n¿ΔlWw F∂nhbv°v Db¿∂XeØn¬ Hcp kwhn[m\w
D≠mbncn°Ww. ssZ\wZn\ `cWsØ GtIm]n∏n°pIbpw
ta¬t\m´w hln°pIbpw sNøp∂Xv Cu hn`mKamWv. hnhn[
_m¶pƒ, hyhkmb imeIƒ, henb hym]mcimeIƒ
F∂nhbnse FIvknIyqóhns\Ipdn®v \nßƒ tIńcn°pat√m?
GsXmcp ÿm]\Ønepw `cW\n¿ΔlWØn\mbn Hcp apJy
`cWm[nImcntbm Imcy\n¿ΔlW hn`mKtam D≠mbncn°pw.
Nne A[nImcnIƒ \bßfptSbpw N´ßfptSbpw
cq]oIcWØn\p t\XrXzw sImSp°ptºmƒ as‰mcp hn`mKw
ssZ\wZn\ {]h¿Ø\Øns‚ `mKambn Cu Xocpam\ßƒ
\S∏m°pIbpw sNøp∂p. N´ßfpw \bßfpw \S∏nem°m≥
NpaXes∏´ Hcp hy‡ntbtbm Hcp kwLw hy‡nIsftbm
BWv Imcy\n¿ΔlW hn`mKw F∂XpsIm≠¿∞am°p∂Xv.
Kh¨sa‚nepw Hcp hn`mKw N´ßfpw \bßfpw Bbn
_‘s∏´ Xocpam\saSp°pIbpw as‰mcp hn`mKw Cu N´ßƒ
\S∏nem°pIbpw sNøp∂p. \bßƒ \S∏nem°¬,
`cW\n¿ΔlWw F∂o NpaXeIƒ \n¿Δln°p∂
Kh¨sa‚ns‚ LSIamWv Imcy\n¿ΔlW hn`mKw.
Imcy\n¿ΔlW hn`mKØns‚ apJy NpXaeIƒ
Fs¥√mamWv? \nba\n¿ΩmW k` cq]w \¬Inb \nbaßfpw P\m[n]XyØn¬ Imcy-
\n¿ΔlW hn`mKw P\-
\bßfpw \S∏nem°p∂Xv Imcy\n¿ΔlWhn`mKamWv . ßtfmSv DØc-hmZnXz-s∏ńcn-
an°t∏mgpw \bcq]oIcWØnepw Imcy\n¿ΔlWhn`mKw °p∂p F∂v Nne¿ ]d™Xv
]¶phln°p∂p≠v. Imcy\n¿ΔlWhn`mKw hnhn[ cmPyßfn¬ Rmt\m¿°p∂p. CXv henb
Iº\nIfpsS DtZym- K -
hnhn[ t]cpIfn¬ Adnbs∏Sp∂p. Nne cmPyßfn¬ ÿ≥amcpsS - I mcy- Ø nepw
{]knUs‚∂pw a‰p Nne cmPyßfn¬ Nm≥ke¿ F∂pamWv kXy- a mtWm? Ahsc
kn.C.Hm (CEO) F∂t√
98 Adnbs∏Sp∂Xv. cmjv{S]Xn, {][m\a{¥n, a{¥nam¿ F∂nh¿
hnfn°s∏Sp∂Xv. Ah¿°v
am{Xw ASßp∂X√ Imcy\n¿ΔlW hn`mKw. ssZ\wZn\ BtcmSmWv DØchmZnXzw?
`cW\n¿ΔlWw \SØp∂ DtZymKÿ hn`mKhpw CXns‚
`mKamWv (Civil servants). Kh¨sa‚ns‚ \bcq]oIcWw
Imcy\n¿ΔlW hn`mKw
\SØp∂Xn\v NpaXebp≈ Kh¨sa‚ v Xeh\pw a{¥namcpw Dƒs∏Sp∂

hn`mKsØ cmjv{Sob Imcy\n¿ΔlW hn`mKw (Political Executive) 99
F∂dnbs∏Sp∂p. F∂m¬ ssZ\wZn\ `cW \n¿ΔlWw \n¿Δln°p∂Xn\v
NpaXebp≈ hn`mKsØ ÿncw Imcy\n¿ΔlW hn`mKsa∂v (Permananent
Executive) Adnbs∏Sp∂p.
hnhn[ Xcw Imcy\n¿ΔlW hn`mKßƒ GsX√mamWv? (What are the
different Types of Executive?)
F√m cmPyßfnsebpw Imcy\n¿ΔlW hn`mKw Htc XcØnep≈X√.
Atacn°≥ {]knU‚ns\Ipdn®pw {_nójv cm⁄nsbIpdn®pw \nßƒ
tIńcn°pat√m. Atacn°≥ {]knU‚ns‚ A[nImcßfpw NpaXeIfpw
C¥y≥ {]knU‚ ns‚ A[n- I m- c - Ø n¬ \n∂pw hyXykv X amWv .
AXpt]mseXs∂ {_nójv cm⁄nbptSbpw `q´m≥ cmPmhns‚bpw
A[nImcßƒ hyXykvXamWv. C¥ybnepw {^m≥knepw {][m\a{¥nam¿
Ds≠¶nepw AhcpsS A[nImcßƒ hyXykvXamWv. CXv F¥psIm≠v?
]mTy {]h¿Ø\w (Activity)

km¿°v D®tImSnbptStbm G8 ktΩf\Øns‚tbm
t^mt´mIƒ tiJcn®v ]s¶SpØ t\Xm°fpsS ]ńI
Xømdm°pI. F¥psIm≠mWv Ch¿ ]s¶SpØsX∂pw
]Icw a‰msc¶nepw ]s¶Sp°mXncp∂Xv F∂pw Is≠Øm≥
{ian°ptam?
apIfnse tNmZyØn\v DØcw Is≠ØWsa¶n¬, Ch-bn¬ Nne
cmPyßfnse Imcy\n¿ΔlW hn`mKsØIpdn®v ]Tnt°≠Xp≠v .
{]knU≥jy¬ k{ºZmbw \ne\n¬°p∂ Atacn°bn¬ FIvknIyqóhv
A[nImcßƒ {]knU‚nemWv \n£n]vXambn´p≈Xv. cmPhmgvNbpw
(Monarchy) ]m¿esa‚dn P\m[n]Xyhpw \ne\n¬°p∂ Im\Ubn¬,
cm⁄n Fenk_Øv II cmjv{SØeh\pw, {][m\a{¥n `cWØeh\pamWv.
A¿≤ {]knU≥jy¬ k{ºZmbw \ne\n¬°p∂ {^m≥kn¬
{][m\a{¥nbpw {]knU‚pw FIvknIyqóhns‚ `mKamWv. {^m≥kn¬
{][m\a{¥nsbbpw a{¥namscbpw \nban°p∂Xv {]knU‚msW¶nepw
Ahsc ]ncn®phnSm\p≈ A[nImcw At±lØn\n√, ImcWw Ah¿°v
]m¿esa‚nt\mSmWv DØchmZnXzap≈Xv. `cWØeh≥ {][m\a{¥nbpw
cmjv{SØeh≥ N{Ih¿Ønbpambn´p≈ Hcp ]m¿esa‚dn kwhn[m\amWv
P∏m\n¬ \ne\n¬°p∂Xv. AXpt]mseXs∂ cmjv{SØeh≥ {]knU‚pw,
`cWØeh≥ {][m\a{¥nbpambn´p≈ Hcp ]m¿esa‚dn k{ºZmbamWv
C‰enbn¬ \ne\n¬°p∂Xv . {]knU‚ v cmjv { SØeh\pw At±lw
Indian Constitution
at Work
hnhn[Xcw FIvknIyqńhpIƒ (Types of

Executive)
Iq´mb t\XrXzw F∂
XXzsØ Hcp hy‡nbpsS t\XrXzw
ASnÿm\s∏SpØnbp≈ ASnÿm\s∏SpØnbp≈
hyhÿ hyhÿ
]m¿esa‚dn {]kn-U≥jy≥
hyhÿ A¿≤-{]-kn-
U≥jy≥ $ cmjv{S-]Xn
$ `c-WX
- e
- h
- ≥ k{º-Zmbw cmjv{S-Ø-e-h-
km[m-cW \m-Wv.
Adn-b-s∏-Sp- $ cmjv{S-]Xn $ At±lw `c-W-
∂Xv {][m-\- cmjv{S-Ø-e- Ø-e-h\pw
a{¥nsb∂mWv h-\m-bn- BWv.
cn°pw $ km[m-cW - K- X
- n-
$ \nba $ `c-W-Ø-e- bn¬ cmjv{S-]-
\n¿amW k`- h≥ {][m-\- Xnsb P\-
bnse `qcn- a-{¥n-bm-bn- ßƒ t\cn´v
]£ ]m¿ń- cn°pw sXc-s™-Sp-
bpsS t\Xm- $ {][m-\- °p-∂p.
hm-bn-cn°pw a{¥n°pw $ cmjv{S-]-Xn°v
{][m-\-a{¥n a{¥n-k- \nba
$ {][m-\-a- `°pw \nb-a- \n¿amW k`-
{¥n°v \nba \n¿ΩmW tbm-Sv, DØ-c-
\n¿amW k`- k`-tbmSv hmZnXzap-≠m-
tbmSv DØ-c- DØ-c-hm-Zn- bn-cn-°n-√.
hm-Zn-Xz-ap-≠m- Xz-ap-≠m-bn-
bn-cn-°pw. cn-°pw.
cmjv{S-Øe-
h≥
cmPmhv `c-W-L-S-\m-[n-jvTn-X-amb
cmP-hmgvN
As√-¶n¬ Be-¶m-cnI
FIvkn-Iyq-óhv
{]kn-U‚ v ]m¿e-sa‚dn dn∏-ªnIv
100
Imcy\n¿ΔlW hn`mKw
{ioe¶bnse A¿≤ {]knU≥jy¬ k{ºZmbw

(Semi-Presidential Executive in Sri Lanka) 101
1978˛¬ {ioe¶ AXns‚ `cWLS\bn¬ t`ZKXn hcpØn. FIvknIyqóhv
{]knU≥kn (Executive Presidency) k{ºZmbw \S∏nem°n. Cu k{ºZmbØn¬
P\ßƒ t\cn´v {]knU‚ns\ sXs™Sp°p∂p. Cu hyh-ÿbn¬ cmjv{S]Xnbpw
{][m\a{¥nbpw Htc cmjv{Sob I£nbn¬s∏´htcm hyXykvX I£nIfn¬s∏´htcm
BImw.
`cWLS\ {]Imcw cmjv{S]Xn°v hn]peamb A[nImcßfmWp≈Xv.
]m¿esa‚ n¬ `qcn]£ap≈ cmjv { Sob I£nbn¬ \n∂mWv cmjv { S]Xn
{][m\a{¥nsb sXcs™Sp°p∂Xv. {][m\a{¥nbpw a{¥namcpw
]m¿esa‚wKßfmbncn°psa¶nepw, Ahsc X¬ÿm\Øp\n∂v \o°w sNøm\p≈
A[nImcw cmjv{S]Xn°p≠v. {ioe¶bpsS sXcs™Sp°s∏´ cmjv{SØeh\pw
k¿Δssk\ym[n]\pw `cWØeh\pw cmjv{S]XnbmWv.
cmjv{S]XnbpsS Imemh[n Bdph¿jamWv. F∂m¬ Imemh[n°p apºmbn
At±lsØ \o°w sNøm\p≈ A[nImcw ]m¿esa‚n\p≠v. ]m¿esa‚nse BsI
AwKßfpsS aq∂n¬ c≠v `qcn]£Øn¬ Hcp {]tabw ]m m°p∂XneqsS am{Xta
cmjv{S]Xnsb \o°w sNøm\mhq. ]m¿esa‚nse samØw AwKkwJybpsS ]IpXn-
bn¬ IpdbmØ AwKßfpsS ]n¥pWtbmsS Hcp {]tabw ]m mhpIbpw, cmjv{S]Xn-
s°Xnsc D∂bn°s∏´ Btcm]Wßfn¬ At\zjWw BhiyamsW∂v kv]o°¿°v
t_m[ys∏SpIbpw sNbvXm¬, kv]o°¿°v Cu hnjbw kp{]owtImSXnbpsS
]cnKW\°v hnSmhp∂XmWv.
{ioe¶≥ {]kn-U‚ v, {][m\a{¥n F∂nhcpsS ÿm\w C¥y≥ cmjv{S]Xn,
{][m\a{¥n F∂nhcptSXn¬ \n∂v Fßs\bmWv hyXymks∏ńcn°p∂Xv? Cu
c≠v cmPyßfntebpw, cmjv{S]Xnamsc Ip‰hnNmcW (impeachment) sNbvXv
X¬ÿm\Øv \n∂v \o°w sNøp∂Xn¬ kp{]owtImSXnIƒ°p≈ A[nImcw
XmcXays∏SpØpI
\nban°p∂ {][m\a{¥n `cWØeh\pambp≈ Hcp A¿≤ {]knU≥jy¬

k{ºZmbamWv djybnteXv . F∂m¬ P¿Ω\nbnemIs´ Nm≥ke¿
`cWØeh\pw \maam{Xamb A[nImcßfp≈ {]knU‚ v
cmjv{SØeh\pambn´p≈ Hcp ]m¿esa‚dn kwhn[m\amWp≈Xv.
Hcp {]knU≥jy¬ k{ºZmbØn¬ cmjv { SØe\pw `cW
Xeh\pw {]knU‚mbncn°pw. Cu hyhÿbn¬ {]knU‚ n\v
XXzØnepw {]tbmKØnepw hn]peamb A[nImcßƒ D≠mbncn°pw.
Atacn°bnepw {_koenepw an° em‰n\tacn°≥ cmPyßfnepw Cu
k{ºZmbamWv \ne\n¬°p∂Xv.
]m¿esa‚dn hyhÿbn¬ {][m\a{¥nbmWv `cWØeh≥. an°
]m¿esa‚dn hyhÿbnepw Hcp \maam{X `cWØeh≥ D≠mbncn°pw.
AXv cmPmhmImw As√¶n¬ cmjv{S]XnbmImw. AØcw hyhÿbn¬
cmPmhns‚tbm cmjv{S]XnbpsStbm ÿm\w XnI®pw Be¶mcnIambncn°pw.
Indian Constitution
at Work
bYm¿∞ A[nImcw ssIømfp∂Xv {][m\a{¥n \bn°p∂
a{¥nk`bmbncn°pw. P¿Ω\n, C‰en, P∏m≥, {_n´≥,
t]m¿®pK¬ XpSßnb cmPyßfn¬ Cu hyhÿ \ne\n¬°p∂p.
Hcp A¿≤ {]knU≥jy¬ hyhÿbn¬ cmjv { S]Xnbpw
{][m\a{¥nbpw D≠mbncn°pw. F∂m¬ ]m¿esa‚dn
hyhÿbn¬ \n∂v hyXykvXambn, Cu k{ºZmbØn¬
cmjv{S]Xn°v cmjv{SØns‚ ssZ\wZn\ `cWImcyßfn¬
CSs]Sm\p≈ A[nImcap≠mbncn°pw. Cu hyhÿbn¬
cmjv{S]Xnbpw {][m\a{¥nbpw Htc cmjv{Sob
I£nbn¬s∏Sp∂hcmIWsa∂n√. {^m≥kv, djy, {ioe¶
F∂o cmPyƒ A¿≤ {]knU≥jy¬ k{ºZmbØn\v
DZmlcWßfmWv.
]T\ ]ptcmKXn hnebncpØpI (Check your

progress)
t\l : CXv hfsc efnXamWv. Hcp cmPyØv
{]knU‚ v Ds≠¶n¬ AXv {]knU≥jy¬
k{ºZmbhpw {][m\a{¥n Ds≠¶n¬ AXv
]m¿esa‚dn k{ºZmbhpamWv. t\lbpsS Cu
A`n{]mbw F√mbvt∏mgpw icnb√ F∂v \nßƒ
Fßs\ hniZam°pw.
C¥ybnse ]m¿esa‚dn FIvknIyqóhv (Par-

liamentary Executive in India)
C¥y≥ `cWLS\ FgpXs∏´ ka-b-Øp-X-s∂, 1919 tebpw
1935sebpw C¥ym- K - h ¨sa‚ v \nb- a sØ ASnÿm\
am°nbp≈ ]m¿esa‚dn hyhÿ \S∏nem°nbXns‚ Nne
A\p`hßƒ C¥y°v D≠mbncp∂p. ]m¿esa‚dn \ap°v i‡cmb
{][m\a{¥namcp≠mbncp∂nt√?
hyhÿbn¬ FIvknIqóhns\ ê{]Zambn \nb{¥n°m≥
P\{]Xn\n[nIƒ°v Ignbpsa∂v Cu A\p`hßƒ sXfnbn®p. ]m¿esa‚dn hyhÿ
hy‡n]qPbn¬ \n∂pw
Kh¨sa‚ v P\ßtfmSv DØchmZnXzap≈Xmbncn°Wsa∂pw ]q¿Æambpw ap‡a√
AhcpsS {]Xo£ItfmSv {InbmflIambn {]Xn-Ic - n-°p-sa∂pw F∂t√ CXv
ImWn°p∂Xv. AXmbXv
Dd∏p hcp-Øp-hm≥ `c-W-L-S\m \n¿Ωm-Xm-°ƒ B{K-ln®p. P\ßfpw \nb\n¿ΩmW
102 ]m¿esa‚dn FIvknIyqóhn\v _Zembp≈Xv {]knU≥jy¬ hn`mKhpw Ft∏mgpw
coXnbnep≈ Kh¨sa‚ v BWv. ]t£ {]knU≥jy¬ PmKcqIcmbncn°Ww.
FIvknIyqóhn¬ F√m FIvkn-Iyq-óhv A[nImcßfpw {]kn-
Imcy\n¿ΔlW hn`mKw
U‚n-\m-Wv. ]t£ Hcp hy‡n]qPmk{ºZmbw; (personality cult) F∂

A]ISw Cu k{ºZmbØn\p≠v. i‡amb Hcp FIvknIyqóhv hn`mKw 103
D≠mhWsa∂pw F∂m¬ hy‡n]qPm k{ºZmbØns\Xnsc th≠
ap≥IcpXepIsfSp°m\pw `cWLS\m \n¿ΩmXm°ƒ {i≤n®ncp∂p.
]m¿esa‚dn hyhÿbn¬ \nba\n¿ΩmWk`°v FIvknIyqóhns\
\nb{¥n°p∂Xn\pw DØchmZnXzw Dd∏phcpØp∂Xn\pw [mcmfw
D]m[nIfp≠v . AXpsIm≠mWv \ΩpsS `cWLS\ tI{μØnepw
kwÿm\ßfnepw ]m¿esa‚dn FIvknIyqóhv hyhÿ
kzoIcn®ncn°p∂Xv.
{]kn-U‚ v Hu]-Nm-cnI cmjv{S-Ø-e-h-\m-bp≈ Cuhy-h-ÿ-bn¬
{][m\a{¥nbpw a{¥nk`bpamWv tZiob Xe-Ønse Kh¨sa‚ns\
\bn°p∂Xv. kwÿm\XeØn¬ Kh¿Wdpw apJya{¥nbpw a{¥nk`bpw
tN¿∂XmWv FIvknIyqóhv.
C¥y≥ `cWLS\b\pkcn®v tI{μKh¨sa‚ ns‚ F√m
FIvknIyqóhv A[nImcßfpw {]knU‚n¬ \n£n]vXamWv. bYm¿∞Øn¬
{][m\a{¥nbpsS t\XrXzØnep≈ a{¥nk`bneqsSbmWv Cu
A[nImcßƒ {]kn-U‚ v \n¿Δln°s∏Sp∂Xv. {]knU‚ns‚ Imemh[n
A©p h¿jamWv. P\ßƒ t\cn´√ {]kn-U‚ns\ sXcs™Sp°p∂Xv.
]m¿esa‚nse CcpkÌfntebpw kwÿm\ \nba\n¿ΩmW k`bpsS
At[mafieØnsebpw sXcs™Sp°s∏´ AwKßƒ ASßnb Hcp
CeIvSd¬ tImtfPmWv {]kn-U‚ns\ sXcs™Sp°p∂Xv. B\p]mXnI
{]mXn\n[y hyhÿb\pkcn®p≈ GIssIam‰ thm´p coXnbneqsSbmWv
cmjv{S]Xnsb sXcs™Sp°p∂Xv.
`cWLS\m ewL\ Ip‰Ønt∑¬ ]m¿esa‚ ns‚ {]tXyI
`qcn]£tØmSpIqSn cmjv{S]Xnsb ]pdØm°mhp∂XmWv. Cu \S]Snsb
"Cw]o®vsa‚ 'v (impeachment) F∂p ]dbp∂p. Cu {]{Inb°v ]m¿esa‚ns‚
Ccp kÌfptSbpw {]tXyI `qcn]£w BhiyamWv.
`cWLS\mewL\Øns‚ kmlNcyØn¬ am{Xta Cw]o®sa‚ v
km[yamIpIbp≈q.
A\pt—Zw 74 (1) (Article 74 (1) : cmjv{S]Xnsb klmbn°phm\pw

D]tZin°phm\pw {][m\a{¥n Xeh\mbp≈ Hcp a{¥nk`
D≠mbncnt°≠Xpw cmjv{S]Xn, Xs‚ NpaXeIƒ \n¿Δln°p∂Xn¬,
Aßs\bp≈ D]tZia\pkcn®v {]h¿Ønt°≠Xpw BIp∂p.
F∂m¬, cmjv{S]Xn°v Aßs\bp≈ D]tZiw s]mXphmtbm
A√msXtbm ]p\cmtemNn°phm≥ a{¥nk`tbmSv
Bhiys∏Smhp∂Xpw Aßs\bp≈ ]p\cmtemN\bv°p tijw
\¬Inb D]tZia\pkcn®v cmjv{S]Xn {]h¿Ønt°≠Xpw BIp∂p.
Indian Constitution
at Work
cmjv{S]XnbpsS A[nImchpw ÿm\hpw (Power and po-
sition of President)
apI-fn¬ ]d-™n-cn-°p∂ A\p-t—Zw F¥m-W¿∞-am-°p-∂Xv a{¥n-k-
`-bpsS D]-tZiw kzoI-cn-°m≥ {]kn-U‚ v _m[y-ÿ\ - m-sW-∂mWv CXv kqNn-
∏n-°p-∂X - v. {]kn-U‚ns‚ A[n-Imc ]cn-[nsb kw_-‘n® hnhm-Zß - f- psS
]›m-Øe - Ø- n¬ a{¥n-k`- b
- psS D]-tZiw kzoI-cn-°m≥ {]kn-U‚ v _m[y-
ÿ-\m-sW∂v `c-W-L-S\ t`Z-K-Xn sNbvXpsIm≠v {]tXyIw kqNn-∏n®p.
]n∂oSv as‰mcp t`Z-K-Xn-bn-eqsS {]kn-U‚n\v D]-tZiw ]p\x-]-cn-tim-[-\-
bv°mbn Xncn-®b - °
- m-sa∂pw ]t£ AtX D]-tZiw Xs∂ ho≠pw a{¥n-k-
`-sb-Sp-°p-I-bm-sW-¶n¬ {]kn-U‚ v AXv kzoI-cn-°-W-sa∂v hyhÿ
sNbvXn-cn-°p-∂p.
cmjv{S]Xn cmjv{SØns‚ \maam{X`cWm[nImcnbmsW∂v \Ωƒ
a\ nem°nbt√m. Hu]NmcnIambn {]knU‚ n\v hnimeamb
\nba\n¿ΩmW (legislative), Imcy\n¿ΔlW (executive), \oXn\ymb (Ju-
dicial), ASnb¥ncm[nImcßƒ (emergency) D≠v. F∂m¬ ]m¿esa‚dn
kwhn[m\Øn¬ {]knU‚ n\v Cu A[nImcßƒ a{¥nk`bpsS
D]tZia\pkcn®p am{Xta hn\ntbmKn°m≥ IgnbpIbp≈q.
{][m\a{¥n°pw a{¥nk`°pw temIk`bpsS `qcn]£ ]n¥pW
D≠mbncn°p∂Xn\m¬ ]m¿esa‚dn kwhn[m\Øn¬ {][m\a{¥nbpsS
t\XrXzØnep≈ a{¥nk` bYm¿∞ FIvknIyqóhmbn {]h¿Øn°p∂p.
cmjv{S]Xn an°t∏mgpw a{¥nk` \¬Ip∂ D]tZißƒ
kzoIcn°mdmWp≈Xv.
""\Ωƒ At±lØn\v bYm¿∞

A[nImcßsfm∂pw \¬Ip∂n√
F¶nepw At±lØns‚ ]Zhn
A¥ p‰Xpw B[nImcnIhpamWv .
`cWLS\ Hcp bYm¿∞
FIv k nIyqńhns\tbm Be¶mcnI
]Zhn hln°p∂ cmjv{SØehs\tbm
krjvSn°m≥ Dt±in°p∂n√. t\scadn®v
A[nImc hmgvNt°m `cWhmgvNt°m
CSw \¬ImØ Hcp D∂X ]Zhn
krjvSn°m\mWv Dt±in°p∂Xv.....''
104 Ph-e-l¿em¬ s\lvdp

CAD , Vol. VI, p. 734
Imcy\n¿ΔlW hn`mKw
cmjv{S]XnbpsS hnthN\m[nImcßƒ (Discretionary

powers of the President) 105
apIfn¬ \S∂ N¿®bpsS ASnÿm\-Øn¬ Hcp kml-
Ncy-Ønepw cmjv{S-]Xn°v hnthN\m[n-Imcßƒ C√
F∂ \nKa\Øn¬ FØm≥ Ignbptam? CXv sX‰mb
hnebncpØembncn°pw. `cW- L S\m- ] cambn
cmjv{S]Xn°v a{¥n- k ` FSp- ° p∂ F√m
Xocpam\ßsf-°pdn®pw Adnbp-hm\p≈ A[nImc-
ap≠v. cmjv{S-]Xn Bhiys∏Sp∂ F√m hnhcßfpw
\¬Im≥ {][m\a{¥n _m[y-ÿ-\mWv. cmjv{S]Xn
Rm≥ shdpsamcp
]et∏mgpw {][m\a{¥n°v FgpXpIbpw cmPyw \maam{X A[nImcn-
t\cnSp∂ hnjb-ßfn¬ Xs‚ ImgvN∏mSv {]ISn- bmtWm? Rm≥ D∂bn-
∏n°pbpw sNøp∂p. °p-∂Xv bYm¿∞ tNmZy-
- ß - f m- t Wm? Rm≥
CXpIqSmsX NpcpßnbXv aq∂v kmlNcyß- B { K l n ° p ∂
fnse¶nepw -cmjv{S]Xn°v Xs‚ hnthN\m[n-Imcw tNmZyßƒ tNmZn-°m\p-
≈- Ah-Imiw ]pkvXI -- -
D]tbmKn®v {]h¿Øn°m\mhpw. H∂maXmbn cNbnXm°--ƒ F\n°v
a{¥nk` \ --- ¬Ip∂ D]tZiw ]p\x]cntim[\°mbn \¬Inbn-t≠m? AhcpsS
a\ nep≈ tNmZy-
Xncn®b°m\p≈ A[nImcw cmjv { S]Xn°p≠v . ßfmtWm Rm≥
a{¥nk`bpsS - D ]tZißfn¬ \nba]camb tNmZnt°≠Xv?
]gpXpItfm ]nghpItfm Is≠- Ø p-
cmjv{S]Xn kv{Xotbm ItbmcmPyØns‚ DØa Xm¬--] cyØn\v hncp≤tam BsW¶n¬
] p c p j t \ m a{¥nk`tbmSv Xocpam\w ]p\x]cntim[n°m≥ -- Bhiys∏Sm≥ cmjv{S]Xn°v
BImsa¶nepw Ignbpw. F∂ncp∂mepw {]kvXpX D]tZiw a{¥nk` ho≠pw Ab®m¬
Ft∏msg¶nepw Hcp
k v { X o \S∏nem°m≥ cmjv{S]Xn _m[yÿ\mWv. ]p\x]cntim[n°m\p≈
cmjv{S]Xnbmbn´pt≠m? cmjv{S]XnbpsS A`y¿∞\bv°v kzm`mhnIambpw henb ]cnKW\
e`n°mdp≠v. BbXn\m¬ cmjv{S]Xn°v hnthN\m[nImcw D]tbmKn°m≥
Ignbp∂ Hcp am¿§amWnXv.
_n√n¬ H∏phbv°p∂Xn\v {]knU‚n\v kab]cn[n C√ F∂
Imcyw I≠pht√m. CØ-c-samcp kμ¿`w C¥ybn¬ kw`hn®n´ps≠∂v
\nßƒ°dnbmtam? 1986-˛¬ ]m¿esa‚ v ]m m°nb C¥y≥ t]mÃv
Hmôkv t`ZKXn _n¬ ]{XkzmX{¥ysØ l\n°p∂XmsW∂v ]cs°
hna¿i\ap≠mbn. A∂sØ cmjv{S]Xn Kym\nskbn¬ knwKv _n√ns\
kw_‘n®v Hcp Xocpam\hpsaSpØn√. ASpØ cmjv { S]Xn
{io.sh¶ćma≥ ]p\x]cntim[\bv°mbn _n¬ ]m¿esa‚nte°b®p.
_n¬ sIm≠ph∂ Kh¨sa‚ v B kabØv (1989) amdpIbpw ]pXnb
Kh¨sa‚ v A[nImcØnseØpIbpw sNbvXp. AsXmcp ap∂Wn
Kh¨sa‚ v Bbncp∂Xn\m¬ B Kh¨sa‚ v _n√v XncnsI
]m¿esa‚n¬ sIm≠ph∂n√. AXmbXv skbn¬ knwKv _n√n\v
AwKoImcw sImSp°p∂Xv \ońhbv°ms\SpØ Xocpam\ØneqsS B
_n√v \nbaam°p-∂-Xns\ ê-{]-Z-ambn XS-bp-hm≥ km[n-®p.
Indian Constitution
at Work
c≠maXmbn ]m¿esa‚ v ]m m°n Ab°p∂ _n√pIƒ ([\Imcy
_n√pIsfmgnI) XS™p h°pItbm A\p- a Xn \ntj- [ n- ° p- I tbm
sNøm\p≈ hot‰m A[n-Imcw (veto power) {]knU‚n\p≠v. ]m¿esa‚ v
]m m°p∂ _n√pIƒ \nbaamIp∂Xn\p apºv cmjv{S]XnbpsS AwKoImcw
t\tS≠Xp≠v . cmjv { S]Xn°v ]p\x]cntim[\°pth≠n _n√pIƒ
]m¿esa‚nte°v Xncn®bv°m\p≈ hot‰m A[n-Imcw ]cnanXamWv. ImcWw
AtX _n√v ]m¿esa‚ v ho≠pw ]m m°n {]knU‚n\v ka¿∏n®m¬
AwKoImcw \¬Im≥ {]knU‚ v _m[yÿ\mWv. cmjv{S]Xn°v Hcp _n√v
F{XImew ssIhiw h®ncn°mw F∂Xns\Ipdn®v `cWLS\
]cma¿in°p∂n√. AXmbXv {]knU‚n\v ]m¿esa‚ v ]m m°n Ab°p∂
_n√v F{XImew thWsa¶nepw ssIhiw hbv°mw. CXv cmjv{S-]-Xn°v
as‰mcp coXn-bn¬ hnt‰m A[n-Imcw {]tbmKn°m≥ Ah-kcw \¬Ipw. CXns\
"t]m°‰v hot‰m' (pocket veto) F∂dnbs∏Sp∂p.
cmjv{Sob kmlNcyßƒ°\pkcn®mWv aq∂masØ hnthN\m[nImcw
Db¿∂phcp∂Xv. km[m-cW - b- mbn temIk`bn¬ `qcn]£ap≈ I£nbpsS
Xehs\bmWv {][m\a{¥nbmbn \nban°p∂Xv. AØcw kmlNcyØn¬
{]knU‚ n\v hnthN\m[nImcw D]tbmKn°m≥ Ignbn√. F∂m¬
temIk`bn¬ Hcp I£n°pw `qcn]£an√mXmIpIbpw ct≠m aqt∂m
t\Xm°ƒ kJyw cq]o-I-cn®p Kh¨sa‚p≠m°m≥ AhImihmZap∂
bn°pIbpw sNbv X m¬ Bsc {][m\a{¥nbmbn \nban°Wsa∂v
cmjv{S]Xn°v Xocpam\n°mw. Cu AhkcØn¬ cmjv{S]Xn Xs‚
hnthN\m[nImcw D]tbmKn®v temIk`bn¬ `qcn]£ ]n¥pW e`n°m≥
km[yXbp≈ I£nsb Kh¨sa‚p≠m°m≥ £Wn°p∂p.
1989 apX¬ D≠mbn´p≈ cmjv{Sobam‰ßƒ cmjv{S]XnbpsS {]m[m\yw
h¿≤n∏n®p. 1989 apX¬ 1998 hsc \S∂ \mev sXcs™Sp∏pIfn¬ Hcp
{][m\a{¥nsb sXcs™Sp°p∂Xn¬ cmjv{S]XnbpsS ]¶v

(President’s role in choosing the Prime Minister)
1977\p tijw C¥y≥ cmjv{Sobw IqSpX¬ a’cm[njvTnXhpw ]e
kμ¿`ßfnepw Hcp I£n°pw `qcn]£w e`n°mØ
kmlNcyhpap≠mbn. AØcw kmlNcyØn¬ cmjv{S]Xn F¥mWv
sNøp∂Xv? 1998˛se sXcs™Sp∏n¬ BJP°pw kJyI£nIƒ°pw
251 ko‰v e`n®p. `qcn]£Øn\v 21 ko‰v Ipdhp≠mbncp∂p. cmjv{S]Xn
sI.B¿.\mcmbW≥ hfsc Pm{KXtbmsSbp≈ \S]Sn{Iaw kzoIcn®p.
kJyØns‚ t\Xmhmb AS¬_nlmcn hmPvt]bntbmSv
106 At±lØns‚ AhImihmZsØ km[p-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn\v At±-lsØ
]n¥p-W° - p∂ cmjv{Sob I£n-If- psS tcJ-Iƒ lmP-cm-°p-hm≥ Bh-
iy-s∏´p AXpam{Xa√, A[nImcØntedn ]Øp Znhkßƒ°p≈n¬
hnizmkthm´v tXSm\pw Bhiys∏´p.
Imcy\n¿ΔlW hn`mKw
I£ntbm ap∂Wntbm `qcn]£w t\Snbn√. Cu kmlNcyßfn¬

Kh¨sa‚ v cq]oIcWØn\pw temIk`bn¬ `qcn]£w 107
sXfnbn°m\mhmØ {][m\a{¥namcpsS temIk` ]ncn®phnSm\p≈
A`y¿∞\bpsS ImcyØnepw cmjv{S]Xn°v CSs]tS≠n h∂n´p≠v.
AXpsIm≠v cmjv{S]XnbpsS hnthN\m[nImcw cmjv{Sob
kmlNcyßfpambn _‘s∏ńcn°p∂p. ÿncXbn√mØ k¿°mcpIfpw
ap∂Wn`cWhpw cmjv{S]XnbpsS A[nImcw h¿≤n∏n°p∂p.
an°t∏mgpw cmjv{S]Xn Hu]NmcnIamb A[nImcnbpw Be¶mcnIamb
cmjv{SØeh\pw BWv. CØcØn¬ Hcp cmjv{S]Xn Bhiyap≠v F∂Xv
\nßsf AXnibn∏nt®°mw. ]m¿esa‚dn hyhÿbn¬ a{¥nk`
\nba\n¿ΩmWk`bnse `qcn]£sØ B{ibn®mWv \ne\n¬°p∂Xv.
AXmbXv, GXp kabhpw a{¥nk` ]pdØm°s∏SpIbpw ]pXnb a{¥nk`
A[nImcØn¬ hcnIbpw sNømw. CØcw kmlNcyØn¬
{]XoImflIambn cmPysØ {]Xn\n[oIcn°p∂Xn\pw {][m\a{¥nsb
\nban°m\pw NpaXebp≈ Hcp cmjv{S]Xn BhiyamWv. CXmWv km[mcW
kmlNcyßfn¬ cmjv{S]XnbpsS I¿Øhyw. CXpIqSmsX B¿°pw
`qcn]£w e`n°mØ Ahÿ h∂m¬ Kh¨sa‚ns\ \bn°m≥ Hcp
{][m\a{¥nsb \nban°m\p≈ A[nI _m[yXbpw {]knU‚n\p≠v.
C¥ybpsS D]cmjv{S]Xn (The Vice President of India)

D]cmjv { S]Xnsb A©v h¿jtØ°mWv sXcs™Sp°p∂Xv .
cmjv { S]Xnsb sXcs™Sp°p∂Xn\p≈ coXn Xs∂bmWv
D]cmjv{S]Xnsb sXcs™Sp°p∂-Xn\pw kzoIcn®n´p≈Xv. F∂m¬
D]cmjv{S]Xnsb sXcs™Sp°p∂ CeIvSd¬ tImtfPn¬ ]m¿esa‚nse
Ccp kÌfnsebpw AwKßƒ am{Xta D≠mbncn°pIbp≈q. kwÿm\
\nbak`mwKßƒ CeIvSd¬ tImtfPns‚ `mKa√. cmPyk` `qcn]£-
tØmsS ]m m°pIbpw temIk` AwKoIcn°pIbpw sNøp∂
{]tabØneqsS am{Xta D]cmjv{S]Xnsb ]pdØm°m≥ km[n°pIbp≈q.
D]cmjv{S]Xn cmPyk`bpsS FIvkv H^ntjym sNb¿am\mWv. acWw,
cmPn, ]pdØm°¬ (Cw]o®vsa‚ )v F∂o ImcWßfm¬ cmjv{S]XnbpsS
ÿm\w Hgnhp hcnIbmsW¶n¬ D]cmjv{S]Xn cmjv{S]XnbpsS NpaXeIƒ
\n¿Δln°p∂p. ]pXnb cmjv{S]Xnsb sXcs™Sp°p∂Xphsctbm
]camh[n Bdv amkw hsctbm am{Xta D]cmjv{S]Xn°v cmjv{S]XnbpsS
NpaXeIƒ \n¿Δln°m≥ km[n°pIbp≈q. cmjv{S]Xnbmbncp∂
^{IpZo≥ Aen AlΩZv A¥cn®t∏mƒ ]pXnb cmjv { S]Xnsb
sXcs™Sp°p- ∂ Xphsc D]cmjv { S]Xnbmbncp∂ _n.Un.Pń
cmjv{S]Xnbmbn {]h¿Øn°p-Ibp≠mbn.
Indian Constitution
at Work
]T\ ]ptcmKXn hnebncpØpI (Check your progress)
ZfnXv hn`mKßƒs°Xnscbp≈ AXn{Iaßƒ XSbp∂Xn¬ kwÿm\
Kh¨sa‚ v ]cmPbs∏´ kmlNcyØn¬ kwÿm\Øv cmjv{S]Xn`cWw
G¿s∏SpØm≥ {][m\a{¥n B{Kln°p∂p F∂v k¶ev]n°pI. ]t£
cmjv{S]XnbpsS \ne]mSv hyXykvXamWv. At±lØns‚ A`n{]mbØn¬
Hgnhm°m\mhmØ kmlNcyØn¬ am{Xta cmjv{S]Xn `cWw t]msebp≈
ISpØ \S]SnIfnte°p t]mImhq. Cu kmlNcyØn¬ Xmsg ]dbp∂ GXp
\S]Snbmbncn°pw cmjv{S]Xn kzoIcn°pI.
a. cmjv{S]Xn `cWw {]Jym]n°p∂Xn\p≈ DØchn¬ H∏phbv°n√ F∂v
{][m\a{¥nsb Adnbn°pw.
b. {][m\a{¥nsb ]ncn®phnSpI
c. kwÿm\Øv CRPF ˛s\ Abbv°m≥ {][m-\a - {- ¥n-tbmSv Bhiys∏SpI.
d. {][m\a{¥nbpsS \ne]mSnse sX‰v Nq≠nImWn®p sIm≠v ]{X{]kvXmh\
]pds∏Sphn°pI.
e. {][m\a{¥nbpambn N¿® sNbvXv At±lsØ ]n¥ncn∏n°m≥ {ian°pI.
]t£ {][m\a{¥n At±lØns‚ BhiyØn¬ Dd®p \n¬°pIbmsW¶n¬
cmjv{S]Xn `cWØn\p≈ DØchn¬ H∏phbv°pI.
{][m\a{¥nbpw a{¥nk`bpw (Prime Minister and Countil
of Ministers)
{][m\a{¥nbpsS Hmôkns\Ipdn®v kqNn∏n°msX Kh¨sa‚ns\
Ipdnt®m C¥ybpsS cmjv{SobsØ Ipdnt®m N¿®Iƒ D≠mImdn√. CXv
F¥psIm≠msW∂v \nßƒ°v Duln°m≥ Ignbptam?
Im¿´q¨ hmbn°mw
22 BKÃv - 1 954
108
{][m\a{¥nbn√msX a{¥nk`bn√. {][m\a{¥n Fßs\bmWv
a{¥nk`sb "\bn°p'∂Xv F∂mWv Cu Im¿´q¨ ImWn°p∂Xv.
Imcy\n¿ΔlW hn`mKw
{][m\a{¥nbpsS t\XrXzØnep≈ a{¥nk`bpsS

D]tZim\pkcWamWv cmjv{S]Xn Xs‚ A[nImcßƒ hn\ntbmKn°p∂Xv 109
F∂v Cu ]mTØns‚ BZy`mKØv \Ωƒ N¿®
The
sNbvXncp∂p. {][m\a{¥nbmWv a{¥nk`bpsS

Im¿´q¨ hmbn°mw Xeh≥. BbXn\m¬ a{¥nk`bpsS Xeh≥
in
F∂ \nebn¬ {][m\a{¥n \ΩpsS cmPysØ
of
G‰hpw {][m\s∏´ `cWm[nImcnbmbn amdp∂p.
Laxman
]m¿esa‚dn hyhÿbn¬ {][m\a{¥n°v

temIk`bpsS `qcn]£ ]n¥pW
I n d i a .
D≠mbncn°Ww. Cu `qcn]£w
K
Times
{][m\a{¥nbpsS A[nImcsØ IqSpX¬
i‡am°p∂p. `qcn]£ ]n¥pW \jvSs∏Sp∂
R
AhkcØn¬ Xs∂ {][m\a{¥n°v A[nImcw

\jvSs∏Sp∂p. kzX{¥ C¥ybn¬ Gsd°mew
tIm¨{Kkv I£n°v `qcn]£w e`n°pIbpw B
I£nbpsS t\Xmhv {][m\a{¥nbmhpIbpw
sNbvXn´p≠v. 1989 apX¬ Hcp I£n°pw temI-
k-`b- n¬ `qcn]£w e`n°mØ kmlNcyßfp-
≠m-bn-´p-≠v. AØcw kml-Nc - y-Øn¬ hnhn[
I£nIƒ tN¿∂v ap∂Wn cq]oIcn®v k`bn¬
`qcn]£w t\Sp∂p. AØcw kmlNcyØn¬
ap∂Wn°v G‰hpw kzoImcy\mb t\XmhmWv
{][m\a{¥n- b mhp∂Xv . Hu]NmcnIambn
F¥psIm≠mWv BfpIƒ temIk`bn¬ `qcn]£w e`n°p∂bmsf
a{¥namcmIm≥ B{Kln°p∂Xv? cmjv{S]Xn {][m\-a{¥nbmbn \nban°p∂p.
Cu Im¿´q¨ ImWn°p∂Xv
B\pIqeyßƒ°pw ]Zhn°pw a{¥n k`mwKßƒ Bsc√mamsW∂v
th≠nbmsW∂mWv. ]ns∂ Xocpam\n°p∂Xv {][m\a{¥nbmWv. AhcpsS
F¥psIm≠mWv Nne
hIp∏pIƒ°p th≠n hIp∏pIfpw ]Zhnbpw GsX√mamsW∂v
InSa’cßƒ D≠mIp∂Xv. Xocpam\n°p∂Xpw {][m\a{¥nbmWv .
HmtcmcpØcpsSbpw {]h¿Ø\]cnNbhpw
cmjv{Sob {]m[m\yhpw IW°nseSpØmWv Iym_n\‰v a{¥n, kla{¥n,
D]a{¥n XpSßnb ]Zhn (rank) Iƒ Xocpam\n°p∂Xv. kwÿm\ßfn¬
apJya{¥nbmWv kz¥w ]m¿ń-bn¬ \nt∂m I£nIfn¬ \nt∂m a{¥namsc
sXcs™Sp°p∂Xv. {][m\a{¥nbpw a{¥namcpw ]m¿esa‚wKßƒ
Bbncn°Ww. ]m¿esa‚wKa√mØ Hcmƒ a{¥ntbm {][m\a{¥ntbm
BIpIbmsW¶n¬ Bdp amkØn\p-≈n¬ ]m¿esa‚ nte°v
sXcs™Sp°s∏ńcn°Ww.
Indian Constitution
at Work
`cWLS\m \n¿ΩmW k`bnse Nne AwKßƒ°v a{¥namsc

{][m\a{¥ntbm apJya{¥ntbm Xocpam\n°p∂Xn\p ]Icw \nba
\n¿ΩmWk` t\cn´v sXcs™Sp°Wsa∂ A`n{]mbap≈hcmbncp∂p.
Fs‚ ImgvN∏mSn¬ kzn v kwhn[m\ØnteXpt]mse FIvknIyqóhns\
\nba\n¿ΩmW k` \n›nXImetØ°v sXcs™Sp°p∂
k{ºZmbamWv {]hniyIƒ°v G‰hpw A`nImayw. GIssIam‰ thm´p
hyhÿbmWv FIvknIyqóhns\ sXcs™Sp°m≥ G‰hpw \√ am¿§w.
ImcWw, F√m hn`mKßfptSbpw Xm¬]cyßƒ°v CXphgn {]mXn\n[yw
e`n°pIbpw Xßƒ°v aXnbmb {]mXn\n[yw e`n®n√ F∂ tXm∂¬
Hcp I£n°pw D≠mhpIbpan√''.
_oKw sFkmkv dkq¬, CAD, thmfyw IV, t]Pv 631, 17 Pqsse 1947
(Begum Aizaz Rasul, CAD, Vol.IV.P631,17 July 1947)
a{¥nk`bpsS hen∏w (Size of the Council of Ministers)

2003˛se 91-˛mw `cWLS\m t`ZKXn \nbaØn\p apºv a{¥nk`bpsS
hen∏w \n›bn®ncp∂Xv AXmXv ImesØ ASnb¥ncÿnXnbpw
kmlNcyßfpsS kΩ¿-±hpw IW°nseSpØp sIm≠mbncp∂p. F∂m¬
CXv hfsc hen∏ap≈ a{¥n-kÌfpsS cq]oIcWØn\p ImcWambn,
IqSmsX Hcp ]m¿ń°pw hy‡amb `qcn]£w e`n°mØ Ahÿbn¬
a{¥nÿm\w hmKvZm\w \¬In `qcn]£w Dd∏m°p∂ {]hWX D≠mbn.
]e kwÿm\ßfnepw CØcw {]hWX D≠mbncp∂p. AXn\m¬
a{¥namcpsS FÆw temIk`bpsS BsI AwKkwJybpsS
(kwÿm\ßfn¬ \nba \n¿ΩmW kÌfnse) ]Xn\©p iXam\Øn¬
IhnbcpsX∂v hyhÿ sNøp∂ t`ZKXn \S∏nemt°≠n h∂p.
FIvknIyqóhns\ \nb{¥n°p∂Xn\v ]m¿esa‚ v D]tbmKs∏SpØp∂ hnhn[

am¿K-ßsf°pdn®v \nßƒ \nba\n¿ΩmW hn`mKw F∂ A≤ymbØn¬ ]Tn°pw.
]m¿esa‚dn FIvknIyqóhns‚ {][m\ khntijX F∂Xv Imcy\n¿ΔlW
hn`mKw \nba\n¿ΩmW hn`mKØns‚ \nb{¥WØnepw ta¬t\m´ØnepamWv
{]h¿Øn°pI F∂Xv \nßƒ a\ nemt°≠XpamWv.
a{¥nk`°v temIk`tbmSmWv Iq´pØchmZnXzap≈Xv. temIk`bpsS
hnizmkw \jvSs∏´m¬ a{¥nk` cmPnhbv°Ww F∂mWv CXn¬ \n∂pw
a\ nemt°≠Xv. ]m¿esa‚ns‚ FIvknIyqóhv IΩ‰nsb∂ \nebn¬
a{¥n-k` ]m¿esa‚n\pth≠n Iq´mbvatbmsS `cWw \SØp∂p F∂
110 XXz-Øn-\mWv ChnsS Du∂¬ \¬In-bn-cn-°p-∂Xv. Iq´pØchmZnXzw F∂Xv
a{¥nk`bpsS sFIyw F∂ XXzØn¬ A[njvTnXamWv. AXmbXv Hcp
a{¥ns°Xnscbp≈ Ahnizmkw a{¥nk`bpsS cmPnbnte°p \bn°pw
Imcy\n¿ΔlW hn`mKw
F∂¿∞w. AXpt]mse Xs∂ Hcp a{¥n°v a{¥nk`bpsS

Xocpam\ßfn¬ hntPmbn∏ps≠¶n¬ Xocpam\sa¥mbmepw 111
At±lw \n¿_‘ambpw AXv AwKoIcn°pItbm
cmPnhbv°pItbm thWw. Iq´pØchmZnXzw \ne\n¬°ptºmƒ
a{¥nk`bpsS GsXmcp \bhpw ]n¥pScm≥ F√ma{¥namcpw
_m[yÿcmWv.
C¥ybn¬ {][m\a{¥n°v Kh¨sa‚ n¬ D∂Xamb
ÿm\amWp≈Xv. {][m\a{¥nbn√msX a{¥nk` \ne\n¬°n√.
{][m\a{¥n kXy{]Xn⁄ sNbvXv ÿm\ta‰Xn\p tijamWv
a{¥nk` \nehn¬ hcp∂Xv. {][m\a{¥nbpsS acWtam
cmPntbm kzm`mhnIambpw a{¥nk`bpsS A¥yØnte°v
\bn°p∂p. AtX kabw Hcp a{¥nbpsS ]pdØm°tem
cmPntbm a{¥nbpsS Hgnhv am{Xta krjv S n°p∂p≈q.
a{¥nk`tbbpw cmjv { S]Xntbbpw ]m¿esa‚ nt\bpw
_‘n∏n°p∂ Hcp IÆnbmWv {][m\a{¥n. AXpsIm≠mWv
]fin‰v Phl¿em¬ s\{lp {][m\a{¥nsb "Kh¨sa‚ns‚
A®mWn' (the linch pin of the Government) F∂v hntijn∏n®Xv.
a{¥nk`bpsS `cWkw_‘amb Xocpam\ßƒ,
\nba\n¿ΩmWØn\p≈ \n¿t±ißƒ F∂nh cmjv{S]Xnsb
Adnbn°m\p≈ `cWLS\m]camb DØchmZnXzw
{][m\a{¥n°p≠v. Kh¨sa‚ns‚ kp{][m\ Xocpam\ßfnepw
\bcq]oIcWØnepw {][m\a{¥n°v kp{][m\ ]¶p≠v.
a{¥nk`bpsS taep≈ \nb{¥Ww, temIk`bnse t\XrXzw,
_yqtdm{IknbpsS taep≈ B⁄mi‡n, am[yakzm[o\w,
sXcs™Sp∏n¬ Db¿ØnIm´p∂ hy‡n sshinjvSyßƒ,
A¥¿t±iob D®tImSnIfnepw hntZi]cyS\ßfnepw
Hcp hy‡n
{][m\a{¥nbmIp∂Xv D≠mIp∂ tZiobt\Xmhv F∂ {]Xn—mb XpSßn hyXykvX
cq]-ß-fn-emWv {][m\a{¥nbpsS A[nImcßƒ {]I-S-am-hp-∂-
Abmƒ°[nImcap≈Xp
sIm≠mtWm AtXm Xv.
{][m\a{¥nbmbtijw F∂ncp∂mepw {][m\a{¥nbpsS A[nImchpw AXns‚
Abmƒ°v A[nImcßƒ bYm¿∞ {]tbmKhpw \ne- h n- e p≈ cmjv{Sob
e`n°p∂XmtWm?
kmlNcyßƒ°\p- k - c n- ® m- b n- c n- ° pw. temIk`bn¬
`qcn]£ap≈ Hcp I£nbn¬ \n∂p≈hcmWv {][m\a{¥nbpw
a{¥nk`bpsa¶n¬ {][m\a{¥nbpsS ÿm\w tNmZyw sNøm≥
IgnbmØ hn[w i‡amWv. F∂m¬ ap∂Wn Kh¨sa‚pIƒ
A[nImcØn¬ hcptºmƒ ÿnXn hyXykvXamIp∂p. 1989
apX¬ hnhn[ ap∂Wn Kh¨sa‚pIƒ A[nImcØn¬ h∂Xn\v
Indian Constitution
at Work
\Ωƒ km£nIfmWv. Ahbn¬ ]eXpw temIk`bpsS Imemh[n
XnI®nń√. Ah¿ `qcn]£w \jvSs∏´v cmPnh°pItbm
]pdØm°s∏SpItbm sNbvXn´p≠v. CØcw kw`hßƒ ]m¿esa‚dn
FIvknIyqóhns‚ {]h¿Ø\sØ _m[n®p.
H∂maXmbn{][m\a{¥nsb sXc-
The
s™Sp°p∂Xn¬ cmjv{S]Xn°p≈ hnthN- Im¿´q¨ hmbn°mw
\m[nImcw h¿≤n∏n°p∂Xn\v Cu kw`-
India.
in
hhnImkßƒ CShcpØn. c≠maXmbn,
ap∂Wn cmjv { Sobw, cmjv { Sob ]¶mfnIƒ
Laxman
XΩn¬ IqSpX¬ N¿®Iƒ A\nhmcyam°n
Xo¿Øp. CXv {][m\a{¥nbpsS A[nImc
of
tNm¿®bnte°v \bn°p∂p. aq∂maXmbn,
a{¥namsc \n›bn°pI, AhcpsS ]Zhnbpw
K
Times
hIp∏pIfpw Xocpam\n°pI XpSßnb
R
{][m\a{¥nbpsS hntijm[nImcßfpsS ta¬
\nb{¥Ww sIm≠ph∂p. \memaXmbn,
Kh¨sa‚ ns‚ \bßfpw ]cn]mSnIfpw
{][m\a{¥n°v H‰°v Xocpam\n°m≥
IgnbmXmbn. hyXykvX {]Xybimkv{Xßfp≈
cmjv{Sob ]m¿ńIƒ sXcs™Sp∏n\p aptºm
sXcs™Sp∏n\p tijtam ap∂WnIfmbn
Kh¨sa‚ v cq]oIcn®p. \nc¥camb
N¿®Iƒ°pw HØpXo¿∏pIƒ°pw tijamWv
\bßƒ cq]oIcn®ncp∂Xv. AXn\m¬ Cu
{]{InbbnemsI Kh¨sa‚ ns‚ Xeh≥
F∂Xns\°mƒ Hcp a[yÿ≥ F∂ hnizmk{]tabw hnPbn® tijhpw
\ne°mWv {][m\ a{¥n°v {]h¿Ønt°≠n apJya{¥n Ak¥pjvS\mWv.
hcp∂Xv. F¥psIm≠mWv CXv
kw`hn°p∂sX∂v \nßƒ°v
Nne hyXymkßtfmsSbp≈ Duln°m≥ Ignbptam
]m¿esa‚dn FIv k nIyqóhv Xs∂bmWv
kwÿm\- X eßfnepw \ne\n¬°p∂Xv .
kwÿm\Øv cmjv{S]Xn \nban°p∂ Kh¿W¿ (tI{μ Kh¨sa‚ns‚
D]tZim\pkcWw) D≠v F∂XmWv {][m\ hyXymkw. {][m\a{¥n-
sbt∏mse apJya{¥nbpw \nba\n¿ΩmW k`bnse `qcn]£ I£nbpsS
t\XmhmsW¶nepw Kh¿W¿°v IqSpX¬ hnthN\m[nImcßƒ D≠v.
F∂ncp∂mepw kwÿm\XeØnepw ]m¿esa‚dn hyhÿbpsS {][m\
XXzßƒ \ne\n¬°p∂p.
112
.
Imcy\n¿ΔlW hn`mKw
]T\ ]ptcmKXn hnebncpØpI (Check your progress)

113
{][m\a{¥nbmWv a{¥namsc \n›bn°p∂sX∂v IcpXpI.
At±lw F¥mWv sNøpI?
a. hnhn[ hnjbßfn¬ {]mhoWyap≈hsc
sXcs™Sp°pw.
b. kz¥w I£nbnse BfpIsf am{Xw sXcs™Sp°pw.
c. hy‡n]cambn Xt∂mSv hnizmkhpw Iqdpw D≈hsc sXc-
s™-Sp-°pw.
d. Kh¨sa‚ns\ ]n¥pWbv°p∂hsc sXc-s™-Sp-°pw.
e. ÿm\tamlnIfn¬ \n∂pw cmjv{Sob ]n≥_eap≈hsc
sXcs™Sp°p∂p
ÿncw FIvknIyqóhv : _yqtdm {Ikn (Permanant

Executive : Bureaucracy)
a{¥namcpsS Xocpam\ßƒ BcmWv \S∏nem°p∂Xv?
Kh¨sa‚ns‚ FIvknIyqóhv LSIØn¬ {][m\a{¥n, a{¥nam¿,
DtZymKÿhrμw (bureaucracy) AYhm `cWb{¥w F∂nh¿ Dƒs∏Sp∂p.
ssk\nItkh\Øn¬ \n∂v CXn\p≈ hyXymkw ASnhcbnSp∂Xn\mWv
CXns\ knhn¬ k¿Δokv F∂p hnfn°p∂Xv . `cWImcyßfn¬
sshZKv[yhpw ]cnioe\hpw t\Snbn´p≈ Kh¨sa‚ns‚ ÿncw DtZymKÿ¿
\bßƒ cq]oIcn°p∂Xnepw Ah \S∏nem°p∂Xnepw a{¥namsc
klmbn°p∂p.
P\m[n]XyØn¬ `cWØns‚bpw Kh¨sa‚ ns‚bpw
\nb{¥Whpw ta¬t\m´hpw sXcs™Sp°s∏´ {]Xn\n[nIƒ°pw
a{¥nam¿°pambncn°pw. ]m¿esa‚dn hyhÿnXnbn¬ \nba\n¿ΩmW
hn`mKw `cWIqSsØ \nb{¥n°p∂p≠v . \nba- \ n¿ΩmWhn`mKw
kzoIcn°p∂ \bßƒ DtZymKÿ¿ ewLn°m≥ ]mSn√. `cWØn¬
cmjv{Sob \nb{¥Ww \ne\n¿ØpI F∂Xv a{¥namcpsS DØchmZnXzamWv.
C¥y hnZKv Z amb Hcp `cWkwhn[m\Øn\v cq]w \¬Inbn´p≠v .
AtXkabw Xs∂ Cu `cWkwhn[m\w cmjv{Sobambn DØchmZnXzw
D≈Xpw BWv. AtXmsSm∏w Xs∂ DtZymKÿhrμw (Bureaucracy)
cmjv { Sob \njv ] £X ]pe¿tØ≠Xp≠v . AXmbXv \b]camb
Imcyßfn¬ DtZymKÿhrμw cmjv{Sob \ne]mSpIsfSp°pIbn√ F∂mWv
Indian Constitution
at Work
CXneqsS A¿∞am°p∂Xv. sXcs™Sp∏n¬ Hcp ]m¿ń ]cmPbs∏SpIbpw
]pXnb Kh¨sa‚n\v ap≥ Kh¨sa‚ns‚ \bßƒ°p ]Icw ]pXnb
\bßƒ sXcs™Sp°p- I bpw sNøpI F∂Xv P\m[n]XyØn¬
km[yamWv . AØcw kmlNcyØn¬ \bcq]oIcWØnepw Ah
\S∏m°p∂Xnepw hnizkvXtbmSpw Imcy£aambpw {]h¿Øn°pI F∂Xv
`cWkwhn[m\Øns‚ DØchmZnXzamWv.
C¥ybnse _yqtdm{Ikn Cs∂mcp k¶o¿Æamb hyhÿbmWv.
AJnte¥ym k¿ΔokpIƒ, kwÿm\ k¿ΔokpIƒ, {]mtZinI
Kh¨sa‚nse DtZymKÿ¿, s]mXptaJem ÿm]\ßfpsS {]h¿Ø-\-
ßƒ \SØp∂ kmt¶XnI amt\-Po-cn-b¬ sshZ-K≤ v yap≈ DtZymKÿ∑m¿
F∂nh¿ AXn¬ Dƒs∏Sp∂p. cmjv{Sob \njv]£Xbpw sshhn≤yhpw
]pe¿Øp∂ Hcp DtZymKÿhrμØns‚ {]m[m\ysØIpdn®v \ΩpsS
`cWLS\m \n¿ΩmXm°ƒ t_m[hm∑mcmbncp∂p. knhn¬ k¿Δokv
AYhm DtZymKÿhrμsØ tbmKyXbpsS ASnÿm\Øn¬
\njv]£ambn sXcs™Sp°-Wsa∂v Ah¿ B{Kln®ncp∂p. C¥ym
Kh¨sa‚ nse knhn¬k¿Δokv DtZymKÿsc (Civil servants)
sXcs™Sp°m≥ Npa-Xe
- s
- ∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂Xv bqWnb≥ ]ªnIv k¿Δokv
IΩojs\bmWv (UPSC) kam\ambn kwÿm\ßƒ°pw ]ªnIv k¿Δokv
IΩoj\pIƒ D≠v. ]ªnIv k¿Δokv IΩoj\nse AwKßsf Hcp \n›nX
Imebfhnte°mWv \nban°p∂Xv . kp{]owtImSXn PUv P nbpsS
At\zjWØn\p hnt[bambn am{Xta Ahsc \o°w sNømt\m
kkvs]≥Up sNømt\m ]mSp≈q.
tbmKyXbptSbpw Imcy£aXbptSbpw ASnÿm\- Ø nemWv
knhn¬k¿Δokns\ \nban- ° p∂sX¶nepw kaqlØnse
Zp¿_ehn`mKßƒ Dƒs∏sSbp≈ F√m hn`mKßƒ°pw s]mXp
DtZymKÿ hrμØn¬ ÿm\w e`n°p∂Xn\p≈ Ahkchpw
`cWLS\ Dd∏phcpØp∂p. Cu Dt±itØmsS ZfnX¿°pw
BZnhmknIƒ°pw `cWLS sXmgn¬ kwhcWw Dd∏p
\¬Ip∂p. ]n∂oSv kv{XoIƒ°pw a‰p ]nt∂m° hn`mKßƒ°pw
kwhcWØn\v hyhÿ sNøpIbp≠mbn. Cu hyhÿIƒ
DtZymKÿ hrμsØ IqSpX¬ {]mXn\n[yap≈Xpw H∏w Xs∂ DtZymKÿ¿ P\ßsf
knhn¬ k¿Δoknte°p≈ \nba\Øn¬ kmaqlnI tkhn°m\p≈-h-cm-sW∂v
AkaXzßƒ IS∂p hcp∂n√ F∂v Dd∏m°pIbpw sNøp∂p. F\n°dnbmw. F∂m¬
P\ßsf√mbvt]mgpw Cu
114 bqWnb≥ ]ªnIv k¿Δokv IΩnj≥ sXc-s™-Sp-°p∂ D t Z y m K ÿ s c
C¥y≥ AUvan\nkvt{S‰ohv k¿Δokv, C¥y≥ s]meokv k¿Δokv `bs∏SpIbpw DtZymKÿ¿
F∂nhbnse DtZymKÿcmWv kwÿm-\-ß-fnse DtZym-Kÿ bPam\∑msct∏mse
s]cpamdpIbpw sNøp∂p.
hrμ- Ø ns‚ \s´- √ mbn {]h¿Øn- ° p- ∂ - X v . Pn√mXeØn¬
Imcy\n¿ΔlW hn`mKw
knhn¬ k¿Δokns‚ h¿§oIcWw

(classification of Civil Serivice) 115
AJnte¥ym k¿Δokv tI{μk¿ΔokpIƒ kwÿm\ k¿Δokv
(All India Service) (Central Services) (State Service)
C¥y≥ AUvan\nkvt{S‰ohv k¿Δokv C¥y≥ dh\yq k¿Δokv skbn¬SmIvkv Hmôk¿

C¥y≥ t]meokv k¿Δokv C¥y≥ dbn¬th k¿Δokv
C¥y≥ t^mdÃv k¿Δokv sk≥{S¬ sk{It´dnb‰v k¿Δokv
Kh¨sa‚ns‚ G‰hpw {][m\s∏´ DtZymKÿ\mWv Pn√m IfIvS¿. IfIvS¿
km[mcWbmbn Hcp IAS HmôkdmsW∂pw tI{μ Kh¨sa‚ns‚ tkh\
thX\ hyhÿIƒ°\pkcn®mWv {]h¿Øn°p∂sX∂pw \nßƒ°dnbmtam?
Hcp {]tXyI kwÿm\Øn¬ \nbanX\mIp∂ Hcp IAS As√¶n¬ IPS
Hmôk¿ kwÿm\ k¿°mcns‚ ta¬t\m´Øn¬ {]h¿Øn°p∂p.
F∂ncp∂mepw tI{μKh¨sa‚mWv IAS, IPS Hmôk¿amsc \nban°p∂Xv.
Ah¿°v tI{μ k¿Δoknte°v Xncn®pt]mImhp∂XmWv. G‰hpw {][m\ambn
Ah¿s°Xnsc A®S°\S]Sn kzoIcn°m≥ tI{μKh¨sa‚n\p am{Xta
IgnbpI-bp≈q. kwÿm\ßfnse {][m\ DtZymKÿ¿ tI{μKh¨sa‚ns‚
\nb{¥WØnepw ta¬t\m´ØnepamWv {]h¿Øn°p∂sX∂v CXpsIm≠v
A¿∞am°p∂p. UPSC \nban°p∂ IAS, IPS DtZymKÿsc IqSmsX kwÿm\
]ªnIv k¿Δokv IΩoj\neqsS \nban°s∏Sp∂ DtZymKÿcpw tN¿∂mWv
kwÿm\ `cW \n¿ΔlWw \SØp∂Xv. Cu khntijX kwÿm\ßfpsS
`cWØn\pta¬ tI{μ Kh¨sa‚ns‚ \nb{¥Ww i‡ns∏SpØpIbmWv
sNøp∂Xv F∂v sÛdenkw F∂ A≤ymbØn¬ \mw ]n∂oSv ]Tn°pw.
Kh¨sa‚ns‚ t£a ]≤XnIƒ P\ßfn¬ FØnt®cm\p≈ D]IcWamWv
DtZymKÿhrμw. F∂m¬ an°t∏mgpw k¿°m¿ DtZymKÿs\ kao]n°m≥
BfpIƒ `bs∏Sp∂p. km[mcW P\ßfpsS BhiyßtfmSpw {]Xo£ItfmSpw
A\pIqea√mØ {]XnIcWamWv DtZymKÿhrμw kzoIcn®n´p≈Xv F∂XmWv
s]mXphmb A\p`hw. P\m[n]Xy]cambn sXcs™Sp°s∏´ Kh¨sa‚pIƒ
DtZymKÿ hrμsØ \nb{¥n®m¬ am{Xta Nne{]iv\ßsf¶nepw ê{]Zambn
ssIImcyw sNøm≥ km[n°q. AtXkabw Xs∂ AanXamb cmjv{Sob
CSs]S¬ DtZymKÿhrμsØ cmjv{Sob°mcpsS ssIIfnse D]IcWambn
am‰pIbpw sNøpw. `cWLS\ DtZymKÿ hrμØns‚ \nba\Øn\pth≠n
Hcp kzX{¥ kwhn[m\w G¿s∏SpØnbn´ps≠¶nepw DtZymKÿsc AhcpsS
I¿Øhy \n¿ΔlWØn¬ cmjv{Sob CSs]Sen¬ \n∂pw kwc£n°m≥ Hcp
hyhÿbpw C√ F∂v [mcmfw BfpIƒ Nn¥n°p∂p. DtZymKÿ hrμØns‚
]uc∑mtcmSp≈ DØchmZnXzw Dd∏m°p∂Xn\v Bhiyamb hIp∏pIƒ C√
F∂ tXm∂epw \ne\n¬°p∂p. hnhcmhImiw t]mep≈ \S]SnIƒ
sNdnsbmcfhphsc DtZym- K - ÿ - h r- μ sØ NpaXemt_m[ap≈hcpw
DØchmZnXzap≈hcpw B°psa∂v {]Xo£n°s∏Sp∂p.
Indian Constitution
at Work
D]kwlmcw (Conclusion)
B[p\nI ImesØ Imcy\n¿ΔlW hn`mKw Kh¨sa‚ns‚
i‡amb Hcp ÿm]\amWv . a‰p hn`mKßfpambn XmcXayw
sNøptºmƒ D∂Xamb A[nImcßfmWv Imcy\n¿ΔlW
hn`mKØn\p≈Xv . CXv Imcy\n¿ΔlW hn`mKØn\pta¬
P\m[n]Xy]camb Hcp \nb{¥Ww A\nhmcyam°p∂p.
Imcy\n¿ΔlW hn`mKw \nc¥camb ta¬t\m´Øn\pw
\nb{¥Wßƒ°pw hnt[bambncn°Wsa∂p≈ Hcpƒ°mgv N
`cWLS\ \n¿ΩmXm°ƒ°p≠mbncp∂p. AXpsIm≠mWh¿
]m¿esa‚dn k{ºZmbw kzoIcn®Xv . - \ n- › nX CS- t h- f - I - f nse
sXcs™Sp∏pIfpw A[nImc\n¿ΔlWØn¬ D≈ `cWL-S\m-
]camb \nb{¥Whpw P\m[n]Xycmjv{Sobhpw tN¿∂v
Imcy\n¿ΔlW hn`m-KsØ DØ-ch
- mZ ]q¿Æam-°n- a - m-‰p-∂p.
A`ymkw (Exercises)
1. Hcp ]m¿esa‚dn Imcy\n¿ΔlW hn`mKw F∂m¬
a. Hcp ]m¿e-sa‚p≈ Imcy \n¿h-lW hn`m-Kw.
b. ]m¿esa‚ v sXcs™Sp°p∂ Imcy\n¿ΔlW hn`mKw
c. ]m¿esa‚ v Imcy \n¿ΔlW hn`mKambn {]h¿Øn°p∂p.
d. Imcy\n¿ΔlW hn`mKw ]m¿esa‚ nse `qcn]£ ]n¥pWsb
B{ibn°p∂p.
2. Cu kw`mjWw hmbn°q GXv hmZKXntbmSmWv \nßƒ
tbmPn°p∂Xv? F¥psIm≠v?
AanXv : `cWLS\ hyhÿIƒ ]cntim[n®m¬ {]knU‚ v Hcp d∫¿
Ãmºv (Rubber stamp) BsW∂v tXm∂pw.
iyma : {][m\a{¥nsb cmjv { S]Xn \nban°p∂p AXpsIm≠v
At±lØn\\v {][m\a{¥nsb am‰m≥ A[nImcap≠v.
116 cmtPjv : \ap°v Hcp cmjv{S]XnbpsS Bhiyan√.
sXcs™Sp∏n\ptijw, ]m¿esa‚ v tN¿∂v Hcp t\Xmhns\
{][m\a{¥nbmbn sXcs™SpØm¬ aXnbmIpw.
Imcy\n¿ΔlW hn`mKw
3. tNcpw]Sn tN¿°pI.
i. \nb-an-°s
- ∏´ kwÿm\Øn¬ C¥y≥ t^mdn≥ k¿Δokv 117
tPmen sNøp-∂p.
ii. cmPyØns‚ Xeÿm\tØm, kwÿm\ knhn¬
cmPyØn\IØp≈ at‰sX¶nepw k¿Δokv
ÿetØm D≈ tI{μKh¨sa‚ v
Hmôkn¬ tPmen sNøp∂p.
iii. A\phZn°s∏Sp∂ {]tXyI AJn-te¥y k¿Δokv
kwÿm\Øv tPmen sNøp∂p.
Xm¬°menIambntI{μØnte°pw
Abbv°s∏Smhp∂XmWv
iv. C¥y≥ ZuXyØn\pth≠n tI{μk¿Δokv
hntZiØv {]h¿Øn°p∂p.
4. Xmsg∏dbp∂ hm¿ØIƒ ]pds∏Sphn°p∂ a{¥mebw Is≠ØpI.

CXv tI{μKh¨sa‚ v a{¥mebamtWm? AtXm kwÿm\
Kh¨sa‚ns‚tbm? F¥psIm≠v?
a. HutZymKnI hn⁄m-]\ {]Imcw 2004 ˛ 05 ¬ VII, X, XI ¢m pIfnse
]mT-]p-kvX-I-Øns‚ \ho-I-cn® ]Xn-∏p-Iƒ Xan-gv\mSv ]mT-]p-kvXI
tIm¿∏-td-j≥ {]kn-≤o-Ic
- n-°p-∂X
- m-bn-cn-°pw.
b. CcpºpJ\n Ib‰paXn°msc klmbn°p∂Xn\v Xnct°dnb Xncph≈p¿
sNss∂ taJ-e-bn-eqsS Hcp ]pXnb sdbn¬∏mX IS∂pt]mIpw.
GItZiw 80 Intemao‰¿ \ofap≈ ]pXnb ]mX ]pØo¿ hgn
XpdapJØn\p kao]ap≈ AØn∏´p hsc FØpIbpw sNøpw.
c. cmamb¨ t]´ afieØnse I¿jI BfllXysbIpdn®v
]cntim[n°p∂- X n\pth≠n cq]oIcn® 3 AwKßfp≈ k_v
UnhnjW¬ IΩ‰n, hnfhnse ]cmPbw aqeap≠mb kmºØnI
{]Xnk‘naqeamWv Cu amkw c≠v I¿jI¿ BfllXy sNbvXsX∂v
Is≠Øn.
5. {][m\a{¥nsb \nban°ptºmƒ, cmjv{S]Xn sXcs™Sp°p∂Xv.
a. temIk`bnse G‰hpw henb I£nbpsS t\Xmhns\
b. temIk`bn¬ `qcn]£]n¥pWbp≈ ap∂Wnbnse henb
I£nbpsS t\Xmhns\
c. cmPyk`bnse G‰hpw henb I£nbpsS t\Xmhns\
Indian Constitution
at Work
d. temIk`bn¬ `qcn]£ ]n¥pWbp≈ ap∂WnbpsStbm
I£nbptStbm t\Xmhns\
6. Cu N¿® ]cntim[n®v C¥y°v _m[Iambn´p≈ hkvXpX Is≠ØpI.
AtemIv : {][m\a{¥n Hcp cmPhns\t∏msebmWv, At±lamWv \ΩpsS
cmPysØ F√m Imcyßfpw, Xocpam\n°p∂Xv.
tiJ¿ : (1) At±lØn\v {]tXyI A[nImcw bmsXm∂pw Xs∂bn√.
(2) {][m\a{¥n "Xpeycn¬ H∂ma≥' am{XamWv.
(3) F√m a{¥nam¿°pw {][m\a{¥n°pw Htc A[nImcw
Xs∂bmWv.
t_m_n : Kh¨sa‚ n\v ]n¥pW \¬Ip∂hcptSbpw ]m¿ń
AwKßfptSbpw {]Xo£Iƒ°v ]cnKW\ \¬tI≠ NpaXe
{][m\a{¥n°p≠v. F√mØnepw D]cnbmbn \bcq]oIcWØn\p
a{¥namsc sXcs™Sp°p∂Xn\pw {][m\a{¥n°v A[nImcw
IqSpXemWv.
7. a{¥nk`bpsS D]tZiw kzoIcn°m≥ {]knU‚ v _m[yÿ\mWv
F∂v \nßƒ Nn¥n°p∂sX¥psIm≠v? 100 hm°pIfn¬ IpdbmsX
\nßfpsS DØcw \¬IpI.
8. ]m¿esa‚dn hyhÿbnep≈ Imcy\n¿ΔlW hn`mKØn¬
Imcy\n¿ΔlW hn`mKsØ \nb{¥n°m\mbn \nba\n¿ΩmW
k`°v H´\h[n A[nImcßƒ D≠v. Imcy\n¿ΔlW hn`mKsØ
\nb{¥nt°≠Xps≠∂v \nßƒ Nn¥n°p∂sX¥psIm≠v?
9. `cWb{¥Øns‚ {]h¿Ø\Øn¬ AanXamb cmjv{Sobkzm[o\w
D≠v F∂v ]dbs∏Sp∂p. a{¥namtcmSv DØ-c-hm-ZnXzw C√mØ
IqSpX¬ kzbw `cW ÿm]- \ - ß ƒ D≠mbncn°Wsa∂v
\n¿t±in°s∏ń´p≠v.
a `cWw IqSpX¬ P\Iobam°p∂Xn\v CXv klmbIcamsW∂v
\nßƒ Nn¥n°p∂pthm?
b. CXv `cWw IqSpX¬ Imcy£aam°psa∂v \nßƒ IcpXp∂pthm?
c. `cWØn\pta¬ sXcs™Sp°s∏´ {]Xn\n[nIƒ°p≈ ]q¿Æ
\nb{¥Ww F∂XmtWm P\m[n]Xyw sIm≠v A¿∞am°p∂Xv?
10. \nban°- s ∏Sp∂ DtZymKÿ- h rμ- Ø - n \p - ] Icw - s Xcs™Sp-
118 °s∏Sp∂-- - D tZymKÿhrμw F∂ \n¿- t ±- i- s ØIpdn®v 200
hm°pIfn¬ H-- cp -D]--\ymkw Xømdm-°pI.
\nba \n¿ΩmW k`
119
A[ymbw 5
\nba \n¿ΩmW k` (LEGISLATURE)
BapJw
C¥ybnse sXcs™Sp∏pIfpsS {]m[m\ysØ°pdn®pw AXn\v \mw
kzoIcn® coXnIsf Ipdn®pw ap≥ A[ymbØn¬ \nßƒ ]Tn®pht√m ?
\nba \n¿ΩmW kÌƒ P\ßfm¬ sXcs™Sp°s∏SpIbpw Ah
P\ßƒ°pth¨n {]h¿Øn°pIbpw sNøp∂p. sXcs™SpØ \nba
\n¿ΩmW kÌƒ Fßs\bmWv {]h¿Øn°p∂sX∂pw P\m[n]Xy
Kh¨sa‚pIsf \ne\n¿Øp∂Xn¬ Ah Fßs\ kmlmbn°p∂psh∂pw
\mw Cu ]mT`KØn¬ ]Tn°p∂p. C¥y≥ ]m¿esa‚ v, kwÿm\ \nba
\n¿ΩmW kÌƒ F∂nhbpsS LS\, {]h¿Ø\w, P\m[n]Xy
Kh¨sa‚pIfnep≈ AhbpsS {]m[m\yw F∂nhsb ]‰n \ap°v Cu
]mT`mKØv \n∂pw a\ nem°phm≥ km[n°pw.
Cu A[ymbw hmbn°p∂XneqsS
$ \nba \n¿ΩmW kÌfpsS {]m[m\yw
$ C¥y≥ ]m¿esa‚ns‚ LS\, A[nImcw, {]h¿Ø\w
$ \nba \n¿ΩmW {]{Inb.
$ ]m¿esa‚ v Imcy\n¿hlW hn`mKsØ Fßs\ \nb{¥n°p∂p.
$ Fßs\ ]m¿esa‚ v kzbw \nb{¥n°s∏Sp-∂p. F∂nh \ap°v
a\ nem°phm≥ km[n°pw.
\ap°v F¥n\mWv Hcp \nba \n¿ΩmW k` ( WHY DO WE NEED
)
A PARLIAMENT
\nba \n¿ΩmW k` tIhew \nbaw \n¿Ωn°phm≥am{Xap≈ Hcp kanXn
A√. AhbpsS hnhn[ {]h¿Ø\ßfn¬ H∂p am{XamWv \nba \n¿ΩmWw.
F√m P\m[n]Xy cmjv { Sob {]{InbIfpsSbpw kncmtI{μamWv
\nba\n¿ΩmW kÌƒ. k` _lnjv ° cn°¬, {]Xntj[ßƒ,
{]IS\ßƒ, sFIys∏SepIƒ, klIcWßƒ F∂nhsbms° k`bpsS
{]h¿Ø\Øn¬ an°t∏mgpw ZriyamWv. Chbntemtcm∂n\pw Nne
ASnÿm\ e£yßfpap≠v. Imcy£ahpw ê{]Zhpw {]mXn\n[y
kz`mhhpap≈ \nba \n¿amW kÌƒ Hcp P\m[n]XyØns‚ hnPbØn\v
Xo¿®bmbpw A\nhmcyamWv . P\{]Xn\n[nIƒ°v P\ßtfmSp≈
DØchmZnXzw Dd∏p hcpØp∂Xn\v \nba \n¿ΩmW kÌƒ°v henb
]¶p≠v-v. Xo¿®-bmbpw CXv {]mXn\n[y P\m[n]XyØns‚ ASnÿm\
XXzamWv.
an°hmdpw P\m[n]Xy cmPyßfn¬ tI{μÿm\w \nba\n¿ΩmW
k`bn¬ \n∂pw Imcy\n¿ΔlW hn`mKØnte°v hgnamdp∂Xmbn ImWmw.
\bßƒ cq]oIcn°p∂Xpw `cWØns‚ AP≠ Xocpam\n°p∂Xpw Ah
\S∏nem°p∂Xpw Im_n\‰mWv. C¥ybnepw CXmWv ÿnXn. CØcw
ImcWßfm¬ hna¿iI¿ ]m¿esa‚ns‚ ÿm\w £bn®p hcnIbmsW∂v
A`n{]mbs∏Sp∂p≠v F{X i‡amb Im_n\‰mWv \nehnep≈sX¶n¬
t]mepw AXn\v \nba \n¿ΩmW k`bn¬ `qcn]£w A\nhmcyamWv. F{X
i‡\mb t\XmhmsW¶nepw At±lw ]m¿esa‚ns\ A`napJoIcn
°pIbpw AhnsS \n∂pbcp∂ tNmZyßƒ°v Xr]vXnIcamb XcØn¬
adp]Sn \¬tI≠Xmbpwhcpw. ChnsSbmWv ]m¿esa‚ns‚ bYm¿∞
P\m[n]Xy i‡n IpSnsIm≈p∂Xv. P\m[n]XyØns‚bpw Ahsb
Ipdn®p≈ N¿®IfpsSbpw G‰hpw anI® thZnbmbmWv CXns\ ImWp∂Xv.
Kh¨sa‚ns‚ at‰Xv LSIßsf°mfpw G‰hpw {]mXn\n[y kzm`mhap≈
LSIamWv ]m¿esas‚∂v AXns‚ LS\ ]cntim[n®m¬ a\ nemIpw.
apIfn¬ ]d™Xn\p]cnbmbn Kh¨sa‚ns\ sXcs™Sp°phm\pw
]ncn®phnSphm\pw ]m¿esa‚n\v A[nImcap≠v.
{]h¿Ø\w
Xmsg sImSpØncn°p∂ ]{X hm¿ØIƒ hmbn®Xn\ptijw
\nba\n¿ΩmW kÌƒ C√mXncp∂m¬ F¥mWv
kw`hn°pIsb∂v Nn¥n°pI. Hmtcm ]{X dnt∏m¿´pw
hmbn®Xn\p tijw Fßs\bmWv \nba\n¿ΩmW k`
Imcy\n¿hlW hn`mKsØ \nb{¥n°p∂Xn¬ hnPbn°p∂Xpw
120 ]cmPbs∏Sp∂Xpw F∂v {]kvXm-hn-°p-I.
$ 2002 s^{_phcn ˛ 28 tI{μ [\Imcya{¥n Pkz¥v knßv,
tI{μ _UvP‰v \n¿t±iØn¬ 50 kg bqdnbbpsS Nm°nt∑¬
\nba \n¿ΩmW k` 12 cq]bpsS h¿[\hpw a‰p c≠p cmkhfßfn¬ GI-tZiw 5˛ iX-
am\Øns‚ sNdnb hneh¿≤\hpw ]Jym]n®p. C∂sØ Hcp S¨
bqdnbbpsS hnebmb 4830 cq]bpsS 80% k_vknUnbmbn e`n°pw.
$ 2002 am¿®v 11 \v tI{μ[\Imcya{¥n°v {]Xn]£Øns‚ i‡amb
{][ntj[sØ XpS¿∂v cmkhfßfpsS hneh¿[\m Xocpam\w 121
]n≥hent°¨n h∂p. (lnμp 2002 am¿®v 12)
$ 1998 Pq¨ 4 \v temIk`, bqdnbbpsSbpw s]{Smfns‚bpw
hneh¿[\hns\Xnscbp≈ i‡amb {]Xnt£[Øn\v
km£ywhln®p. apgph≥ {]Xn]£ I£nIfpw k` _lnjv°cn®p.
Cu hnjbw c≠p ZnhktØmfw k`sb Cf°n adn°en\pw k`m
_lnjv°cWØn\pw hgnsh®p bqdnbbpsS k_vknUn
Ipdbv°p∂Xns‚ `mKambn [\Imcya{¥n Intem{Kman\v 50 ss]kbpsS
h¿≤\ _Uv P ‰n¬ \n¿t±i®ncp∂p. F∂m¬ {]Xn]£Øns‚
i‡amb {]Xntj[w [\Imcya{¥n biz¥v kn≥lsb
hneIpd°p∂Xn\p t{]cn∏n®p.(lnμpÿm≥ ssSwkv ˛ 1998 ˛ Pq¨ 4,
5)
$ Hcp Akm[mcW \o°ØneqsS temIk` C∂v AXns‚ HutZymKnI
\S]SnIƒ \n¿Ønsh®p sIm≠v Bkmw {]iv\w N¿®sNøp∂Xn\v
ap≥KW\ \¬In . Bkman¬ Xmakn®p sIm≠ncn°p∂ hyXykvX
kapZmbßfpw hn`mKßfpw XΩn¬ klIcWw hf¿ØnsbSp°p∂Xn\v
k`bnse F√m AwKßfpw Ah-cpsS \b-Im-gvN-∏mSpIƒ°-Xo-X-ambn
kl-I-cn-°-W-sa∂v B`y¥c a{¥n ]n.kn. tkØn Hcp {]kvXmh\
\SØn. Ct∏mƒ th-≠Xv hntZja√ adn®v km¥z\ kv]¿iamWv
F∂v At±lw A`n{]mbs∏´p.(lnμpÿm≥ ssSwkv . 1983 s^{_p-hcn
22)
$ B{‘ {]tZinse lcnP\ßƒs°Xnscbp≈ AXn{Iaßfn¬
{]Xntj[n®v tIm¨{K v AwKßƒ k`bn¬ {]Xn-tj-[-ap-b¿Øn (Z
lnμp 1985 am¿®v 3)
\ΩpsS ]m¿e-sa‚n\v F¥n-\mWv c≠p k`-Iƒ?
why do we need two Houses of Parliament)
tZiob \nba \n¿ΩmW k`bmWv ]m¿esa‚ v. kwÿm\ßfpsS \nba
\n¿ΩmW k`bmWv kwÿm\ \nbak` ( state legislature ).C¥y≥
]m¿esa‚n\v c≠p kÌfp≠.v c≠vv kÌƒ D≈ \nba \n¿ΩmW k`sb
ZnaWvUe \nba \n¿ΩmW k`sb∂mWv (bicameral legislature) hnfn°p∂Xv.
C¥y≥ ]m¿esa‚ns‚ c≠v kÌfmWv cmPyk`bpw temIk`bpw,
cmPyk`sb kwÿm\ßfpsS Iu¨kn¬ ( Council of State) F∂pw
temIk`sb P\ßfpsS k`sb∂pw ( House of People ) F∂pw
hnfn°s∏Sp∂p. kwÿm\ßsf kw_‘n®nStØmfw GI aWvUe \nba
\n¿ΩmW k`tbm (unicameral legislature) ZnaWvUe \nba \n¿ΩmW k`tbm
kzoIcn°phm\p≈ AhImiw `cWLS\ \¬Inbn´p≠v. C¥ybn¬
Ct∏mƒ 7 kwÿm\ßfn¬ ZnaWvUe \nba \n¿ΩmW k`bp≠v.
kaqlØnse F√m P\hn`mKßƒ°pw cmPyØns‚ `qanimkv{X]camb
F√m taJeIƒ°pw {]mXn\n[yw Dd∏p hcpØp∂Xn\v th≠nbmWv hfsc
hepXpw sshhn[yßƒ \nd™Xpamb cmPyßƒ ZznaWvUe \nba
States with the
Second Chamber
of Legislature
UTTARAKHAND
ODISHA
(PUDUCHERRY)
PUDUCHERRY
(PUDUCHERRY)
(PUDUCHERRY)
C¥ybn¬ ZznaWvUe \nba \n¿ΩmWkÌfp≈ kwÿm\ßƒ,

B{‘m-{]-tZ-iv,
_olm¿,
PΩp-Im-ivao¿,
I¿Æm-S-I,
alm-cm-jv{S,
122 sXep-¶m-\,
DØ¿{]-tZiv
\nba \n¿ΩmW k`
\n¿ΩmW kÌƒ kzoIcn®n´p≈Xv. ZznaWvUe \nba \n¿ΩmW k`bv°v

as‰mcp t\´w IqSnbp≠v. ZznaWvUe \nba\n¿ΩmW kÌƒ F√m 123
Xocpam\ßfpw ]p\: ]cntim[\°p≈ Ahkcw Dd∏p hcpØp∂p≠vv. Hcp
k` FSp°p∂ F√m Xocpam\ßfpw a‰v k`bnte°pw AwKo-I-c-Øn-\mbn
Ab°p∂p. CXns‚ A¿∞w Hmtcm _n√pw \bhpw c≠p {]mhiyw
N¿®sNøs∏Sp∂p F∂XmWv. CXv F√m Imcyßfnepw Hcp Cc´ ]cntim[\
Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øp-∂p. am{Xa√ th≠{X IqSnbmtemN\Iƒ IqSmsX Hcp k`
Xnc°n´v Xocpam\saSpØm¬t]mepw AXv a‰v k`bn¬ ]p\:]cntim[n°p
hm\p≈ Ahkcw ZznaWvUe \nba\n¿ΩmW k`bn¬ km[yamIpw.
cmPy k` (Rajya Sabha)
]m¿e-a‚ns‚ Ccp k`-If - n-te°pap≈ {]mXn-\n-[y-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm\w hyXy-
kvX-am-Wv. cmPyk` C¥y-bnse kwÿm-\-ß-sf-bmWv {]Xn-\n-[o-I-cn-°p-
∂Xv. ]tcm-£a - mb Xnc-s™-Sp∏v coXn-bn-eq-sS-bmWv cmPy k`mw-Kß
- sf Xnc-
s™-Sp-°p-∂Xv. kwÿm\ \nba k`bnte°v P\ßƒ t\cn´v {]Xn\n[n-
""....... ]p\x]cn-tim-[\ \S-Øp∂ kanXn F∂ \ne-bn¬...... D]-cn-

k` D]-Im-c]-{]-Z-amb Npa-Xe \n¿h-ln-°p-∂p. AXns‚ ImgvN-∏m-Sp-
I-fmWv ]cn-K-Wn-°-s∏-Sm-\p-≈-Xv. adn®v thm´p-I-f-√. {]iv\-I-ep-jn-X-
amb kPoh cmjv{So-bX-Øn¬ CS-s]-Sm≥ km[n-°m-Øh - ¿°v At[m-
k-`sb D]-tZ-in-°p-hm≥ km[n°pw''
]q¿Wna _m\¿Pn
CAD,Vol.IX,p.33,30 Pqsse 1949
Isf sXcs™Sp°pIbpw sXcs™Sp°s∏´ \nba k` {]Xn\n[nIƒ

(MLA am¿) AXXp kwÿm-\ß - f- nse cmPy kw`mw-Kß - sf sXc-s™-Sp-°p-
Ibpw sNøp∂p.
cmPyk`-bn-te°v {]mXn-\n[yw \¬Ip-∂X - p-ambn _‘-s∏´v c≠v XXz-
ßƒ \ne \n¬°p∂p. Hcp cmPy-Ønse F√m kwÿm-\-ßƒ°pw / {]tZ-
ißƒ°pw AXns‚ hen-∏tam P\-kw-Jytbm ]cn-K-Wn-°msX Xpey-amb
{]mXn\n[yw \¬Ip-∂-Xm-Wv H∂m-asØ XXzw. CXns\ ka-Xp-enX {]mXn-
\n[yw F∂mWv hnfn-°p-∂X - v (symmetrical representation) F∂m¬ c≠m-asØ
XXz-a-\p-k-cn®v kwÿm-\-ß-fnse / {]tZ-iß-fnse P\-kw-Jy-°m-\p-]m-Xn-
I-ambn c≠mw aWvU-e-Øn-te-°p≈ {]mXn-\n[yw A\p-h-Zn-°p-∂p. CXp
{]Imcw IqSp-X¬ P\kwJybp≈ {]tZißƒ°v/ kwÿm\ßƒ°v
IqSpX¬ AwK-ßsf c≠m-asØ aWvU-e-Øn-te°v sXc-s™-Sp-°phm≥
km[n°pw.
Ata-cn-°b - n¬ F√m kwÿm-\ß - ƒ°pw sk\-‰n¬ Xpey {]mXn\n[y-
amWv D≈-X.v CXv F√m kwÿm\ßƒ°pw P¿Ω\nbnse Zzn aWvUe hyhÿ
XpeyX Dd∏p hcpØp∂p. sNdnb kwÿm- ZnaWvUe \nba\n¿ΩmW k`bmWv
P¿Ω\nbnep≈Xv . sÛd¬ Akwªn
\-ßƒ°pw henb kwÿm-\ßƒ°pw Xpey- ( Bundestat ) sÛd¬ Iu¨kn¬
amb {]mXn-\n[yw e`n-°p∂psh∂-XmWv (Bundesrag) F∂o t]cpIfnemWv
CXp-sIm≠¿∞m-°p-∂X - .v C¥y-bnse cmPy P¿Ω\nbnse c≠p kÌƒ Adnb
s∏Sp∂Xv. {]Xy£hpw A\p]mXnI
k`-bn¬ \mw kzoI-cn® {]mXn-\n[y k{º- {]mXn\n[yhpw tbmPn ∏n®psIm≠p≈
Zmbw Ata-cn-°-bn¬ \n∂pw hyXy-kvX-am- Hcp k¶o¿Æ {]{InbbneqsSbmWv
Wv. Hmtcm kwÿm\Øv \n∂pw cmPy-k-`- sÛd¬ Akwªnbnte°v sXcs™
Sp∏v \SØp∂Xv. sXcs™ Sp°s∏
bn-te°v sXc-s™-Sp-°s - ∏-Sp-∂h
- c
- psS FÆw Sp∂ AwKßfpsS Imemh[n 4
`cWL-S\-bpsS \memw ]ń-I-bn¬ \¬In- h¿jamWv. P¿a\nbnse 16 sÛd¬
bn-´p≠v. kwÿm \ßfmWv sÛd¬
Iu¨knens\ {]Xn\n[oIcn°p∂Xv.
Ata-cn-°b - n¬ \ne-\n¬°p∂ Xpey sÛd¬ Iu¨knense (Bundesrat)
{]mXn-\n[yw F∂ hyhÿ \mw cmPy k`- 69 ko‰pIƒ P\kwJym\p]mXnIbmbn
bn¬ ]n¥p-Sc - p-Ib- m-sW¶n¬ F¥mWv kw`- kwÿm\ßƒ°v hoXn®p \¬Ip∂p.
sÛd¬ Iu¨knense AwKßfm
hn-°p-I? 1998.12 e£w P\-ß-fp≈ DØ-¿- bncn°pw kwÿm\ Kh¨sa‚nse
{]-tZ-in\pw tIhew 6.10 e£w P\-ßf - p≈ a{¥nam¿. sÛd¬ kwÿm\ßfnse
kn°n-an\pw Xpey-amb {]mXn\n[yw am{X-ta Kh¨sa‚pIƒ Chsc \nban°pI
bmWv sNøp∂Xv A√msX sXcs™Sp
e`n-°p-Ib - p≈q. `c-WL - S- \m \n¿am-Xm-°ƒ °pIb√. P¿a\nbnse \nbaa\p
AØcw hnth-N-\-ßƒ XS-bp-hm≥ B{K- kcn®v kwÿm\ Kh¨sa‚pIfpsS
ln®p. C¥ybn¬ Ipd™ P\kwJybp≈ \n¿t±im\pkcWw Hcp kwÿm\
Ønse F√m AwKßfpw Hcp
kwÿm\ßƒ°v e `n°p∂ {]Xn\n[n {Kq∏mbn´mWv sÛd¬ Iu¨ken¬
Isf°mƒ IqSpX¬ {]Xn\n[nIsf thm´v tcJs∏SptØ¨Xv. kwÿm\
ßfn¬ Nnet∏msgms° Iq´p£n
P\kwJy IqSpXep≈ kwÿm\ßƒ°p Kh¨sa‚mbnXn\m¬ AwKßƒ
e`n°pw. CXp {]Imcw IqSp-X¬ P\-kw-Jy- XΩn¬ kahmbØnseØphm≥
bp≈ DØ¿{]-tZ-in\v 31 AwK-ßsf cmPy km[n°msX hcnIbpw Ah¿
hn´p\n¬°p∂Xnte°v \bn°pIbpw
k`-bn-te°v Ab-°p-hm≥ km[n-°p-tºmƒ sNøp∂p.
Ipd™ P\-kw-Jy-bp≈ kn°n-an\v Hcp F√m \nba\n¿ΩmW {]{Inbbnepw
ko‰v am{Xta cmPy k`-bn¬ D≠m-hp-I-bp- sÛd¬ Iu¨kn¬ thm´v tcJs∏Sp
Ømdn√. F∂m¬ sÛd¬ kwÿm\
≈q. ßƒ°v I¨ Id‚ v A [nImcap≈
cmPy-`k - `- b- nse AwK-ßs - f 6 h¿j \b]camb Imcyßfn¬ sÛd¬
Ime-b-f-hn-te°v sXc-s™-Sp-°p-∂p. AwK- Iu¨knens‚ AwKoImctØmsS
]m m°nbncn °Ww. AØcw \nba
ßƒ°v ho≠pw sXc- s ™- S p- ° s∏Sm≥ \n¿ΩmWsØ hot‰m sNøphm\pw
A¿l-X-bp-≠v. cmPyk`-bnse F√m AwK- sÛd¬ Iu¨knen\[nImcap¨v.
ß-fp-sSbpw Imem-h[n ]q¿ØnbmIp-∂Xv
Htc ka-b-Ø-√. Hmtcm c≠p h¿jw IqSp-
124 tºmgpw cmPy k`- b nse Imem- h [n
]q¿ØoIcn® aq∂n¬ H∂v AwK- ß ƒ
\nba \n¿ΩmW k`
]ncn™p t]mhp-Ibpw B Hgn-hn-te°v ]pXnb sXc-s™-Sp∏v \S-°pIbpw

sNøp∂p. 125
Cu Imc-WØ - m¬ cmPy-k` Hcn-°epw ]ncn®p hnSm-dn√. AXn-\m¬
CXns\ ]m¿e-sa‚ns‚ÿncw k`-sb∂mWv hnfn-°p-∂-Xv. temI k`
]ncn®p hnSp-Ibpw ]pXnb Xnc-s™-Sp∏v \S-°m-Xn-cn-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂ kml-
N-cy-ß-fn¬ t]mepw cmPy-k` hnfn®p Iq´m\pw ASn-b-¥nc {]m[m-\y-ap≈
Imcy-ßƒ N¿® sNøm\pw CXp aqew km[n-°p-∂p.
cmPyk`-bn-te°v sXc-s™-Sp-°s - ∏-Sp∂ AwK-ßsf IqSmsX \ma
\n¿t±iw sNøs∏Sp∂ AwK-ß-fp-≠v. kmlnXyw, Ie, kmaq-ly-tkh-\w,
kb≥kv XpS-ßnb taJ-eI - f- n¬ {]mhoWyw sXfn-bn® hy‡n-Ifn¬ \n∂pw
12 AwK-ßsf cmPy k`-bn-te°v \ma \n¿t±iw sNøm≥ cmjv{S-]-Xn°v
A[nIm-ca - p-≠v
temIk` (Loksaba)
temI k`-bn-te°pw kwÿm\ \nba k`-bn-te°pw D≈ {]Xn \n[n-Isf
P\-ßƒ t\cn´v sXc-s™-Sp-°p-∂p. temI-k-`-bn-te°v sXc-s™-Sp∏v \S-
Øp-∂-Xn\p th≠n cmPysØ (kwÿm\ \nb-a-k-`-bmsW-¶n¬, kwÿm-
\-sØ) GI-tZiw Xpey P\-kw-Jym-\p-]m-XØnep≈ hnhn[ \ntbm-PI
aWv U - e - ß - f m°n Xncn- ® n- c n- ° p- ∂ p. km¿Δ- { XnI {]mb- ] q¿Øn
thm´hImisØ ASn-ÿm-\s - ∏-SpØn Hmtcm aWvUe - Ø- n¬ \n∂pw Hcp{]Xn-
{]h¿Ø\w
hnhn[ kwÿm-\-ß-fn¬ \n∂v cmPy k`-bn-te°v sXc-
s™-Sp-°-s∏-Sp∂ AwK-ß-fpsS FÆw Is≠-Øp-I. 2011
se sk≥kkv {]Imcw kwÿm-\ß - f- psS P\-kw-Jybpw
Ah-cpsS cmPy-k` {]mXn-\n-[yhpw ImWn-°p∂ Hcp Nm¿´v
ImbnI Xmcßsfbpw Xøm-dm-°p-I.
Iem°mc≥amscbpw
imkv{X⁄mscbpw \n-[nsb sXc-s™-Sp-°p∂p. km¿Δ-{XnI {]mb-]q¿Øn thm´-h-
cmPyk`bnte°v \ma Imi {]Imcw Hmtcm hy‡n-bpsSbpw, thmńs‚ aqeyw Xpey-am-
\n¿t±iw sNøp∂Xnep≈ bn-cn°pw. cmPyØv \ne-hn¬ 543 temI-k` \ntbm-PI aWvU-e-
hyhÿIƒ Dƒs∏
SpØnbXv F¥n\msW∂v ß-fmWv D≈-Xv. 1971 apX¬ CXn\v am‰w h∂n-ń-√.
F\n°v a\ nemIp∂n√. temIk`-bpsS ]c-am-h[n Imem-h[n 5 h¿j-am-W.v Imcy
BscbmWv Ah¿ {]Xn \n¿h-lW hn`mKw F∂ ap≥ A[ym-bØ - n¬ kqNn∏n®Xpt]mse
\n[oIcn°p∂Xv . Ah¿
bYm¿∞- Ø n¬ cmPy cmjv{Sob ]m¿ńIƒt°m Iq´p£n ap∂WnIƒt°m sXc-s™-
k`bpsS \S]Sn {Iaß Sp-∏n\p tijw Hcp Kh¨sa‚n\v cq]w sImSp-°m≥ km[n-°msX
fn¬ kw`m- h \ sNøp-
hcn-It- bm, {][m\a{¥n cmjv{S-]X
- n-tbmSv temIk` ]ncn®p hn´v
∂pt≠m?
]pXnb Xnc-s™-Sp∏v \S-Øp-hm≥ D]-tZin°p-Itbm sNøpIbm-
sW¶n¬ Imem-h-[nbv°v apºv temI-k` ]ncn®p hnSm-hp-∂-Xm-
Wv.
]m¿esa‚ns‚ {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ Fs¥√mw? (What does the
Parliament do?)
\nba \n¿ΩmW k`bpsS NpaXeIƒ Fs¥√mamWv ?
]m¿esa‚ns‚ c≠p kÌfpsSbpw {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ Hcp t]msebmtWm ?
c≠p kÌfpsSbpw A[nImcßfn¬ hyXymkapt≠m ?
\nba \n¿ΩmWw IqSmsX a‰p ]e NpaXeIfpw ]m¿esa‚ v
\n¿hln°p∂p≠v. ]m¿esa‚ns‚ NpaXeIsf \ap°v ]ńIs∏SpØmw.
$ \nba \n¿ΩmW NpaXeIƒ: cmPyØn\p th≠n \nba\n¿ΩmWw
\SØp∂Xv ]m¿esa‚mWv. \nba\n¿ΩmWamWv ]m¿esa‚ns‚ apJy
NpaXesb¶nepw ]et∏mgpw ]m¿esa‚ v \nba \n¿ΩmWØn\p AwKoImcw
sImSp°pI am{Xta sNømdp≈q. Hcp _n√ns‚ IcSv Xømdm°p∂Xv
_‘s∏á{¥namcpsS t\XrXzØn¬ DtZymKÿcmWv. Hcp _n√ns‚
D≈S°hpw AXns‚ AhXcW kabhpw Xocpam\n°p∂Xv Im_n\‰mWv.
Im_n\‰ns‚ AwKoImcan√msX {][m\ _n√pIsfm∂pw ]m¿esa‚n¬
AhXcn∏n°phm≥ km[n°pIbn√. a{¥namc√mØ AwK-ßƒ°pw
]m¿esa‚ n¬ _n√pIƒ AhXcn∏n°msa¶nepw Kh¨sa‚ ns‚
]n¥pWbn√msX ]m m°nsbSp°phm≥ km[n°pIbn√.
$ Imcy\n¿hW hn`mKsØ \nb¥n°pIbpw AXns‚ DØchmZnXzw
Dd∏phcpØpIbpw sNøpI: Imcy-\n¿h-lW hn`mKw AXns‚ A[nImc
]cn[n ewLn°p∂n√ F∂pw sXscs™SpØ P\ßtfmSv DØchmZnXzw
]pe¿Øp∂ps≠∂pw Dd∏phcptØ≠Xp≠v. CXv ]m¿esa‚ns‚ G‰hpw
{][m\s∏´ NpaXebmWv. ]m¿esa‚ns‚ Cu NpaXesb°pdn®v Cu
A[ymbØns‚ as‰mcp `mKØv hniZambn \ap°v ]cntim[n°mw.
$ kmºØnI NpaXe: Kh¨sa‚ v ]eImcyßƒ°pw th≠n [mcmfw ]Ww
sNehgn°p∂p≠v. Cu ]Ww FhnsS \n∂pw e`n°p∂p? Kh¨sa‚ns‚
{]h¿Ø\ßƒ°p≈ ]Ww (hn`hßƒ) Is≠Øp∂Xv ]eXcw
\nIpXnIfneqsSbmWv Hcp P\m[n]Xy hyhÿbn¬ \nIpXn NpaØ¬
{]{Inbbpw Kh¨sa‚ ns‚ ]Ww sNehgn°p∂ am¿§ßfpw
\nb{¥n°p∂Xv \nba\n¿ΩmWkÌfmWv. temIk`bpsS
AwKoImctØmsS am{Xta C¥ymKh¨sa‚n\v ]pXnb \nIpXn NpaØphm≥
km[n°pIbp≈p. Kh¨sa‚ n\v AXns‚hnhn[ ]≤XnIƒ
\S∏m°p∂Xn\p≈ hn`hßƒ A\phZn°p∂Xv ]m¿esa‚ns‚ kmº-ØnI
A[n-Im-cØ
- n¬s∏-´X
- mWv. kamlcn°m\m{Kln°p∂ hn`hßsf°pdn®pw
sNehgn® ]WsØ°pdn®pap≈ Hcp IW°v Kh¨sa‚pIƒ
\nba\n¿ΩmW k`bv°v ap∂n¬ AhXcn∏n®ncn°Ww. k¿°m¿ ]Ww
126 Zp¿hn\ntbmKw sNøp∂ns√∂pw AXpt]mse AanXambn ]Ww
sNehgn°p∂ns√∂pw \nb-a-\n¿ΩmWk` Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øp-∂p. AXp-t]mse
\nba \n¿ΩmW k`
k¿°m-cns‚ hm¿jnI [\-Imcy Ah-tem-I-\-Øn-eq-sSbpw _P-‰n-eq-sS-bp-

amWv CXv km[y-am-Ip-∂-Xv. 127
$ {]mXn\n[yw: cmPyØns‚ hnhn[ {]mtZinI kmaqlnI˛kmºØnI
aXhn`mKßfpsS ho£Wßsf ]m¿esa‚ v {]Xn\n[m\w sNøp∂p.
$ N¿®m]camb NpaXe: cmPyØns‚ G‰hpw D∂Xamb N¿®mthZnbmWv
]m¿esa‚ v. N¿®Iƒ \SØp∂Xn\p≈ ]m¿esa‚ns‚ A[nImcØn\v
]cnanXnIfn√. AwKßƒ°v GXp hnjbhpw \n¿`bambn ]m¿esa‚n¬
N¿® sNømhp∂XmWv. cmPyw t\cnSp∂ GsXmcp hnjbsØbpw
hniIe\w \SØm≥ CXv ]m¿esa‚ ns\ {]m]vXam°p∂p.
P\m[n]Xy]camb Xocpam\ßfpsS ASn-ÿm\w CØcw ImX-emb N¿®-
I-fm-Wv.
Im¿´q¨ hmbn-°pI
3 April 1955
]m¿esa‚ v F∂ bPam\\p apºn¬ a{¥nam¿ hfsc hn\oXcmWv. hnhn[
a{¥mebßƒ°v ]Ww A\phZn°p∂Xn\p≈ ]m¿esa‚ns‚ A[nImcamWv
CXn\p ImcWw.
`cWLS\m]camb NpaXe
`cWLS\m t`ZKXn N¿® sNøm\pw \S∏nem°m\pw ]m¿esa‚n\v
A[nImcap≠vv. Cu {]h¿Ø\Øn¬ ]m¿esa‚nse c≠p k`bv°pw Xpey
A[nImcamWp≈Xv. `cWLS\m]camb F√m `c-WL - S- \m t`ZKXnIfpw
]m¿esa‚ns‚ Ccp kÌfpw {]tXyI `qcn]£tØmsS AwKo-I-cn-°-Ww.
$ sXscs™Sp∏v NpaXe (Electoral Functions): sXscs™Sp∏v kw_‘amb Nne
NpaXeIfpw ]m¿esa‚ v \n¿hln°p∂p≠v . C¥ybpsS cmjv { S]Xnsbbpw
D]cm{„]Xnsbbpw sXsc™Sp°p∂Xv ]m¿esa‚mWv.
$ \oXn\ymb NpaXeIƒ (Judical Functions): cm{„]Xn, D]cmjv{S]Xn, kp{]owtImSXn ˛
sslt°mSXn PUvPnam¿ F∂nhsc ]pdØm°p∂Xn\p≈ \n¿t±iw ]cnKWn°m\p≈
A[nImcw ]m¿esa‚ns‚ \oXn\ymb NpaXebn¬ s]´XmWv..
cmPyk`bpsS A[nImcßƒ
]m¿esa‚ns‚ s]mXphmb NpaXeIfmWv apIfn¬ N¿® sNbvX.v F∂m¬ Hcp ZznaWvUe
\nba\n¿ΩmW k`bn¬ c≠p kÌfpsSbpw A[nImcßfn¬ Nne hyXymkßfp¨v.
Ahsb°pdn®v Xmsg \¬Inb ]ńIbn¬ \n∂pw \ap°v a\ nem°mw.
cmPyk`bpsS {]tXyI A[nImcßƒ
kwÿm\ßƒ°v {]mXn\n[yw \¬Ip∂Xn\p th≠nbp≈ÿm]\]camb Hcp
kwhn[m\amWv cmPyk`sb∂v \nßƒ°v Adnbmat√m ? kwÿm\ßfpsS A[nImcßƒ
kwc£n°pIbmWv AXns‚ e£yw. BbXn\m¬ kwÿm\ßfpambn _‘s∏´
GsXmcp hnjbhpw \n¿_‘ambpw cmPyk`bpsS ]cnKW\°pw AwKoImcØn\pw
hnńcn°Ww. kwÿm\ enÃn¬s∏´ GsX¶nepsamcp hnjbw (kwÿm\\nbak`bv°v
am{Xw \nbaw \n¿Ωn°m≥ ]‰p∂Xv.) cmPyØns‚ s]mXpXmev]cyw ]cnKWn®v bqWnb≥
enÃntet°m IÏd‚ v enkvddntet°m am‰m≥ ]m¿esa‚ v B{Kln°pIbmsW¶n¬
cmPyk`bpsS AwKoImcw A\nhmcyamWv. Cu hyhÿ cmPyk`bpsS IcpØv
h¿≤n∏n°p∂p. F∂m¬ \ΩpsS A\p- ` - h - Ø n¬ cmPyk`mwKßƒ kz¥w
temIk`bpsS A[n-Im-cß - ƒ
$ bqWnb≥ enÃnepw IÏd‚ v enÃnepw cmPy k`-bpsS A[n-Im-cß - ƒ
Dƒs∏´ hnjbßfn¬ \nba \n¿ΩmWw $ [t\-Xc _n√p-Iƒ ]cn-K-Wn-°p-I-bpw,
\SØp∂p. [\˛[t\Xc _n√pIƒ AwKo-I-cn-°p-Ibpw [\ _n√pIƒ°v t`Z-
AhXcn∏n°pIbpw \nba \n¿ΩmWw K-Xn-Iƒ \n¿t±in-°p-Ibpw sNøpI.
\SØpIbpw sNøp∂p. $ `cWLS\m t`Z-KX - n-Iƒ AwKo-Ic - n-°p-I.
$ \nIpXn Npa-Ø¬, hm¿jnI kmº-ØnI $ tNmZyßƒ tNmZn®psIm≠pw {]ta-bß - ƒ
IW-°p-Iƒ, _UvP‰v F∂n-h-bv°p≈ Ah-X-cn-∏n-®p-sIm≠pw Imcy \n¿Δ-lW
\n¿t±ißƒ AwKo-Ic - n-°p-∂p. hn`m-KsØ \nb-{¥n-°p-I.
$ tNmZy-ßƒ, D]-tNm-Zy-ßƒ, Xocp-am-\ß - ƒ $ cmjv{S-]-Xn-sb-bpw, D]-cm-jv{S-]-Xn-sbbpw
{]ta- b - ß ƒ, Ahn- i zmk {]ta- b - ß ƒ, sXc-s™-Sp-°p-Ibpw \o°w sNøpIbpw
XpSßnb-h-bn-eqsS Imcy-\n¿Δ-lW hn`m- sNøp∂p. D]- c m- j v { S- ] - X nsb \o°w
KsØ \nb-{¥n-°p-∂p. sNøp∂ {]{In-b°v ap≥ssI FSp-°p-∂Xv
$ `cWLS\ t`ZKXn sNøp∂p. cmPy-k-`-bm-Wv. kp{]ow-tIm-S-Xn-bn-sebpw
$ ASn-b-¥n-cm-hÿm {]Jym-]-\sØ AwKo- sslt°m-SX - n-bn-sebpw PUvPn-amsc \o°w
I-cn°p∂p. sNøp∂p.
$ cmjv{S]-Xn-sbbpw D]-cmjv{S]Xn-sbbpw $ kwÿm\ enÃnse hnj-b-ß-fn¬ \nb-a-
sXc-s™-Sp-°p-∂p. \n¿ΩmWw \S-Øp-∂-Xn\v ]m¿e-sa‚ns\
$ cmjv{S-]X - n, D]-cm-jv{S-]X - n, kp{]ow-tIm-SXn Npa-Xe- s
- ∏SpØm\p≈ A[n-Imcw cmPy-k-
128 ˛ sslt°m-SXn PUvPn-am¿ F∂n-hsc \o°w
sNøp∂p.
`-bv°m-Wv.
$ IΩ-‰n-I-sf-bpw, IΩo-j-\p-I-sfbpw \nb-

an°pIbpw Ah-bpsS dnt∏m¿´pIƒ ]cn-K-
Wn-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂p.
\nba \n¿ΩmW k`
kwÿm\Ønt\mSp≈Xnt\°mƒ Iqdv kz¥w cmjv { SobI£ntbmSv

]pe¿Øp∂Xmbn ImWm-hp-∂X - mWv. 129
temIk`bv°v am{Xambp≈ Nne A[nImcßƒ
temIk`bv ° v am{Xambn Nne {]tXyI A[nImcßfp≠v .
[\_n√pIƒ°v XpS°w Ipdn- ° mt\m, \ncmIcn°phmt\m, t`ZKXn
hcpØphmt\m cmPyk`bv ° v A[nImcan√. CXn\p≈A[nImcw
temIk`bv°mWv. a¥nk`bv°v temIk`tbmSmWv DØchmZnXzap≈Xv.
A√msX cmPyk`tbmS√. BbXn\m¬ cmPyk`bv°v Kh¨sa‚ns\
hna¿in°phm\√msX \o°w sNøp-hm≥ Ign-bpI-bn-√. CXn\p≈ ImcWw
Fs¥∂v \nßƒ°v ]dbphm≥ Ignbptam? cmPyk`mwKßsf
Xncs™Sp°p∂Xv kwÿm\ \nbak`bnse AwKßfmWv (M L A),
A√msX P\ßƒ t\cn´√. BbXn\m¬ Xs∂ `cWLS\ cmPyk`bv°v
Nne A[nImcßƒ \¬Inbnń√. C¥y≥ `cWLS\ AwKoIcn®
P\m[n]Xy hyhÿbn¬ A¥na A[nImcw P\ßƒ°mWv. BbXn\m¬
P\ßfm¬ sXscs™Sp °s∏Sp∂ {]Xn\n[nIƒ°mWv Kh¨sa‚ns\
]pdØm°m\pw kmºØnI Imcyßsf \nb¥n°m\p
ap≈ A[nImcap≈Xv.
F∂m¬ [t\Xc _n√pIƒ ]m m°¬ ,
`cWLS\ t`ZKXn, cmjv{S]XnbpsS Cºo®vsa‚,v
D]cmjv{S]Xnsb ]pdØm°¬ XpSßnbImcyßfn¬
temIk`bv°pw cmPyk`bv°pw Xp√y
A[nImcamWp≈Xv.
Fßs\bmWv ]m¿esa‚ v \nbaw
\n¿Ωn°p∂Xv? (How does the Parliment make
laws)
GsXmcp \nba\n¿ΩmW k`bpsSbpw ASnÿm\
NpaXe P\ßƒ°pth≠n \nba \n¿ΩmWw \SØpI J P \ m h v
\nb{¥n°p∂Xv
F∂XmWv. \nba \n¿ΩmW {]{Inbbv°v t e m I k ` - b m W v ?
hy‡amsbmcp \S]Sn{Iaap≠v. \nba BbXn\m¬ AXv
Xs∂ Bbn-cn°pw
\n¿ΩmWØn\p≈ Nne \S]Sn{Iaßƒ IqSp-X¬ A[n-Im-c-
`cWLS\bn¬ kqNn∏n®p´p≠v. F∂m¬ NneXv ap≈ k`.
Iogv h g°ßfneqsS ( conventions) cq]w sIm≈p∂hbmWv . Xmsg
sImSpØncn°p∂ \nba\n¿ΩmW {]{InbbpsS hnhn[L´ßsf
kqNn∏n°p∂ Nm¿´v ]cntim[n®m¬ \nba\n¿ΩmW {]{Inb kmt¶XnIhpw
k¶o¿ÆhpamWv F∂v \nßƒ°v hy‡ambn ImWphm≥ km[n°pw.
\n¿Ωn°m-\p-t±-in-°p∂ \nbaØns‚ Hcp IcSv cq]amWv _n√v.

P\m-`n-einputs
Peoples' m-jß
- ƒ
IΩn‰n AXns‚
Committee
dnt∏m¿´v
gives
\¬Ip∂p
Bill ‰Sent report Housek` may
_n¬ IΩn- n-bpsSto
]cn-K-W- dnt∏m¿´v kzoI-
\bv°v Ab-°p-Itbmor
Committee k`-bn¬ cn-or
°may
p-Itbmnot
\ncm-I-
discussed
N¿® sNøp- in
Itbm sNøp∂p accept
cn-°p-Ithe
tbm
_n¬ reportsNøp∂p
the House itself. Bill
k`- bn¬ _n√n-s\-

Detailed
Introduction
[t\-Xc _n√p-Iƒ °p- dn-®p≈ hni-Z-
in either discussion
]m¿e- sa‚ns‚ amb N¿®
House
GXp k`-inbnepw of bill in
BZyw
case Ah-
of X-cn-∏n- House
°m-hp-∂X
non-money - mWv
bill _n¬ kzoI-cn-°p-Itbm
Bill
X≈n-is°accepted
f
- b
- p-Itbm
orsNøp∂p
rejected
Bill
_n¬ ASpØ k`-bn-
becomes
_n¬ \nb-a-am-Ip∂p
SentAb-
te°v to °
the
p∂p
Law Other House
cmjv{S-]Xn AwKo-
ImcwPresident
\¬Ip-Itbm
approves
]p\x]cn- tim-or
[- ASpØ k`-bHouse
Other n¬ AwKo-I-cn-
\bvsends
°p th≠n °p-Itbm t`Z-Kor
approves -Xn-Iƒ \n¿t±-
gives
Xncn-back
®b - for
- ° p-Itbm in-°p-Itbm sNøp∂p
recommendations
reconsideration
sNøp∂p
Joint
]m¿e-Session
sa‚ns‚ of
kwbp‡ ktΩ-f\w
Parliament
Bh- iy-sa-¶n¬
(if required)
130
\nba \n¿ΩmW k`
_n√pIƒhnhn[XcØnep≠v. a{¥nb√msØmcmƒ AhXcn∏n°p∂

_n√ns\ kzImcy _n¬(private members bill) F∂p hnfn°p∂p. F∂m¬ 131
a{¥nbmb Hcmƒ AhXcn∏n°p∂ _n√ns\ Kh¨sa‚ v _n√v F∂mWv
hnfn°p∂Xv. Hcp _n√v \nbaam°p∂ {]{InbbpsS hnhn[ L´ßƒ
Fs¥∂p \ap°v ]cntim[n°mw.
]m¿esa‚n¬ Hcp _n√v AhXcn∏n°p∂Xn\v ap≥]pXs∂ AØcsamcp
_n√v AhXcn∏n°p∂Xns‚ BhiyIXsb∏‰n [mcmfw N¿®Iƒ
Types of
hnhn[Xcw Bills
_n√pIƒ
Kh¨sa‚ v _n¬ Private

kzImcyMember’s
_n¬
Government Bill
Bill
Non-Money
[t\Xc _n√v Money
[\_n√vBill
Bill
Ordinary_n√v
km[mcW Bill Constitution
`cWLS\m t`ZKXn
Amendment
_n√v Bill
\S°p∂p. sXscs™Sp∏v hmKvZm\ßƒ ]q¿ØoIcn°mt\m hcm≥

t]mIp∂ sXscs™Sp∏n¬ XßfpsS hnPbkm[yX sa®-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂X - nt\m-
km[mcWbmbn cmjv{Sob ]m¿ńIƒ _n√pIƒ AhXcn∏n°p∂Xn\v
Kh¨sa‚n¬ kΩ¿±w sNepØmdp≠v. X¬]c {Kq∏p-Iƒ, am[y-aß - ƒ, ]uc-
th-Zn-Iƒ XpS-ßn-b-hbpw {]tXyI \nba-\n¿ΩmWw \S-Øp-∂-Xn\p th≠n
Kh¨sa‚ns\ t{]cn-∏n-°m-dp-≠v. BbXv \nba \n¿ΩmWw tIhew Hcp
\nb-a-]-c-amb \S-]Sn{Iaw am{X-a√ AsXmcp cmjv{Sob I¿Ω]≤Xn IqSn-
bm-sW∂v \ap°v a\- n-em-°mw. \nbaw \S-∏n-em-°p-hm-\m-h-iy-amb hn`-h-
ßƒ, Hcp _n√n\p e`n-°p∂ ]n¥pW As√-¶n¬ FXn¿∏v, `cW I£n-
bpsS sXc-s™-Sp∏v hnP-b-Øn-ep-≠m-Ip∂ km[y-X-Iƒ XpS-ßnb Imcy-
ßƒ Hcp _n√v Xøm-dm-°p-tºmƒ km[m-cW ]cn-K-Wn-°-s∏-Sp-∂p. ap∂Wn
cmjv{So-b-Øns‚ Ime-L-´-Øn¬ {]tXy-In®pw Kh¨sa‚ v \n¿t±-in-°p∂
_n√p-Iƒ ap∂-Wn-bnse F√m I£n-Iƒ°pw kzoIm-cy-am-bn-cn-°W - w. CØcw
{]mtbm-Kn-I-amb ]cn-K-W-\-Iƒ Ah-K-Wn-°pI km[y-a√. Hcp \nba
\n¿ΩmWw \S-Øp-hm-\p≈ Xocp-am-\-sa-Sp-°p-∂-Xn-\p ap≥]v Iym_n-\‰v
CØcw Imcy-ßfpw ]cn-KW - n-°p-∂p.
\n¿Ωn-°m-\p-t±-in-°p∂ \nb-a-Øns‚ \bw Im_n-\‰v AwKo-I-cn-°p-∂-
tXm-sS-bmWv Hcp _n√ns‚ IcSv Xøm-dm-°¬ {]h¿Ø\w Bcw-`n-°p-∂-Xv.
GsXmcp _n√n-s‚bpw IcSv cq]w Xøm-dm-°p-∂Xv _‘-
s∏´ a{¥m-e-b-am-Wv. DZm-l-c-W-Øn\v s]Ïp-ń-I-fpsS
hnhml {]mbw 18-˛¬ \n∂pw 21 B°n Db¿Øp-∂X - n-\p≈ Im¿´q¨ hmbn°mw
_n√v Xøm-dm-°p-∂Xv \nba a{¥m-eb - a
- m-W.v h\n-Xm-˛i- nip
t£a a{¥m-e-bhpw CXn¬ ]¶m-fn-bm-hpw. _n√p-Iƒ
km[m-cW ]m¿e-sa‚ns‚ GXp k`-bnepw B k`-bnse
Hcp AwK-Øn\v Ah-Xc - n-∏n-°m-hp-∂X- m-W.v F∂m¬ km[m-
cW a{¥n-bm-Wv _n√v Ah-X-cn-∏n-°m-dp-≈Xv. [\-Imcy
_n√p-Iƒ temI-k-`bn¬ am{Xta Ah-X-cn-∏n-°m≥ ]mSp-
≈q. temI-k` [\-Imcy _n√p-Iƒ ]m m-°n-Ign-™m¬
cmPy-k` - b
- n-te°v Ab-°pw.
_n√ns\ Ipdn®p≈ N¿®IfpsS {][m\ `mKßƒ
\S°p∂Xv IΩ‰nIfn¬ sh®mWv. IΩ‰n \¬Ip∂
ip]m¿iIƒ ]n∂oSv kÌfnte°v AwKoImcØn\mbn
Ab°p∂p. CXpsIm≠mWv IΩ‰nIsf amXrI
\nba\n¿ΩmW kÌƒ F∂p hnfn°p∂Xv.
\nba\n¿ΩmW {]{InbbpsS c≠mw LámWnXv .
aq∂masØbpw Ahkm\sØbpw L´ØnemWv _n√v Cu coXnbnemtWm Ah¿
]m m°p∂Xn\v th≠n thmń\nSp∂Xv. Hcp [t\Xc _n√v IfnIfnse \nbaßƒ
Hcp k` ]m m°n Ign™m¬ AXv ASpØ k`bnte°v ]n¥pScp∂Xv.
Ab°pIbpw AhnsS CtX \S]Sn {IaßfneqsS Cu
_n√v IS∂p t]mhpIbpw sNøpw .
Hcp _n√v \nbaamIWsa¶n¬ c≠p kÌfpw ]m m°nbncn°Wsa∂v
\nßƒ°dnbmat√m Hcp \n¿±njvS _n√ns\°pdn®v ]m¿esa‚ns‚ Ccp
kÌfpw XΩn¬ A`n{]mb hyXymkw D≠mhpIbmWv F¶n¬ Ccp
132 kÌfpsSbpw kwbp‡ ktΩf\w hnfn®p tN¿Øv AXv ]cnlcn°phm≥
{ian°pw. Cßs\ Ccp kÌfpsSbpw kwbp‡ ktΩf\w hnfn®p tN¿Ø
kμ¿`ßfnse√mw Xocpam\ßƒ temIk`°\pIqeambn´mWv h∂Xv.
\nba \n¿ΩmW k`
Hcp [\_n√ns‚ Imcy-Øn¬ cmPyk`bv°v AXv AwKoIn°pItbm

am‰ßƒ \n¿t±in°pItbm sNømw F∂m¬ AXv X≈n°fbphm≥ Ignbn√. 133
cmPyk` 14 ZnhkØn\Iw [\_n√n¬ \S]Sn FSpØnńs√¶n¬ AXv
cmPyk` ]m m°nbXmbn ]cnKWn°pw. [\_n√n¬ cmPyk`
\n¿t±in°p∂ t`ZKXnIƒ temIk`bv°v kzoIcn°pItbm
kzoIcn°mXncn°pItbm sNømw. Hcp _n√v Ccp kÌfpw ]m m°n
Ign™m¬ cmjv{S]XnbpsS AwKoImcØn\mbn Ab®psImSp°pw.
cmjv{S]XnbpsS A\paXn e`n°p∂tXmsS Hcp _n¬ \nbaambn amdpw.
Fß-s\-bmWv ]m¿e-sa‚ v Imcy\n¿Δ-lW hn`m-KsØ
\nb-{¥n-°p-∂Xv? (How does the parliament control the Execu-
tive)
A\ptOZw 109
[\_n√pambn _‘-s∏´ {]tXyI \S]Sn {Iaßƒ.˛
(1)
Hcp [\ _n√v cmPy k`bn¬ AhXcn∏n°phm≥
]mSn√.
]ptcm-KXn hne-bn-cpØpI
$ \nba \n¿ΩmW {]{In-b-bpsS N¿®-bn¬ \n∂pw Hcp
_n√ns‚ hni-Z-amb N¿®-°p-th≠n ]m¿e-sa‚ v Bh-iy-amb
kabw sNe-h-gn-°p-∂p-s≠∂v \nßƒ Icp-Xp-∂pt-hm? Cs√-
¶n¬ Cu t]mcmbva ]cn-l-cn-°p-∂-Xn\v th≠n Fs¥ms°
\n¿t±-iß
- f
- mWv \nßƒ°v apt∂m´p hbv°m-\p-≈Xv?
Hcp ]m¿esa‚dn P\m[n]Xy {]{In- b - b n¬ temIk`bn¬

`qcn]£ap≈ ]m¿ńtbm ap∂Wntbm BWv Kh¨sa‚ v cq]oIcn°p∂Xv.
CXv FI- v k nIyqóhn\v `qcn]£ap≈ ]m¿ńbpsS ]n¥pWtbmsS
GI]£obhpw A\nb{¥nXhpamb A[nImcw D]tbmK°phm≥ Ahkcw
\¬Ip∂p. CØcsamcp kmlNcyØn¬ ]m¿esa‚dn P\m[n]Xyw
a{¥nk`bpsS GIm[n]XyØnte°v hgpXn hogpIbpw Im_n-\‰v \bn-°p∂
hgnsb k` k©-cn-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂p. ]m¿esa‚ v PmKcqIhpw kPohhpw
Bbn {]h¿Øn®m¬ am{Xsa Ah¿°v \nc¥chpw Imcy£ahpambn
FIvknIyqóhns\ \nb{¥n°phm≥ km[n°pIbp≈q. ]m¿esa‚n\v ]e
am¿§ßfneqsSbpw FI- v k nIyqóhns\ \nb{¥n°m≥ km[n°pw.
AXn\m¬ G‰hpw ASnÿm\ambXv k`bnse AwKßƒ°v
P\{]Xn\n[nIsf∂ \nebn¬ ê{]Zambpw \n¿`bambpw
{]h¿Øn°phm\p≈ A[nImchpw kzmX{¥yhpw BWv. DZmlcWØn\v
k`mwKßƒ°v GsXmcp ImcysØ kw_‘n®pw k`yXbpsS
AXn¿hcºpIƒ ewLn°msX k`bn¬ ]dbphm\p≈ A[nImcap≠v.
AXns‚ t]cn¬ k`mwKßƒs°Xnsc Hcp \S]Snbpw FSp°phm≥
km[ya√. CXns\bmWv ]m¿esa‚ns‚ hntijm\pIqeyw(parliamentary
privilage) F∂p hnfn°p∂Xv. kw`mKßƒ Cu hntijm\pIqeyw ewLn®n-
´pt≠m F∂v Xocpam\n°m\p≈ A[nImcw k`m[y£\nembncn°pw.
P\ßsf {]Xn\n[m\w sNøp∂Xn\pw FI-vknIyqóhn\p ta¬
ê{]Zamb \nb{¥Wßƒ \SØp∂Xn\pw th≠n k`mwKßsf
{]m]vXcm°p∂Xn\mWv k`mwKßƒ°v hntijm[nImcw
\¬Inbncn°p∂Xv. Fßs\bmWv ]m¿esa‚ v CØcw \nb{¥Wßƒ
\SØp∂Xv ? CXn\v ]m¿esa‚ ns‚ ssIhiap≈ am¿§ßƒ
Fs¥ms°bmWv? FIvknIyqóhns‚ AanXm[nImcsØ
\nb{¥n°qhm≥ ]m¿esa‚dn \nb¥Wßƒ ]cym]vXamtWm ?
]m¿esa‚dn \nb{¥WØn\p≈ D]m[nIƒ (Instruments of
Parlimentary control)
Hcp ]m¿esa‚dn hyhÿbn¬ \nba \n¿ΩmW k` FI-vknIyqóhns‚
DØchmZnXzw Dd∏p hcptØ≠Xv ]e L´ßfnembn´mWv. \bcq]oIc
WL´w, \nbaw (\bw) \S∏nem°ptºmgpw \S∏m°nbXn\p tijhpap≈
L´w F∂nhbmWh. \nba \n¿ΩmW kÌƒ CXv sNøp∂Xv ]e
am¿§ßƒ D]tbmKn®p sIm≠mWv.
$ ]cymtemN\Ifpw N¿®Ifpw
$ \nbaßƒ AwKoIcn°¬ As√¶n¬ Xnckv°cn°¬
Hfn Iymad
$ kmºØnI \nb{¥Ww {]h¿Ø\ßƒ
$ Ahnizmk {]tabw \ne\n¬°p∂
Cu kmlNcy
]cymtemN\Ifpw N¿®Ifpw. Ønepw ]m¿e
\nba\n¿ΩmW {]{InbbpsS AhkcØn¬ k`mwKßƒ°v FI- sa‚ v AwK ßƒ
°v F ¥pw Fhn
knIyqóhns‚ \bkao- ] \w, AXv \S∏m°p∂Xn\p≈ coXnIƒ sSbpw]dbm \p
F∂nhsb kw_‘n®v hy‡-ambn N¿® sNøm≥ Ah-kcw e`n-°p-∂p. ≈ kzmX{¥yw
Dt≠m?
IqSmsX CØcw N¿®m thf-bn-e-√msX k`bnse s]mXp N¿®m
thfIfnepw FIvknIyqóhns\ \nb{¥n°m≥ k`mwKßƒ°v Ahkcw
e`n°pw. F√m Znhkhpw ]m¿esa‚nse tNmtZymØc thfbn¬
134 k`mwKßfpsS tNmZyßƒ°v adp]Sn ]dbm≥ a{¥nam¿ _m[yÿcmWv.
iq\ythfbn¬ (Zero Hour) k`mwKßƒ°v {][m\sa∂v IcpXp∂ GXv
hnjbhpw D∂bn°mhp∂XmWv. F∂m¬ CØcw hnjbßƒ°v adp]Sn
\nba \n¿ΩmW k`
\¬Im≥ a{¥nam¿°v _m[yXbp-≠m-h-W-sa-∂n-√. s]mXp {]m[ym\yap≈

hnjbßsf _‘s∏SpØn ]m¿esa‚n¬ \S°p∂ AcaWn°q¿ N¿® 135
ASnb¥nc {]tabw XpSßnbh FI-vknIypóhns\ \nb{¥n°phm\p≈
a‰p am¿§ßfmWv.
Hcp ]t£ FI- v knIyqóhns\bpw k¿°mdns‚ hnhn[
`cWhn`mKßsfbpw PmK-cq-I-cm-°m≥ G‰hpw ê{]Zamb D]m[nbmWv
tNmtZymØcthf. ]m¿esa‚nse AwKßƒ tNmtZymØcthfbn¬ k`bn¬
lmPcmIphm≥ henb Xmev]cyw ImWn°pw. Cu kabØmWv ]camh[n
AwKßƒ k`bn¬ lmPcmIp∂Xv cmJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≈X.v hne°b‰w,
`£y[m\yßfpsS e`yX, kaqlØnse ]nt∂m° hn`mKßƒs°Xn
cmbp≈ A{Iaßƒ, Iem]ßƒ, Icn©¥ XpSßnb s]mXpXmev]cyap≈
hnjbßfnep≈ k¿°mcns‚ \ne]mSpIƒ Adnbp∂Xn\p th-≠nbmWv
tNmtZymØcthfbn¬ _lp-`q-cn-]£w tNmZy-ßfpw D∂-bn-°p-∂Xv.
XßfpsS \ntbmPI aWvUeßfnse {]iv\ßƒ D∂bn°phm\pw
Kh¨sa‚ns\ hna¿in°phm\pw AwKßƒ tNmtZymØc thfbnse
Ahkcw hn\n-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p. tNmtZymØc thf NqtSdnb N¿®Iƒ°v
thZnsbmcp°p∂p.AwKßƒ i_vZapb¿Øp∂Xpw k`bpsS
\SpØfØnendßp∂Xpw Cdßn t]m°p \SØp∂Xpw Cu AhkcØn¬
km[mcWamWv. CØcw \S]SnIƒ \nba\n¿ΩmW k`bpsS hnes∏´
kabw A]lcn°p∂Xn\v ImcWamIpw. AtX kabw CØcw
Hcp a{¥nbmbn {]h¿Ø\ßsf√mw Kh¨sa‚n¬ \n∂pw B\pIqeyßƒ e`n°p∂Xn\p
cn°p∂Xv F{X th≠nbp≈ cmjv { Sob X{¥ßfmsW∂v \mw Hm¿t°≠Xp≠v .
_p≤nap´mbncn
°pw. F√m Znhk F∂ncp∂mepw CØcw X{¥- ß ƒ FIv k nIyqóhns\ AXns‚
hpw ]co£ \¬ DØchmZnXzw \n¿hln°p∂Xn\p \n¿_‘n°p∂p.
Ip∂Xp t]mse
bmbncn°ns√ \nbaßƒAwKoIcn°¬ As√¶n¬ Xnckv°cn°¬
CXv ? \nbaßƒ°v AwKoImcw \¬Iphm\p≈ A[nImcap]tbmKn®pw
]m¿esa‚ n\v FI- v k nIyqóhns\ \nb{¥n°mw. ]m¿esa‚ ns‚
AwKoImctØmSpIqSn am{Xsa Hcp _n¬ \nbaambn amdpIbp≈q.
hy‡amb `qcn]£ap≈ Kh¨sa‚n\v k`bn¬ _n√pIƒ \njv{]bmkw
]m m°nsbSp°phm≥ km[n°pw. F∂ncp∂mepw CXv A{X-ta¬ ]cn-KW - n-
t°≠ Imcy-a-√. ImcWw `cn°p∂ ]m¿ńbnse AwKßƒ°nSbntem,
ap∂Wnbnse I£nIƒ XΩntem Kh¨sa‚pw {]Xn]£hpw XΩntem, D≈
i‡amb hnet]iepIƒ°p tijambncn°pw CØcsamcp AwKoImcw
e`n°p∂Xv. temIk`bn¬ `qcn]£ap≈ Kh¨sa‚n\v cmPyk`bn¬
`qcn]£an√mØ kmlNcyhpw D≠mImdp≠v. 1977 ˛se P\Xm]m¿ń
Kh¨sa‚n\pw 2000 ˛ Ønse tZiob P\m[n]XykJy Kh¨sa‚n\pw
cmPyk`bn¬ `qcn]£ap≠mbncp∂n√. CØcsamcp kmlNcyØn¬ c≠p
kÌfnepw Hcp _n¬ ]m m°nsbSp°p∂Xn\v Kh¨sa‚n\v adp ]£Øn\v
henb hmKvZm\ßƒ \¬tI≠n hcpw. Nnet∏mƒ temIk` ]m m°nb
_n√v cmPyk` \ncmIcn°mdp≠v. temIv]m¬ _n¬, 2002 ˛se òIchmZw
XSbp∂Xn\p≈ _n¬ ( POTA) XpSßnbh CØcw _n√pIƒ°v
DZmlcWßfmWv.
[\]camb \nb{¥Ww (Financial Control)
Kh¨sa‚ns‚ ]cn]mSnIƒ \S∏nem°p∂Xn\p≈ kmºØnI hn`hßƒ
AYhm ]Ww A\phZn°p∂Xv _Uv P ‰neqsSbmWv . _Uv P ‰v
Xømdm°pIbpw Ah \nba \n¿ΩmW k`bpsS AwKoImcØn\mbn
ka¿∏n°pIbpw sNøp∂Xv Kh¨sa‚ ns‚ `cWLS\m]camb
_m[yXbmWv. Cu _m[yX Kh¨sa‚ns‚ [\hn\ntbmKØn\pta¬
\nb{¥Ww sNepØp∂Xn\v \nba \n¿ΩmW k`bv°v Ahkcw Hcp°p∂p.
Kh¨sa‚ n\v hn`hßƒ A\phZn°p∂Xv \nba \n¿ΩW k`°v
\ncmIcn°mw. F∂m¬ ]m¿esa‚dn hyhÿbn¬ `qcn]£ ]n¥pWtbmsS
`cn°p∂ Kh¨sa‚mbXn\m¬ A]q¿Δ-am-tb Cßs\ kw`hn°mdp≈q
F∂ncp∂mepw Kh¨sa‚n\p ]Ww A\phZn°p∂Xn\p apºv AXn\p≈
ImcWw temIk`°v N¿® sNømw. Iw]v t {Smf¿ B‚ v HmUn‰¿
P\dens‚bpw ]ªn°v A°u≠v IaΩ‰nIfpsSbpw dnt∏m¿ńs‚
ASnÿm\Øn¬ temIk`bv°v Kh¨sa‚ns‚ [\ Zp¿hn\ntbmKØn
s\Xnsc At\zjWw \SØmw. Kh¨sa‚ns‚ kmºØnIØns‚ bp‡n
`{Z-amb hn\n-tbmKw am{Xa√ k`bpsS \nb\{¥Ww sIm≠v e£yw
sh°p∂Xv. _UvP‰neqsS {]Xnên∏n°p∂ Kh¨sa‚ns‚ \bßfpsSbpw
\nb{¥Ww CXv e£yw sh°p∂p. kmºØnI\nb{¥WØneqsS
\nba\n¿ΩmWk` Kh¨sa‚ns‚ \bßsf \nb{¥n°p∂p.
Ahnizmk {]tabw (No Confidence motion)
FI-vknIyqńhns‚ DØchmZnXzw Dd∏p hcpØp∂Xn\v ]m¿esa‚ns\
klmbn°p∂ G‰hpw i‡amb Bbp[amWv Ahnizmk {]tabw. `cn°p∂
]m¿ńt°m As√¶n¬ ap∂Wnt°m k`bn¬ `qcn]£w D≈nStØmfw
Kh¨sa‚ns\ ]pdØm°pI F∂Xv bmYm¿∞y-Øn-ep-]c - n- k-¶ev]w am{X-
am-Wv. F∂ncp∂mepw 1989 \p tijw k`bn¬ hnizmkw \jvSs∏´Xns‚
t]cn¬ ]e Kh¨sa‚pIfpw cmPn shbv°phm≥ \n¿_‘nXambn´p≠vv.
ap∂Wnbnse LSII£nIfpsS ]n¥pW Dd∏p hcpØp∂Xn¬
]cmPbs∏´XmWv Cu Kh¨sa‚pIƒ°v k`bpsS hnizkw \jvSs∏Sm≥
ImcWambXv.
Cßs\ ]m¿esa‚ n\v FI- v knIyqóhns\ ê{]Zambn
\nb{¥n°phm\pw Kh¨sa‚ns\ IqSp-X¬ DØ-c-hm-ZnØ t_m[-ap-
136 ≈Xm°m\pw km[n°p∂p. F∂m¬ CXn\v k`mImcyßƒ N¿®
sNøp∂Xn\v th≠{X kabw, k`mwKßfpsS N¿®bnse kPoh
]¶mfnØw, `cW]£hpw {]Xn]£hpw XΩnep≈ hn´phogvNm at\m`mhw
\nba \n¿ΩmW k`
F∂nh A\nhmcyamWv. Ign™ c≠p Zim-_vZß - f

- mbn temIk`bpsSbpw
kwÿm\ \nba kÌfpsSbpw ktΩf\ßƒ N¿®Iƒ°mbn 137
sNehgn°p∂ kabhpw {Iam-\p-K-X-ambn Ipd™vsIm≠ncn°pIbmWv.
IqSmsX Izmdw XnIbmsX ]m¿esa‚ns‚ kÌƒ \n¿Ønshbvt°≠
kmlNcyw {]Xn]£Øns‚ k`m _lnjv°cWw XpSßnb
kmlNcyßƒ aqew FI-vknIyqóhns\ N¿®bneqsS \nb{¥n°phm\p≈
k`bpsS A[nImcw FSpØp]tbmKn°m≥ IgnbmsX t]mIp∂p.
]m¿esa‚ v IΩ‰nIƒ Fs¥ms° sNøp∂p? (What Do
the Committees of Parlament Do)
{]h¿Ø\ßƒ
ZqcZ¿i≥ kwt{]jWw sNøp∂ ]m¿esa‚ v ktΩf\ßƒ XpS¿®bmbn
aq∂v Znhkw ho£n°pI. As√¶n¬ XpS¿®bmbn aq∂v ZnhksØ ]{X
dnt∏m¿´pIƒ tiJcn®psIm≠v Hcp Npa¿]{Xw \n¿Ωn°pI. N¿®
sNøp∂ hnjbßƒ k]o°dpsS ]¶v, k`bn¬ D∂bn°p∂ tNmZyßƒ,
{]Xn\n[nIfpsS cmjv{Sob ]m¿ńIƒ, \nßfpsS {]tZiØv\n∂pap≈
{]Xn\n[nIƒ, N¿®sNøp∂ hnjbßfpsS ,kz-`mhw tZiobamtWm
{]mtZinIamtWm F∂o Imcyßƒ \nco£Ww \SØpI
\nba \n¿ΩmWmhiyßƒ°mbn At\Iw IΩ‰nIƒ \nban°s∏Smdp¨v.

CXv \nba \n¿ΩmW {]{InbbpsS Hcp apJy khntijXbmWv. k`bpsS
ssZ\wZn\ {]h¿Ø\Øn¬ am{X-a√ \nba \n¿ΩmW {]h¿Ø-\-ßfnepw
Cu IΩ‰nIƒ apJy ]¶phln°p∂p≠v. ]m¿esa‚ v ktΩ-fn-°p-∂Xv ktΩ-
f-\- Im-e-b-f-hn¬ am{X-am-b-Xn-\m¬ AXns‚ {]h¿Ø\ kabw hfsc
]cnanXamWv . F∂m¬ \nba \n¿ΩmWw \StØ≠ hnjbØn¬
BgØnep≈ ]T\w A\nhmcyamWv. Bb-Xn-\m¬ CXn\v IqSpX¬ {i≤bpw
kabhpw Bh-iy-am-Wv. AXp-t]mse hnhn[ a{¥mebßƒ Bhiys∏Sp∂
{Km‚ns\Ipdn®p≈ ]T\w, Kh¨sa‚ns‚ hnhn[ Un∏m¿´psa‚pIfpsS
sNehpIƒ ]cntim[n°¬, AgnaXn tIkpIfn¬ At\zjWw \SØ¬
XpSßnb {][m-\s - ∏´ {]hrØnIfpw \SØp∂Xv ]m¿esa‚ndn IΩ‰nIfmWv.
1983 apX¬ ]m¿esa‚dnÃm‚ nwKv IΩ‰nIƒ°v C¥y cq]w
sImSp°pIbp≠mbn. hnhn[ Un∏m¿´psa‚pIfpambn _‘s∏´ AØ-cØ - n-
ep≈ 20 ¬ ]cw IΩ‰nIƒ C∂v {]h¿Øn°p∂p≠v. hnhn[ Un∏m¿´psa‚p
IfpsS {]h¿Ø\ßƒ AhbpsS _UvP‰v, Un∏m¿´psa‚pIfpambn
_‘s∏´v k`bn¬ AhXcn∏n°p∂ sNehpIƒ _n√pIƒ F∂nhbpsS
ta¬t\m´w CØcw Ãm‚nwKv IΩ‰nIƒ°mWv.
Ãm‚nwKv IΩ‰nIƒ°p ]pdta, kwbp‡ ]m¿esa‚dn IΩ‰nIƒ°v
(JPC) \ΩpsS cmPyØv t{imjvT-amb ÿm\-ap-≠v. Hcp {]tXyI _n√ns\
Ipdn®v N¿® sNøp∂Xn\pw kmºØnI Im¿´q¨ hmbn-°pI
{Iat°SpIsf Ipdn®v At\zjn°p∂Xn\pamWv
CØcw IΩ‰nIsf \nban°p∂Xv . kwbp‡
]m¿esa‚dn IΩ‰nbnse AwKßsf Ccp kÌfn¬
\n∂pambn sXcss™Sp°p∂p.
IΩ‰n k{ºZmbw ]m¿esa‚ns‚ {]h¿Ø\`mcw
eLpIcn°p∂p. ]e {][m\s∏´ _n√pIfpw
IΩ‰nbpsS ]cnKW\bv ° v ka¿∏n°mdp≠v .
IΩ‰nIƒ ]q¿ØoIcn® {]hrØnIsf Npcp°w Nne
t`ZKXnItfmsS ]m¿esa‚ v AwKoIcn°pIbmWv
]Xnhv. \nba]cambn ]d™m¬ Xo¿®bmbpw
]m¿esa‚ ns‚ AwKoImcan√msX Hcp _n√pw
\nbaamhpItbm Hcp _UvP‰pw ]m m°s∏SpItbm
sNøn√. F∂m¬ ]m¿esa‚dn IΩ‰nIƒ \¬Ip∂
\n¿t±ißsf A]q¿Δamtb ]m¿esa‚ v
Xnckv°cn°mdp≈q.
Kh¨sa‚ns\ FXnsc {]Xn]£w XpS¿®-
bmbn D]tbmKn°p∂ Hcp am¿§amWv
Fß-s\-bmWv ]m¿e-sa‚ v kzbw \nb- k`m_lnjv ° cWw F¥n\pw GXn\pw
{¥n-°p-∂Xv (How does the Parliment Regu- D]tbmKs∏SptØ≠ Hcp Bbp[amtWm
late Itself) k`m _lnjv°cWw?
\nba \n¿ΩmW k`bpsS kzm`mhw

]cnKWn°ptºmƒ AXns‚ \S]Sn
{Iaßfn¬ am{XamWv
\nb{¥Wßfp≈Xv. F∂m¬
kØbn¬ \nba\n¿ΩmW k`bpsS
As√¶n¬ ]m¿esa‚ns‚
]cam[nImcØn\v \nb{¥Wßtfm
]canXnItfm C√.
138 F≥. hn. KmUvKn¬ CAD, Vol. XI, P.659, 1949 \hw-_¿ 18
\nba \n¿ΩmW k`
ap≥]v kqNn- ∏ n- ® - X p- t ]mse ]m¿esa‚ v Hcp N¿®mthZnbmWv .

N¿®IfneqsSbmWv ]m¿esa‚ v {][m\s∏´ F√m {]h¿Ø\ßfpw 139
\SØp∂Xv. AXn\m¬ N¿®Isf√mw A¿∞]q¿Æhpw {Ia{]Imchp
ambncn°Ww. F¶n¬ am{Xta k`bpsS A¥ n\v If¶ta¬°msX
AXns‚ {]h¿Ø\ßƒ kpKaambn \SØphm≥ km[n°pIbp≈q.
kÌfpsS {]h¿Ø\w kqKaambn \SØp∂Xn\v th≠n Nne hyhÿIƒ
`cWLS\bn¬Xs∂ Dƒs°m≈n®n´p≠v. k`m\S]SnIƒ \nb{¥n°p∂
Xn\p≈ A¥na A[nImcw k`m[y£\n¬ \n£n]vXambncn°pw.
k`m[y£≥am¿°v k`bnse AwKßfpsS s]cpam‰sØ
\nb{¥n°phm≥ as‰mcp am¿§w IqSnbp≠v . Iqdpam‰ \ntcm[\
Im¿´q¨ hmbn-°pI
""\Ωƒ hm°u´v \S-Øp-I-b-√, \Ω-tfmSv ]pd-tØ°v t]mIp-hm≥ I¬∏n-°-s∏-´-XmWv''.

]m¿e-sa‚w-K-ßƒ ]d-™p. CØcw kml-N-cy-ßƒ k`-bn¬ F√m-bvt]mgpw kw`-hn-°m-
dpt≠m?
\nbasØ°pdn®v \nßƒ tIń´p≠mbncn°pat√m? GsX¶nepsamcp
cmjv{Sob ]m¿ńbpsS Sn°‰n¬ a’cn®v hnPbn®n´mWv an°hmdpw BfpIƒ
k`mwKßfmhp∂Xv. sXc-s™-Sp-°-s∏-´-Xn\v tijw Ah¿ kz¥w
]m¿ńbn¬ \n∂pw hn´p-t]m-Im≥ Xocp-am-\n®m¬ F¥mWv kw`hn°pI?
kzmX{¥yØn\ptijw h¿jßtfmfw Cu {]iv\w ]cnlcn°s∏SmsX
\ne\n∂ncp∂p. F∂m¬ cmjv{Sob ]m¿ńbpsS _m\dn¬ a’cn®v hnPbn®
Hcmƒ as‰mcp cmjv{Sob ]m¿ńbnte°v Iqdp-am-dp-∂Xv XSbphm≥ cmjv{Sob
]m¿ńIƒ XΩn¬ [mcWbmbn. CXn\p th≠n 1985 ¬ sIm≠ph∂ 52˛mw
`cWLS\ t`ZKXnbmWv Iqdqam‰ \ntcm[\ \nbaw. 91˛mw
`cWLS\t`ZKXn Cu \nbaØn¬Nne ]cnjvImcßƒ sIm≠ph∂p.
Iqdqam‰ \ntcm[\hpambn _‘s∏´v tIkpIfn¬ A¥naamb Xocpam\w
FSp°phm\p≈ A[nImcw k`m[y£\mbncn°pw. Hcp AwKw
IqdqamdnbXmbn {]Jym]n®m¬ At±lØn\v k`mwKXzw \jvSs∏Spw.
IqSmsX At±lØns‚ a{¥n]Zw t]msebp≈ ]ZhnIƒ hln°phm\p≈
tbmKyXbpw C√mXmhpw.
F¥mWv Iqdqam‰w? HcwKw IqdpamdnbXmbn {]Jym]n°p∂Xv .
t\XrXzØns‚ \n¿t±iw AhKWn®v k`bn¬ lmPcmImXncn°pIbpw
]m¿ń \n¿t±ißƒs°Xncmbn thm´p sNøpIbpw ]m¿ń Ah¿ F¥n\p
AwKXzw kzta[bm Dt]£n°pIbpw sNøptºmgmWv t h ≠ n - b m W v
HcwKw Iqdp-am-dn-bX - mbn {]Jym-]n-°p-∂X
- v. ]m¿ń amdp- ∂ -
sX∂v F\n°v a\-
Iqdqam‰ \ntcm[\ t`ZKXn \nbaw \ne-hn¬ hs∂- n-em-Ip-∂n-√. Hcn-
¶nepw AXn\v Iqdpam‰sØ XSbphm≥ °¬ hn´p- t ]mb
km[n®nńs√∂mWv Ign™ 20 h¿jsØ A\p`hßƒ cmjv{Sob ]m¿ń-I-
fn- t e°v Ah¿
shfn- h m- ° p- ∂ Xv . F∂m¬ ]m¿ń t\XrXzØn\pw ho≠pw Xncn-®p-h-
k`m[y£\pw AwKßfpsS ta¬ IqSpX¬ A[nImcw cnIt]mepw sNøp-
\ n b a \ n ¿ a m X m \¬Ip∂Xn\v CXv ImcWambn. ∂p-≠t√m?
°ƒ t]mepw Nne
\nbaØn\v
hnt[bcmWv.
D]-kw-lmcw
]m¿esa‚dn \S]Sn {IaßfpsS X¬kab kwt{]£Ww \nßƒ
I≠n´pt≠m? cmPyØns‚ hnhn[ {]tZißsf {]Xn\n[m\w sNøp∂
h¿Æmàmb hkv{Xßƒ AWn™ XnI™ Hcp aghn√v t]msebmWv
C¥y≥ ]m¿esa‚ v F∂v \nßƒ°v a\ nem°phm≥ km[n°pw.
AwKßƒ hyXykvX `mjIfnemWv ]m¿esa‚ v \S]Sn{Iaßfn¬
kwkmcn°p∂Xv . Ah¿ hyXykv X PmXnsbbpw aXßsfbpw
hn`mKßsfbpw {]Xn\n[oIcn°p∂p. Ah¿ ]ckv]cw i‡amb
FXn¿∏pIƒ ]pe¿Ømdp≠v. Ah¿ cmPyØns‚ ]Whpw kabhpw
\jvSs∏SpØpIbmsW∂v Hcp [z\n ]e-t∏mgpw krjvSn-°p-∂p. F∂m¬
CtX ]m¿esa‚ n\p Xs∂ FI- v k nIyqóhns\ Imcy£aambn
140
\nba \n¿ΩmW k`
\nb{¥n°phm≥ km[n°psa∂v \ap°v Cu ]mT`mKØp \n∂pw 141

a\ nem°phm≥ km[n®p. kaqlØns‚ hyXykvX hn`mKßfpsS
Xm¬]cyßsf Ah¿°v kwc£n°phm≥ km[n°p∂p. Kh¨sa‚ v
LSIßfn¬ G‰hpw {]mXn\n[yap≈ LS-I-am-Wv \nb-a-\n¿Ω hn`mKw.
hyXykvX kmaqlnI ]›mØeØn¬ \n∂v hcp∂
{]Xn\n[nIfp≈Xn\m¬ \nba\n¿ΩmW kÌƒ IqSpX¬ {]mXn\n[y
kz`mhhpw P\ßfpsS {]Xo£s°mØ {]XnIcWhpw \SØp∂p.Hcp
]m¿esa‚dn P\m[n]XyØn¬ P\ßfpsS A`nemjßsf
{]Xn\n[m\w sNøp∂ LSIw F∂ \ne°v \nba\n¿ΩmW k`°v
D∂X A[nImchpw DØchmZnXzhpap≠v. ChnsSbmWv ]m¿esa‚ns‚
P\m[n]Xy i‡n IpSnsIm≈p∂Xv.
A`ymkw
1. P\ßfpsS t£aw Dd∏p hcpØp∂Xn\p th≠n Imcy£aamb
Hcp Kh¨sa‚ v cmPyØn\mhiyaps≠∂v AtemIv IcpXp∂p.
\Ωƒ {][m\a{¥nsbbpw a{¥namscbpw sXcss™Sp°pIbpw
Kh¨sa‚ns‚ tPmen Ahsc G¬∏n°pIbp sNbvXm¬ \ap°v
Hcp \nba \n¿ΩmW k`bpsS Bhiyan√. \nßƒ Cu
BibtØmSv tbmPn°p∂pt≠m? ImcWw \¬IpI.
2. ZznaWvUe \nba\n¿ΩmW k`bpsS ta∑Isf°pdn®v \nßfpsS
¢m n¬, \S∂p sIm≠ncn°p∂ N¿®bn¬ Xmsg ]dbp∂
hmZKXnIƒ Db¿∂p h∂p. Cu hmZKXnIƒ hmbn®v CXnt\mSv
\nßƒ tbmPn°p∂pthm AtXm hntbmPn°p∂pthm F∂v
ImcWklnXw hniZoIcn°pI
$ t\l ]d™p, ZznaWv U e \nba \n¿ΩmW kÌƒ Hcp
e£yhpw ]q¿Øo-I-cn-°p-∂n√
$ c≠masØ aWvUeØnte°v hnZKv[cmbhsc \ma \n¿t±iw
sNøWsa∂v iyma hmZn-®p.
$ XrZn_v ]d™p, Hcp cmPyØv sÛd¬ hyhÿnXnb√
\ne\n¬°p∂sX¶n¬ c≠- m asØaWvUeØns‚
BhiyIXbn√.
3. F¥psIm≠mWv temIk`bv°v cmPyk`tb°mƒ Imcy£aambn
FIvknIyqóhns\ \nb{¥n°phm≥ km[n°p∂Xv.?
4. FI- v k nIyqóhns\ Imcy£aambn \nb{¥n°p∂Xnep]cn
temIk` P\ßfpsS {]Xo£Isfbpw A`nemjßsfbpw
{]ISn∏n°p∂ thZnbmWv. \nßƒ CXnt\mSv tbmPn°p∂pt≠m?
ImcWw hy‡-am-°p-I.
5. ]m¿esa‚ns\ IqSpX¬ Imcy£aam°p∂Xn\p th≠nbp≈ Nne
\n¿t±ißƒ Xmsg sImSpØncn°p∂p. CXnt\mSv \nßƒ
tbmPn°p∂pthm hntbmPn°p∂pthm F∂v ImcW klnXw
hy‡am°pI. Cu \n¿t±ißƒ kzoIcn°s∏SpIbmsW¶n¬
AXns‚ ]cnWXêw F¥mbncn°pw?. hniZoIcn°pI.
$ ]m¿esa‚ v IqSpX¬ kabw {]h¿Øn°Ww.
$ ]m¿esa‚nse AwKßƒ°v lmP¿ \n¿_‘am°Ww.
$ k`m \S]SnIƒ XS s∏SpØp∂hsc in£n°m≥ kv]o°¿°v
A[nImcap≠mbncn°Ww.
6. {][m\s∏´ _n√pIsf√mw a{¥nam¿ \n¿t±in°pIbpw k`bn¬
`qcn]£ap≈ ]m¿ńbpsS a{¥nam¿ AhXcn∏n°p∂ Kh¨sa‚ v
_n√pIsf√mw ]m m°s∏SpIbpw sNbvXm¬ ]ns∂
]m¿esa‚ n\v \nba\n¿ΩmW {]{Inbbn¬ F¥v ]¶mWv
hln°phm\p≈sX∂v Bcn^v A dnbphm≥ B{Kln°p∂p.
At±lØn\v F¥v adp]SnbmWv \nßƒ°v \¬Iphm≥
km[n°pI.
7. Xmsg sImSpØncn°p∂ GsX√w {]kvXmh\ItfmSmWv \nßƒ
IqSpX¬ tbmPn°p∂Xv. ImcWw \¬IpI.
$ \nba\n¿ΩmW kanXnbnse AwKßƒ°v Cjv S ap≈
]m¿ńbn¬ tNcphm≥ Ahkcw \¬IWw.
$ Iqdqam‰ \ntcm[\ \nbaw \nbak`mkamPnI¿°p ta¬ ]m¿ń
142 t\Xm°ƒ°v Hcp ta[m-hnXzw \¬Ip∂p≠v.
$ Iqdpam‰w F√mbvt∏mgpw kz¥w Xm¬]cy
kwc£WØn\pth≠n \SØp∂XmIbm¬ a‰p ]m¿ńbn¬
\nba \n¿ΩmW k`
tN¿°phm≥ B{Kln°p∂ \nbak`m kmamPnIsc

ASpØ c≠p h¿jtØ°v a{¥nbm°p∂Xn¬ \n∂pw 143
AtbmKycm°Ww.
8. ASpØ Ime-Øm-bp≈ ]m¿esa‚ ns‚ Imcy£aXsb
Ipdn®pw ê{]m]vXnsb Iqdn®pamWv tUmfnbpw kp[bpw
kwhmZw \SØp∂Xv. N¿®Iƒ°pw kwhmZßƒ°pw th≠n
sNehmIp∂ ]canXamb kabw k`bpsS {]h¿Ø\Øn¬
hcp∂ XS ßƒ, k`m _lnjv°cWw XpSßnbh aqew
]m¿esa‚ns‚ {]h¿Ø\ßƒ°v ]nt∂m- ´ Sn t\cn- S p- ∂ p-
s≠∂v tUmfn hniz- k n- ° p- ∂ p. F∂m¬ ]e
Kh¨sa‚pIfpsSbpw temIk`mXeØnse ]cmPbw
AXns‚ Ne-\m-fl-IX°v sXfn-hm-sW∂v kp[ hmZn°p∂p.
tUmfnbpsSbpw kp[bpsSbpw hmZßsf FXn¿Øpw
A\pIqen®pw a‰v F¥v hmZßfmWv \¬Iphm≥ km[n°pI?
9. Hcp _n√v \nbaambn amdp∂Xns‚ hnhn[ L´ßfmWv Xmsg
sImSpØncn°p∂Xv. Ahsb icnbmbn {Ias∏SpØpI.
$ Hcp _n√v N¿®s°Sp°p∂Xn\p th≠n Hcp {]tabw
]m m°p∂p.
$ _n√v cmjv{S]XnbpsS ]cnKW\bv°v hnSp∂p. cmjv{S-]Xn
AXn\p AwKo-Imcw \¬In-bn-ń-√¶
- n¬ ]n∂oSv AXn\p F¥v
kw`-hn-°p-∂p.
$ _n√v ]m m°p∂Xn\p th¨n ASpØ k`bnte°v
Ab°p∂p.AXv ]m m-hp-Ibpw sNøp-∂p.
$ _n¬ \n¿t±in°s∏´ k`-bn¬ Xs∂ ]m m°p∂p.
$ _n√ns‚ Hmtcm hIp∏pIfpw hmbn°pIbpw AXv
thmń\nSpIbpw sNøp∂p.
$ _n√v k_v I Ω‰nbpsS ]cnKW\°v hnSp∂p. IΩ‰n
Bhiyamb XncpØepIƒ hcpØn k`bpsS
N¿®°pth≠n Ab°p∂p.
$ _‘s∏á{¥n _n√ns‚ BhiyIXsb Ipdn®v k`bn¬
hniZoIcn°p∂p.
$ \nba a{¥mebw _n√ns‚ IcSv Xømdm°p∂p.
10. Fßs\bmWv ]m¿esa‚dn IΩ‰n kwhn[m\w ]m¿esa‚ns‚
\nba\n¿ΩmW ta¬t\m´sØbpw hnebncpØens\bpw
_m[n®Xv?
144
A[ymbw 6 \oXn \ymb hn`mKw
A[ymbw 6
145
\oXn \ymb hn`mKw (JUDICIARY)
BapJw (Introduction)
hy‡n-Iƒ XΩntem, kzImcy ÿm]-\ß - ƒ XΩntem Dff X¿°-ßƒ Xo¿∏m-
°p∂ a≤y-ÿ¿ F∂ \ne-bn-emWv ]e-t∏mgpw tImS-XnIsf ImWm-dp-ff - X
- v.
F∂m¬ \oXn-\ymb hn`m-K-Øn\v Nne cmjv{Sob Npa-X-e-Iƒ IqSn-bp-≠v.
\oXn-\ymb hn`mKw Kh¨sa‚ns‚ Hcp {][m\ LS-I-am-Wv. temI-Ønse-
Xs∂ G‰hpw i‡-amb tImS-Xn-I-fn-sem-∂mWv C¥y-bpsS kq{]ow tImS-
Xn. `cW LS-\sb hymJym-\n-°p-∂-Xn-epw, AXns\ kwc-£n-°p-∂-Xnepw
1950 apX¬ Xs∂ hfsc {][m-\s - ∏´ ]¶mWv \oXn \ymb hn`mKw hln-®ph-
cp-∂Xv. \oXn\ymb hn`m-KØ
- ns‚ ]¶ns\°pdn®pw {]m[m-\y-sØ-°p-dn®pamWv
Cu A[ym-b-Øn¬ \nßƒ ]Tn-°p-∂-Xv. \ΩpsS Ah-Im-i-ßƒ kwc-£n-
°p-∂X - n¬ \oXn-\ymb hn`m-KØ -- n-\p-ff {]m[m-\y-sØ-°p-dn®v "auenImh-Im-
i-ßƒ' F∂ A[ym-bØ - n¬ \Ωƒ hmbn-®X - m-Wt- √m. Xmsg ]d-bp∂ Imcy-
ßƒ {Kln-°p-∂-Xn\v Cu A[ym-b-Øns‚ ]T\w \sΩ klm-bn-°pw.
* "\oXn-\ymb hn`m-K-Øns‚ kzmX{¥yw' F∂-Xns‚ A¿∞w.
* \ΩpsS Ah-Im-iß
- ƒ kwc-£n-°p-∂X
- n¬ C¥y≥ \oXn-\ymb hn`m-K-
Øns‚ ]¶v.
* `c-WL
- S- \
- sb hymJym-\n-°p-∂X
- n¬ \oXn-\ymb hn`m-KØ
- ns‚ ]¶v.
* C¥ybn¬ ]m¿e-sa‚pw \oXn \ymb hn`m-Khpw XΩn-ep-ff _‘w.
Hcp kzX{¥ \oXn\ymb hn`m-K-Øns‚ Bh-iy-I-X-sb¥v

˛ Why do we need an Independent Judiciary?)
GsXmcp kaq-l-Ønepw, hy‡n-IƒXΩn-epw, hy‡n-Ifpw kwL-ßfpw
(groups) XΩnepw, hy‡nIfpw kwL-ßfpw Kh¨sa‚pw XΩnepw X¿°-
ß-fp-≠m-hpI kzm`m-hn-Ia - mgvN (Rule of Law) F∂ XXz-Øns‚
- m-Wv. \nb-ah
ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ {]h-¿Øn-°p∂ kzX-{¥-amb Hcp ÿm]\w CØ-c-Øn-
ep-ff F√m X¿°-ßfpw Xo¿∏m-°p-∂Xn\v Bh-iy-am-Wv F∂XmWv \nb-a-
hmgvN F∂Xv sIm≠v A¿∞-am-°p-∂Xv. F√m hy‡n-Ifpw, kº-∂cpw Zcn-
{Z-cpw, kv{XoIfpw, ]pcp-j≥amcpw, apt∂m°°mcpw ]nt∂m-°-°mcpw Htc
\nb-a-Øn\v hnt[-b-cmWv. \oXn \ymb hn`m-K-Øns‚ apJy-Np-a-Xe \nba
hmgvN kwc£n°p-Ibpw \nb-aØ - ns‚ ]c-
am-[n-Imcw Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øp-Ibpw sNøpI
R K Laxman in The Times of India.

F∂-Xm-Wv. hy‡n-I-fpsS Ah-Im-i-ßƒ
kwc-£n-°p-I, \nb-a-]-c-ambn X¿°-ßƒ READ A CARTOON
Xo¿∏m-°p-I, P\m-[n-]Xyw Hcp hy‡n-
bpsStbm kwL-Øn-s‚tbm tkz—m-[n-]X - y-
Øn-te°v hgn amdp-∂n√ F∂p-d-∏p-h-cp-
ØpI F∂n-hbpw \oXn \ymb hn`m-K-
Øns‚ a‰v Npa-XeIfmWv. Cu Npa-X-e-
Iƒ ê-{]-Z-ambn \n¿Δ-ln-°W-sa-¶n¬
\oXn \ymb hn`m-Kw, cmjv{Sob kΩ¿Z-ß-
fn¬ \n∂v ]q¿W-ambpw kzX-{¥-am-tI-
≠Xm-Wv.
\oXn-\ymb hn`mKØns‚ kzmX{¥yw F∂-
Xp- s Im≠v F¥m- W ¿∞- a m- ° p- ∂ Xv ?
Fßs\ Cu kzmX{¥yw Dd-∏p-hc - p-Ømw?
\oXn- \ ymb hn`m- K - Ø ns‚

kzmX{¥yw (Independence of Ju-
diciary)
efn-X-ambn ]d-™m¬ \oXn-\ymb hn`m-K-
Øns‚ kzmX{¥yw F∂XvsIm≠v A¿∞-
146 am-°p-∂X- v,
$ Kh¨sa‚ ns‚ a‰v LS- I - ß - f mb "apjvSn-bp≤w th≠ CXv \nb-a-hm-gvN-bmWv'
\nba \n¿ΩmW k`bpw (Legislature)
Imcy \n¿Δ-lW hn`m-Khpw (Executive ) \oXn \ymb hn`m-

K-Øns‚ (Judiciary) Npa-Xe
- I
- ƒ \n¿Δ-ln-°p-∂X
- n¬ XS w 147
krjvSn-°m-Xn-cn-°p-I:
$ \oXn-\ymb hn`m-KØ- ns‚ Xocp-am-\ß
- f
- n¬, Kh¨sa‚ns‚
a‰v c≠v LS-Iß
- f- mb \nb-a\
- n¿ΩmW k`-bpw, Imcy \n¿Δ-
c≠mw A≤ym-b-Øn¬ kqNn- lW hn`m-Khpw CS-s]-Sm-Xn-cn-°p-I.
∏n® am®-ens‚ tIkv F\n-
t°m¿Ω-bp-≠v. Ah¿ ]d-bp- $ `btam ]£-t`-Ztam C√m-sX, \ymbm[n-]≥am¿°v Xß-fpsS
∂ns√ sshIn e`n- ° p∂
\oXn, \ntj- [ n- ° - s ∏- S p∂ Npa-X-e-Iƒ \n¿Δ-ln-°m≥ Ign-bpI F∂n-h-bm-Wv.
\oXn-bm-W∂v C°m-cy-Øn¬
Bsc- ¶ nepw Fs¥- ¶ nepw A\n-b-{¥n-X-amb A[n-Im-c-sat∂m DØ-c-hm-Zn-Xz-an-√mbva
sNtø-≠-Xp≠v. Ft∂m kzX{¥ \oXn\ymb hn`mKw F∂XpsIm≠v A¿∞-
am°p∂n√. cmPysØ P\m-[n-]Xy cmjv{Sob kwhn-[m-\Ø - n-s‚
Hcp `mK-amWv \oXn-\ymb hn`m-Kw. AXn-\m¬ Xs∂ \oXn\ymb
hn`m-K-Øn\v cmPyØns‚ `c-W-L-S\tbmSpw P\m-[n-]Xy ]mc-
º-cy-tØmSpw P\-ßt- fmSpw DØ-ch - m-Zn-Xz-ap-≠v.
\oXn-\ymb hn`m-KØ - ns‚ kzmX{¥yw Fßn-s\-bmWv kwc-
£n-°p-Ibpw Dd∏p hcp-Øp-Ibpw sNbvXn-´p-f-fXv?
hnhn[ \S-]S- n-If - n-eqsS `mc-XØ - ns‚ `c-WL - S- \ \oXn-\ymb
hn`m-K-Øns‚ kzmX{¥yw Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂p. \ymbm-[n-
]≥amcpsS \nb-a\ {]{In-b-bn¬ \nb-a-\n¿ΩmW k` CS-s]-Sp-
∂n-√. AXp-sIm≠v Xs∂ Ch-cpsS \nb-a\ - Ø- n¬ I£n-cm-jv{So-
b-Øn\v Imcy-amb ]s¶m-∂p-an-s√∂v hniz-kn-°s - ∏-Sp-∂p. Hcmƒ,
\ymbm-[n-]\ - mbn \nb-an-°s - ∏-SW
- s- a-¶n¬ H∂p-In¬ Hcp \nb-a] - -
fin-X\ - m-bn-cn-°W - w, As√-¶n¬ A`n-`m-jI - \mbn A\p-`h ]cn-
Nbw D≠m-hW - w. Hcm-fpsS cmjv{So-bm-`n-{]m-btam, cm{„ob hnt[-
b-Xztam \ymbm-[n-]-\mbn \nb-an-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xn-\p-ff am\Z-fi-
ßf√
\ymbm-[n-]≥am¿°v Hcp \n›n-Xa - mb HutZym-KnI Imem-h-
[n-bp-≠v. Ah¿°v hnc-an-°¬ {]mbw FØp-∂Xv hsc tPmen-
bn¬ XpScmhp-∂-XmWv. hfsc A]q¿Δ-ambn am{Xta Ahsc
tPmen-bn¬ \n∂pw \o°w sNøm-dp-ff - q. Ah-cpsS tPmen ÿncX
Dd-∏p-hc- p-Øn-bn-´p-≠v. `btam ]£-t`-Ztam C√msX tPmen sNøp-
∂-Xn\v Ahsc {]m]vXc - m-°p-∂Xv Cu sXmgn¬ kpc-£n-XX - z-am-
Wv. \ymbm-[n-]≥amsc X¬ÿm-\-Øp-\n∂pw \o°w sNøp-∂-
Xn\v hfsc {]bm-k-ta-dnb Hcp \S-]-Sn-{I-a-amWv `c-W-L-S\
\n¿t±-in-°p-∂X - v. (Impeachment) \ymbm-[n-]≥am-cpsS sXmgn¬
kpc-£n-XXzw Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øp-∂-Xn\p th≠n-bmWv `c-W-L-S\
\n¿Ωm-Xm-°ƒ CØ-cØ - n-semcp \S-]Sn {Iaw \n¿t±-in-®X - v.

kmº-Øn-I-amb Imcy-ßƒ°mbn \oXn\ymb hn`m-K-Øn-\v, \nba
\n¿ΩmW k`tbtbm, Imcy \n¿Δ-lW hn`m-K-sØ-tbm B{i-bn-t°-≠-
Xn-√. \ymbm-[n-]≥am-cpsS iº-fhpw a‰m-\p-Iq-ey-ßfpw \nba \n¿ΩmW
k`-bpsS AwKo-Im-c-Øn\v hnt[-b-a√ F∂v `c-W-L-S\ hyhÿ sNbvXn-
cn-°p-∂p. AXp-t]mse Xs∂ Ah-cpsS Xocp-am-\ß - ƒ°pw \S-]S- n-Iƒ°pw,
hy‡n-]c - a
- mb hna¿i-\Ø - n¬ \n∂pw kwc-£Ww \¬In-bn-cn-°p-∂p. AØ-
c-Øn¬ hna¿in-°p-∂h - sc tImS-Xn-be- £yIp‰w (contempt of court) NpaØn
hnNm-cW sNøp-∂-Xn\v tImS-Xn°v A[n-Im-c-ap-≠v. \oXn-bp-‡-a-√mØ
hna¿i-\ß - f - n¬ \n∂pw \ymbm-[n-]≥amsc kwc-£n-°p-∂X - n\v tImS-Xn-bpsS
Cu A[n- I mcw ê- { ]- Z - a m- W v . Hcp \ymbm- [ n- ] s\ ÿm\- { `- j v S - \ m-
°p∂Xn\mbn `c-WL - S- \ \n¿t±-in-®n-´p≈ \S-]S- n-{I-aß
- f
- psS `mK-am-b√
- msX
\ymbm-[n-]-cp-sS s]cp-am‰w kw_-‘n®v N¿® sNøm≥ ]m¿e-sa‚n\v Ign-
bp-I-bn-√. hna¿i\ hnt[-b-amIpw F∂ `bw IqSmsX \oXn \n¿Δ-lWw
\S-Øp-∂-Xn-\p-ff kzmX{¥yw CXp-hgn \oXn-\ymb hn`m-K-Øn\v e`n-°p-
∂p.
]T-\-{]-h¿Ø-\-ßƒ (Activity)
Xmsg ]d-bp∂ hnj-b-Øn¬ ¢m n¬ Hcp kwhmZw
kwL-Sn-∏n-°p-I.
Xmsg sImSp-Øn-´p-ff
- X
- n¬ GsXms° LS-Iß- f- mWv
hn[n {]kvXm-hn-°p-∂-Xn¬ \ym[n-]≥am¿°v \nb-{¥-
W-ß-fm-hp-∂Xv? CXv \oXoI-cn-°-Ø-°-Xm-sW∂v
\nßƒ Icp-Xp-∂pt≠m?
$ `c-WL- S- \
$ Iogvhg-°ß - ƒ
$ a‰v tImS-Xn-I-fpsS A`n-{]mbw
F\n°v `b- a p- ≠ v , Rm≥
$ s]mXpP\m-`n-{]mbw Bi-¶m-Ip-e\ - mWv Hcp P\m-
$ \nb-aØ - ns‚ ]mc-ºcyw [n- ] - X y- Ø n¬ \nßƒ°v
{][m\a{¥ntbtbm, {]kn-
$ \nb-aß- ƒ U‚ns\t∏meptam
$ ka-b-Ønt‚bpw DtZym-K-ÿ-cp-sSbpw A]-cym- hna¿in°mw ]s£ \ymbm-
[n-]≥amsc hna¿in-°m-\m-
]vXX hn√. F¥mWv Cu tImS-Xn-
$ s]mXp-P\ hna¿i-\-tØm-Sp-ff `bw b-e£yw? Cu Imcy-ßsf
148 $ Imcy \n¿Δ-lW hn`m-K-Øns‚ CS-s]-S-ep-≠m- IpdnNv Rm≥ tNmZy-ßƒ
tNmZn- ® m¬ AXv
Iptam F∂ `bw (Fear of action by Executive) tImSXnbe-£y-am-hptam?
PUvPnamcpsS \nb-a\w
149
PUvPn-am-cpsS \nb-a\w Hcp ImeØpw cmjv{Sob hnhm-Z-ß-fn¬
\n∂pw ap‡-am-bn-cp-∂n-√. CXv cmjv{Sob {]{In-b-bpsS `mK-am-
Wv. `c-W-L-S\ Fßn-s\-bmWv hymJym-\n-°s∏-Sp-∂Xv F∂Xv
kp{]ow tImS-Xn-bnepw sslt°m-SX - n-bnepw PUvPn-am-cmbn tkh-
\-a\
- p-jvTn-°p-∂h
- sc B{i-bn®v hyXym-ks - ∏-ń-cn-°pw. \ymbm-[n-
]≥am-cpsS cmjv{Sob XXz-im-kv{Xw, kPo-hhpw ZrV-hp-amb
PUvPn-am-cpsS \nb-a-\-Øn¬ \oXn\ymb hn`mKw F∂-Xn-s\-°p-dnt®m \nb-{¥n-Xhpw {]Xn--_-
a{¥n k`°v Hcp {][m\ ]¶v ≤-hp-amb (Committed) \oXn \ymb hn`mKw F∂-Xn-s\-°p-dnt®m
D≠m-tb-°p-sa∂v Xs∂-bmWv
Rm≥ Nn¥n-°p-∂-Xv. As√- D≈ Ah-cpsS ImgvN-∏m-Sp-Iƒ F∂nh \n¿Ωn-°-s∏-Sp∂ \nb-a-
¶n¬ kzbw \nb-an-°p∂ Hcp ß-fpsS hn[n \n¿Æ-bn-°p-∂-Xn¬ i‡-ambn kzm[o-\n°p-∂p.
kanXn BtWm \oXn-\ymb
hn`mKw? a{¥nk`, Kh¿W¿am¿, apJy-a-{¥n-am-¿, kq{]ow tImSXn No^v
PÃnkv F∂-nhsc√mw \ymbm-[n-]≥amcpsS \nb-a-\-{]-{In-bsb
kzm[o-\n-°p-∂p-≠v.
kp{]ow tImSXn No^v PÃn-kns‚ \nb-\-asØ kw_-‘n-
®-nS-tØm-fw, h¿j-ß-fm-bn-´p-ff Hcp Iogvhg°w kq{]ow tImS-
Xn-bnse G‰hpw apXn¿∂ PUvPnsb, No^v PÃn-kmbn \nb-an-
°pI F∂-Xm-Wv. Aßns\bmsW-¶nepw Cu Iogvhg°w c≠p
Xh-W e - w-Ln-°s - ∏-ń-´p-≠.v kp{]ow tImSXn-bnse apXn¿∂ aq∂p
PUvPn-amsc adn-I-S-∂p-sIm-≠mWv 1973 ¬ PÃnkv F.F≥. sd
(Justice A.N.Ray) No^v PÃn-kmbn \nb-an-°s - ∏-´X
- v. ho≠pw 1975
¬ PÃnkv F®v. B¿.-J∂ - sb adn-IS- ∂
- p-sIm-≠v Pkv‰nkv Fw.F-
®v. _Kv (Justice M.H. Beg) kp{]ow tImSXn No^v PÃn-kmbn
\nb-an-°s - ∏-´p.
kp{]ow tImSXn No^v PÃn-kp-ambn IqSn-bm-tem-Nn® tij-
amWv kp{]ow tImS-Xn-bnse a‰v PUvPn-am-sc-bpw, sslt°m-SXn
PUvPn-am-scbpw {]kn-U‚ v \nb-an-°p-∂X
- .v ê-Øn¬ CXn-\¿∞w
Ch-cpsS \nb-a\ - Ø
- n¬ A¥na Xocp-am\w FSp-°m-\p-ff A[n-
Imcw a{¥n-k`- b
- n¬ \n£n-]Xv a
- mWv F∂-XmWv. Aßn-s\-bm-sW-
¶n¬ No^v PÃn-kp-am-bp-ff IqSnIm-gvNb - psS {]k-‡n F¥m-Wv?
Cu Imcyw kp{]ow tImS-Xn-bpsS apºmsI 1982 apX¬ 1998
hsc-bp-ff Ime-b-f-hn¬ \nc-h[n XhW hcp-I-bp-≠m-bn. No^v
PÃn-kns‚ ]¶v hnZ-Kv[m-`n-{]mbw \¬IpI F∂Xp am{X-am-sW-
∂mWv XpS-°-Øn¬ tImS-Xn°v tXm∂n-b-Xv. No^v PÃn-kns‚
A`n-{]mbw {]kn-U‚ v kzoI-cnt°≠Xm-sW∂v ]n∂oSv tImSXn
\ne-]m-sS-SpØp. Ah-km-\w, tImSXn \qX-\a
- mb Hcp \S-]Sn {Iaw
\n¿t±-in-®p. kp{]ow tImS-Xn-bnse \mev apXn¿∂ PUvPn-am-cp-ambn IqSn-bm-

tem-Nn®v \nb-an-°s - ∏-tS-≠h- c
- psS t]cp-Iƒ No^v PÃnkv ip]m¿i sNøp-I.
Aßns\ \nb-a\-Øn-\mbn ip]m¿i sNøp-∂-Xn\v "sImfo-Pn-bm-en‰n k{º-
Zmbw' (Principle of Collegiality) kp{]ow tImSXn hyhÿ sNbvXp. Aßns\,
\ne-hn¬ \nb-a\ Imcy-Øn¬ kp{]ow-tIm-SX - n-bnse apXn¿∂ \mev PUvPn-am-
c-Sß
- p∂ kan-Xn-bpsS A`n-{]m-bØ - n-\mWv ap≥Xq-°w. Aßns\, \oXn-\ymb
hn`m-K-Ønse \nb-a-\-Im-cy-Øn¬ kp{]ow tImS-Xn-bpw, a{¥n k`bpw {][m-
\-s∏´ ]¶p hln-°p-∂p.
\ymbm-[n-]≥amsc ÿm\-{`-jvS-cm-°¬ (Removal of Judges)
kp{]ow tImS-Xn-bn-se-bpw, sslt°m-S-Xn-I-fn-sebpw \ymbm-[n-]≥amsc
X¬ÿm-\Ø - p-\n∂pw \o°w sNøp-I F∂Xv AXy-[nIw _p≤n-ap-´p≈ Imcy-
amWv. sXfn-bn-°s - ∏´ s]cp-am‰ Zqjy-Øn-t‚-tbm {]m]vXn-bn-√m-bvab - p-sStbm
ASn-ÿm-\Ø - n¬ am{Xta Chsc \o°w sNøm\m-hq. PUvPn-s°-Xn-cmbn D∂-
bn-°p∂ Btcm-]-W-ßƒ Dƒs°m-f-fp∂ Hcp {]tabw ]m¿e-sa‚ns‚ c≠v
k`-I-fpw {]tXyI `qcn-]-£-tØmsS (Special Majority) AwKo-I-cn-®n-cn-°-
Ww. {]tXy-I`- q-cn-]£w F∂m¬ F¥mWv F∂v \nßƒ Hm¿Ωn-°p-∂pt≠m?
sXc-s™-Sp-∏n-s\-Ip-dn-®p-ff A≤ym-bØ - n¬ \Ω-fXv ]Tn-®n-´p-≠v. Hcp \ymbm-
[n-]s\ X¬ÿm-\Øp \n∂pw \o°w sNøm≥ hfsc _p≤n-ap-´m-sW∂v Cu
\S-]S- n-{I-aß
- ƒ hy‡-am-°p-∂p. ]m¿e-sa‚ v AwK-ßƒ°n-Sb - n¬ s]mXp-hmb
Hcp ka-hm-b-ans-√-¶n¬ Hcp \ymbm-[n-]s\ \o°w sNøm-\m-hn-√. -{]-tXyIw
{i≤n-t°≠ as‰mcp Imcyw \ymbm-[n-]≥am-cpsS \nb-a-\-Øn¬ Imcy \n¿h-
lW hn`m-K-Øn-\pw, Ahsc X¬ÿm-\Øv \n∂pw \o°w sNøp-∂-Xn¬
\nba \n¿ΩmW k`-°p-amWv \n¿Wm-bI ]¶p-f-f-Xv. CXv \oXn-\ymb hn`m-
K-Øns‚ kzmX-{¥yhpw H∏w LS-I-ßƒ°n-S-bnse A[n-Im-c-kw-Xp-e-\hpw
(Balance of power) Dd-∏p-hc - p-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂p. CtX-hsc Hcp Xh-Wa - m-{X-amWv
kp{]ow tImS-Xn-bnse Hcp \ymbm-[n-]s\ \o°w sNøm-\p-ff Hcp {]tabw
]m¿e-sa‚ns‚ ]cn-K-W-\°v h∂n-´p-f-f-Xv. aq∂n¬ c≠v `qcn-]£w B {]ta-
b-Øn\v A\p-Iq-e-ambn e`n-®p-sh-¶nepw k`-bpsS BsI AwK-kw-Jy-bpsS
`qcn-]£w (absolute majority) e`n-°msX t]mb-Xn-\m¬ \ymbm-[n-]s\
X¬ÿm\Øv \n∂pw \o°w sNøm\m-bn-√.
Hcp \ymbm-[n-]s\ ÿm\-{`-jvS-\m-°p-∂-Xn-\p-ff hnê
{iaw (Unsuccessful Attempt to Remove a Judge)
Hcp kp{]ow tImSXn \ymbm-[n-]s\ ÿm\-{`-jSv \
- m-°p-∂X
- n-\p-ff C¥y-bnse
150 BZysØ {]ta-bØ
- n\v A\p-Iq-ea
- mbn 1991 ¬ ]m¿e-sa‚nse 108 AwK-ßƒ
H∏p h®p. ]©m_v sslt°m-SXn No^v PÃ-kmbn {]h¿Øn-°p∂ Ime-b-
f-hn¬ s]mXp-[\w Zpcq-]t- bmKw sNbvXp F∂-Xm-bn-cp∂p Pkv‰nkv cma-kzm-
an-s°-Xn-sc-bp-ff Bt£-]w. ÿm\ {`jvS\m-°¬ \S-]S- n-Iƒ ]m¿e-sa‚n-

em-cw-`n®v Hcp h¿j-Øn\v tijw 1992 ¬ kp{]ow tImSXn PUvPn-am-c-S- 151
ßp∂ Hcp D∂-X-Xe At\z-jW IΩo-j≥ PÃnkv cma-kzman Ip‰-°m-c-
\m-sW∂v Is≠-Øn. [m¿Ωn-IX - b
- psS A[x-]X
- \w, HutZym-KnI ]Z-hn-bpsS
t_m[-]q¿Δhpw {]I-Sh - p-amb h≥tXm-Xn-ep-ff Zpcp-]t- bm-Kw, \nb-a]- c
- a
- mb
N´-ßf - psS ewL-\w, kzImcy Bh-iy-ßƒ°mbn s]mXp-[\w Zpcq-]t- bmKw
sNø¬ F∂nh ]©m_v lcn-bm\ No^v PÃn-km-bn-cns° PÃnkv cma-
kzman sNbvX-Xmbn At\z-jW IΩo-j≥ Is≠-Øn. C{X i‡-amb
Ip‰]{Xw D≠m-bn-cp-∂n-´p-t]mepw X\n-s°-Xn-sc-bp-ff ]m¿e-sa‚ns‚ ]pd-
Øm-°¬ {]ta-bsØ PÃnkv cma-kzman AXn-Po-hn-®p. k`-bn¬ lmP-cmbn
thm´p-sNbvX AwK-ß-fpsS aq∂n¬ c≠v `qcn-]£w {]ta-b-Øn\v A\p-Iq-
e-ambn e`n-®p-sh-¶n-epw, tIm¨{Kkv ]m¿ń k`-bnse thms´-Sp-∏n¬ \n∂pw
hn´p-\n-∂p. thms´-Sp-∏n¬ \n∂pw tIm¨{Kkv ]m¿ń hn´p-\n-∂X - n-\m¬ k`-
bpsS BsI AwK-kw-Jy-bpsS ]IpXn t]cpsS ]n¥pW {]ta-bØ - n\v A\p-
Iq-e-ambn In´msX t]mhp-Ibpw {]tabw ]cm-P-b-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp.
\oXn\ymb hn`m-K-Øns‚ LS\ (Structure of the Judiciary)
Hcp GI kwtbm-PnX \oXn \ymb hyh-ÿ-bmWv C¥y≥ `c-W-L-S\
hyhÿ sNøp-∂-Xv. CXp-sIm-≠¿∞-am-°p-∂-Xv, a‰v ]e sÛ-d¬ cmPy-
ß-fn-ep-ap-f-f-Xp-t]mse C¥y-bn¬ kwÿm-\-ßƒ°v {]tXy-I-amb \oXn-
\ymb kwhn-[m\w C√ F∂-Xm-Wv. C¥y-bnse \oXn-\ymb hn`m-KØ - ns‚
LS\ Hcp ]nc-an-Uns‚ BIr-Xn-bn-em-Wv. G‰hpw apI-fn-embn kp{]ow
tImSXn AXn\v Xmsgbmbn sslt°m-SX - n-Iƒ, AXn\pw Xmsg-bmbn Pn√m
tImS-Xn, G‰hpw ASn-bn-embn Iogvt°m-S-Xn-Ifpw (Xmsg sImSp-Øn-´p-ff
]T\ ]ptcm-KXn ]cn-tim-[n-°pI
$ PpUo-jd- n-bpsS kzmX{¥yw F¥p-sIm≠v {][m-\s - ∏-´X

- m-Ip∂p?
$ Imcy-\n¿h-lW hn`m-K-Øn\v (Executive) PUvPn-amsc \nb-an-
°m-\p≈ A[n-Imcw D≠m-bn-cn-°-W-sa∂v \nßƒ Icp-Xp-
∂pt≠m?
$ PUvPn-amsc \nb-an-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ \S-]-Sn-{I-a-ß-fn¬ am‰w hcp-
Øp-∂-Xn-\p≈ \n¿t±-i-ßƒ ka¿∏n-°m≥ \nßt-fmSv Bh-iy-
s∏-´m¬ F¥p am‰-ß-fmWv \nßƒ \n¿t±-in-°pI?
Ub{Kw t\m°p-I) Iogvt°m-SX

- n-Iƒ ta¬t°m-SX
- n-If
- psS t\cn-´p≈ ta¬t\m-
´-Øn-emWv {]h¿Øn-°p-∂X
- v.
kp{]ow tImS-Xn-bpsS A[n-Im-c-]-cn[n (Jurisdiction of Su-
preme Court)
temIØnse G‰hpw A[n-Im-c-ap-ff tImS-Xn-Ifn¬ H∂mWv C¥y-bpsS
kp{]ow tImS-Xn. F∂n-cp-∂mepw `c-W-L-S\ \n›-bn-®n-´p-ff ]cn-[n-°p-f-fn-
emWv AXv {]h¿Øn-°p-∂-Xv. kp{]ow-tIm-S-Xn-bpsS Npa-X-e-Ifpw DØ-h-c-
hm-Zn-Xz-ßfpw `c-W-L-S\ \n¿h-Nn-®n-´p-≠v. kp{]ow tImS-Xn°v IrXy-amb
A[n-Imc ]cn-[n-bp-≠v.
C¥y≥ kp{]ow tImSXn

Supreme Court of India
$ kp{]ow tImS-Xn-bpsS Xocp-am-\-ßƒ cmPysØ F√m tImS-Xn-
 Iƒ°pw
Its decisions are binding on all courts.
_m[-I-amWv
$  sslt°m-
Can transfer
SXn PUvJudges of High
Pn-amsc ÿew Courts.
am‰m≥ Ign-bp-∂p.
$  cmPysØ
Can move
GXpcases
tImS-Xfrom any court
n-bn¬ \n∂pw hyh-l - ƒ (cases) kp{]ow
tom-citself.
ß
tImS-Xn-bn-te°v am‰mw.
$  Can transfer cases from one High Court
Hcp sslt°m-S-Xn-bn¬ \n∂pw as‰mcp sslt°m-S-Xn-b ton-te°v hyh-
another.
lm- cß
- ƒ am‰p-∂p.
High SCourt
sslt°m- Xn
$  Iogvt°mS-
Can hear appeals
X n- I - f n¬from lower A∏o-
\n∂pff courts.
e p- I ƒ
 tIƒ°p∂p
Can issue writs for restoring Fundamental
$ auen-Im-hI
- m-iß- ƒ ]p\x-ÿm-]n-°p-∂X - n-\mbn dn´p-
Rights.
Iƒ ]pds∏Sphn-°p∂p
$  kwÿm-
Can deal\-Øwith
ns‚ cases
A[n-Iwithin
m-c-]-cn-[the
n-°p-f-fn-ep-≠m-
hp∂ X¿°-ß-fof
jurisdiction n¬the Xo¿∏p I¬∏n-°p-∂p.
State.
$ Iogvt°m-S-Xn-I-fpsS ta¬t\m´ \nb-{¥W Npa-X-e-
 Iƒ
Exercises
hln-°p-superintendence
∂p. and control
over courts below it.
District
Pn√m tImSXn Court
$ Deals
Hcp Pn√-with
°p-f-f n-ep-≠arising
cases m-Ip∂ X¿°- ß-
in the
fn¬ Xo¿∏p-I¬∏n-°p-∂p.
$ District.
Iogvt°m-S-Xn-I-fn¬ \n∂p-ff A∏o-ep-
 Considers
Iƒ tIƒ°p∂p appeals on decisions
$ given by
Kpcp-X-c lower
-amb courts.
{Inan- \¬ Ip‰-ß-fn¬
Xo¿∏p I¬∏n-°p-∂p.
 Decides cases involving serious
criminal offences.
S u b o r d i n a t e
Iogv
C otu°m-
r tSs-Xn-Iƒ
152 $ knhn¬ kz`m- h hpw,
 Consider cases
{Inan-\¬ kz`m- of
hhpapff
civil
X¿°-and ß ƒ°vcriminal
Xo¿∏v
I¬∏n-°p∂p
nature
X\Xv A[n-Im-c-ßƒ (Original Jurisdiction)

Nne hyhlm-cß - ƒ Iogvt°m-SX - n-If- n-se-ØmsX Xs∂ t\cn´v kp{]ow tImS- 153
Xn-bn¬ ]cn-KW
- \- s
- °-Sp-°m-hp-∂X - m-W.v apI-fn¬ X∂n-cn-°p∂ Ub-{K-Øn¬
\nßƒ Hcp Imcyw {i≤n-®n´p≠m-hpw, tI{μhpw kwÿm-\-ßfpw XΩn-ep-
ff X¿°-ßƒ t\cn´v kp{]ow tImS-Xn-bp-sS ]cn-KW - \
- °
- mWv hcn-I. sÛ-
d¬ Imcy-ß-fp-ambn _‘-s∏´ X¿°-ß-fn¬ kp{]ow tImS-Xn-bv°v Hcp
a[y-ÿs‚ ]¶v Dd-∏n-°p-∂XmWv X\Xv A[n-Im-c-ßƒ. sÛ-d¬ k{º-
kp{]ow tImS- X n-
bpsS A[n- I m- c - ] -
cn[n
X\Xv A[n- I m- c - A∏o-e-[n-Im-c-ßƒ: D]- t Z- i m- [ n- I mcw:

ßƒ: tI{μ knhn¬, {Inan-\¬ `c- s]mXp {]m[m-\y-ap-
Kh¨sa‚pw W-LS- \ hnj-bß - ƒ ff hnj-b-ßfnepw,
k w ÿ m \ F∂nh kw_-‘n®v \nb-aØnepw cmjv{S-
Kh¨sa‚pIfpw Iogv t °m- S - X n- I - f n¬ ]- X n°v D]- t Ziw
XΩn- e p- f f X¿°- \n∂p-ff A∏o-ep-Iƒ \¬Ip-∂p.
ßƒ, kwÿm\ ]cn- K - W n®v Xo¿∏v
K h ¨ s a ‚ p - I¬∏n-°p-∂p.
Iƒ°nS- b n- e p- ≠ m-
hp∂ X¿°- ß ƒ
F∂n-hb - °v Xo¿∏p
-I¬∏n-°p-∂p.
dn´p-Iƒ
hy‡n-I-fpsS auen-Im-h-Im-i-ßƒ
kwc-£n-°p-∂-Xn-\m-bn, tl_n-bkv
tIm¿]-kv, am≥U-a-kv, s{]mln-_n-
j≥, tIzmhm-d-t‚m, sk¿jn-tbm-ddn
apX-em-b dn´p-Iƒ ({]tXyI DØ-ch
- p-
Iƒ) ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn-°p-∂p.
{]tXyI A[n-Im-c-ßƒ
C¥y-bpsS `q{]-tZ-i-Øn-\p-≈nse GsXmcp tImS-Xnbpw ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn-°p∂ DØ-cthm
Xocp-am-\tam kw_-‘n-®p≈ A∏o-ep-Iƒ A\p-h-Zn-°p-hm-\p-ff A[n-Im-cw.
Zm-bØ- n¬ tI{μ Kh¨sa‚pw kwÿm\ Kh¨sa‚p-Ifpw XΩnepw hnhn[

kwÿm\ Kh¨sa‚p-Iƒ XΩnepw \nb-a-]-c-amb X¿°-ßƒ D≠m-IpI
kzm`m-hn-Ia - m-Wv. CØ-cØ - n-ep-ff hnj-bß- f- n¬ Xo¿∏p-I¬∏n-°p-∂X - n-\p-ff
A[n-Imcw \n£n-]X v a
- m-bn-cn-°p-∂Xv kp{]ow tImS-Xn-bn-em-W.v CXp-ambn _‘-
s∏´ hyh-lm-cß - ƒ kp{]ow-tIm-SX - n-bmWv ]cn-KW
- n-t°-≠Xv. kp{]ow tImS-
Xn°v am{X-ap-ff Cu A[n-Im-c-sØ-bmWv X\Xv A[n-Im-c-ßƒ (Original
jurisdiction) F∂v ]d-bp-∂Xv. CØcw hnj-b-ßƒ ]cn-K-Wn-°p-∂-Xn-\p-ff
A[n-Imcw sslt°m-SX - n-Iƒt°m, a‰v Iogvt°m-SX - n-Iƒt°m C√. Cu A[n-
Im-ca - p-]t- bm-Kn®v kp{]ow tImSXn tI{μ Kh¨sa‚n-t‚bpw kwÿm\ßfp-
sSbpw `c-W-L-S-\m-]-c-amb A[n-Im-c-ßsf hymJym-\n-°p-Ibpw Ah¿°n-S-
bn-ep-ff X¿°-ßƒ°v Xo¿∏v I¬∏n-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p.
dn´p-Iƒ ]pds∏Sp-hn-°m-\p-ff A[n-Imcw (Writ Jurisdiction)
auen-Im-hI - m-iß - ƒ F∂ A≤ym-bØ - n¬ ]Tn-®X - p-t]m-se, GsXmcp hy‡n-
°pw, Abm-fpsS GsX-¶nepw Hcp auen-Im-h-Imiw ewLn-°-s∏´p F∂p
tXm∂n-bm¬, ]cn-lm-cØ - n-\mbn t\cn´v kp{]ow tImS-Xnsb kao-]n-°m-hp-∂-
Xm-Wv. auen-Im-h-Imiw ]p\x-ÿm-]n-°p-∂-Xn-\mbn dn´p-I-fpsS cq]-Øn¬
kp{]ow tImS-Xn°v {]tXyI DØ-c-hp-Iƒ ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.
sslt°m-SX - n-Iƒ°pw CØ-cØ - n¬ dn´p-Iƒ ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn-°m-\p-ff A[n-Im-c-
ap-≠v. auen-Im-h-Imi ewL-\-ap-≠m-hp-tºmƒ Hcp hy‡n°v t\cn´v kp{]ow
tImS-Xn-tbtbm As√-¶n¬ sslt°m-SX - n-tbtbm ]cn-lm-cØ - n-\mbn kao-]n-
°m-hp-∂X - m-Wv. Imcy \n¿Δ-lW hn`mKw, Hcp {]tXyI coXn-bn¬ {]h¿Øn-
°p-hm-t\m, {]h¿Øn-°m-Xn-cn-°p-hmt\m th≠n dn´p-If - n-eqsS tImS-Xn-Iƒ°v
DØ-chv ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn-°p-hm-≥ Ign-bpw.
A∏o-e[ - n-Imcw
C¥y-bnse G‰hpw Db¿∂ A∏o¬ tImS-Xn-bmWv kp{]ow tImSXn.
sslt°m-SX - n-bpsS Xo¿∏p-Iƒs°-Xnsc Hcp hy‡n°v kp{]ow tImS-Xn-bn¬
A∏o¬ ka¿∏n-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. F∂m¬ \ne-hn-ep≈ \nb-a-Øn-t‚tbm, `c-
W-L-S-\-bp-sStbm Kuc-h-Xc-amb hymJym\w Bh-iy-s∏-Sp-∂Xpw A∏o¬
\¬Im≥ tbmKy-am-sW∂v sslt°m-SXn km£y-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ hyh-lm-c-ß-
fmWv kp{]ow tImS-Xn-bpsS ]cn-K-W-\°v hcp-I. CXv IqSmsX {Inan-\¬
Ip‰-ßf - n¬ Iogvt°m-SXn h[ in£ hn[n® Hcmƒ°v sslt°m-SX - n-tb-tbm,
kp{]ow tImS-Xn-tbtbm A∏o-ep-ambn kao-]n-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. AtX-k-abw
sslt°m-SXn A∏o¬ A\p-hZ- n-®n-ń-√mØ hyh-lm-cß - f - nepw kp{]ow tImS-
Xn°v kzta-[bm A∏o¬ A\p-hZ- n-°m-\pw, sslt°m-SX - n-bpsS hn[n ]p\x-]-
cn-tim-[n-°m\pw Xo¿®-bmbpw A[n-Im-c-ap-≠v. Hcp hyh-lm-chpw AXp-ambn
154 _‘-s∏´ \nba {]iv\-ßfpw ]p\x-]-cn-tim-[n-°pI F∂-XmWv A∏o-e-[n-
Imcw F∂-Xp-sIm≠v A¿∞-am-°p-∂Xv. IogvtIm-SXn a\- n-em-°n-b-Xn¬
\n∂pw hyXykvXa - mbn \nb-aØ
- nt\m `c-WL
- S- \
- t°m as‰mcp A¿∞X-ea - p-
≠∂v kp{]ow tImSXn hnNm-cn-°p∂ ]£w Iogvt°m-S-Xn-bpsS

hn[n\ymbw Xncp-Øp-Ib
- pw, _‘-s∏´ hIp-∏p-Iƒ°v ]pXnb hymJym\w 155
\¬Ip-Ibpw sNøm-hp-∂X - m-W.v
Iogvt°m-S-Xn-I-fpsS hn[n-\ym-b-ßƒs°-Xnsc sslt°m-S-Xn-Iƒ°pw
A∏o-e[- n-Im-ca
- p-≠v.
D]-tZ-im-[n-Imcw
X\Xv A[n-Imcw (Original Jurisdiction) A∏o-e-[n-Imcw F∂n-
hbv°v ]pdsa kp{]o tImS-XnbpsS as‰m-c[- n-Im-camWv D]-tZ-im-[n-Imcw
(Advisory Jurisdiction) s]mXp {]m[m-\y-ap-f-ftXm As√-¶n¬ `c-W-
L-S\m hymJym\w Bh-iy-am-btXm Bb GsXmcp Imcy-Ønepw {]kn-
U‚n\v kp{]ow tImS-Xn-bpsS D]-tZiw tXSm-hp-∂X - m-Wv. F∂m¬ D]-
tZiw \¬Im≥ kp{]ow tImS-Xn-tbm, D]-tZiw kzoI-cn-°m≥ {]kn-
Ut‚m _m≤y-ÿ-c-√.
Aßn-s\-sb-¶n¬, kp{]ow tImS-Xn-bpsS D]-tZ-im-[n-Im-cØ
- ns‚
D]-bp-‡X (Utility) F¥mWv? CXns‚ D]-bp-‡X c≠v Xc-Øn-em-
Wv, H∂m-aX
- mbn Hcp \S-]Sn kzoI-cn-°p-∂X
- n\v apºv, B hnj-bØ
- n¬
Hcp \nb-tam-]-tZiw tXSm≥ Kh¨sa‚n\v Ign-bp∂p. ]n∂o-Sp-≠m-Im-
hp∂ hyh-lm-c-ßƒ Hgn-hm-°m≥ CXv klm-bn-°p-∂p. c≠m-a-Xm-bn,
kp{]ow tImS-Xn-bpsS D]-tZ-i-Øns‚ shfn-®-Øn¬ Kh¨sa‚n\v
AXns‚ {]h¿Ø-\ß - f
- nepw \nba \n¿Ωm-WØ - nepw Bh-iy-
amb am‰w hcp-Øm≥ Ign-bp-∂p.
Xmsg sImSp-Øn-´p-ff A\p-t—-Zß
- ƒ hmbn-°p-I. C¥y-bnse
\oXn \ymb hyh-ÿb - psS GIo-IrX kz`m-hw, kq{]ow tImS-
Xn-bpsS A[n-Im-cß- ƒ F∂n-hs - b-°p-dn®v icn-bmb [mc-Wb - p-
≠m-°m≥ Ch \Ωsf klm-bn-°pw. kp{]ow tImS-Xn-bpsS
Xocpam\ßƒ C¥ybnse F√m tImSXnIƒ°pw _ - m-[I
- a
- m-W.v
D]-tZiw \¬Ip-∂X - pw,
kp{]ow tImS-Xn-bpsS DØ-ch - p-Iƒ C¥y-bn¬ F√m-bn-SØpw Ah - k zoI- c n- ° p- ∂ -
\S-∏m-°s- ∏-tS-≠X
- m-Wv. kp{]ow tImS-Xn°v GXp ka-bØpw Xpw s-- F—nIw (optio-
nal) BsW∂Xv
IuXp-II-c-am-Wv.
A\p-t—Zw 137 Rm≥ Icp-Xnbn-cp-∂Xv
tImSXn \ - ¬Ip∂ D]-
........................... kp{]ow tImS-Xn°v AXns‚ Xs∂ DØ-c- tZ- i - ß ƒ - k zoI- c n-
hp-Itfm hn[n-\ym-b-ßtfm ]p\x-]-cn-tim-[n-°p-∂-Xn-\p-ff °m≥ F√m- h cpw -
A[n-Im-c-ap-≠v. _m≤yÿ-cm-Wv.
F∂mWv.v
A\p-t—Zw 144
C¥y≥ `q{]-tZ-i-Ønse knhntem PqUo-jytem Bb
F√m A[n-Im-c-ÿm-]-ßfpw kp{]ow-tIm-S-Xn-°v klm-b-
I-ambn {]h¿Ø-°-Ww.
AXns‚ Xs∂ Xocp-am-\ß

- ƒ ]p\x-]c - n-tim-[n-°mw. IqSmsX kp{]ow
tImSXn Xs∂-bm-Wv AXn-s\-Xn-sc-bp-ff tImSXnbe£y tIkp-Iƒ
]cn-KW
- n-°p-∂X
- .v
{Inb-mflI \oXn-\ymbw
"PpUo-jy¬ BIv‰n-hnkw' "s]mXp-Xm¬]cy l¿Pn' F∂o ]Z-ßƒ
\nßƒ tIń-´pt≠m?
ASpØ Ime-Øm-bn, \oXn \ymb kwhn-[m-\-sØ-Ip-dn®p-ff
N¿®-If- n¬ ]e-t∏mgpw D]-tbm-Kn-°m-dp-ff ]Z-ßf - m-Wn-h. \oXn-\ymb
F¥n-\mWv kp{]ow tImS- kwhn-[m-\Ø- ns‚ {]h¿Ø-\ß - f- n¬ hnπ-hI - c
- a
- mb am‰-ßƒ hcpØn
Xnsb AXns‚ Xs∂
hn[n \ymb- ß ƒ Xncp-
Øm≥ A\p-h-Zn-®n-cn-°p-
∂Xv ? tImS- X n- I ƒ- ° pw \nß-fpsS ]T\ ]ptcm-KXn hne-
sX‰p ]‰mw F∂p-f-f-Xp-
sIm-≠mtWm? BZyw hn[n bn-cp-Øp-I.
]pd- s ∏- S p- h n® _©n¬ tNcpw ]Sn tN¿°p-I.
AwK-am-bn-cp∂ \ymbm-[n-
]\v Xs∂ AsX hn[n $ _olm¿ kwÿm-\hpw tI{μ
]cn-jv°-cn-°p-tºmƒ B $ sslt°m-SXn
_©nepw AwK-am-Im≥ Kh¨sa‚pw XΩn-ep-ff X¿°w
Ign-bptam? BcmWv tIƒ°pI $ D]-tZ-im-[n-Imcw
$ lcnbm\ Pn√m tImSXnbn¬ $ \oXn \ymb ]p\x-
\n∂p-ff Hcp A∏o¬ Ftßm- ]-cntim[\
´mWv t]mhpI
$ X\Xv A[n-Imcw
$ GI kwtbm-PnX \oXn \ymb
hn`mKw $ kp{]ow tImSXn
$ Hcp \nb-asØ `c-WL- S- \m hncp- $ GI-`c
- W
- L
- S- \
≤-ambn {]Jym-]n-°¬
AXns\ P\-Io-b-am-°nb c≠v Imcy-ß-fm-Wnh F∂v ]ecpw Icp-Xp-

∂p.
s]mXp Xmev]cy l¿Pn, kmaqly {]h¿Ø\ l¿Pn F∂n-h-bn-eq-
sS-bmWv C¥y-bn¬ PpUo-jy¬ BIvSn-hnkw i‡n-s∏-´-Xv. F¥mWv
s]mXp-Xm¬]-cy-l¿Pn (Public Interest Litigation) As√-¶n¬ kmaq-ly-
{]-h¿Ø\ l¿Pn (Social Action Litigation) Fßs\ Ft∏m-gmWv AXv
cq]-s∏´v h∂Xv? km[m-cW KXn-bn¬ Hcp hy‡n tImS-Xnsb kao-]n-
156 °p∂Xv hy‡n-]-c-ambn Abmƒ I£n-bm-hp-tºmtgm Ah-Im-i-ßƒ
Bbmƒ°v \ntj-[n-°-s∏-Sp-tºm-tgm, X¿°-ß-fn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-tºmtgm
BWv. 1979 ¬ Cu k¶¬∏-Øn\v am‰w kw`-hn-®p. km{ºm-ZmbnI coXn-
Irfan
READ A CARTOON 157
_μv, l¿Øm¬ F∂nh \nba hncp-≤-amWv F∂ kao-]-Im-esØ hn[n-\ym-b-

ßƒ \nßƒ {i≤n®n´pt≠m?
bn¬ \n∂pw amdn Hcp {]tXyI hyh-lmcw tIƒ°p-∂-Xn\v 1979 ¬ tImSXn

Xocp-am-\n®tXmsSbmWv, B ]pXnb coXn°v XpS°w Ipdn-®Xv. B hyh-lm-
c-Øns‚ {]tXy-I-X, AXv tImS-Xn-bn¬ t_m[n-∏n-®Xv AXns‚ Cc-I-fm-bn-
cp-∂n-√, adn®v Ah¿°p-th≠n a‰p-ff - h
- c
- m-bn-cp-∂p F∂-XmWv. s]mXp-Xm¬]-
cy-ap-ff Hcp {]iv\w AXn-e-S-ßn-bn-cn-°p∂p F∂ ]cn-K-W-\-bn¬ B hyh-
lmcw kzoI-cn-°s - ∏-Sp-Ibpw AØ-cØ - n-ep-ff hyh-lm-cß - ƒ ]n∂oSv s]mXp
Xm¬]cy l¿Pn-Iƒ F∂v Adn-bs - ∏-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp. GXm-≠tX ka-bØv
Xs∂-bmWv Pbn¬ At¥-hm-kn-I-fpsS Ah-Im-i-ßƒ kw_-‘n® hyh-
lmcw kp{]o tImSXn ]cn-KW - \- s
- °-Sp-ØX - v. \ne-hn-ep-ff Ah-Im-iß - fqsS
kwc-£W - w, Zcn-{Z-cpsS PohnX kml-Ncyw sa®-s∏-Sp-Ø¬, ]cn-ÿn-Xn-bpsS
kwc-£Ww XpSßnb s]mXp Xm¬]-cy-ap-ff a‰p ]e {]iv\-ß-fnepw \oXn-
\ymb hn`m-KØ - ns‚ CS-s]-S¬ tXSn-sIm≠v s]mXp t_m[-ap-ff ]uc≥am¿°pw
P\-Iob kwL-S\ - I- ƒ°pw tImS-Xnsb kao-]n-°p-∂X - n-\p-ff am¿§w Xpd∂p
In´p-∂X - n\v AXv Imc-Wa - m-bn. s]mXp Xm¬]cy l¿Pn-Iƒ, PpUo-jy¬ BIv‰n-
hn-kØ
- ns‚ G‰hpw {][m-\s
- ∏´ D]-Ic
- W
- a
- mbn amdn.
]c-ºc- m-KX
- a- m-bn, Xßƒ°v apºn-se-Øp-∂ hyh-lm-cß - f - n¬ Xo¿∏v I¬∏n-
°p-∂X - n¬ am{Xw HXpßn \n∂n-cp∂ \oXn \ymb hn`m-Kw, ]{X hm¿Ø-I-
fpsS ASn-ÿm-\Ø - n-epw, X]m-en-eqsS Xßƒ°v e`n-°p∂ ]cm-Xn-If - psS ASn-
ÿm-\Ø - nepw hyh-lm-cß - ƒ ]cn-KW- n-°m≥ Bcw-`n-®p. Bb-Xn-\m¬, \oXn-
\ymb hn`m-KØ - ns‚ ]¶n-s\-°p-dn-®p-ff IqSp-X¬ P\-Io-ba - mb hnh-cW - a
- mbn
PpUo-jy¬ BIv‰n-hnkw amdn.
Nne BZy-Ime s]mXp Xm¬]cy l¿Pn-Iƒ

$ hnNm-cW
- X- S- h
- p-Im-sc-Ip-dn®v 1979 ¬ h¿Ø-am-\]- {- X-ßƒ hm¿Ø-
Iƒ {]kn-≤o-Ic - n-®p. \o≠ h¿j-ßƒ Pbn-en¬ sNe-hg - n® \nc-
h[n XS-hp-Im¿ _olm-dn-ep-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. Ah¿ GXv Ip‰-Øn-
\mtWm AdÃv sNø-s∏-´-Xv, B Ip‰-IrXy-Øn\v Ah¿ in£n-
°-s∏-ń-cp-∂m¬ t]mepw, Ah¿°v e`n-°p-am-bn-cp∂ ]c-am-h[n
in£m Ime-b-f-hn-t\-°mƒ IqSp-X¬ Imew Pbn-en¬ Ign-™-
h¿. Cu hm¿Øsb ASn-ÿm-\a - m°n Hcp h°o¬ tImS-Xn-bn¬
Hcp ]cmXn \¬In. kp{]ow tImSXn Cu tIkv tIƒ°p-Ibpw,
BZy Ime s]mXp Xm¬]cy l¿Pn-I-fn-sem-∂mbn CXv {]i-
kvX-am-hp-Ibpw sNbvXp. CXmWv lpssk-\mc JmØq¨ vs
_olm¿ tIkv (Hussainara Khatoon vs Bihar). PIL F∂m¬
"ss{]h‰v C‚- d Ãv
$ XS-hp-Im¿s°Xn-sc-bp-ff imco-cnI ]oV-\ß - ƒ hnh-cn®p sIm≠v, en‰n- t K- j ≥' F∂v
Xolm¿ Pbn-ense Hcp XS-hp-Im-c≥ IpØn-°p-dn® Hcp IjWw Btcm ]d- b p- ∂ Xv
Rm≥ tI´p. AsX-¥p-
IS-em-kv, kp{]ow tImSXn PUvPn-bm-bn-cp∂ hn.B¿. IrjvW-
ø¿°v 1980 ¬ Ab-®p-sIm-Sp-°p-Ib - p-≠m-bn. PUvPn AsXmcp ]cm-
Xn-bmbn ]cn-KW
- n-°p-Ib- m-bncp∂p. IØp-Iƒ ]cm-Xn-bmbn kzoI-
cn-°p∂ k{º-Zmbw ]o∂oSv tImSXn Dt]-£n-s®-¶nepw Cu hyh-
lmcw kp\n¬ _m{X vs U¬ln `c-WI - qSw (Sunil Batra vs Delhi
Administration 1980) BZyIme s]mXp Xm¬]-cy l¿Pn-If - n-sem-
∂mbn IW-°m-°s - ∏-Sp-∂p.
s]mXp Xm¬]cy l¿Pn-If - n-eqsS, Ah-Imiw F∂ Bi-bsØ tImSXn
hn]p-ea- m-°n. ip≤ hmbp, aen-\a- m-ImØ Pew, A¥-kmb PohnXw apX-em-
bh s]mXp kaq- l - Ø ns‚ Ah- I m- i - a m- W v . Bb- X n- \ m¬ Fhn- s S-
sbms°bmtWm Ah ewLn-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv, Ahn-sS-sbms°, hy‡n-Iƒ°v
158
kaq-lØ - ns‚ `mK-sa∂ \ne-°v, \oXn-°mbn {ian-°m-\p-ff Ah-Im-ia - p-≠m-
h-Ws- a∂ tXm∂¬ tImS-Xn-Iƒ°p≠m-bn.
c≠m-a-Xm-bn, tImS-Xn-Isf Ffp-∏-Øn¬ kao-]n-°m≥ Ign-hn-

√mØhcmb kaq-l-Ønse Zp¿_e P\ hn`m-K-ß-fpsS Ah-Im-i-ßƒ 159
kwc-£n-°p-∂X - n-\p-ff k∂-≤X- , 1980 \p tijw, s]mXp Xm¬]cy l¿Pn-
I-fn-eq-sS-bpw, PpUo-jy¬ BIv‰n-hn-k-Øn-eq-sSbpw \oXn-\ymb hn`mKw
{]I-Sn-∏n-°p-Ib - p-≠mbn. Cu e£yw t\Sp-∂X - n-\m-Wv, \oXn \ntj-[n-°-
s∏-´-h¿°pw, Bh-iy-°m¿°pw th≠n ]cm-Xn-Iƒ t_m[n-∏n-°p-∂-Xn\v
s]mXp t_m[-ap-ff ]uc≥am-sc-bpw kmaqly kwLS\Isfbpw \oXn-
\ymb hn`mKw A\p-hZ- n-®n-´p-ff - X- v.
Rm≥ Icp-Xp-∂-
Xv, PpUo-jy¬ ""CXp-hsc tImS-Xn-bpsS {i≤ t\Sn-bn-cp∂ {]iv\ß
- f
- n¬
AIv‰n-hnkw \n∂pw KpW-]-c-ambn G{Xtbm hyXy-kvX-amWv Zcn-{Z-
IqSp-X-embn
_‘-s∏-ń-cn- cpsS {]iv\-ßƒ F∂v Hm¿t°-≠-Xp-≠v. Bb-Xn-\m¬,
°p-∂-Xv, \nba hyXy-kX v a
- mb Hcp \oXn-\ymb kao-]\w Ah-cpsS Imcy-
\n¿ΩmW k`-
bpw, Imcy Øn¬ Bh-iy-am-Wv. Ah-cpsS hyh-lm-c-ß-fn¬ {]Xn-
\n¿h-lW temaI-camb \S-]S- n-{I-aß - ƒ \Ωƒ A‘-ambn ]n≥Xp-
hn`m-Khpw F¥v
sNøWw F∂- S¿∂m¬ Bh¿s°m-cn-°epw Ah-cpsS auen-Im-h-Im-i-
Xp- a m- b n- ´ m- W v . ßƒ km[q-Ic - n®v In´p-hm-\m-hn√''.
\ n b a
\ n ¿ Ω m W
k`bpw, Imcy (PÃnkv `K-hXn _mZph ap‡n tam¿® vs bqWn-b≥
\n¿h-lW Hm^v C¥y 1984.)
hn`m-Khpw \oXn
\n¿h-lWw
F∂ Imcyw
sNøm≥ XpS-ß- ]T-\{- ]-h¿Ø\w
nbm¬ F¥mWv
kw`-hn-°pI? GsX-¶nepw Hcp s]mXp Xm¬]cy l¿Pn-sb-°p-dn-®p-ff
hni-Zmw-i-ßƒ tiJ-cn-®v, Fßn-s\-bmWv Cu hyh-lmcw
Hcp s]mXp Xm¬]cyw kwc-£n-°p-∂-Xn\v klm-b-I-c-am-
bXv F∂v ]Tn-°p-I.
PpUo-jy¬ BIv‰n-hn-kw, C¥y≥ cmjv{Sob hyh-ÿb - n¬ \m\m-hn-

[-amb {]Xy-mLm-X-ßƒ krjvSn-®p. hy‡n-Iƒ°p am{X-a-√, hy‡n-I-
fpsS Iq´-ßƒ°pw (groups) tImS-Xn-I-fn-te°v {]th-i\w A\p-h-Zn-°-
s∏-´-Xn-eqsS AXv \oXn-\ymb hn`m-KsØ IqSp-X¬ P\m-[n-]XyhXv°-
cn®p. Imcy \n¿h-lW hn`m-K-Øns‚ DØ-c-hm-Zn-XzsØ CXv IqSp-X¬
\n¿_-‘n-X-am-°n. sXc-s™-Sp∏v k{º-Zm-bsØ IqSp-X¬ kzX-{¥hpw
\oXn-bp-‡h - p-am-°p-∂X
- n\v AXv {ian-°p-Ib
- p-≠m-bn. hy‡-amb [mc-W-
tbmSvIqSn P\-ßƒ°v Ah-cpsS {]Xn-\n-[n-Isf sXc-s™-Sp-°m≥ Ign-
bp-∂-Xn-\mbn ÿm\m¿∞n-Iƒ ka¿∏n-°p∂ kXy-hm-Mvaq-e-Øn¬
(affidavit) Ah-cpsS hnZym-`ymk tbmKyXIƒs°m∏w kmº-ØnI
BkvXnbpw hcp-am-\hpw IqSn Dƒs∏-Sp-Ø-W-sa∂v tImSXn Bh-iy-s∏-Sp-I-

bp-≠m-bn. h¿≤n® tXmXn-ep-ff s]mXp Xm¬]cy l¿Pn-Iƒ°pw ""kPoh
\oXn-\ym-b-hn-`mKw'' F∂ Bi-b-Øn\pw {]Xn-Iq-e-amb Hcp hiw IqSn-bp-
≠v. H∂m-a-Xmbn CXv tImS-Xn-I-fpsS tPmen-`mcw h¿≤n-∏n-®p. c≠m-a-Xmbn
PpUo-jy¬ BIv‰n-hnkw \nb-a-\n¿ΩmW k`bv°pw Imcy\n¿h-lW hn`m-
K-Øn-\p-an-Sb
- n-ep-ff AXn¿hc-ºpw, AXp-t]mse Chbv°pw \oXn\ymb hn`m-
K-Øn-\p-an-Sb- nse AXn¿h-cºpw Zp¿`-ea
- m°n. Imcy \n¿h-lW hn`mKw A`n-
kw-t_m-[\ tNtø≠ tNmZy-ßƒ°v ]cn-lmcw ImWm-\mbn tImS-Xn-bpsS
CS-s]-Se
- p-≠m-bn. DZm-lc- W
- Ø
- n\v hmbp i_vZ aen-\o-Ic
- W
- ß
- ƒ Ipd-°p-I,
\nß-fmWv \ymbm-[n-]≥ (You are the Judge)

Hcp \K-cØ- nse GXm\pw ]uc≥am¿ Hcp s]mXp
Xm¬]cy l¿Pn-bp-ambn tImS-Xnsb kao-]n-°p-
∂p. \K-c-Øn-te°v \nt£-]-Isc BI¿jn-°p-
∂-Xn-\mbn \K-cØ - n-ep-ff tNcn-Iƒ \o°w sNbvXv
\Kcw tamSn-]n-Sn-∏n-°-W-sa-∂v, ap≥kn-∏¬ A[n-
Im-cn-Iƒ°v \n¿t±iw \¬Ip∂ DØ-chv ]pd-s∏-
Sp-hn-°Ww F∂-Xm-W-hcpsS Bh-iyw. CXn¬
Hcp s]mXp Xm¬]-cy-ap≠v F∂m-Wh - c- psS hmZw.
Pohn-°p-hm-\p-ff Xß-fpsS Ah-Im-iØ - n≥ taep-
ff IS-∂p-I-b-‰-sa∂-\n-e-bnemWv tNcn \nhm-kn-
Iƒ CXn-t\mSv {]Xn-Ic - n-®X
- v. Pohn-°m-\p≈ Xß-
fpsS Ah-Im-i-amWv bYm¿∞-s]m-Xp-Xm¬∏-cy-
sa∂pw "hrØn-bp-≈-\-Kcw' F∂ Ah-Im-i-Øn-
ep-]-cn-bm-Wn-sX∂pw Ah¿ hmZn-®p. \nß-fmWv
\ymbm-[n-]≥ F∂v k¶¬∏n-°p-I.
CXn¬ Hcp s]mXp Xm¬]cyapt≠m F∂v ]cn-tim-[n®v Hcp hn[n-\ymbw
Xøm-dm-°p-I..
Agn-aX- n-tI-kp-Iƒ At\z-jn-°p-I, sXc-s™-Sp∏p ]cn-jv°m-c-

ßƒ sIm≠v hcn-I F∂n-hs - bm∂pw Xs∂ \oXn-\ymb hn`m-K-
Øns‚ I¿Ø-hy-ß-f-√. Ch \nba \n¿ΩmW k`-bpsS
ta¬t\m-´-Øn¬ `cW hn`m-Kw ssIIm-cyw sNtø≠ Imcy-ß- Rm≥ Nn¥n-°p-∂-Xv, Hcp
\ymbm-[n-]\- m-Ip-∂X - mWv
fm-Wv. Bb-Xn-\m¬ Kh¨sa‚ns‚ aq∂v LS-Iß - ƒ°n-Sb- nse \√-sX-∂m-Wv.
A[n-Imc kwXp-e\w (Balance of power) PqUo-jy¬ BIv‰n-hnkw Aßns\sb¶n¬
F\n°v sXc-s™-Sp-∏n-
teme-am-°n-bX - mbn Nne¿ Icp-Xp-∂p. Kh¨sa‚ns‚ Hmtcm LS- s\-Ip-dn-t®m, s]mXpP\
160 Ihpw a‰v LS-I-ß-fpsS A[n-Im-c-ßfpw A[n-Im-c-]-cn-[nbpw ]n¥p- W - s b- ° p- d nt®m
Bi-¶-s∏-tS-≠-Xn√.
_lp-am-\n-°pI F∂-XmWv P\m-[n-]-Xy-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm\w. AtX kabw \nc- h [n
PqUo-jy¬ BIv‰n-hnkw Cu P\m-[n-]Xy XXzsØ Zp¿_-e- A[n-Im-c-ßƒ D≠m-hp-
Ibpw sNøpw.
s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p.
Ah-Im-i-ßfpw \oXn-\ymb hn`m-Khpw (Judiciary and Rights)

hy‡n-If - psS Ah-Im-iß
- ƒ kwc-£n-°pI F∂ DØ-ch - m-ZnXzw \oXn-\ymb 161
hn`m-KØ
- ns‚XmW∂v \Ωƒ I≠p-Ig- n-™t- √m. Ah-Imi ewL-\ß - ƒ D≠m-
Ip-tºmƒ kp{]ow tImS-Xn°v c≠v coXn-bn¬ ]cn-lmcw ImWm-sa∂v `c-W-
L-S\ hyhÿ sNøp-∂p.
$ H∂m-a-Xmbn, tl_n-bkv tIm¿∏-kv, am≥U-akv t]mse-bp-ff (A\p-
t—Zw 32) dn´p-Iƒ ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn-®p-sIm≠v kp{]ow tImS-Xn°v auen-Im-h-
Im-iß
- ƒ ]p\xÿm-]n-°mw. sslt°m-SX - n-Iƒ°pw CØ-cØ - n-ep-ff dn´p-
Iƒ ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn-°m-\p-ff A[n-Im-c-ap-≠v. (A\p-t—Zw 226).
$ c≠m-a-Xmbn kp{]ow tImS-Xn°v _‘-s∏´ \nb-aw `cW LS\m hncp-
≤-ambn {]Jym-]n®v AXp-hgn {]kvXpX \nbaw {]tbm-K£
- a
- a
- √
- m-Xm°mw.
(A\p-t—Zw 13)
`cWLS-\-bpsS hymJym\w, ]uc≥amcpsS Ah-Im-i-kw-c-£Ww
F∂nh kp{]ow tImS-Xn-bpsS A[n-Im-chpw DØ-ch
- m-Zn-Xz-hp-am-W∂v Cu c≠v
`c-WL
- S- \m hIp-∏p-Iƒ hy‡-ambn ÿm]n-°p-∂p. apI-fn¬ kqNn-∏n® am¿§-
ß-fn¬ c≠m-a-sØ-XmWv \oXn \ymb ]p\x]cn-tim-[\ (Judicial Review)
bpambn _‘-s∏-ń-cn-°p-∂X- v.
Hcp ]t£ kp{]ow tImS-Xn-bpsS G‰hpw {][m-\s - ∏´ A[n-Im-cs- a-∂Xv
Cu ]p\x-]-cn-tim-[-\m-[n-Imcw (Judicial Review) BWv. Hcp \nb-a-Øns‚
`c-WL - S- \
- m-km-[pX ]cn-tim-[n®v B \nbaw `c-WL - S- \
- m-XX
- z-ßƒ°v hncp-
≤-am-sW-¶n¬, AXns\ `c-W-L-S\m hncp-≤-sa∂pw {]tbm-K-]-c-X-bn-√m-Ø-
sX∂pw {]Jym-]n-°p-hm-\p-ff kp{]ow tImS-Xn-bpsS As√-¶n¬ sslt°m-S-
Xn-If
- psS A[n-Im-cs - Ø-bmWv \oXn-\ymb ]p\x-]c- n-tim-[\ (Judicial Review)
F∂v ]d-bp-∂-Xv. `c-W-L-S-\-bn-sem-cn-SØpw \oXn-\ymb ]p\x-]-cn-tim-[\
F∂ ]Zw ]cm-a¿in-°-s∏-ń-ń-√. Fgp-X-s∏´ `c-W-L-S-\-bp-ff C¥y-bn¬
auen-Im-h-Im-i-Øn\v hncp-≤-sa-¶n¬ GsXmcp \nb-ahpw d±v sNøp-∂-Xn-\p-
ff A[n-Imcw kp{]ow tImS-Xn-°p-≠v. CXn¬ \oXn-\ymb ]p\x-]-cn-tim-[\
(Judicial Review) F∂ A[n-Imcw A¥¿eo-\a - m-bn-´p-≠v.
IpSmsX sÛ-d¬ XXz-ßf - psS Imcy-Øn-epw, `c-WL
- S- \ B\p-im-kn-
°p∂ A[n-Imc hn`-P\ - Ø
- n\v hncp-≤s - a-¶n¬ Hcp \nbaw \oXn \ymb ]p\x-
]-cn-tim-[\
- bv°v hnt[-ba - m-°p-∂X- n-\p-ff A[n-Imcw kp{]ow tImS-Xn-°p-≠v.
DZm-l-c-W-Øn-\v tI{μ Kh¨sa‚ v \n¿Ωn® Hcp \nbaw kwÿm\ hnj-b-
Øn¬ (State List) Dƒs∏-Sp-∂-Xm-sW∂v GsX-¶nepw kwÿm-\-Øn\v
tXm∂p∂ ]£w Ah¿°v kp{]ow tImS-Xnsb kao-]n-°m-hp-∂X - m-Wv. Ah-
cpsS \ne-]mSv icn-bm-sW∂v kp{]ow tImS-Xn°v t_m[y-s∏-´m¬ B \nbaw
`c-W-L-S-\m-hn-cp-≤-ambn kp{]ow tImSXn {]Jym-]n-°pw. Cu A¿∞-Øn¬
auen-Im-hI - m-iß
- f
- psS ewL-\a - m-Ip-∂t- Xm, sÛ-d¬ kwhn-[m-\Ø- nse A[n-
Im-c-hn-`-P-\-Øn\v hncp-≤-am-Ip-∂tXm Bb \nb-a-ßƒ ]p\x-]-cn-tim-[n-°p-
∂-Xn-\p-ff A[n-Imcw kp{]ow tImS-Xn-bpsS \oXn-\ymb ]p\x-]-cn-tim-[-\m-
[n-Im-c-Øn¬ Dƒs°m-≠n-´p-≠v. kwÿm\ \nb-a-\n¿ΩmW k`-Iƒ \n¿Ωn-
°p∂ \nb-aß - fpw ]p\x-]c
- n-tim-[\- m-[n-Im-cØ
- n¬ Dƒs∏-ń-cn°p-∂p.
dn´p-Iƒ ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn-°p-∂-Xn-\p-ff A[n-Im-chpw \oXn-\ymb ]p\x-]-cn-
tim-[-\m-[n-Im-chpw \oXn \ymb hn`m-KsØ hfsc i‡-am-°p-∂p. IrXy-
ambn ]d-™m¬, ]p\x-]-cn-tim-[-\m-[n-Imcw F∂-Xp-sIm-≠¿∞-am-°p-∂-Xv,
cmPy-Øns‚ `c-WL - S- \
- bpw \nba \n¿ΩmW k` \n¿Ωn-°p∂ \nb-aß - fpw
tImS-Xn°v hymJym-\n-°m≥ Ignbpw F∂-Xm-Wv. `cWLS-\-sbbpw,
]uc≥amcpsS Ah-Im-iß - s
- fbpw ê-{]-Za- mbn kwc-£n-°p-∂X
- n\v Cu A[n-
Imcw \oXn-\ymb hn`m-KsØ {]m]vXa - m-°p∂p≠v F∂v \nc-h[ - n-t]¿ Icp-Xp-
∂p. s]mXp Xm¬]cy l¿Pn-I-fpsS kzoIm-cy-X, ]uc≥am-cpsS Ah-Im-i-
ßƒ kwc-£n-°p-∂-Xn-ep-ff \oXn\ymb hn`m-K-Øns‚ A[n-Imcw hn]p-e-
s∏-Sp-Øn.
Ah-Im-iß- s
- f-Ip-dn-®p-ff A≤ym-bØ
- n¬ Nqj-WØ
- n-s\-Xn-sc-bp-ff Ah-
Im-i-sØ-°p-dn®v kqNn-∏n-®n-cp-∂Xv \nßƒt°m¿Ω-bpt≠m? \n¿_-‘nX
]e cmPy-ß-fnepw s]mXp-Xm¬]cy l¿Pn F∂ k{º-Zm-b-Øns‚

kzoIm-cyX h¿≤n-®p-h-cp-∂-Xmbn \nßƒ°-dn-bptam? temI-Øns‚
hnhn[ `mK-ß-fn-ep-ff tImS-Xn-I-fn¬, {]tXy-In®v sXs° Gjy,
B{^n° F∂n-hn-S-ß-fn¬ C¥y-bn-te-Xn\v kam-\-amb Xc-Øn-ep-
ff PpUo-jy¬ BIv‰n-hnkw \ne-hn-ep-≠v. Z£nWm{^n-°≥ `cW
LS\ Ah-Im-i-ß-fpsS ]ń-I-bn¬ (Bill of rights) s]mXp Xm¬]cy
l¿Pnsb Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≠v. Cßs\ as‰m-cm-fpsS \ntj-[n-°s∏´
Ah-Imiw ]p\x-ÿm-]n-°p-∂-Xn-\mbn Z£nWm{^n-°-bn¬ GsXm-
cmƒ°pw `c-W-L-S\m tImS-Xnsb kao-]n-°mw. AhnsS CsXmcp
]ucs‚ auen-Im-h-Im-i-am-Wv.
tPmen, a\p-jy-hym-]m-cw, A]-I-S-I-c-amb kml-N-cy-Øn-¬ Ipń-I-sf

tPmenbnte¿s∏-Sp-Ø¬ F∂n-hsb Cu Ah-Imiw hne-°p-∂p. F∂m¬
tNmZy-an-Xm-Wv. Ah-Im-i-ßƒ \ntj-[n-°-s∏´ Ch¿s°-ßs\ tImS-Xnsb
kao-]n-°m-\mhpw? CØ-c-Øn-ep-ff Ah-Imi ewL-\-ßƒ ]cn-K-Wn-°p-∂-
Xn-\v, s]mXp Xm¬]cy l¿Pn-bpw, PpUo-jy¬ BIv‰n-hn-khpw tImS-Xn-Isf
162 {]m]vX-cm-°p-∂p. Pbn¬ At¥-hm-kn-Isf t]meokv A‘-cm°n am‰n-b-Xv,
Icn-¶¬ Izmdn-If - nse sXmgn-em-fn-If
- psS a\p-jyXz cln-Xa- mb sXmgn¬ kml-
N-cyw, Ipń-Isf ssewKnI Nqj-WØ - n\v hnt[-ba - m-°¬ apX-emb Hcp Iq´w
hyh-lm-cß - ƒ Cßs\ tImSXn ]cn-KW - n-°p-Ib
- p-≠mbn. CXv Zcn-{Z-cp-sSbpw
Ah-KW
- n-°s
- ∏-´h
- c
- p-sSbpw Ah-Im-iß
- sf A¿∞-hØ
- m-°n.
]m¿e-sa‚pw \oXn-\ymb hn`m-Khpw 163
Ah-Im-i-ß-fpsS Imcy-Øn¬ hfsc {Inbm-fl-I-amb Hcp \ne-]mSv kzoI-cn-
\nß-fpsS ]T\ ]ptcm-KXn hne-bn-cp-ØpI

$ Ft∏m-gmWv tImSXn \oXn-\ymb ]p\x-]-cn-tim-[-\m-
[n-Imcw D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂Xv?
$ \oXn \ymb ]p\x-]-cn-tim-[-\bpw dn´p-Ifpw XΩn-ep-
ff hyXym-k-sa¥v?
°p-∂X - n-s\m-∏w, {]mtbm-KnI cmjv{So-bØ - n-eqsS `c-WL - S- \ Ań-ad- n-°s

- ∏-
Sp∂ kml-Ncyw XS-bp-∂-Xnepw tImS-Xn-Iƒ kPo-h-am-Wv. Cßs\ {]kn-
U‚n-s‚-bpw, Kh¿W-dp-sSbpw A[n-Im-cß - ƒ t]msebp≈ \oXn-\ymb ]p\x-
]-cn-tim-[\ - b
- psS ]cn-[n°v ]pd-Øp-hcp∂ taJ-eI - ƒ IqSn tImS-Xn-bpsS A[n-
Im-c] - c- n-[n-°p-ff
- nte°v sIm≠p-hc - nI-bp-≠m-bn.
Imcy \n¿h-l-W hn`m-K-Øns‚ GP≥kn-Iƒ°v \n¿t±-i-ßƒ \¬Ip-
I-h-gn, \oXn \n¿h-lWw Imcy-£-a-am-°p-∂-Xn\v, kp{]ow tImSXn kzta-
[bm kPo-h-ambn CS-s]-´-Xn\v \nc-h[n DZm-l-c-W-ß-fp-≠v. lhme tIkv,
\c-knw-ld - mhp tIkv, A\-[n-IrX s]t{Smƒ ]ºv A\p-hZ- n-°¬ tIkv F∂n-
h-bn-sems° cm{„ob t\Xm-°ƒ°pw DtZym-Kÿ - ¿°p-sa-Xnsc tIsk-SpØv
At\z-jWw \S-ØW - s- a∂v kp{]ow tImSXn kn._n.sF tbmSv \n¿t±-in-°p-
I-bp-≠mbn. CXn¬ Nne hyh-lm-c-ß-sf-]‰n \nßƒ tIń-´p-≠m-hpw. PpUo-
jy¬ BIvSn-hn-kØ - ns‚ DXv]∂ - a
- mWv Cu hyh-lm-cß
- f- n¬ an°-Xpw.
]cn-an-X-amb A[n-Im-c-hn-`-P\w, \nb-{¥-Whpw kwXp-e-\hpw (Checks
and Balances) F∂o teme-amb XXz-ßf - mWv C¥y≥ `c-WL - S- \
- b- psS ASn-
Ø-d. Kh¨sa‚ns‚ Hmtcm LS-I-Øn\pw hy‡-amb Hcp {]h¿Ø\ taJ-
e-bp-s≠-∂m-Wv CXp sIm≠¿∞-am-°p-∂-Xv. \nbaw \n¿Ωn-°p-∂-Xn-epw, `c-
W-LS- \ t`Z-KXn sNøp-∂X - n-epw, ]m¿e-sa‚n-\mWv ]c-am-[n-Im-cw. F∂m¬
Imcy-\n¿Δ-lW - w, Imcy \n¿Δ-lW k`-bpsS (Executive) ]c-am-[n-Im-ca - mWv.
\nb-aß- ƒ \n¿Ωn-°p-∂Xv `c-WL - S- \m XXz-ßƒ°v A\p-kr-Xa - m-bn-´mtWm
F∂v ]cn-tim-[n-°p-Ibpw X¿°-ßƒ°v Xo¿∏v I¬∏n-°p-Ibpw sNøpI
F∂Xv \oXn \ymb hn`m-K-Øns‚ ]c-am-[n-Im-c-am-Wv. IrXyamb A[n-Im-c
hn`-P\w Ds≠-¶n¬t∏mepw, ]m¿e-sa‚pw \oXn \ymb hn`m-Khpw XΩn-epw,

Imcy \n¿Δ-lW hn`m-Kh- pw, \oXn \ymb hn`m-Khpw XΩn-ep-apff kwL¿j-
ßƒ C¥y≥ cmjv{So-bØ - n¬ \nc-¥cw D≠mbns°m≠n-cn-°p-∂p.
kzØ-h-Im-isØ kw_-‘n-®pw, `cW LS\ t`Z-KXn sNøp-∂-Xn-\p-
ff ]m¿e-sa‚ns‚ A[n-Im-csØ kw_-‘n-®pw, \oXn-\ymb hn`m-K-Øn\pw
]m¿e-sa‚n-\p-an-Sb
- n-ep-≠mb A`n-{]mb hyXym-kß
- ƒ t\csØ kqNn-∏n-®p-
h-s√m. \ap-°s
- Xm∂v kw{K-ln-°mw.
`c-WL - S- \ {]m_-ey-Øn¬ h∂ DS-s\-Xs∂ kzØ-hI - m-iØ
- n-\p-ta¬
(Right to property) \nb-{¥-W-ta¿s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn-\p-ff ]m¿e-sa‚ns‚ A[n-
Imcw kw_-‘n®v hnhmZw Db-cp-I-bp-≠mbn. `q]-cn-jv°-cWw \S-∏n¬ hcp-
Øp-∂X - n-\mbn, kzØv ssIhiw sh°m-\p-ff ]ucs‚ Ah-Im-iØ - n-\p-ta¬
Nne \nb-{¥-W-ß-tf¿s∏-Sp-Øm≥ ]m¿e-sa‚ v B{K-ln-®p. auen-Im-h-Im-i-
ßƒ°pta¬ \nb-{¥Wta¿s∏-Sp-Øm≥ ]m¿e-sa‚n\v A[n-Im-c-an√ F∂
\ne-]m-SmWv tImSXn kzoI-cn-®X - v. ]n∂o-SmWv `c-WL
- S- \ t`Z-KXn sNøp-∂-
Xn-\p-ff {iaw ]m¿e-sa‚ v \S-Øn-bXv. ]s£ Hcp `c-W-L-S\m t`Z-K-Xn-bn-
eqsSt]mepw auen-Im-h-Im-isØ ]cn-an-X-s∏-Sp-Øp-hmt\m, FSp-Øp-I-f-bp-
hmt\m Ign-bn√ F∂v tImSXn {]kvXm-hn-®p.
]m¿e-sa‚pw, \oXn \ymb hn`m-Khpw XΩn-ep-≠mb Cu hnhm-Z-Øns‚
tI{μ _nμp Xmsg ]d-bp∂ {]iv\-ß-fm-bn-cp-∂p.
$ - mi (Right to property) \nb-aØ
kzØ-hI - ns‚ hym]vXn F¥mWv?
$ auen-Im-hI
- m-iß
- ƒ ]cn-an-Xs
- ∏-Sp-Øp-I, FSpØv If-bp-I, Akm-[p-hm-
°pI F∂o Imcy-ß-fn¬ ]m¿e-sa‚ns‚ A[n-Im-c-Øns‚ hym]vXn
F¥mWv?
$ `c-WL
- S- \m t`Z-KXn sNøp-∂X
- n-\p-ff ]m¿e-sa‚ns‚ A[n-Im-cØ
- ns‚
hym]vXn F¥mWv?
$ \n¿t±-i-I-X-Xz-ßƒ \S-∏n¬ hcp-Øp-tºmƒ auen-Im-h-Imiw ]cn-an-X-
s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xnt\m FSpØv If-bp-∂-Xnt\m Akm-[p-hm-°p-∂-Xnt\m
]m¿e-sa‚n\v A[n-Im-ca
- pt≠m?
1967 apX¬ 1973 hsc-bp-ff Ime-bf
- h
- n¬ Cu hnhmZw IqSp-X¬ Kuc-ha - p-ff
- -
164 Xm-bn. `q]-cn-jI
v c
- W \nb-aß
- ƒ°v ]pd-sa, Icp-X¬ XS-¶¬ \S-∏m-°¬ \nb-a-
ßƒ, sXmgn¬ kwh-cW \nb-aß - ƒ, s]mXp Bh-iy-ßƒ°mbn kzImcy `qan
Gs‰-Sp-°¬ {Iao-Ic - W
- ß
- ƒ, Aßns\ Gs‰-Sp-°p∂ `qan°v \jvS] - c
- n-lmcw
\oXn\ymb hn`m-KØ - ns‚ kzmX{¥yw ]cn-]m-en-°-

s∏-SWw F∂ Bh-iy-Øn¬ c≠-`n-{]mbw D≠m-
165
hm-\n-S-bn-s√-¶nepw Hcp {][m\ XXzw IqSn IW-
°n-se-Sp-t°-≠Xv AXym-h-iy-am-Wv. Hcp kq∏¿
ePn-t…-®¿ As√-¶n¬ Hcp kq∏¿ FIvkn-Iyq-óhv
F∂ \ne-bn¬ {]h¿Øn-°p-hm≥, \oXn \ymb
hn`m-KsØ {]m]vXa - m-°p∂ Xc-Øn¬, "\oXn \ymb
hn`m-K-Øns‚ kzmX{¥yw' F∂Xv ""tNmZyw
sNøm≥ ]mSn-√mØ Hcp kn≤m¥w'' F∂ \ne-bn-
te°v Db¿Øm≥ ]mSn-√. `cW LS\ \n¿Δ-Nn-
°m-\pw, Ah-Im-iß - ƒ \nb-a] - c
- a
- mbn \S-∏n-em-°p-
hm-\p-amWv \oXn-\ymb hn`m-K-ap-f-f-Xv.
- zman Aø¿, CAD,Vol.XI,P.837, 23 \hw-º¿ 1949

A√mUn IrjvWk
\¬Im≥ hyhÿ sNøp∂ \nb-aß - ƒ F∂n-hs - b√mw \nba \n¿ΩmW

k`bpw \oXn \ymb hn`m-Khpw XΩn-ep-ff kwL¿j-ßƒ°v Nne DZm-lc - W
- -
ß-fm-W.v
\nb-a\ - n¿ΩmW k`-bpw, \oXn \ymb hn`m-Khpw XΩn-ep-ff _‘sØ
{Iao-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn¬, 1973 ¬ kp{]ow tImSXn ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn® Hcp DØ-chv
kp{]-[m-\a - mbn. tIi-hm-\μ `mcXn tIkv F∂ hnJym-Xa - mb tIkn-em-bn-
cp∂p Cu DØ-ch - v. `c-WL - °v Hcp ASn-ÿm\ LS-\- (Basic Structure)
- S- \
bp-s≠-∂pw, Hcmƒ°pw, ]m¿e-sa‚n\p t]mepw Cu ASn-ÿm\ LS\ ewLn-
°m-\p-ff A[n-Im-ca - n-s√∂pw Cu tIkn¬ kp{]ow tImSXn hn[n {]kvXm-
hn-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn. IqSmsX tImSXn c≠v Imcy-ßƒ IqSn sNbvXp. H∂m-a-
Xm-bn kzØ-hI - miw (X¿° hnj-bw) `c-WL - S- \
- b- psS ASn-ÿm\ LS-\-
\nß-fpsS ]T-\-]p-tcm-KXn hne-bn-cp-Øp-I

\oXn\ymb hn`m-K-hpw, ]m¿e-sa‚pw XΩn-ep-ff kwL¿j-Øns‚
{][m\ Imc-W-ßƒ ({]iv\-ßƒ) Ch-bm-Wv.
$ PUvPn-am-cpsS \nba-\w,
$ PUvPn-am-cpsS iº-fhpw a‰m-\p-Iq-ey-ßfpw,
$ `c-W-L-S\ t`Z-KXn sNøp-∂-Xn-\p-ff ]m¿e-sa‚ns‚ A[n-Im-
c-Øns‚ hym]vXn
$ \oXn \ymb hn`m-K-Øns‚ {]h¿Ø-\-Øn-ep-ff ]¿e-sa‚ns‚
CS-s]-S¬
bn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-∂X - s- √∂pw Bb-Xn-\m¬ tbmPn® coXn-bn¬ ]cn-an-Xs - ∏-Sp-Øm-

hp-∂-Xm-sW∂pw ]d-™p. c≠m-a-Xm-bn, `c-W-L-S-\bpsS ASn-ÿm-\-L-S-\-
bn¬ hcp-∂s - X-s¥m-s°-bm-W∂v Xocp-am-\n-°p-∂X - n-\p-ff Ah-Imiw kp{]ow
tImS-Xn-bn¬ am{Xw \n£n-]vX-am-°n. `c-W-L-S-\sb hymJym-\n-°p-∂-Xn-\p-
ff Xß-fpsS A[n-Im-c-sØ, \oXn-\ymb hn`mKw ka¿∞-ambn D]-tbm-Kn-
°p-∂-Xns‚ G‰hpw \√ DZm-l-c-W-amWv Hcp ]s£ tIi-hm-\-
μ-`m-cXn tIkv.
\nb-a\- n¿ΩmW k`-°pw, \oXn \ymb hn`m-KØ - n-\p-an-Sb - n-ep-
≠m-bn-cp∂ X¿°-ßf - psS kz`m-hsØ Cu tImSXn hn[n am‰n adn-
®p. \Ωƒ t\ctØ ]Tn-®X - p-t]m-se, 1979 ¬ auen-Im-hI - m-iß - -
fpsS ]ń-Ib - n¬ \n∂pw kzØ-hI - miw (Rights to property) \o°w
sNbvXp. AXpw, Kh¨sa‚ns‚ Cu c≠v LS-Iß - ƒ°n-Sb - nse
_‘-Øns‚ kz`m-hØ - n¬ am‰w hcp-Øm≥ klm-bn-®p. \nba
\n¿ΩmW k`-bpsS {]h¿Ø-\Ø - n¬ CS-s]-Sm\pw AXns\ {Iao-
I-cn-°m\pw \oXn \ymb hn`m-KØ - n\v Ign-bptam? CXp t]mse Nne `c- W-L-S-\-bpsS ASn-ÿm\
LS-\-bn¬ (Basic structure)
{]iv\ß - ƒ Ct∏mgpw Cu c≠v LS-Iß - ƒ°n-Sb - nse X¿° hnj- Fs¥ms° hyh- ÿ - I ƒ
b-am-Wv. kzbw \bn-°p-∂X - n\pw (\nb-{¥n-°p-∂X - n-\pw) AXnse Dƒs∏- Sp∂p F∂v Hcn-°-se-
¶nepw (Hscm‰ XhW F√m-
AwK-ßf - psS s]cp-am-‰sØ {Iao-Ic - n-°p-∂X - n-\p-ap-ff A[n-Im-cw, h¿°p- a mbn) F¥p- s Im≠v
Hcp ]m¿e-sa‚dn k{º-Zm-bØ - n¬ \nba \n¿ΩmW k`-bv°p-≠v. tImS-Xn°v ]d-bm-\m-hp-∂n√?
C{]-Imcw \nb-a\ - n¿ΩmW k`bpsS {]tXy-Im-hI - m-iß - ƒ (Privi-
leges) ewLn®p F∂ Ip‰-Øn\v Hcp hy‡nsb in£n-°p-hm≥ AXn\v Ign-
bpw. ]m¿e-sa‚ns‚ {]tXy-Im-hI - m-iß - f - psS (Privileges) ewL\w F∂ Ip‰w
Btcm-]n-°s - ∏-Sp∂ Hcp hy‡n°v tImS-Xn-bpsS kwc-£Ww tXSmtam? \nba
\n¿ΩmW k` A®-S° \S-]Sn kzoI-cn® Hcp \nba k`mw-KØ - n\v tImS-Xn-
bpsS kwc-£Ww e`y-am-Iptam? CXp-hsc ]cn-lc - n-°s - ∏-Sm-ØX - pw, ePn-t…-®-
dn\pw FIvkn-Iyq-ń-hn-\p-anS-bn¬ X¿°-ßƒ°v ]cym-]vXa - m-bX - p-amb {]_-e-
amb {]iv\ß - f - m-Wv Ch. AXp-t]mse Xs∂-bmWv PUvPn-am-cpsS s]cp-am‰w
(conduct) ]m¿e-sa‚n\v N¿® sNøm-\m-hn√ F∂ `c-W-L-S\m hyh-ÿ.
\oXn-\ymb hn`m-KØ - ns‚ {]h¿Ø-\ß - sf A[n-t£-]n-°p∂ Xc-Øn-ep-ff
\nc-h[n kw`-hß - ƒ ]m¿e-sa‚n-epw, \nb-a\ - n¿ΩmW k`-If - nepw D≠m-bn-´p-
≠v. AXp t]mse-Xs∂ \oXn \ymb hn`m-Khpw, \nb-a-\n¿ΩmW k`-Isf
hna¿in-°p-Ibpw, \nba \n¿Ωm-W-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´ {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬
Ah¿°v \n¿t±-iß - ƒ \¬Ip-Ib - pw sNbvXn-´p-≠v. "]m¿e-sa‚ns‚ ]c-am-[n-
Imcw' (Parliamentary Sovereignty) F∂ XXz-Øns‚ ewL-\a - m-bmWv \nba
\n¿ΩmW k`-Iƒ CXns\ ImWp-∂-Xv.
Kh¨sa‚ns‚ c≠v LS-I-ßƒ°n-S-bnse kwXp-e-\w F{X teme-am-
166
sW-∂pw, Hcp P\m-[n-]Xy hyh-ÿ-bn¬,

Im¿´q¨ hmbn°mw Kh¨sa‚ns‚ Hmtcm LS-Ihpw a‰v LS-I- 167
ß-fpsS A[n-Im-csØ _lp-am-\n-t°-≠Xv
F{X-am{Xw {][m-\-s∏´-Xm-sW∂pw Cu
hnjbßƒ kqNn∏n°p∂p
D]-kw-lmcw (Conclusion)
\ΩpsS P\m-[n-]Xy LS-\b - n¬ \oXn-\ymb
hn`m-KØ - ns‚ ]¶n-s\-Ip-dn-®mWv Cu A≤ym-
b-Øn¬ \Ωƒ ]Tn-®X - v. Imcy \n¿Δ-lW
hn`m-Kh- pw, \nb-a\
- n¿ΩmW hn`m-Khpw XΩn¬
]e-t∏mgpw kwL¿j-ßf - p-≠m-hm-dp-s≠-¶nepw
\oXn-\ymb hn`m-KØ - ns‚ {]Xm]w Ign™
Ime-ßf - n¬ KWy-ambn h¿≤n-®n-´p-≠v. AtX
kabw \oXn \ymb hn`m-KØ - nep≈ {]Xo-£-
Ifpw hf-sctbsd-bm-Wv. Fßn-s\-bmWv Nne-
bm-fp-Iƒ°v hfsc Ffp-∏Ø - n¬ Ip‰-hn-ap-‡-
cm-hm≥ Ignbp∂sX∂pw Fßn-s\-bmWv kº-
∂¿°pw i‡∑m¿°pw A\p-Iq-eambn km£n-
Iƒ°v -sam-gn-Iƒ am‰m≥ Ign-bp-∂-sX∂pw
km[m-cW ]uc≥am¿ A¤p-X-s∏-Sm-dp-≠v.
Ah-km\w Rm≥ Ip‰ hnap-‡-\m-°-s∏-´p. Ign-™- \ΩpsS \oXn \ymb hn`m-Khpw Bi-¶s - ∏-Sp∂
sX√mw Hcp Zpxkz-]v\-am-bn-cp-∂p. Rm≥ C\n Hcn- Nne {]iv\ß - f
- m-Wn-h.
°epw Agn-aXn sNøp-I-bn-s√∂v kXyw sNøp-∂p.
\oXn-\ymb hn`mKw C¥y-bn¬ hfsc i‡-
Npcp-ßnb ]£w, Cu am\y-s\-¶nepw \oXn-\ymb
amb Hcp ÿm]-\-am-sW∂v Cu A≤ym-b-
hn`m-K-Øn¬ kt¥m-j-hm-\mbn ImW-s∏-Sp-∂p.
Øn¬ \nßƒ I≠p Ign-™p. Cu A[n-
Imcw Cu ÿm]\Øn\v ta¬ AXy-[nIw
BZchpw Gsd {]Xo-£Ifpw krjvSn®n´p≠v.
C¥y-bnse \oXn \ymb hn`mKw AXns‚ kzmX{¥yw sIm≠v IqSn-bmWv
Adn-bs- ∏-Sp-∂X
- v. \oXn-\ymb hn`m-Kw, hnhn[ hn[n \ymb-ßf - n-eqsS ]uc≥am-
cpsS Ah-Im-iß - ƒ kwc-£n-°p- I - b
- pw, `c-WL- S- \- °v ]pØ≥ hymJym-\ß - ƒ
\¬Ip-Ibpw sNbvXn-´p-≠v. C¥y≥ P\m-[n-]Xyw \oXn \ymb hn`m-KØ - n\pw
]m¿e-sa‚n-\p-an-Sb- nse teme-amb A[n-Imc kwXp-e\ - Ø- n (Balance of power)
emWv Xncn-bp∂sX∂p Cu c≠p ÿm]-\ß - f- pw `c-WL- S- \ hyhÿ sNbvXn-
168
´p-ff ]cn[n°pf-fn-¬ \n∂mWv {]h¿Øn-t°-≠s

- X∂pamWv Cu A[ym-bØ
- n-eqsS \mw a\-
n-em-°p-∂X- .v 169
A`ymkw (Exercises)
1. GsXms° hyXykvX coXn-If - n-eq-sS-bmWv \oXn-\ymb hn`m-KØ - ns‚ kzmX{¥yw Dd-
∏p-hc - p-Øn-bn-´p-ff
- Xv? tbmPn°mØXv Is≠ØpI.
(i) kp{]ow tImSXn No^v PÃn-kp-am-bpff IqSn-bm-tem-N\ - °p tij-amWv kp{]ow
tImS-Xn-bnse a‰p PUvPn-amsc \nb-an-°p-∂X - v.
(ii) PUvPn-amsc km[m-c-W-bmbn Ah-cpsS hnc-an-°¬ {]mbw FØp-∂-Xn-\p-apºv
X¬ÿm-\Øv \n∂pw \o°w sNøm-dn√
(iii) Hcp sslt°m-SXn PUvPnsb as‰mcp sslt°m-SX - n-bn-te°v ÿew am‰m-\m-hn-
√.
(iv) PUvPn-am-cpsS \nb-a\ - Ø- n¬ ]m¿e-sa‚n\v bmsXmcp A[n-Im-ch - p-an-√.
2. \oXn-\ymb hn`m-K-Øn\v AtcmSpw DØ-c-hm-Zn-Xz-an√ F∂-XmtWm \oXn \ymb
hn`mKØns‚ kzmX{¥yw (Independent of Judiciary) F∂Xp sIm≠¿∞-am-°p-∂Xv?
\qdp-hm-°n¬ Ihn-bmsX DØ-c-sa-gp-Xp-I.
3. \oXn \ymb hn`m-K-Øn-s‚ kzmX{¥yw \ne-\n¿Øp-∂-Xn-\p-ff `c-W-L-S\ hyh-ÿ-
Iƒ Fs¥√mw?
4. ChnsS sImSp-Øn´p-ff hm¿Øm-Ip-dn∏v hmbn®v Xmsg ]d-bp∂ Imcy-ßƒ Is≠-
Øp-I.
 Cu hyh-lmcw (Case) F¥p-ambn _‘-s∏-´-XmWv?
 Cu hyh-lm-cØ - nse KpW-t`m-‡mhv (benefeciary) Bcm-bn-cp-∂p.
 Cu hyh-lm-cØ - nse ]cm-Xn-°m-c≥ BcmWv?
 Iº\n aptºm-´p-h® hyXy-kvX-amb hmZ-ap-J-ßƒ Fs¥m-s°-bm-bn-cp-∂n-cn°pw
F∂v k¶¬∏n-°p-I.
 I¿j-I¿ aptºm´p h® hmZ-ap-Jß - ƒ Fs¥m-s°-bm-bn-cp-∂n-cn°pw?
Zlm\p I¿j-I¿°v REL (Reliance Energy Limited) 300 tImSn cq] \¬I-W-sa∂v
kp{]ow tImSXn DØ-ch - n´p.
tIm¿∏-td‰v _yqtdm 24 am¿®v 2005.
apwss_: apwss_ \K-cØ - ns‚ {]m¥-{]-tZ-ia - mb Zlm\p taJ-eb - n¬ Nn°p ]g-ßƒ
Irjn sNøp∂ I¿j-I¿°v 300 tImSn cq] dne-b≥kv F\¿Pn \¬I-Ws - a∂v kp{]ow
tImSXn DØ-c-hn-´p. dne-b≥kv sX¿a¬ ]h¿ πm‚ v D≠m-°nb aen-\o-I-c-W-Øn-s\-
Xnsc Nn°p I¿j-I¿ tImS-Xn-bn¬ \¬Inb ]cm-Xnsb XpS¿∂mWv DØ-c-hv.
apwss_ \K-c-Øn¬ \n∂pw 150 Intem-ao-‰-¿ AIse a’y-k-º-Øn-\pw, h\-
ßƒ°pw t]cp-tI´ kzbw ]cym-]vX-amb Im¿jnI kº-ZvL-S-\-bp-ff Hcp {]tZ-i-am-
bn-cp∂p Hcp Zim_vZw apºv hsc, Zlm-\p. ]s£ 1989 ¬ Hcp sX¿a¬ ]Δ¿ πm‚ v
Cu {]tZ-iØv {]h¿Ø-\-am-cw-`n-®-tXm-Sp-IqSn ChnSw XI¿∂v Xcn-∏-W-am-bn. sXm´-
SpØ h¿jw Cu ê-`p-bn-jvT-amb {]tZiw BZysØ "hnf-Ø-I¿®' t\cn´p. alm-cm-

jv{S-bpsS ]g-°pS (Fruit bowl) F∂-dn-bs - ∏-ń-cp∂ Cu {]tZ-isØ 70 iX-am\w hnfbpw
C∂v \in-®n-cn°p∂p. at’ym-Xv]m-Z\ tI{μ-ßƒ AS-®p-]q-´p-I-bpw, h\kºØv
ipjvIamhpIbpw sNbvXn-cn°p∂p. ]h¿ πm‚n¬ \n∂p-ff ^vssfBjv (fly ash) `qK¿`
Pe-Øn¬ Ie-cpI hgn apgp-h≥ ssPh hyh-ÿs - bbpw AXv aen-\a - m-°p-Ib- mWv F∂v
I¿j-Icpw, ]cn-ÿnXn hmZn-If - pw, A`n-{]m-bs - ∏-Sp-∂p. A¥-co-£Ø - n-te-°p-ff kƒ^-
dns‚ ]pd-¥-f-f¬ Ipd-°p-∂-Xn-\mbn Hcp aen\o-I-cW \nb-{¥W bqWn‰v sX¿a¬
tÃj-\n¬ Bcw-`n-°W - s - a∂v Zlm\p Xmeq°v ]cn-ÿnXn kwc-£W AtXm-dn‰n DØ-
c-hn-Sp-Ibpw B DØ-chv kp{]ow tImSXn icn-h-bv°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. F∂n´pw 2002
hsc aen-\o-Ic - W \nb-{¥W bqWn‰v sX¿a¬ ]h¿ πm‚n¬ ÿm]n-®n-√. 2003 ¬ dne-
b≥kv, sX¿a¬ πm‚ v Gs‰-Sp-°-pI-bpw, aen-\o-I-cW \nb-{¥W bqWn‰v ÿm]n-°p-
∂-Xn-\p-ff ka-b-{Iaw ]p\x-{I-ao-I-cn®v 2004 ¬ ka¿∏n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. aen-\o-I-
cW \nb-{¥W bqWn‰v C\nbpw ÿm]n-°s - ∏-ń-ń-√m-ØX- n-\m¬, Zlm\p Xmeq°v ]cn-
ÿnXn kwc-£W kan-Xn, 300 tImSn cq] _m¶v Kymc-≠n-bmbn \¬I-W-sa∂v dne-
b≥kn-t\mSv Bh-iy-∏´- p.
5. Xmsg sImSp-Øn-´p-ff hm¿Øm-Ip-dn∏v hmbn®v ..... kqNn-∏n-®n-´p-f-fh Is≠-ØpI
 hyXykvX Xe-ß-fnse Kh¨sa‚ns\ Is≠-ØpI
 kp{]ow tImS-XnbpsS ]¶v Xncn-®-dn-bp-I.
 \oXn \ymb hn`m-KØ - n-s‚bpw, Imcy \n¿Δ-lW hn`m-KØ - n-s‚bpw GsXms°
LS-I-ß-fmWv CXn-ep-f-fXv F∂v Xncn-®-dn-bp-I.
 Cu hnj-bØ - n¬ Dƒs∏-ń-´p-ff \b-{]-iv\ß - ƒ, \nb-a\ - n¿Ωm-Wh - p-ambn _‘-
s∏´ Imcy-ßƒ, \nb-a-Øns‚ \S-∏n¬ hcp-Ø-epw, hymJym-\-hp-ambn _‘-
s∏´ hnj-b-ßƒ F∂nh Is≠-Øp-I.
tI{μhpw U¬lnbpw kn.F≥.Pn hnj-b-Øn¬ ssItIm¿°p-∂p.
Ãm^v dnt∏m¿´¿, Z lnμp 23 sk]vXw-_¿ 2001
\yq U¬ln, sk]vXw-_¿ 22/ kn.F≥.Pn A√mØ F√m hmWnPy hml-\ß - fpw
Xe-ÿm-\Øv \n∂pw ]q¿Æ-ambn Hgn-hm-°p-∂X - n\v ASp-Øb - mgvN kwbp-‡a - mbn
kp{]ow tImS-Xnsb kao-]n-°m≥ tI{μhpw U¬ln Kh¨sa‚pw [mc-Wb - n-se-
Øn. apgp-h≥ KXm-KX kwhn-[m-\hpw Hscm‰ C‘-\sØ B{i-bn-°p-∂Xv A]-
I-SI
- c- h
- pw, Zpc¥ Imc-Wh - p-am-tb°mw F∂-Xn-\m¬ Hscm‰ C‘-\sØ B{i-bn-
°p-∂Xv \n¿Ø-em°n U¬ln \KcØn¬ Hcp Cc´ C‘-\\ - bw kzoI-cn-°m\pw
170 Xocp-am-\n-®p.
Xe-ÿm-\Øv kzImcy hml\ DS-a-Iƒ kn.F≥.Pn D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xv \ncp-
’m-l-s∏-Sp-Øm\pw Xocp-am-\-ambn. U¬ln \K-c-Øn¬ 0.05 iX-am\w Xmgv∂
kƒ^¿ Uok¬ D]-tbm-Kn®v _kp-Iƒ HmSn-°p-∂-Xn\v A\p-hm-Z-Øn-\mbn Ccp

Kh¨sa‚p-Ifpw kΩ¿Zw sNep-Øn-tb-°pw. am{X-hp-a-√, bqtdm 2 \ne-hmcw 171
]pe¿Øp∂ hmWnPy hml-\-ßsf am{Xta \K-c-Øn-eqsS HmSm≥ A\p-h-Zn-
°mhq F∂pw tImS-Xn-bn¬ hmZn-t®°mw. tI{μ Kh¨sa‚pw kwÿm\
Kh¨sa‚pw {]tXyIw {]tXyIw kXy-hm-Mvaq-e-ßƒ ka¿∏n-°p-sa-¶nepw c≠n-
epw, Htc hmZ-ap-J-ß-fm-Wp-≠m-hp-I. kn.F≥.Pn bpambn _‘-s∏´ {]iv\-Øn¬
tI{μ Kh¨sa‚ v U¬ln Kh¨sa‚ns‚ \ne-]m-Sn\v Xpd∂ ]n¥pW \¬In-
tb-°pw. U¬ln apJya{¥n {ioa-Xn. joem Zo£nXpw tI{μ s]t{Sm-fnbw {]Ir-
Xn-hm-XI a{¥n {io. cmw \mbn°pw XΩn¬ \S∂ IqS-°m-gvN-bn-emWv Cu Xocp-
am-\-ß-sf-Sp-°p-∂-Xv.
cmPyØv s]mXp-hmbn Hcp hml\ C‘\ \bw (Auto fuel policy) \n¿t±-in-
°p-∂-Xn-\mbn tUm. B¿.-F. amti¬°-dpsS t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ Hcp D∂-Xm-[n-Imc
kanXn cq]o-I-cn-°-s∏-ń-´p-f-f-Xn-\m-epw, \n¿±njvS ka-b-Øn-\p-f-fn¬ ]Xn-\m-bn-c-
tØmfw _kp-Iƒ kn.F≥.-Pn.-bn-te°v am‰pI _p≤n-ap-´m-b-Xn-\m-epw, kn.F≥.Pn
bnte°v am‰p-∂-Xn-\p-ff ka-b-]-cn[n \oń-sIm-Sp-°p-∂Xv DNn-X-am-bn-cn-°p-sa∂v
tI{μ Kh¨sa‚ v kp{]ow tImS-Xn-tbmSv At]-£n-°p-sa∂v {ioa-Xn. joe Zo£nXv
]d-™p. amtj¬°¿ IΩn‰n Bdp amk-Øn-\p-f-fn¬ AXns‚ dnt∏m¿´v ka¿∏n-
°p-sa-∂mWv {]Xo-£n-°p-∂-Xv.
tImS-Xn-bpsS \n¿t±-i-ßƒ \S-∏n-em-°p-∂-Xn\v kabw thW-sa∂v apJy-
a{¥n ]d-™p. tImS-Xn-bpsS \n¿t±-i-ßƒ \S-∏n-em-°p-∂-Xn-\p-ff am¿K-ßfpw
coXn-I-fpw, U¬ln-bpsS samØw kn.F≥.Pn C‘-\-Øns‚ Bh-iy-I-X,
kn.F≥.Pn \nd-°p∂ tI{μ-ß-fnse Xnc°v Ah-km-\n-∏n-°¬, kn.F≥.Pn bn¬
HmtS≠ hml-\-ß-fpsS FÆw Cßs\ F√m hni-Zmw-i-ßfpw ]cn-K-Wn-°p-
sa∂v Cu kwbp‡ kao-]-\sØ ]cm-a¿in-®p-sIm≠v {ioa-Xn. Zo£nXv ]d-
™p.
\K-c-Ønse _kp-Iƒ kn.F≥.Pn D]-tbm-Kn-°-W-sa∂ \n¿t±-i-Øn¬
Cfhv \¬Im≥ tImSXn hnk-Ω-Xn-®p. F∂m¬ SmIvkn-Ifpw Hmt´m-dn-£-Ifpw
kn.F≥.Pn Xs∂ D]-tbm-Kn-°-W-sa∂v \n¿t±-in®n-ń√ F∂pw tImSXn ]d-
™p. apgp-h≥ bm{X kwhn-[m-\-ßfpw kn.F≥.Pn sb am{Xw B{i-bn-°p-∂Xv
Zpc-¥-ambn amdn-tb°mw F∂-Xn-\m¬ _kp-I-fn¬ tem kƒ^¿ Uok¬ D]-
tbm-Kn-°m≥ t{]cn-∏n-t°-≠Xps≠∂v \mbn°v ]d-™p. Xe-ÿm-\Øv kn.F≥.-
Pn. hnX-cWw ss]∏v sse\n-eqsS Bb-Xn-\m¬, GsX-¶nepw Xc-Øn-ep-ff XS w

hnX-c-W-Øn-ep-≠m-bm¬ AXv s]mXp bm{Xm kwhn-[m-\sØ apgp-h≥ Xmdp-am-
dm-°pw.
6. Xmsg sImSp-Øn-cn-°p-∂Xv CIz-tUm-dns\ kw_-‘n-°p∂ Hcp {]kvXm-h\-bm-
Wv. Cu DZm-l-c-Whpw C¥y≥ \oXn-\ymb hyh-ÿbpw XΩn-ep-ff Fs¥ms°
kmZr-iy-ßfpw hyXym-k-ß-fp-amWv \nßƒ ImWp-∂Xv?
""Hcp s]mXp \nb-a-tam, \nb-a-]-c-amb Iogvhg-°tam D≠m-bn-cp-s∂-¶n¬ Hcp
]{X-{]-h¿Ø-Is‚ Ah-Im-i-ßƒ hy‡-am-°p-∂-Xn\v AXv klm-b-I-c-am-Ip-am-
bn-cp-∂p. \n¿`m-Ky-h-im¬, CIztUm-dns‚ tImSXn B coXn-bn-e√ {]h¿Øn-
°p-∂Xv. Db¿∂ tImS-Xn-Iƒ ap≥Ime hyh-lm-c-ß-fn¬ ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn® hn[n-
\ym-b-ßƒ _lp-am-\n-°m≥ PUvPn-am¿ \n¿_‘n°s∏-Sp-∂n-√. F¥p-sIm≠v
Cu hyXymkw F∂v hni-Zo-I-cn-°msX Hcp kam-\-amb hyh-lm-c-Øn¬ Htc
\ymbm-[n-]≥ Xs∂ C∂v Hcp Xc-Øn-epw, \msf BZy-tØ-Xn\v hncp-≤-ambn
as‰mcp Xc-Ønepw hn[n ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn-t®-°mw.''
7. Xmsg sImSp-Øn-´p-ff {]kvXm-h\ - I- ƒ hmbn-°pI X\Xv A[n-Im-cw, A∏o-e[ - n-
Im-cw, D]-tZ-im-[n-Imcw F∂n-ßs\ kp{]ow tImS-Xn-bpsS hnhn[ A[n-Im-cß - -
fp-ambn AXns\ tNcpw-]Sn tN¿°p-I.
 PΩp Imivao-cn¬ ]mIn-ÿm≥ A[o\ {]tZ-iØv Xma-kn-°p-∂h - c
- psS ]ucXz
]Z-hnsb kw_-‘n®v Hcp \nb-a-ap-≠m-°m≥ Ign-bptam F∂v Kh¨sa‚ v
Adn-bm-\m-{K-ln-°p-∂p.
 Imthcn \Zo-Pe X¿°w ]cn-l-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\mbn Xangv\mSv Kh¨sa‚ v tImS-
Xnsb kao-]n-°m-\m-{K-ln-°p-∂p.
 AW-sI-ńs‚ kao] {]tZ-i-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw Bfp-Isf Hgn-hm-°p-∂-Xn-s\-
Xnsc P\-ßƒ \¬Inb A∏o¬ tImSXn \ncm-I-cn-®p.
8. s]mXp Xm¬∏cy l¿Pn-Iƒ°v GsXms° coXn-bn¬ Zcn-{Zsc klm-bn-°m≥
Ignbpw?
9. PpUo-jy¬ BIv‰n-hn-kw, \oXn-\ym-b-hn-`m-Khpw Imcy \n¿Δ-lW hn`m-Khpw
XΩn-ep-ff kwL¿j-Øn-te°v \bn°pw F∂v \nßƒ Icp-Xp-∂pt≠m? F¥p-
sIm≠v?
172 10. auenImh-Im-i-ß-fpsS kwc-£-W-hp-am-bn, PpUo-jy¬ BIv‰n-hnkw Fßns\
_‘-s∏-ń-cn-°p-∂p. AXv auen-Im-h-Im-i-ß-fpsS hym]vXn hnI-kn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn\v
klm-b-I-c-am-bn-´pt≠m?
A[ymbw 7 sÛ-d-enkw
A[-ymbw ˛ 7 173
sÛ-d-enkw (Fedaralism)
BapJw
1947 sebpw 2001 sebpw cmjv{Sob `q]-S-ßƒ t\m°n-bm¬ (Ah ASpØ
c≠p t]Pp-If - n-em°n sImSp-Øn-cn-°p-∂p) Ah-bn¬ h∂n-cn-°p∂ \mS-Iob
am‰-ßƒ ImWm≥ Ign-bpw. kwÿm-\-ß-fpsS AXn¿Øn-Iƒ, t]cp-Iƒ,
Ah-bpsS FÆw F∂n-hb - n¬ KWy-amb am‰w h∂n-´p-≠v. kzmX{¥y e_v[n-
bpsS ka-bØv {_ó-jvIm¿ Ah-cpsS `cW kuI-cy-Øn-\\ - p-kc - n®v cq]oI-
cn® \nc-h[n {]hn-iy-I-fm-bn-cp∂p C¥y-bn-ep-≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xv. Ch-tbm-sSm∏w
\nc-h[n \m´p cmPy-ßf - pw C¥y-bn¬ ebn-∏n-°p-Ib- p-≠mbn. CXmWv \nßƒ
BZysØ `q]-SØ - n¬ ImWp-∂X - v. AXn\p tijw \nc-h[n XhW kwÿm-
\-ßf - psS AXn¿Øn-Iƒ ]p\x\n¿Æn-bn°-s∏-´p. Cu Ime-bf - h
- n¬ kwÿm-
\-ß-fpsS AXn¿Øn am{X-a√ P\-Iob A`n-em-jsØ XpS¿∂p Ah-bpsS
t]cp-Ifpw amdp-I-bp-≠m-bn. Aßs\ ssakq¿ I¿Æm-S-I-bmbpw a{Zmkv
Xan-gv\m-Smbpw amdn. AºXph¿j-Im-e-b-f-hn-ep-≠mb Cu am‰-ßƒ `q]Sw
]cn-tim-[n®p a\- n-em-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. CXv C¥y≥ sÛ-d¬ kwhn-[m-\-
Øns‚ {]h¿Ø\ Ncn-{Xhpw \ap°v ]d™v Xcpw.
Cu A≤ymbw ]Tn-°p-∂X - n-eqsS \nßƒ°v Xmsg ]d-bp∂ Imcy-ßƒ a\ n-
em-°m≥ Ign-bpw.
$ F¥mWv sÛ-de - nkw?
$ C¥y≥ `cW LS-\-bnse sÛ-d¬ hyh-ÿ-Iƒ.
$ tI{μhpw kwÿm-\hpw XΩn-ep≈ X¿° hnj-bß - ƒ.
$ khn-ti-j-amb LS-\bpw Ncn-{X-]-c-amb {]tXy-I-X-Ifpw sIm≠v Nne
kwÿm-\ß - ƒ°v e`n-®n-´p≈ {]tXyI A[n-Im-cß - ƒ
Indian Constitution
at Work
INDIA IN 1947
174
A[ymbw 7 sÛ-d-enkw
175
INDIA
2001
Indian Constitution
at Work
- nkw? (What
F¥mWv sÛ-de shÃv C≥Uo-knse
is Federalism) sÛ-d-enkw (Federlism in
West Indies)
temI-Ønse h≥ i‡n-I-fn¬ H∂m-
bn-cp∂p tkmhn-b‰v bqWn-b≥. ]t£ shÃv C--≥Uokv {In--°‰v Soans\
1989 \p tijw AXv XI¿∂v \nc-h[n Ipdn®v \nßƒ tIń-´p-≠m-bn-cn-°p-
-at-- √m. ]-t£ shÃv C≥Uokv
kzX{¥ cmjv{S-ß-fmbn amdn. A[n-
F∂ t]--cn¬ H--cp cmjv{S-apt≠m?
Imc tI{μo-I-c-Whpw ka-{Km-[n-]-Xy-
hp- a mWv tkmhn- b ‰v bqWn- b s‚ C¥y- s b- t ]mse shÃv
C≥Uokpw Hcp {_nójv tImf-\n-
XI¿®°v hgn-sX-fn-®-Xv. X\-Xmb bm- b n- c p- ∂ p. 1958 ¬ shÃv
`mjbpw kwkvIm-c-hp-ap≈ a‰p {]tZ- C≥Uokv Hcp sÛ-td-j\ - m-bn-am-
i-ß-fpsS taep≈ djy≥ B[n-]- dn. {]hn-iy-Iƒ°v kmº-ØnI
Xyhpw XI¿®°v B°w Iqń. DZ: kzmX-{¥y-ap≈ Zp¿_-ea - mb tI{μ-
Dkv_° - n-ÿm≥. AXp-t]mse Xs∂ K-h¨sa-t‚mSp IqSnb sÛ-td-
sNs°m-…-hm-°n-b, bqtKm-…m-hnb j-\m-bn-cp∂p AXv. Cu {]tXy-
I-X-Ifpw {]hn-iy-Iƒ XΩn-ep≈
]mInkvXm≥ XpS-ßnb cmPy-ßfpw cmjv{Sob a’- c hpw shÃv
hn`-Pn-°s - ∏-Sp-Ib - p-≠m-bn. {^©v `mj C≥Uokv sÛ-td-j≥ 1962 ¬
kwkm-cn-°p-∂-hcpw Cw•ojv `mj HutZym-Kn-I-ambn ]ncn-®p-hn-Sp-∂-
kwkm-cn-°p-∂h - cpw XΩn-ep≈ X¿°w Xn\p Imc-W-am-bn.
aqew Im\-Ubpw Hcp hn`-P\ òjWn ]n∂oSv 1973 se NnKp- c - a mkv
t\cn-Sp-∂p. hn`-P\ - Ø
- ns‚ thZ-\m-P\ - - (Chiguaramas) DS-ºS- n-bn-eqsS Hcp
I-amb A\p-`h - ß- f - n-eqsS kzmX{¥yw s]mXp \nbak-`, kp{]owtImS-Xn,
t\Snb C¥y Ign™ Fgp-]Xv h¿j- \mWbw-, s]mXp-I-tºmfw F∂n-
ambn Hcq H‰ cmjv{S-ambn XpS-cp-∂Xv h-bn-eqsS kzX{¥ Zzo]p-Iƒ Hcp
cmjv{Sob GIo-I-c-W-Øn\p {ian-
henb t\´-at√? F¥mWv Cu t\´- ®p. Ico-_n-b≥ kaq-l-Øn\p
Øn\p ]n∂nse Imc-Wß - ƒ. C¥y≥ s]mXp-hmb Hcp Imcy-\n¿h-lW
`c-WL - S- \- b
- n-eqsS \S-∏n-em-°n-bn-´p≈ hn`m-K-ap-≠v. AwK-cm-jv{S-ß-fpsS
sÛ-d¬ kwhn-[m-\a - mtWm Cu t\´- Xe-h≥am-sc√mw CXn¬ AwK-ß-
ßƒ°v ]n∂n¬? apI-fn¬ ]cm-a¿in- fmWv. AXp-sIm≠v Xs∂ {]hn-
®n-´p≈ F√m cmjv{S-ßfpw sÛ-td- iy-Iƒ°v Hcp cmjv{S-sa∂ \ne-
bn¬ Hcp-an®p \nev°mt\m th¿]n-
j-\p-I-fm-bn-cp-∂n´pw hn`-P-\sØ Hgn- cn™v kzX{¥-ambn \n¬°mt\m
hm-°m≥ Ah¿°v Ign-™n-cp-∂n-√. Ign-bm-sX-bm-bn.
AXp-sIm≠v Hcp sÛ-d¬ hyhÿ
kzoI-cn-°p-∂t- Xm-sSm∏w B hyh-ÿ-
176 bpsS kz`mhhpw AXns‚ {]tbm-Khpw
hfsc {][m\w Xs∂-bm-Wv.
A[ymbw 7 sÛ-d-enkw
Hcp `qJ-fiØ - n\v kam-\a - mb sshhn[y-tØmSv IqSnb hnim-ea - mb
`q{]-tZ-i-amWv C¥y. ChnsS 22˛Hmfw {][m\ `mj-Ifpw \qdp-I-W- 177
°n\p sNdp-`m-j-I-fp-ap-≠v. Nne {][m-\-a-X-ß-fpsS D¤h tI{μhpw
Chn-sS-bm-Wv. Cu cmPy-Øns‚ hnhn[ `mK-ß-fn-embn Zi-e-£-°-W-
°n\p Xt±-inob-cmb P\-ßƒ A[n-hk - n-°p∂p≠v. Cß-s\-bp≈ F√m-
hn[ sshhn-[y-ßƒ°pw D]-cn-bmbn kap°v Hcp GIo-IrX `qan imkv{X-
am-Wp-≈X.v Hcp s]mXp Ncn-{X-Øn¬ \ap-s°√mw ]¶m-fnØw D≠v.
{]tXy-In®v kzmX{¥y kac t]mcm-´-Øn-eqsS \Ωfpw Hcp s]mXp Ncn-
{X-Øns‚ `mK-am-bn. Cu LS-Iß - ƒ \m\m-Xz-Øn¬ GIXzw F∂ ho£-
W-Øn-ep≈ C¥ysb hn`m-h\w sNøp-∂-Xn\p \ΩpsS tZiob t\Xm-
°sf t{]cn-∏n®p. Nne-t∏m-sgms° CXns\ sshhn-[y-ß-fpsS sFIyw
F∂pw hnfn-°m-dp-≠v.
sÛ-d-enkw F∂Xv hyXy-kvXamb Ncn{X kml-N-cy-ßƒ°-\p-
t]-£W - ob-amb kp\n-›n-Xa - mb XXz-ßf - √
- . adn®v hyXy-kX v a- mb kml-
N-cy-ß-fn-eqsS Dcp-Øn-cn™p hcp∂ Kh¨sa‚ns‚ sshhn-[y-am¿∂
XXz-ßf - m-Wv. Hcp sÛ-d¬ cmjv{Sob hyhÿ F∂ \ne-bn¬ BZyw
cq]w sIm≠ Ata-cn-°≥ sÛ-de - nkw a‰p sÛ-td-j\ - p-If - mb C¥y-
bn¬ \n∂pw P¿a-\n-bn¬ \n∂pw hyXy-kvX-am-Wv. F¶nepw sÛ-d-en-
F\n°v a\- n-embn!
CXv \ΩpsS kvIqfn-
k-Øn\p Nne ASn-ÿm\ Bi-bß - fpw k¶¬∏-\ß - f - p-ap≠v (Concepts).
s\-t∏m-se-bmWv $ c≠p Xc-Øn-ep≈ Kh¨sa‚p-Isf Dƒs°m-≈p∂ cmjv{Sob kwhn-
hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ F∂ [m-\-amWv sÛ-d-enkw ˛ H∂v tZinb Xe-Ønepw as‰m-∂v {]mtZ-
\ne°v ]Xn-s\m∂mw inI Xe-Øn-epw. Hmtcm Kh¨sa‚pw Xß-fpsS taJ-eb - n¬ kzbw
¢mkv, ]{¥≠mw
¢m v Cßs\ `cWw D≈-hc - m-bn-cn-°pw. Nne sÛ-td-j\ - p-If
- n¬ Zzn]ucXz k{º-
hnhn[ kzXz- ß ƒ Zmbw Xs∂-bp-≠v. C¥y-bn¬ GI ]uc-Xz-am-Wp-≈-Xv.
\ap-°p-≠m-bn-cn-°pw.
AXp-sIm≠v Xs∂ $ AXp t]mse-Xs∂ P\-ßƒ°v c≠p Xc-Øn-ep≈ kzXz-ßfpw
hnhn[ Unhn- j - \ p- Iqdpw D≠m-bn-cn°pw ˛ H∂p {]mtZ-in-Ihpw as‰m∂p tZin-b-hpw.
Iƒ°n-S-bn¬ a¬k- DZm-lc- W
- a- m-bn- \-Ωƒ C¥y°mcm-sW-∂X- p-t]mse Xan-g≥am-tcm,
chpw D≠m-Ipw. F∂n-
cp- ∂ mepw \Ωƒ
ae-bm-fn-I-tfm, KpP-dm-Øn-Itfm BWv. cmjv{Sob hyh-ÿ-I-fpsS
kvIqfns‚ `mK-am-bn- Hmtcm Xe-Ønepw hyXy-kvX-amb A[n-Im-c-ßfpw DØ-c-hm-Zn-Xz-
cn-°p-Ibpw AXn¬ ßfpw {]tXyI Kh¨sa‚ v kwhn-[m-\hpw D≠m-bn-cn-°pw.
A`n- a m\w sIm≈p-
Ibpw sNøp-∂p. $ Cu c≠p Xe-Øn-ep-ap≈ Kh¨sa‚p-I-fpsSbpw hni-Zmw-i-ßƒ
Fgp-X-s∏´ Hcp `cW LS-\-bn¬ Dƒs°m-≈n-®n-cn-°p-∂p. Cu]-c-
am-[n-Imc `c-WL- S- \
- b
- mWv c≠p Kh¨sa‚p-If - p-sSbpw A[n-Im-c-
Øns‚ {][m\ Dd-hn-Sw. cmjv{SsØ apgp-h≥ _m[n-°p∂ Nne
hnj-b-ßƒ DZm-l-c-W-ambn \mW-b-ßƒ, {]Xn-tcm-[w, F∂nh
ssIImcyw sNøp∂Xv tI{μ-K-h¨sa‚m-bn-cn-°pw. AXp-t]mse
{]mtZ-in-Ia
- mb Imcy-ßf - psS DØ-ch
- m-ZnXzw kwÿm\ Kh¨sa‚p-
I-fn¬ \n£n-]vXa - m-bn-cn-°pw.
Indian Constitution
at Work
$ tI{μhpw kwÿm-\ß - fpw XΩn-ep≈ X¿°-ßƒ ]cn-lc - n-°p-∂X
- n\p
AhnsS Hcp kzX{¥ \oXn-\ymb hyhÿ D≠m-bn-cn°pw A[n-Imc
hn`-P\
- Ø
- ns‚ Imcy-Øn¬ tI{μ ˛ kwÿm\ Kh¨sa‚p-Iƒ XΩn-
ep≈ X¿°-ßƒ ]cn-lc - n-°p-∂X
- n-\p≈ A[n-Imcw \oXn-\ymb hn`m-
K-Øn-\mWv
bYm¿∞ cmjv{So-bw, kwkvImcw {]Xy-b-im-kv{Xw, Ncn{Xw F∂nh
Hcp sÛ-td-js‚ bYm¿∞ {]h¿Ø-\sØ \n¿Æ-bn-°p∂ LS-I-ß-
fm-Wv. ]c-kv]c hnizm-kw, kl-Ic - W
- w, _lp-am-\w, \nb-{¥Ww F∂nh
Hcp sÛ-td-js‚ kpK-aa - mb {]h¿Ø-\sØ klm-bn-°p-∂p. cmjv{- Sob
]m¿ń-Ifpw Hcp `c-WL
- S- \
- b- psS {]h¿Ø\ coXnsb kzm[o-\n-°p-∂p-≠v.
GsX-¶nepw Hcq kwÿm-\t- am, `mjm-hn-`m-Kt- am, {]Xy-bi - m-kv{Xtam apgp- AsX, H∂m-asØ
h≥ sÛ-d¬ kwhn-[m-\-Ønepw Xß-fpsS B[n-]Xyw ÿm]n-°p-I-bm- A[ym-b-Øn¬
sW-¶n¬ AXp a‰p hn`m-K-ß-fpsS Aa¿j-Øn\p Imc-W-am-Ipw. CØcw \Ωƒ hmbn- ® -
sXs¥∂v Rm≥
Hcp kml-Ncyw kwÿm-\-ßƒ ]ncn™p t]mIp-∂-Xn-tet°m B`y¥c Hm¿°p∂p. B¿
bp≤-Øn-tet°m \bn-t®-°mw. \nc-h[n cmjv{S-ßƒ CØcw hnL-S\ - h
- mZ s°ms° F{X-
ò£-Wn-Iƒ t\cn-Sp-∂p≠v. tØmfw A[n-
Imcw Ds≠∂p
ss\Po-cn-b-bnse sÛ-d-enkw (Federalism in Nigeria) Xocp-am-\n-°p-∂Xv
`c-W-L-S-\-bmWv
178
A[ymbw 7 sÛ-d-enkw
{]hn-iy-Ifpw hnhn[ kaq-lß - f- pw XΩn¬ ]c-k]v c hnizm-ka - n-√¶ - n¬ sFIyw
D≠m-°nsbSp°p-∂-Xn¬ Hcp sÛtd-j≥ ]cm-P-b-s∏Smw F∂p-≈-Xn\p 179
G‰hpw \√ DZm-l-c-W-amWv ss\Po-cn-b.
1914 hsc DØc ss\Po-cn-bbpw Z£nW ss\Po-cn-bbpw {_n´s‚ c≠v
{]tXyI tImf-\n-If - m-bn-cp-∂p. 1950 se C_-Zm≥ (Ibadan) `c-WL - S- \ ktΩ-
f-\Ø- n¬ h®v ss\Po-cn-b≥ t\Xm-°ƒ Hcp sÛ-d¬ `c-WL - S- \ cq]o-Ic - n-
°m≥ Xocp-am-\n-®p. ss\Po-cn-b-bpsS ]Sn-™mdpw Ing°pw hS°pw {]tZ-i-
ßƒ \nb-{¥n-®n-cp-∂Xv bYm-{Iaw tbmdp_ (Yoruba), Ct_m (Ibo), luk-˛-
^p-em\n (Hausa - Fulani) F∂o aq∂v hwiob hn`m-Kß - f - m-bn-c∂ - p. a‰v {]tZ-i-
ß-fpsS ta¬ B[n-]Xyw sNep-Øm-\p≈ Ah-cpsS {ia-ßƒ kwL¿j-
ßƒ°v Imc-Wa - m-bn. Cu kml-Nc - y-ßƒ ss\Po-cn-bb - psS `cWw ssk\yw
]nSns-®S- °
- p-∂X- n\p hgn-sX-fn®p. 1960 se `c-WL - S- \
- b- \
- p-kc - n®v tI{μØn\pw
{]mtZ-inI Kh¨sa‚p-Iƒ°pw ss\Po-cn-b≥ t]men-kn\p ta¬ IqSnb \nb-
{¥-W-am-bn-cp∂p D≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xv. F∂m¬ ssk\y-Øns‚ ta¬t\m-´-Øn¬
Xøm-dm-°-s∏´ 1970˛se `c-W-L-S\ Hcp kwÿm-\- knhn¬ t]meokns\
A\p-hZ- n-®n-cp-∂n-√.
1999 ¬ ss\Po-cn-b-bn¬ P\m-[n-]Xyw ]p\x-ÿm-]n-°-s∏-s´-¶nepw aX-]-c-
amb `n∂-X-Ifpw FÆbpsS hcp-am-\sØ kw_-‘n® X¿°-ßfpw ss\Po-
co-b≥ sÛ-td-j\p henb òj-Wn-Iƒ Db¿Øn-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂p. {]mtZ-
inI hwiob hn`m-K-ßƒ FÆ-bpsS tI{μo-IrX \nb-{¥-WsØ {]Xn-tcm-
[n-®p. {]hn-iy-Iƒ°n-S-bn-ep≈ aX-]-c-hpw, hwio-b-hpw, kmº-Øn-I-hp-amb
hn`m-Ko-bX - I
- ƒ sI´p]nW™v InS-°p∂ cmPy-Øn\pZml-cW - a - mWv ss\Po-
cn-b.
sÛ-d-enkw C¥y≥ `c-WL-L-S-\-bn¬ (Federalism in

]T\ ]ptcm-KXn hne-bn-cp-ØpI
$ Hcp sÛ-td-j\- nse tI{μ Kh¨sa‚ns‚ A[n-Im-cß
- ƒ
BcmWv \n›-bn-°p-∂Xv?
$ Hcp sÛ-td-j-\n¬ tI{μ-K-h-¨sa‚n\pw kwÿm\
Kh¨sa‚n\pw XΩn-ep≈ X¿°-ßƒ Fßs\ ]cn-lc - n-
°-s∏Spw
Indian Constitution
at Work
the Indian Constitution)
kzmX{¥yw e`n°p-wapºv Xs∂ C¥y-sb-t]mse hfsc _rl-Ømb Hcp
cmjv{S-Øns‚ `c-WØ - n\v A[n-Im-cß - ƒ tI{μ ˛ {]hniy Kh¨sa‚p-Iƒ°n-
S-bn¬ hn`-Pn-°-s∏-S-W-sa∂v \ΩpsS tZiob t\Xm-°ƒ°v hy‡-amb [mc-
W-bp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. C¥y≥ kaq-l-Øns‚ `mjm-]-chpw {]mtZ-in-I-hp-amb
sshhn-[y-sØ-°p-dn®v Ah¿ t_m[-hm≥am-cm-bn-cp-∂p. Cu sshhn-[y-ßƒ°v
AwKo-Imcw Bh-iy-am-bn-cp-∂p. hnhn[ `mj-Iƒ kwkm-cn-°p∂ {]mtZ-inI
P\-X°v `cWØn¬ ]¶m-fnØw D≠m-th≠n-bn-cp-∂p. AXp-t]mse Hmtcm
{]tZ-i-Øn-s‚bpw `cWw AXmXv P\-X°v Xs∂ Bbn-cn-°p-Ibpw thWw.
Hcp P\m-[n-]Xy Kh¨sa‚ v F∂ Bhn-iy-Øn≥taep≈ bp‡n CXm-Wv.
ChnsS Htc Hcp tNmZyw {]mtZ-inI Khä‚p-Iƒ°v F{X-tØmfw A[n-
Imcw D≠m-bn-cn-°Ww F∂-Xm-Wv. hn`-P\ - Ø
- n\p aptº ap…oßƒ°v IqSp-
X¬ {]mXn\n[yw F∂ Bhiyw D∂-bn®p ap…ow eoKv \S-Ønb {]t£m-`-
Øns‚ ]›m-Øe - Ø
- n¬ Hcp ka-hmbw F∂ \ne-bn¬ {]hn-iy-Iƒ°v IqSp- Npcp-°-Øn¬,
HsØm-cp-a-
X¬ `cWw F∂Xv N¿®-sN-øs - ∏-ń-cp-∂p. C¥y hn`-P\- Ø
- n-\p≈ Xocp-am-\- tbmsS -Pohn-
sa-Sp-ØX- n\p tijw, `c-WL - S- \ \n¿amW k` tI{μ-kw-ÿm\ Kh¨sa‚p- °pI - F ∂-
Iƒ XΩn-ep≈ sFIy-Øn-s‚bpw kl-Ic - W-Øn-s‚bpw ASn-ÿm-\Ø - n-ep≈ Xns‚ e£yw
Hcp `-cW k{º-Zmbw kzoI-cn-°m-\mWv Xocp-am-\n®X.v AhnsS kwÿm-\- \Ωƒ F√mh-
ßƒ°v {]tXy-Ia - mb A[n-Im-cß - ƒ \¬In-bn-cp-∂p. kl-Ic - W
- Ø- ns‚ ASn- cpw kt¥m---j-
ÿm-\-Øn-ep≈ tI{μ kwÿm\ _‘-ßƒ F∂-Xm-bn-cp∂p C¥y≥ `c- tØmsS P -- ohn-
°p-Ibpw a‰p-
W-LS- \ kzoI-cn® sÛ-de - n-kØ - ns‚ G‰hpw henb khn-ti-jX - . Aßs\ ≈-h-cpsS
sshhn-[ysØ AwKo-Ic - n-°p-∂t- Xm-sSm∏w `cWLS\ sFIy-Øn\pw Du∂¬ kt¥mjw Dd-
\¬Ip-∂p. ∏m- ° p- I bpw
C¥y≥ `c-WL - S- \
- b - n¬ sÛ-td-j≥ F∂ hm°v Hcn-SØpw ]cm-a¿in- sNøpI F∂-
®n-ń√ F∂ Imcyw \nßƒ°-dn-bm-tam? C¥y≥ `cWLS-\- kwÿm-\-ß- Xm-W.v
sf-°p-dn®v Cßs\ hni-Zo-Ic - n-°p-∂p.
A\p-tOZw 1 :
(1) C¥y AXm-bXv `mcXw kwÿm\ß-fpsS Hcp bqWn-b-\m-bn-
cn-°p-∂X
- mWv.
(2) kwÿm-\-ßfpw Ah-bpsS `q{]-tZ-i-ßfpw H∂mw ]ń-I-bn¬
]d-™n-´p≈hn[w Bbn-cn-°p-∂-Xm-Wv.
180
A[ymbw 7 sÛ-d-enkw
A[n-Imc hn`-P\w (Division of Powers)
181
C¥y≥ `c-WL - S- \ c≠p Xc-Øn-ep≈ Kh¨sa‚p-Iƒ°v cq]w
\¬In-bn-cn-°p∂p ˛ H∂p cmjv{S-Øn\p samØ-Øn-ep≈ Hcp
tI{μ Kh¨sa‚pw as‰m∂p {]mtZ-inIambp≈ kwÿm\
Kh¨sa‚pIfpw. Cu c≠p Kh¨sa‚p-Iƒ°pw `c-W-L-S\m
F\n°v tXm∂p-∂X -- v kwÿm-
]Z-hnbpw hy‡-ambn \n¿Δ-Nn-°s - ∏-ń-´p≈ A[n-Im-cß- f
- pw D-≠m-
\-ßƒ°v kz¥-ambn hf-sc- bn-cn-°pw. tI{μ Kh¨sa‚n-s‚bpw kwÿm\ Kh¨sa‚n-
Ipd®v hcp-am\w am{XamWp-≈- s‚bpw \nb-{¥-W-Øn-ep≈ A[n-Im-c-ßsf kw_-‘n® X¿°-
Xv. Fßs\ A--h¿ A--h-cpsS ßƒ `c-WL - S- \m N´-ßƒ°-\p-kc - n®v \oXn-\ymb hn`m-Kw ]cn-
Bh-iy-ßƒ \nd-th‰pw? Nne
IpSpw-_ß -- f
- n¬ ]Ww `¿Ømhv l-cn-°p-∂-Xm-bn-cn-°pw. tI{μ kwÿm\ Kh¨sa‚p-I-fpsS
ssI- h iw kq£n- ° p- I bpw Iogn¬ hcp∂ hnj-b-ßsf `c-W-L-S\ IyXy-ambn hn`-Pn-®n-cn-
ho´p---Im-cy-ßƒ `mcy \n¿Δ-ln- °p-∂p. (ASpØ t]Pn¬ sImSp-Øn-cn-°p∂ Nm¿´v ]cn-tim-[n-
t°- ≠ n- h - c pIbpw sNøp∂ ®m¬ Fß-s\-bmWv tI{μ kwÿm\ Kh¨sa‚pIƒ°n-Sb - n¬
Ah-ÿ-sb-bmWv CXv Hm¿an-
∏n-°p-∂X - v. A[n-Imcw hn`-Pn-®n-cn-°p-∂s
- X∂v hy‡-ambn Adn-bm≥ Ign-bpw.)
Cu A[n-Imc hn`-P\ - Ø
- ns‚ {][m\ khn-ti-jX `c-WL - S- \m
]c-ambn kmº-ØnI ˛ [\-Imcy A[n-Im-c-ß-fn¬ ta¬ss°
tI{μ-K-h¨sa‚n-\mWv F∂-XmW.v kwÿm-\-ßƒ°v [mcmfw
IS-aI- ƒ \n¿h-ln-°m-\p-s≠-¶nepw ]cn-an-Xa- mb hcp-am\ t{kmX-
p-I-ƒ am{X-am-Wp-≈-Xv.

1. Ah-injvTm-[n-Im-cß
- ƒ {]tXyIw ]cm-a¿in-°-
s∏-S-W-sa∂p \nßƒ Nn¥n-°p-∂pt≠m?
2. A[n-Imc hn`-P-\-Øn¬ kwÿm-\-ßƒ°p≈
AXr-]vXn°v Imc-Ws- a-¥mWv?
Indian Constitution
at Work
C¥y≥ `c-WL
- S- \
- b
- nse
Constitution
A[n-Im-ch
- n-`P
of India
- \w
tI{μ enÃv kwbp‡ enÃv

kwÿm\ enkv‰v
$ {]Xn-tcm[w $ Irjn $ hnZym-`ymkw

$ t]meokv $ Irjn`qan Hgn-
$ BW-thm¿Pw
$ Pbn¬ ®p≈ kzØns‚
$ hntZ-iI- mcyw ssIam‰w
$ {]mtZ-inI
$ bp≤hpw Kh¨sa‚ v $ h\-ßƒ
kam-[m-\hpw $ s]mXpP\m- $ sXmgn-emfn
$ _m¶nMv tcmKyw kwL-S\ - I
- ƒ
$ `qan $ ambw tN¿°¬
$ sdbn¬ KXm-KXw $ aZyw $ ZsØ- S p- ° epw
$ X]m¬ $ hmWn-Pyhpw ]n¥p-S¿®-h-Im-
Iºn X]m¬ hym]m-chpw
$ I∂p-Imen ]cnihpw
$ thyma-bm\w tI{μ kwÿm\
]m-e\w
$ Xpd-ap-Jß - ƒ $ kwÿm\ Kh¨-sa‚p--Iƒ°v
$ hntZ-ih - ym-]mcw ]ªn°v Cu hnj-b-ß-fn¬
k¿Δo-kp-Iƒ \nbaw \n¿an-°m-hp-
$ \mW-bh - y-hÿ
∂-XmWv
kwÿm\ \nb- a -
tI{μ \nb-a\ - n¿Ωm-W- \n¿Ωm-W-k-`°v
k-`°v am{X-amWv Cu am{X-amWv Cu hnj-
hnj-bß- f- n¬ \nbaw b- ß - f n¬ \nbaw
\n¿an-°m-\p≈ A[n- \n¿an-°m-\p≈
Imcw. A[n-Imcw
Ahin-jvSm-[n-Im-c-ßƒ
$ Cu aq∂p enÃnepw ]cm-a¿in-°s - ∏-SmØ hnj-bß- ƒ Ah-in-jvSm-[n-Im-
c-ßf
- n¬s∏Sp-∂p.
182 $ ssk_¿ \nb-a-ßƒ
$ C¥y-bn¬ Ah-in-jvSm-[n-Im-c-ß-fn¬ \nbaw \n¿an-°m-\p≈ A[n-Imcw
tI{μ-Kh- ¨sa‚n\pam{XamWv.
A[ymbw 7 sÛ-d-enkw
i‡-amb tI{μ Kh-¨sa-t‚mSp IqSnb sÛ-d-enkw
(Federalism with a strong central Govt.) 183
C¥y≥ `c-W-L-S\ i‡-amb Hcp tI{μ Kh¨sa‚n\p cq]w \¬In-bn-cn-
°p∂p F∂p-≈Xv s]mXpsh AwKo-I-cn-°-s∏´ hkvXp-X-bm-Wv. Hcp `qJ-
fi-Øn\p Xpey-amb sshhn-[y-ßfpw kmaq-lnI {]iv\-ß-fpap≈ cmjv{S-
amWv C¥y. Cu sshhn-[y-ßsf Dƒs°m-≈m≥ tijn-bp≈ Hcp sÛ-d¬
kwhn-[m-\a- mWv \ap°v Bhiy-sa∂p `c-WL - S- \m \n¿Ωm-Xm- °ƒ hnizkn-
®n-cp-∂p. AtX kabw Xs∂ inYn-eo-I-cWw XS-bp-∂-Xn\pw kmaq-lnI
cmjv{Sob am‰-ßƒ sIm≠ph-cp-∂X - n\pw Hcp i‡-amb tI{μ-Kh - ¨sa‚ns‚
]¶n-s\-°p-dn®v Ah¿ t_m[-hm≥am-cm-bn-cp-∂p. C¥y kzX-{¥-amb ka-
bØv C¥y-bn¬ {_nó-jpIm¿ cq]oI-cn® {]hn-iy-Iƒ°v ]pdta `n∂n®p
\n∂n-cp∂ 500 Hmfw \m´p-cm-Py-ßfpap≠m-bn-cp-∂p. Chsb C¥y≥ bqWn-
b\n¬ ebn-∏n-°p-∂X - n\pw ]pXnb kwÿm-\ß - ƒ cq]o-Ic - n-°p-∂X- n\pw i‡-
amb A[n-Im-cß- f- p≈ Hcp tI{μ-Kh - ¨sa‚ v A\n-hm-cy-am-bn-cp-∂p.
""Cu k`-bnse _lp-am-\y-cmb AwK-ßsf Rm≥

]d-™p-sIm-≈s´, Hgp°v ...... F√m `c-W-L-S-\-
bnepw tI{μ-Øn-te-°m-Wv. ........ t]meokv cmjv{S-
ßƒ t£a-cm-jv{S-ambn sIm≠n-cn-°p∂ B[p-\nI
kml-N-cy-Øn¬ bqWn-‰dn-bm-bmepw sÛ-d¬
Bbmepw cmPy-Øns‚ kmº-ØnI A`n-hr-≤n-
bpsS BXy-¥nI DØ-c-hm-ZnXzw apgp-h\pw tI{μ
Kh¨sa‚n-\mWv
‰n.‰n. IrjvW- a m- N mcn, CAD,Vol.XI,p.955-

956,25 \hw- º ¿ 1949
AJ-fiX - sb Ipdn-®p≈ DXvIWvT- am-{X-a√ - , kwÿm\-ßf - psS kl-I-

c-Wt- ØmsS kmaq-lnI kmº-ØnI {]iv\ß - ƒ ]cn-lc- n-°p-∂X- n\pw i‡-
amb tI{μK-h¨sa‚ v Bh-iy-am-sW∂p `c-WL - S- \m\n¿am-Xm-°ƒ hnizkn-
®n-cp-∂p. Zmcn-{Zyw, \nc-£-X-c, kº-ØnI Ak-aXzw XpS-ßnb {]iv\-ßƒ
]cn-l-cn-°p-∂-Xn\v Bkq-{X-Whpw GtIm-]-\hpw Bh-iy-am-Wv. Aßs\
AJ-fiX - bpw hnI-k\ - hpw Db¿Ønb DXvIWvTI-fmWv i‡-amb tI{μ-K-
h¨sa‚ v F∂ Bi-bØ - n-te°v `c-WL
- S- \ \n¿am-Xm-°sf \bn-®X - v.
Indian Constitution
at Work
i‡-amb tI{μKh¨sa‚ v cq]n-Ic - W - Ø - n\v klm-bn® {][m\-
s∏´ hyh-ÿI - ƒ \ap°v ]cn-tim-[n-°mw.
$ Hcp kwÿm-\Ø - ns‚ \ne-\nev∏pw AXns‚ `qan-im-k{v X-]c - a- mb AJ-
fi-Xbpw ]m¿e-sa‚ns‚ ssII-fn-em-Wv. Hcp kwÿm-\sØ hn`-
Pnt®m As√-¶n¬ H∂n-e[ - nIw kwÿm-\ß - sf Iqń-t®¿tØm ]pXnb
kwÿm-\ß - ƒ cq]o-Ic - n-°m-\p≈ A[n-Imcw ]m¿e-sa‚n-\p-≠v.
$ C¥y≥ `c-WL - S- \ - b- n¬ ASn-b¥ - c - m- [n-Im-cß - ƒ°p≈ hyh-ÿI - f- p-
≠v. ASn-b¥ - c - m-hÿm {]Jym-]\ - sØ XpS¿∂p sÛ-d¬ cmjv{Sob
kwhn-[m\w Hcp tI{μo-IrX kwhn-[m-\Ø - nte°v amdp-∂X - p-Im-Wmw.
ASn-b¥ - c - m-hÿ- b - psS ka-bØv A[n-Im-cß - ƒ \nba ]c-ambn Xs∂
tI{μo-I-cn-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw kwÿm-\-Øns‚ A[n-Im-c-Øn\p Iogn¬
\ΩpsS `c- W - L -
hcp∂ hnj-bß - f - nepw \nbaw \n¿Ωn-°m≥ ]m¿e-sa‚n\p IgnbpIbpw S\ a‰p-≈-h-bn¬
sNøp-∂p. \n∂pw IS- s a- S p-
$ km[m-cW \ne-bn¬ Xs∂ tI{μ-Kh - ¨sa‚n\v ê-{]-Za - mb [\-Imcy °pI am{X- a √
sNbvX- sX∂v
A[n-Im-cß - fpw DØ-ch - m-Zn-Xz-ßf - p-ap-≠.v H∂m-aX - mbn hcp-am-\Ø - ns‚ Rm≥ Ct∏mƒ a\-
{][m-\s - ∏´ t{kmX- p-Is - f√mw tI{μ-Kh - ¨sa‚ns‚ \nb-{¥-WØ - n- n-em-°p-∂p. CXv
em-Wv. AXp-sIm≠v Xs∂ kmº-ØnI klm-b-ßƒ°v kwÿm\ \ΩpsS Bh- i y-
Kh¨sa‚p-Iƒ tI{μ-K-h¨sa‚ns\ B{i-bn-°p-∂p. c≠m-a-Xmbn ßƒ°- \ p- k - c n®v
sÛ- d - e n- k sØ
Xzcn-XK- X- n-bn-ep≈ kmº-ØnI ]ptcm-KX - n°pw hnI-k\ - Ø- n\pw Bkq- cq]-I-ev]\ sNbv
{XWw F∂ am¿K-amWv kzmX-{¥ym-\-¥cw C¥y Ahn-jvI-cn-®Xv Xn-cn-°p-∂p.
am{X-a√ Bkq-{XWw tI{μo-Ir-X-amb kmº-ØnI Xocp-am-\-sa-Sp-
°¬ {]{Inb-bn-te°v \bn-®p. tI{μ Kh¨sa‚ v \nb-an-°p∂ Bkp-
{XW IΩo-j\ - mWv kwÿm-\ß - f - psS hn`h hn\n-tbm-KØ - ns‚ \nb-
{¥-Whpw ta¬t\m-´h - pw. IqSmsX kmº-ØnI klm-bß - ƒ kwÿm-
\-ßƒ°v \¬Ip∂ Imcy-Øn¬ tI{μ-K-h¨sa‚n\v AXns‚ hnth-
N-\m-[n-Imcw D]-tbm-Kn-°m-hp-∂X - m-W.v kmº-ØnI hn`-hß - f - psS Cß-
s\-bp≈ hnX-cWw ]e-t∏mgpw {]Xn-]£ ]m¿ń-Iƒ `cn-°p∂
kwÿm-\ß - sf Ah-KW - n-°p∂p F∂ Btcm-]W - Ø
- n\pw CS-bm-°n-
bn-´p-≠v.
$ \nßƒ t\csØ a\- n-em-°n-b-Xp-t]mse Kh¿W¿°v kwÿm\
Kh¨sa‚n-s\bpw \nb-a-k-`-tbbpw ]ncn-®p-hn-Sm≥ tI{μ-tØmSv
ip]m¿i sNøm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. IqSmsX km[m-cW kml-N-cy-ß-
fn¬t∏mepw kwÿm\ \nb-ak - `-Iƒ ]m m-°nb Hcp _n¬ ssIhiw
sh°p-hmt\m cmjv{S-]X - n-bpsS ]cn-KW - \ - ° - mbn ka¿∏n-°mt\m At±-
184
l-Øn\v A[n-Im-ca - p-≠v. CXp-hgn kwÿm-\Ø - ns‚ \nba \n¿amW
{]{Inb°v Ime-Xm-akw hcp-Ømt\m {]kvXpX _n√ns\ Xs∂
hot‰m sNømt\m D≈ Ah-kcw tI{μ-Kh - ¨sa‚n\p e`n-°p-∂p.
A[ymbw 7 sÛ-d-enkw
$ Nne kml-N-cy-ß-fn¬ kwÿm\ enÃn¬s∏Sp∂ hnj-b-ß-fnt∑¬
tI{μ-K-h¨sa‚n\v \nba \n¿amWw \S-tØ-≠n-h-cpw. cmPy-k-`-bpsS 185
AwKo-Im-c-tØmsS CØ-c-Øn-ep≈ \nba \n¿amWw \S-Øm-hp-∂-Xm-
Wv. tI{μ-K-h¨sa‚ns‚ FIvkn-Iyq-óhv A[n-Im-c-ßƒ kwÿm-
Kh¨sa‚ns‚ FIvkn-Iyq-óhv A[n-Im-cß
- ƒ°pw apI-fn-em-sW∂v `c-
W-L-S\ hy‡-ambn ]d-™n-cn-°p-∂p. CXp IqSm-sX, Bh-iy-sa-¶n¬
tI{μ-Kh - ¨sa‚n\p kwÿm\ Kh¨sa‚p-Iƒ°v \n¿t±-iß - ƒ \evIm-
hp-∂X - m-Wv.
Xmsg sImSp-Øn-cn-°p∂ C¥y≥ `c-W-L-S-\-bpsS A\p-tOZw CXv hy‡-
am-°p-∂p.
A\p-tOZw 257 (1):
Hmtcm kwÿm-\-Øn-s‚bpw Imcy-\n¿h-lW A[n-Im-c-ßƒ D]-
tbm-Kn-°p-tºmƒ AXv tI{μ Kh¨sa‚ns‚ Imcy \n¿h-lW
A[n-Im-c-ßsf ewLn-°p∂ coXn-bntem AXn-s\-°p-dn®v ap≥hn-
[n-tbmsS kao-]n-°p∂ coXn-bntem BI-cp-Xv. AXp-t]m-se-Xs∂
Bh-iy-sa-¶n¬ Hcp kwÿ-\Ø - n\p \n¿t±-iß
- ƒ sImSp-°m≥X°
hym]vXn-bp-≈X
- mWv tI{μ-Øns‚ Imcy \n¿h-lW A[n-Im-cß - ƒ
$ \Ωp-tSXv GIo-IrX `cW kwhn-[m-\-am-sW-∂p-≈Xv \nßƒ FIvkn-

Iyq-óhv F∂ A[ym-bØ - n¬ ]Tn-®n-´p-≠t- √m. AJn-te¥y k¿Δo-kpIƒ
C¥y-bpsS apgp-h≥ {]Z-i-ß-fn-te-°p-≈Xmb-Xp-sIm≠v Xs∂ Cu
k¿Δo-kp-If - n-te°v sXsc-s™-Sp-°s - ∏-Sp∂ DtZym-Kÿ - ¿ kwÿm-\ß - -
tI{μ Kh¨-
sa‚ v hfsc-- - - - fnepw tkh\w A\p-jvTn-t°-≠-Xp≠v. AXp-sIm≠v If-Iv‰-dmbn Npa-
i‡-am-sW- X-eb - p≈ IAS DtZym-Kÿ - \pw t]meokv IΩo-jW - d- m-bn-´p≈ IPS DtZymK-
∂mWv Rm≥ -- - ÿ\pw BXy-¥n-I-ambn tI{μ -K-h¨sa‚ns‚ \nb-{¥-W-Øn-em-Wv.
- \ - k n- em- ° p-
∂Xv. kwÿm-
kwÿm-\-ßƒ°v Cu DtZym-K-ÿ-cp-sS-ta¬ A®-S° \S-]Sn kzoI-cn-
\-ƒ°v AXn¬ °mt\m tPmenbn¬ \n∂pw ]ncn-®p-hn-Smt\m Ign-bn-√.
]cm-
---- Xn- sbm-∂p- $ `cWL-S\ - b
- psS 33 Dw, 34 Dw A\p-tOZ {]Imcw tI{μ-Øntem kwÿm-
ant√? \-Øntem tPmen t\m°p∂ DtZym-Kÿ - \v Abmƒ ]´mf \nbaw \ne-hn-
en-cn-°p∂ ka-bØv FSpØ \S-]-Sn-I-fnt∑¬ ]m¿e-sa‚ v kwc-£Ww
\¬Ip-∂X - mbn-cn-°pw. Cu hyh-ÿI - ƒ tI{μ-Øns‚ A[n-Imcßƒ H∂p-
IqSn h¿≤n-∏n-°p-∂p. CXns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-emWv {]tXyI ssk\n-
Im-[n-Imc \nb-a-ßƒ (Armed Forces Special Powers Act) \n¿Ωn-®n-´p-
≈-Xv. Cu \nbaw ]e-t∏mgpw P\-ßfpw ssk\yhpw XΩn-ep≈
kwL¿j-Øn\p Imc-Wa - m-bn-´p-≠v.
Indian Constitution
at Work
C¥y≥ sÛ-d¬ hyh-ÿ-bnse kwL¿j-ßƒ (Conflicts

in Indian Federalism)
Cu ]mT-`m- K-Øns‚ ap≥`m-Kß - f

- n¬, `c-WL - S- \ i‡-amb A[n-Im-cß - f
- mWv
tI{μ Kh¨sa‚n\p \¬In-bn-´p-≈-sX∂p \Ωƒ I≠-t√m. AXm-bXv `c-
W-LS\ kwÿm-\ß - f- psS X\-Xmb kzXzw AwKo-Ic - n-°p-tºmƒ Xs∂ IqSp-
X¬ A[n-Im-cß - ƒ tI{μ-Kh - ¨sa‚n¬ \n£n-]X v a
- m-°n-bn-cn-°p-∂p. kwÿm-
-\-ß-fpsS kzXzw AwKo-I-cn-°-s∏´ kml-N-cy-Øn¬ kzm`m-hn-I-ambpw
kwÿm-\-Øn-s‚bpw cmPy-Øn-s‚bpw `cW \n¿Δ-l-W-Øn¬ Ah¿ IqSp-
X¬ ]¶m-fnØw {]Xo-£n-°pw. CXv kwÿm-\-ßƒ \nc-h[n Bh-iy-ßƒ
apt∂m´v h°p-∂-Xn\p Imc-W-ambn. Ime-{I-taW kwÿm-\-ßƒ IqSp-X¬
kzbw-`-c-Whpw A[n-Im-c-ßfpw Bh-iy-s∏-Sm≥ XpS-ßn. CXp tI{μ ˛
kwÿm\ _‘-ßƒ IqSp-X¬ Iep-jn-Xa - m-°n. tI{μ kwÿm\ Kh¨sa‚p-
Iƒ XΩn-ep≈ \nba]c-amb X¿°-ßƒ°v tImSXn apJm-¥ncw ]cn-lmcw
ImWm≥ Ign-bpw. F∂m¬ kzbw `cW Bh-iy-ßƒ t]mse-bp≈ IqSp-
X¬ cmjv{Sob kz`m-h-ap≈ {]iv\-ßƒ ka-hmb N¿®-I-fn-eqsS am{Xta
]cn-lc- n-°m≥ Ign-bp-Ib- p-≈p.
tI{μ kwÿm\ _‘-ßƒ (Centre - State relation)
1950 Ifnepw 60 Ifp-sS BZy ]Ip-Xn-bnepw C¥y≥ sÛ-d-en-k-Øn\p ASn-

Ø-d-bn-´Xv Ph-l¿em¬ s\lvdp-hm-Wv. Cu Ime-L-´-Øn¬ tI{μ-Ønepw
kwÿm-\-Ønepw tIm¨{K v ]m¿ń-bpsS B[n-]-Xy-am-bn-cp-∂p. ]pXnb
kwÿm-\-ß-fpsS cq]o-I-cWw Hgn-®p≈ Imcy-ß-fn¬ tI{μ ˛ kwÿm\
_‘-ßƒ hfsc km[m-cW KXn-bn-em-bn-cp-∂p. tI{μ-Øns‚ [\-k-lm-b-
tØmsS Xßƒ°v hnI-k\w ssIh-cn-°m-sa∂ {]Xo-£b - m-bn-cp∂p kwÿm-
\-ßƒ°v D≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xv. am{X-a-√, tI{μ-K-h¨sa‚ v cq]w \¬Inb kmaq-
lnI ˛ kmº-ØnI hnI-k\ \b-ß-tfmSv XnI™ iq`m]vXn hnizmkhpw
\ne-\n-∂n-cp-∂p.
1960 IfpsS a[y-tØmsS tI{μ-Øns‚ B-[n-]-Xy-Øn\p Xncn-®Sn G¬°p-

Ibpw \nc-h[n kwÿm-\ß - f - n¬ {]Xn-]£ ]m¿ń-Iƒ A[n-Im-cØ
- n-se-Øp-
Ibpw sNbvXp. CXv kwÿm-\ß - ƒ°p IqSp-X¬ kzbw `c-Whpw A[n-Im-c-
ßfpw \¬I-W-sa∂ Bh-iy-Øn\p i‡n ]I¿∂p. bYm¿∞Øn¬
hyXykvX- cm-jv-{Sob]m¿ń-Iƒ tI{μ-Ønepw kwÿm-\-ß-fnepw A[n-Im-c-
186 Øn-se-Øn-b-Xns‚ A\-¥-c-^-e-am-bmWv CØcw Bh-iy-ßƒ Db¿∂p-h-
A[ymbw 7 sÛ-d-enkw
∂-Xv. AXp-sIm≠v Xs∂ tI{μw `cn® tIm¨{K ns‚ A\mhiy
CSs]SepIfn¬ kwÿm\ Kh¨sa‚pIƒ {]Xntj[n°m≥ XpSßn. 187
tIm¨{K ns\ kw_‘n®StØmfw {]Xn]£ ]m¿ńIƒ \bn°p∂
kwÿm\ Kh¨sa‚pIsf ssIImcyw sNøp∂Xv A{X
kpJIcambncp∂n√. Cu khntij cmjv{Sob kmlNcyw Hcp "sÛd¬
hyhÿbnse kzbw`cWw' F∂ ImgvN∏mSns\°pdn®p≈ N¿®Iƒ°v
hgnsbmcp°n.
1990 ItfmsS tI{μØn¬ tIm¨{K v B[n]Xyw ]q¿Æambpw
A{]Xy£amIpIbpw \Ωƒ ap∂Wn cmjv{SobØns‚ ImeL´Ønte°v
{]thin°pIbpw sNbvXp. kwÿm\ßfnepw hnhn[ {]mtZinI ˛ tZiob
]m¿ńIƒ A[nImcØn¬ h∂p. CXv kwÿm\ßfpsS kzm[o\w
h¿≤n∏n°pIbpw sshhn[yßtfmSv BZchp≈ ]Izamb Hcp sÛd¬
hyhÿ°v XpS°w Ipdn°pIbpw sNbvXp. AXpsIm≠v Xs∂ Cu c≠mw
L´Øn¬ kzbw`cWØn\p≈ Bhiyw F∂ {]iv\w cmjv{Sobambn
IqSpX¬ i‡n B¿Pn°p∂p.
kzbw`cWØn\p≈ AhImihmZßƒ ( Demands for

Autonomy)
\nch[n kwÿm\ßfpw cmjv{Sob ]m¿ńIfpw ImemImeßfnembn tI{μ
Kh¨sa‚n¬ \n∂pw IqSpX¬ kzbw`cWw Bhiys∏Sp∂p. F∂ncp∂mepw
CXv hf-sc c-ka-- p-

kzbw `cWsØ kw_‘n®v hyXykvX ImgvN∏mSpIfmWv hnhn[
≈- I m--c yamWv . kwÿm\ßƒ°pw cmjv{Sob ]m¿ńIƒ°pw D≈Xv.
\nbaßfpw NnecpsS Imgv N ∏mSn¬ kwÿm\- ß ƒ°\pIqeambn A[n- I mc
`cWLS\bpw
a m { X a √ hn`P\Øn¬ th-≠ am‰ßƒ hcpØn AXp--hgn IqSpX¬ A[n-Imc--ßfpw
F√mImcy hfsc {][m\s∏´ A[nImcßfpw kwÿm\ßƒ°v e`n°Ww.
ßfpw Xocp- \nch[n kwÿm\ßfpw (Xangv\mSv, ]©m_v, ]›na_wKmƒ) A\h[n
am\n°p∂Xv.
F√mØn\pw cmjv{Sob ]m¿ńIfpw (DMK, Akalidal, CPI (M)) kabmkabßfn¬
D]cn-bmbn CØcØnep≈ kzbw`cW Bhiyw apt∂m´v h®n´p≠v.
{]mtbmKnI
cmjv { Sob--a mWv $ kwÿm\ßƒ°p hcpam\Øns‚ kz¥amb DdhnSßfpw
\ΩpsS Kh¨-- hn`hßfpsSta¬ IqSpX¬ \nb{¥Whpw D≠mbncn°-
s a ‚ n s ‚
k z ` m h w Wsa∂XmWv ams‰mcmhiyw. CXv [\Imcy kzbw`cWw F∂v
\n¿Æbn-°p Adnbs∏Sp∂p (Financial Autonomy). 1977 ¬ ]›na _wKmfnse
∂Xv. CSXp]£ Kh¨sa‚ v C¥ybnse tI{μ kwÿm\ _‘ßƒ
]p\xkwLSn∏n°-Wsa∂p Bhiys∏´psIm≠p≈ {]amWw
Indian Constitution
at Work
]pdØnd°n. Xangv \ mSns‚bpw ]©m_ns‚bpw kzbw
`cWØn\p≈ BhiyØnepw [\Imcy kzbw `cWw Dƒs∏Spw.
$ aq∂maXmbn kzbw `cWØn\p≈ Bhiyw kwÿm\ßfpsS
`cW-]camb A[n-Imcßfpambn _‘-s∏´XmWv. tI{μ
Kh¨sa‚n\v kwÿm\ `cW--b{¥Øn≥ ta-ep≈ \nb--{¥W--
Øn¬ kwÿm\-ßƒ°v Aa¿jap≠v.
$ \meaXmbn, -kzbw`cW--Øn\p≈ B-hi -- yw kmwkv-I
- m-- cnIhpw
`mjm]chpamb {]iv\ß -- fpambn _‘-s∏´-XmWv. lnμn `mj-
icn- b mWv lnμn
bpsS ta[mhnXzØns\-Xnsc Xangv\mń¬ \S-∂ {]-£m`-ßfpw
C¥y-bp-sS
A--Xp-t]mse Xs∂ ]©m_n `mj-bpsSbpw kwkvIm-cØ - n-s‚bpw HutZym-KnI `mj-
hnI-k\ -- Øn\p th≠n--bp≈ Bh---iyßfpw CXn\pZm--lc--Wß --- fmWv. bm- s W- ∂ - \ n- ° - d n-
Nne kwÿm\--ßsf kw_-‘n®v lnμn -kwkmcn-°p∂ {]tZi-- bmw. ]t£. C¥y-
ßƒ a-- ‰v {]tZißfpsS ta¬ B[n]Xyw -ÿm]n°psa∂ bpsS hnhn[ `mK-
òXnbp≠v. bYm¿∞Øn¬ 1960 Ifn¬ lnμn ASnt®¬∏n°p∂Xn- ßfn¬ \n∂pw
hcp∂ Fs‚ kl-
s\Xnsc hnhn[ kwÿm\ßfn¬ \nch[n {]t£m`ßƒ ]m-Tn-Iƒ°v lnμn
D≠mbn´p≠v. Adn-bn√
cmjv{S-]-Xn-`-c-Whpw Kh¿Æ¿am-
cpsS ]¶pw. Im¿´p¨ hmbn-°pI
tI{μ kwÿm\ _‘ßfnse
F°mesØbpw hnhmZ hnjbamWv
Kh¿ÆdpsS ]¶ns\Ipdn®p≈X.v
Kh¿Æsd sXcs™Sp°pIb√
sNøp∂Xv. an° Kh¿W¿amcpw hncan®
]´mf DtZymKÿtcm knhn¬
k¿ΔokpImtcm XeapXn¿∂
cmjv{Sob°mtcm Bbncn°pw. IqSmsX,
Chsc \nban°p∂Xv tI{μ
Kh¨sa‚mbXpsIm≠v Xs∂
Kh¿ÆdpsS {]h¿Ø\w tI{μ
Kh¨sa‚ ns‚ kwÿm\
`cWØnep≈ ssIISØembn´mWv `c-W-L-S\m \n¿ΩmW k`-bnse cmjv{S-`mjsb kw_-‘n-
IcpXp∂Xv. tI{μØnepw ®p≈ N¿®m-th-f-bn¬ a‰p-≈-h-tcmSv IqSp-X¬ kln-jvWpX
kwÿm\Ønepw hyXyÿ ]m¿ńIƒ Im´m≥ lnμn kwkm-cn-°p∂ {]hn-iy-I-tfmSv s\lvdphn\v
188 `cn°p∂ kμ¿`ßfn¬ Kh¿ÆdpsS
A`y¿∞n-t°-≠n-h-∂p.
\S]SnIƒ IqSpX¬ hnhmZamImdq≠v.

A[ymbw 7 sÛ-d-enkw
tI{μ ˛ kwÿm\ _‘ßsf°pdn®p ]Tn°m≥
Im¿´p¨ hmbn-°pI
1983 ¬ tI{μKh¨sa‚ v k¿°mcnb IΩojs\ 189
\nban®p. 1988 ¬ Cu IΩo-j≥ AXns‚ dnt∏m¿´v
ka¿∏n°pI-bp-≠m-bn. Cu dnt∏m¿-ń¬ k¿°m-cn-
b-I-Ωn-j≥ \n¿t±-in-®Xv Kh¿-Æ-dpsS \nb-a\w
I£n ˛ cmjv{So-bØ- n-\X
- o-Xa
- m-bn-cn-°W
- s
- a-∂m-Wv.
Kh¿Æ-dpsS A[n-Im-cß - fpw Npa-Xe- I - fpw C{Xbpw

hnhm-Z-ßfp≈-Xm-Im≥ Hcp ImcWw IqSn-bp-≠v.
C¥y≥ `c-W-L-S-\-bnse G‰hpw hnhm-Z-ßfp--≠m-
°p∂ A\p-tO-Z-ß-fn-sem-∂mWv A\p-tOZw 356.
Cu A\p-tO-Z-a-\p-k-cn-®mWv kwÿm-\-ß-fn¬
cmjv{S-]Xn `cWw {]Jym-]n-°p-∂X - v. `c-WL - S- \
- m-
\p-krX-ambn `cWw \S-Øp-∂-Xn¬ kwÿm\
Kh¨sa‚ v ]cm-P-b-s∏-Sp∂ kml-N-cy-Øn-emWv
Cu hIp∏v km[m-cW D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂X - v. CXns‚
ê-ambn kwÿm\ `cWw tI{μ-Kh - ¨sa‚ v Gs‰-
s\lvdp Kh¿W¿amsc \nb-an-®-t∏mƒ Sp-°p-∂p. cmjv{S-]X
- n-bpsS {]Jym-]\ - Ø- n\p ]m¿e-
a{¥n-°t- kc hns´m-gn-bm≥ Nne¿°p aSn- sa‚ns‚ AwKo-Imcw Bhiy-am-Wv. aq∂p-h¿jw
bm-bn-cp-∂p. hsc {]kn-U‚ v `cWw G¿s∏-Sp-Ø-mhp-∂-Xm-Wv.
kwÿm-\-Øn-se Kh¨sa‚n-s\bpw \nba k`-tbbpw ]ncn®p hnSm≥ ip]m¿i sNøp-∂-
Xn-\≈ A[n-Imcw Kh¿Æ¿°p-≠v. CXv \nc-h[n {]iv\ß - ƒ°p Imc-Wa - m-Ip∂p. 1959 ¬
\nba k`-bn¬ `qcn-]£ - a - p-≠m-bn-cp∂ tIcf Kh¨sa‚ns\ ]ncn-®p-hn-´X - p-t]m-sebpw 1967
\p tijw C¥y-bnse hnhn[ kwÿm-\-ß-fnse Kh¨sa‚p-Isf Ah-cpsS `qcn-]£w
]cn-tim-[n-°msX ]ncn-®p-hn-´Xp t]mse-bpap≈ kw`-hß - ƒ Nne-t∏m-sgms° D≠m-bn-´p-≠v.
CØ-cØ - n-ep≈ Nne tIkp-Iƒ tImS-Xn-bn-se-Øp-Ibpw B tIkp-If - psS hn[n-\ym-bØ -- n¬
{]knU‚ v `c-WØ --- ns‚ `c-W-L-S\m km-[pX ]cntim-[n-°m-\p≈ A[n-Imcw Xß-ƒ°m-
sW∂p tImSXn hy‡--am-°p-Ibpw sNbvXn-´p-≠v.
1967 hsc 356˛mw hIp∏v A]q¿Δ-amtb D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp∂p≈p. 1967 \p tijw \nc-h[n
kwÿm-\ß - f - n¬ tIm¨-{K- n-Xc Kh¨sa‚p-Iƒ A[n-Im-cØ -- n-se-Øn. ]t£ At∏mgpw
tI{μ-`c-Ww tIm¨{K- n-\m-bn-cp-∂p. tI{μ-Kh - ¨sa‚ v Cu hIp-∏p-]tbm-Kn®v kwÿm\
Kh¨sa‚p-Isf ]ncn-®p-hn-Sp-∂Xv ]Xn--hmbn. am{X-a√ kwÿm\ Kh¿Æsd D]-tbm-Kn®p
sIm≠v, `qcn-]£ -- w t\Snb ]m¿ńtbm- ap∂-Wntbm A[n-Im-cØ -- n-se-Øp-∂Xp XS-bm\pw
Ah¿ {ian-®n-cp∂p. DZm-l-c-W-ambn 1980 I-fn¬ B{‘-{]-tZ-in-tebpw PΩp-Im-ivao-cn-
tebpw sX--cs - ™---Sp-°s - ∏´ Kh¨sa‚p---Isf tI{μ-Kh
- ¨sa‚ v ]ncn-®p-hn-ń-cp∂p.
Indian Constitution
at Work
Im¿´p¨ hmbn-°pI
]pXnb kwÿm- \ -
ßƒ°m-bp≈ Ah-Im-i-
hm-Z-ßƒ (Demands for New
State)
]pXnb kwÿm-\ß - ƒ°p≈ Bh-
iy-am-bn-cp∂p sÛ-d¬ kwhn-[m-
\-Ønse kwL¿j-ßfpsS as‰mcp
Xew. tZiob {]ÿm\w Hcp ]m≥
˛ C¥y≥ kzXzw (Pan - Indian) cq]o-
I-cn-®-tXm-sSm∏w `mj, {]tZ-iw,
kwkvIm-cw XpS-ßn-bh - sb Np‰n-∏-
‰n-bp≈ khn-tij kzXz-ßƒ°pw
cq]w \¬In. \ΩpsS tZiob
{]ÿm\w P\m- [ n- ] - X y- Ø n\p
th≠nbpw ]cn-{i-an-®n-cp-∂p. AXp-
sIm≠v kzmX-{¥y-k-ac Ime-L-´-
Øn¬ Xs∂ kwÿm\ cq]n-I-
kwÿm\ Kh¨sa‚p-Isf adn-®n-Sp∂ Cu cWw km[y-am-Ip-∂nStØmfw `mj-
Ifn F√m-hcpw CjvS-s∏-Sp-∂p. I-fp-sSbpw kwkvIm-c-Øn-s‚bpw
ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-em-bn-cn-°-W-sa∂v
Xocp-am-\n-®n-cp-∂p.
Trust.
AXm-bn-cp∂p `mjm-Sn-ÿm-\-
Im¿´p¨ hmbn-°pI
Øn- e p≈ kwÿm\ cq]oI- c Ww
F∂ Bh-iy-Øn-te°v kzmX-{¥ym-\-
¥cw \sΩ \bn-®-Xv. 1953 Unkw-_-
Book
dn¬ cq]w sIm≠ kwÿm\

]q\xkwL-S\m IΩo-j≥ {][m\
`mjm hn`m-Kß - ƒs°-¶nepw kwÿm-
Children’s
\-ßƒ cq]o-I-cn-°-W-sa∂v ip]m¿i

sNbvXp. 1956 ¬ kwÿm\
]p\xkwLmS- \ - Ø n- e qsS Nne
kwÿm-\-ßƒ \nen-hn¬ hcp-Ibpw
Copyright:
B {]{Inb Ct∏mgpw XpS¿∂p

190
sImt≠-bn-cn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. 1960 26 July 1953
emWv KpP-dmØpw, alm-cm-jv{Sbpw ]pXnb kwÿm-\-ßƒ cq]o-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn\p th≠n
cq]o-Ic
- n-°s- ∏-´X- .v ]©m_pw lcn-bm- s]cp-In-sIm-≠n-cn-°p∂ Ah-Im-i-hm-Z-ßƒ
Shankar.
A[ymbw 7 sÛ-d-enkw
\bpw 1966 ¬ \ne-hn¬h-∂p. ]n∂oSv hS°v Ing-°≥ {]tZ-i-ß-fpsS
]p\xkwL-S-\-bn-eqsS aWn-∏q¿, {Xn]p-c, taLm-e-b, antkm-dmw, Acp-Wm- 191
N¬ {]tZiv F∂o kwÿm-\ß - ƒ \ne-hn¬ h∂p.
c≠m-bn-c-mam-≠n¬ {]tXyI kwÿm-\-Øn\p th≠n-bp≈ Ah-Im-i-hm-Z-
sØbpw `cW Imcy-£a - X°p th≠n-bp≈ Bh-iy-sØbpw ap≥ \n¿Øn
Nne henb kwÿm-\-ßƒ ho≠pw hn`-Pn-t°-≠n-h-∂p. Aßs\ a[y-{]-
tZ-iv, DØ¿{]-tZ-iv, _olm¿ F∂o kwÿm-\-ßƒ hn`-Pn®v bYm-{Iaw
NØo-kvKV - v, DØcmJ-fiv, Pm¿Jfiv F∂n-ßs\ aq∂p kwÿm-\ß - ƒ
cq]o-Ic- n-°s∏´p. F¶n-epw, Nne `mjm-hn-`m-Kß
- fw {]tZ-iß
- fpw {]tXyI
kwÿm\ cq]o-Ic - W
- Ø
- n\p th≠n-bp≈ {]t£m-`ß - ƒ XpS¿∂p sImt≠-
bn-cn-°p-∂p. alm-cm-j{v S-bn¬ hnZ¿` kwÿm-\Ø - n-\m-bp≈ Ah-Im-ih- mZw
CXn\pZml-cW - a
- m-Wv.
A¥¿ kwÿm\ kwL¿j-ßƒ (Inter state Conflicts)
kzbw`c-W-Øn\pw hcp-am\ t{kmX- p-Iƒ°pw th≠n kwÿm-\-ßƒ
{]h¿Ø\w
C¥y-bnse kwÿm-\-ß-fpsS ]ńI Xbm-dm°n Ah
Hmtcm∂pw \ne-hn¬ h∂ h¿jw Is≠-Øp-I.
tI{μ-hp-ambn hne-t]-i¬ \S-Øp-∂-Xp-t]mse kwÿm-\-ßƒ

XΩnepw \nc-h[n kwL¿j-ßfpw X¿°-ßfpw \ne-\n¬°p-∂p-
≠v. Cu X¿°-ßƒ°v \nb-a-]-c-amb ]cn-lmcw ImWm≥ \oXn-
\ym-bh
- y-hÿ {ian-°p-∂p-s≠-¶nepw Cu X¿°-ßs - fm-∂pw shdpw
AXp-sIm≠v, sÛ-de - nkw \nb-a]
- c- a
- √
- ∂
- X - mWv bmYm¿∞yw. Cu {]iv\ - ß
- ƒ°v cmj-{Sob
F∂m¬ kwL¿j- ß - am\-ßƒ D≠m-b-Xp-sIm≠v Xs∂ N¿®Ifn-eq-sSbpw ]c-kv]c
fmtWm. BZyw \Ωƒ hnizm-k-Øn-eq-sSbpw am{Xta Ah ê-{]-Z-ambn ]cn-l-cn-°m≥
tI{μhpw kwÿm-\-ßfpw
XΩn-ep≈ kwL¿j-sØ- Ign-bpIbp≈q.
°p-dn®pw ]n∂oSv kwÿm- hnim-e-amb A¿∞-Øn¬ c≠p Xc-Øn-ep≈ X¿°-ß-
\-ßƒ XΩn-ep≈Xns\-°p- fmWv {][m-\-ambpw Chn-sS-bp-≠m-Ip-∂Xv. AXn¿Øn X¿°ß-
dn-®pw kwkm-cn®p. \ap°v fmWvv Ah-bn¬ H∂v. Nne kwÿm-\ß - ƒ Ab¬ kwÿm-\ß - -
kam- [ m- \ - t ØmsS Pohn-
°m≥ Ign-bp-I-bnt√? fpsS `q{]-tZ-iß - f- n¬ Ah-Im-ih
- m-Zw D∂-bn-°p∂p. `mjm-Sn-ÿm-
\-Øn-emWv kwÿm-\-ß-fpsS AXn¿Øn \n¿Æ-bn-®-sX-¶nepw
H∂n-e[- nIw `mj kwkm-cn-°p-∂h - ¿ an° kwÿm-\ß - f
- p-sSbpw
AXn¿Øn {]tZ-iß - f
- n¬ ImWm≥ Ign-bpw. AXp-sIm≠v Xs∂
`mjm `qcn-]£w F∂ am\-Z-fi-Øn-eqsS Ffp∏w ]cn-l-cn-°m-
hp∂ {]iv\a - √ CXv. alm-cm-jv{Sbpw I¿Æm-SI - bpw XΩn¬ hf-
Indian Constitution
at Work
sc-°m-ea - mbn _¬Kmw \K-csØ kw_-‘n-°p∂ AXn¿Øn X¿°w \ne-
\n¬°p-∂p-≠v. AXp-t]mse Xs∂ aWn-∏qcpw \mK-mem‚pw XΩn¬ \o≠
\mfmbn Hcp AXn¿Øn X¿°w \ne-\n-ev°p-∂p. ]©m-_n¬ \n∂pw lcn-
bm\ F∂ kwÿm-\sØ AS¿Øn-am-‰n-bXv c≠p kwÿm-\-ßƒ XΩn-
ep≈ AXn¿Øn X¿°-ßƒ°v am{X-a√ Xe-ÿm-\-amb NfioK-Vn\p
th≠n-t∏mepw X¿°-ßƒ°v Imc-Wa - m-bn-cn-°p-∂p. NfioKVv F∂ Cu
]´Ww Ct∏mƒ c≠p kwÿm-\-ß-fp-sSbpw Xe-ÿm-\-amW.v 1985˛¬
A∂sØ {][m-\a - {¥n cmPohv Km‘n ]©m-_ns‚ t\Xr-Xz-hpambn Hcp
[mc-W-bn-se-Øn-t®¿∂p. Cu [mcW {]Imcw NfioKVv ]©m-_n\p
ssIam-td-≠-Xp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. ]s£ CXp-hsc B ssI-am‰w \S-∂n-ń-√.
AXn¿Øn X¿°-ßƒ sshIm-cn-I-am-sW-¶n¬ \Zo-Pe X¿°-ßƒ
AXnepw cq£-amb {]iv\-ß-fm-Wp-≠m-°p-∂-Xv. ImcWw AXp kwÿm-
\-ß-fpsS IpSn-sh-≈hpw Irjnbp-ambn _‘-s∏´ taJ-e-Isf t\cn´p
_m[n-°p-∂-Xm-Wv. \nßƒ Imthcn \Zo-Pe X¿°sØ Ipdn®v tIń-´p-
≠m-bn-cn-°p-at- √m. Xan-g\ v mSpw I¿Æm-SI
- bpw XΩn-ep≈ Hcp {][m\ {]iv\-
am-WnXv. Cu c≠p kwÿm-\-ß-fnepw I¿j-I¿ Imthcn \Zo-P-esØ
B{i-bn-°p-∂h - c
- m-W.v \Zo-Pe X¿°-ßƒ ]cn-lc - n-°p-∂X
- n\v Hcp ss{S_yq-
W¬ Ds≠-¶nepw Imthcn \Zo-Pe X¿°w kp{]ow tImS-Xn-bn¬ FØn-
bn-cn-°p-I-bm-Wv. CXp-t]mseXs∂ alm-cm-jv{Sbpw KpP-dm-Øpw, a[y-{]-
tZipw \¿ΩZ \Zo-Pe - sØ kw_-‘n®pw kam-\a - mb Hcp X¿°-Øn-te¿s∏-
ń-cn-°p-I-bm-Wv. \Zo-Pew Hcp kp{]-[m\ hn`m-K-am-b-Xp-sIm-≠vXs∂
AXn≥ta-ep≈ X¿°w kwÿm-\-ß-fpsS kln-jvWp-Xtbbpw kl-I-
cWat\m-`m-hs - Øbpw ]co-£W hnt[-ba - m-°p-∂p.
{]tXyI hyh-ÿ-Iƒ (Special Provisions)
C¥y≥ sÛ-d¬ k{º-Zm-b-Øns‚ A]q¿Δ khn-ti-j-X-bmWv Nne
kwÿm-\-ßƒ°v AXv \¬Ip∂ {]tXyI ]cnK-W-\. C¥y-bnse
kwÿm-\ß - f
- psS hen-∏hpw P\-kw-Jybpw hyXy-kX v am-bX- p-sIm≠v Xs∂
Ah-cpsS ]m¿e-sa‚nse {]mXn-\n-[yhpw hyXy-kvXam-bn-cn-°p-sa∂v \nb-
icn-bmWv Kh¿W¿
a-\n¿ΩmW k` F∂ A[ym-b-Øn-eqsS \Ωƒ a\- n-em-°n-bn-´p-≠-t√m. am-cp-sSbpw `mjbp-
sNdnb kwÿm-\ß - ƒ°v an\naw {]mXn-\n[yw Dd-∏p-hc
- p-Øp-tºmƒ Xs∂ sSbpw AXn¿Øn-
henb kwÿm-\ß - ƒ°v IqSp-X¬ {]mXn\n[yw Cu kwhn-[m\w hgn e`y- bp-sSbpw \Zo Pe-
am-°n-bn-cn-°p-∂p. Øn-s‚bpw t]cn¬
X¿°-ßƒ. F∂m
A[n-Imc hn`-P-\-Øns‚ Imcy-Ønepw s]mXp-hmb hyh-ÿ-I-
192 fmWv F√m kwÿm-\-ßƒ°pw `c-W-L-S\ \¬In-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv. F∂n-
epw Hcp-an®p Ign-
bm≥ \Ωƒ io
cp-∂mepw Nne kwÿm-\ß - f- psS kmº-Øn-Ihpw Ncn-{X-]c - h- p-amb khn- en®pw Ign-™p.
tij klm-N-cy-ßƒ ]cn-K-Wn®p sIm≠v `c-W-L-S-\-bn¬ Ah°v
A[ymbw 7 sÛ-d-enkw
{]h¿Ø\w
ct≠m AXn-e[- n-Itam kwÿm-\ß
- ƒ XΩn-ep≈ 193
GsX-¶nepw Hcp \Zo-Pe X¿°-Øns‚ hni-Zmw-
i-ßƒ tiJ-cn-°p-I.

F¥p-sIm≠mWv kwÿm-\ß - ƒ°v kzbw-`c- Ww Bh-iy-
ambn hcp-∂Xv
kzbw `c-Whpw hnL-S-\-hm-Zhpw XΩn-ep≈ hyXymkw
F¥mWv?
{]tXyI hIp-∏p-Iƒ \¬In-bn-cn-°p-∂p. Cu {]tXyI hIp-∏p-Iƒ IqSp-

Xepw \¬In-bn-cn-°p-∂Xv P\-kw-Jy-bn¬ KWy-amb hn-`mKw BZna tKm{X-
h¿K-ßƒ Dƒs∏-Sp∂ hS°p ˛ Ing-°≥ kwÿm-\ß - f- n-emWv (B mw,
\mKm-em‚ v, Acp-Wm-N¬ {]tZiv, antkmdw XpS-ßn-b-h). Cu hn`m-K-
ßƒ°v Ah-cpsS khn-ti-j-amb kmwkvIm-cnI X\na \ne-\n¿Øm≥
CXv Ahsc klm-bn-°p-∂p. (A\p-tOZw 371). F∂n-cp-∂mepw Cu {]tZ-
i-ß-fnse A\y-h-XvI-c-W-sØbpw òI-c-hm-Z-sØbpw sNdp-°m≥ Cu
hIp∏v ]cym-]vX-a-√. AXp-t]mse ]¿ΔX {]tZ-i-ß-fnse kwÿm-\-
amb lnam-N¬ {]tZ-in\pw a‰p kwÿm-\ß - f
- mb B{‘-{]-tZ-iv, tKmh,
KpP-dm-Øv, alm-cm-jv{S, kn°nw, sXep-¶m\ XpS-ßn-bhbv°pw {]tXyI
hIp-∏p-Iƒ `c-WL - S- \
- b
- n-ep-≠v.
PΩp Imivao¿ (Jammu and Kashmir)
C¥y≥ `c-W-L-S\ {]tXyI ]Zhn \¬In-bn-´p≈ as‰mcp kwÿm-\-
_p≤n-]-chpw k¥p- amWv PΩp Imivao¿ (A\p-tOZw 370). kzmX-{¥ym-\¥cw C¥y-bntem
en- X - h p- a mb cq]- I - ]mIn-ÿm-\ntem tNcm≥ Ah-k-c-hp-≠m-bn-cp-∂- h-enb \m´p cmPy-ß-
ev]\ F∂v Ah¿
fn¬ H∂m-bn-cp∂p PΩp Imivao¿. kzmX{¥yw e`n®v Ipd®v \mfp-
H∂m-asØ A[ym-b-
Iƒ°Iw Xs∂ C¥ybpw ]mIn-ÿm\pw Imivao-cns‚ t]cn¬ Hcp bp≤-
Øn¬ ]d-™-Xns‚
A¿∞w F\n- ° n-
Øn-te¿s∏-Sp-I-bp-≠m-bn. B kml-N-cy-Øn¬ Imivao-cns\ C¥y≥
t∏mƒ a\- n-em-bn. bqWn-b\ - n¬ ebn-∏n-°m≥ Imivao¿ alm-cm-Pmhv Xocp-am-\n-®p.
an°-hmdpw F√m ap…ow `q-cn-]£ \m´p cmPy-ßfpw ]mIn-ÿm-\n¬
tN¿∂-t∏mƒ Imivao¿ am{Xw Hgn™p \n∂p. Cu kml-N-cy-Øn-emWv
Imivao-cn\v C¥y≥ `c-W-L-S-\-bn¬ _rl-Ømb kzbw-`-cWw \¬In-
bn-cn-°p-∂X- .v `c-WL
- S- \
- b
- psS 370˛mw A\p-tOZ-{]-Imcw tI{μ enÃnepw
kwbp‡ enÃn-epw Dƒs∏-Sp∂ hnj-b-ß-fn-ep≈ \nba \n¿ΩmWw
Imivao-cn-cn\p _m[-I-am-I-W-sa-¶n¬ kwÿm-\-Øns‚ AwKo-Imcw
Bhiy-am-Wv. a‰p kwÿm-\-ß-fpsS Imcy-Øn¬ Cß-s\-sbmcp hyh-
Indian Constitution
ÿ-bn-√. AhnsS aq∂p ]ń-II
- f at Work
- n-eq-sS-bp≈ A[n-Imc hn`-P\w kzm`m-hn-I-
ambn F√m kwÿm-\-ßƒ°pw _m[-I-am-Wv. ]t£ PΩp˛ Imivao-cns‚
Imcy-Øn¬ tI{μ-en-Ãn¬ ]d-™n-cn-°p∂ hnj-bß - f - n¬ tI{μ-Kh - ¨sa‚n\p
]cn-an-X-amb A[n-Im-c-ß-tf-bp-≈q. am{X-a√ tI{μ-en-Ãnepw kwÿm\
enÃnepw ]d-™n-´p≈ A[n-Im-c-ßƒ hn\n-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xn\p kwÿm\
Kh¨sa‚ns‚ AwKo-Imcw Bh-iy-am-Wv. CXv PΩq-Im-ivao-cn\p hen-bt- Xm-
Xn¬ kzbw`cWw \¬Ip-∂p.
]t£ {]mtbm-KnI Xe-Øn¬ Imivao-cn\p 370˛mw A\p-tO-Z-Øn¬ ]d-
™n-cn-°p∂ Xc-Øn-ep≈ kzbw`cWw e`n-°p-∂n√ F∂p-≈Xv Hcp
bmYm¿∞y-am-W.v {]kn-U‚n\v kwÿm\ Kh¨sa‚ns‚ AwKo-Im-ct- ØmsS
tI{μ-˛-en-Ãnse GsXms° `mK-ßƒ PΩp-˛-Im-ivao-cn\v _m[-I-am-°m-sa∂v
Xncp-am-\n°mw Fs∂mcp `c-W-L-S\m hyh-ÿ-bp-≠v. PΩp Imivao¿
Kh¨sa‚ns‚ AwKo-Im-c-tØm-Sp-IqSn ]pd-Øn-d-°nb c≠v {]kn-U≥jy¬
DØ-chv hgn tI{μ enÃnse `qcn-]£w hyh-ÿI - fpw Ct∏mƒ PΩp Imivao-
cn\p IqSn _m[-I-am-°n-bn-´p-≠v. CXns‚ ê-am-bn, PΩp ˛ Imivao-cn\p
{]tXyIw ]Xm-Ibpw `c-W-L-S-\bpw Ds≠-¶n¬ t]mepw tI{μ enÃn¬
Dƒs∏´ hnj-b-ß-fn¬ Imivao-cn-\p-IqSn _m[-I-amb \nb-a-ßƒ \n¿Ωn-°m-
\p≈ ]m¿e-sa‚ns‚ A[n-Imcw Ct∏mƒ AwKo-Ic - n-°s- ∏-ń-´p-≠v.
B`y-¥c Ipg-∏-ß-fpsS t]cn¬ kwÿm-\Øv ASn-b-¥-cm-hÿ {]Jym-
]n-°p-∂-Xn\p PΩp-Im-ivao¿ Kh¨sa‚ns‚ AwKo-Imcw Bh-iy-am-sW-∂p-
≈-Xm-Wv, a‰p kwÿm-\ß - f
- p-ambn Ct∏mƒ Imivao-cn-\p≈ hyXym-kw. AXp-
t]mse PΩp- Im-ia v o-cn¬ kmº-ØnI ASn-b¥ - c- m-hÿ G¿s∏-Sp-Øm≥ tI{μ
Kh¨sa‚n\p Ign-bn-√. \n¿t±-iI XXz-ßƒ Imivao-cn\p _m[-Ia - √
- . AXp-
t]mse Xs∂ 368˛mw hIp-∏-\p-k-cn-®p≈ `c-W-L-S\m t`Z-K-Xn-Iƒ Imivao-
cn\p _m[-Ia - m-IW
- s - a-¶n¬ kwÿm-\Ø - ns‚ AwKo-Imcw Bh-iy-am-Wv.
Hcp sÛ-d¬ kwhn-[m-\Ø - n¬ F√m kwÿm-\ß - ƒ°pw A[n-Imc
hn`-P-\-Øn¬ XpeyX D≠m-bn-cn-°-W-sa∂v \nc-h[n Bfp-Iƒ hniz-kn-°p-
∂p-≠v. AXp-sIm≠v Xs∂ {]tXyI hIp-∏p-Iƒs°-Xnsc F√m-bvt∏mgpw
i‡-amb FXn¿∏p-Iƒ Db¿∂p-h-cm-dp-ap≠v. AXp-t]mse Xs∂ AØcw
{]tXyI hIp-∏p-Iƒ hnL-S\ - h- m-ZØ- n\p Imc-Wa - m-tb-°p-sa-∂p≈ Bi-¶I - -
fp-ap-≠v. AXp-sIm≠v CØcw `c-W-L-S\m hIp-∏p-I-sf-°p-dn®pw \nc-h[n
hnhm-Zß- ƒ \ne-\n-¬°p-∂p.
194
A[ymbw 7 sÛ-d-enkw
kw{Klw
195
sÛ-d-enkw Hcp ag-hn√p t]mse-bm-Wv. hyXykvX \nd-ßƒ IqSn tN¿∂mWt√m
at\m-lc - a- mb Hcp ag-hn-√mbn amdp∂Xv. tI{μhpw kwÿm-\ß - fpw XΩn-ep≈ k¥p-
en-X-amb _‘w XpS¿®-bmbn \ne-\n¿ØpI F∂ {]bm-k-I-c-amb ZuXy-amWv
sÛ-d-en-k-Øn\p \n¿Δ-ln-°m-\p-≈Xv. \nb-a-hy-h-ÿ-Iƒ sImt≠m ÿm]-\-
ßƒsIm-t≠m- am{Xw Hcp sÛ-d-¬ cmjv{S-Øns‚ kpK-a-amb {]h¿Ø\w Dd-∏m-
°m≥ Ign-bn-√. BXy-¥n-I-ambn P\-ßfpw cmj-{Sob {]{In-bbpw tN¿∂p kln-
jvWp- X-bp-tSbpw ]c-k] v c hnizm-kØ
- n-s‚-bpw, kl-Ic - W
- Ø
- n-s‚bpw Hcp kwkvImcw
hf¿Øn-sb-Sp-t°-≠-Xp-≠v. sÛ-td-j≥ Htc kabw sFIy-tØbpw sshhn-[y-
tØbpw BtLm-jn-°p-∂p. A`n-{]mb hyXym-k-ßsf \ncm-I-cn-®psIm≠v t\Sm≥
Ign-bp∂ H∂-√, tZiob sFIyw. _e-{]-tbm-K-Øn-eqsS ssIh-cn-°p∂ AØcw
sFIyw kmaqly kwL¿j-ßƒ°pw A\y-h¬°-c-W-Øn\pw Imc-W-am-Ip-Ibpw
BXy-¥n-Ia - mbn AXv tZiob sFIysØ XI¿°p-Ib - pw sNøpw. sshhn-[y-sØbpw
kzbw-`c - W- Ø - n\p th≠n-bp≈ Bh-iy-ßs - fbpw A\p-`mh ]q¿Δw t\m°n-°m-Wp∂
cmjv{Sob hyh-ÿ-°p-am-{Xta Hcp kl-I-c-Wm-flI sÛ-td-js‚ (Co-operative
Federalism) ASn-Ød - b
- mbn h¿Øn-°m≥ Ign-bp-Ib - p-≈p.
A`-ymkw
1. Xmsg-sIm-Sp-Øn-cn-°p∂ kw`-h-ß-fn¬ \n∂v sÛ-d-en-k-Øns‚ {]h¿Ø-\-
ß-fp-ambn _‘-s∏-´Xp Is≠Øn ImcWw hy‡-am-°p-I.
$ tI{μ-K-h¨sa‚ v, sNmΔmgvN GNLF \bn-°p∂ Um¿Pn-enwKv Kq¿J ln¬
Iu¨kn-en\p `c-W-L-S-\-bpsS 6˛mw ]ń-I-b-\p-k-cn-®p≈ kzbw `cWw A\p-
h- Z n- ® psIm≠v DØ- c - h n- S p- I - b p- ≠ m- b n. tI{μ- K - h ¨sa‚ v , ]›na- _ w- K mƒ
Kh¨sa‚ v, kp`mjv sKbvknwKv \bn-°p∂ Kq¿° tZiob hntam-N-\-ap-∂-Wn
F∂nh tN¿∂p c≠p Znhkw \o≠p \n∂ NqtS-dnb N¿®-Iƒ°v tijw Hcp
{XnI£n [mcWm]{X-Øn¬ H∏p hbv°p-I-bm-bncp∂p.
$ ag-s°-SpXn _m[n® kwÿm-\-ßƒ°p≈ Kh¨sa‚ns‚ {]h¿Ø\ ]≤Xn:
ag-s°-Sp-Xn-bn¬s∏´ kwÿm-\-ßƒ°p≈ Zpcn-Xm-izmk klm-b-ßƒ AXn-
thKw e`n-°p-∂Xn\p hni-Z-amb ]≤-Xn-Iƒ ka¿∏n-°m≥ tI{μ-K-h¨sa‚ v
{]kvXpX kwÿm\ßtfmSv Bh-iy-s∏-´p.
Indian Constitution
at Work
$ U¬ln°v ]pXnb IΩo-j-W¿
Xeÿm\-Øn\p Hcp ]pXnb ap≥kn-∏¬ IΩo-j-Wsd e`n-°p-
hm≥t]mIp-∂p. C°mcyw icn-h-®psIm≠v Ct∏m-gsØ ap≥kn-∏¬
IΩo-j-W¿ cmtIjv taØ ]d-bp-∂Xv, At±-lØn\p ÿew am‰
DØ-chv e`n®p Ign-™qsh-∂m-Wv. ]Icw Ct∏mƒ Acp-Wm-N¬
{]tZiv No^vsk-{I-´-dn-bm-bn-´p≈ Atim-Iv Ip-am¿ Cu ÿm\-
tØ°p FØp-∂-Xm-bn-cn-°pw. 1975 _m®nse IAS Hmô-k¿ Bb
cmtI-jvI-taØ aq∂-c-h¿j-Im-e-tØmfw U¬ln ap≥kn-∏¬
tIm¿∏-td-js\ \bn-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn.
$ aWn-∏q¿ k¿Δ-I-em-im-e°v tI{μ-k¿Δ-I-em-ime ]Zhn:
Ign™ _p[-\mgvN cmPy-k-`, aWn-∏q¿ k¿Δ-I-em-im-esb tI{μ
k¿Δ-I-em-im-e-bm-°n-s°m-≠p≈ _n√n\p AwKo-Imcw \¬In.
Cu kμ¿`-Øn¬ hS-°p-In-g-°≥ kwÿm-\-ß-fmb Acp-Wm-N¬
{]tZ-iv, {Xn]p-c, kn°nw F∂o kwÿm-\-ß-fnepw tI{μ k¿Δ-I-
em-im-e-Iƒ ÿm]n-°p-sa∂v am\-h-hn`htijn hnI-k\ a{¥n
{]Jym-]n-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn.
$ XpI e`y-am°n: tI{μ Kh¨sa‚ v AXns‚ {KmaoW Pe-hn-X-cW
]≤-Xn-bn¬ \n∂pw 553 e£w cq] Acp-Wm-N¬ {]tZ-in\v \¬In.
CXns‚ BZy-KUp. 446.81 e£w cq]-bm-bn-cp-∂p.
$ apw_-bn¬ Fßs\ Pohn-°-W-sa∂v _olm-dn-Isf \Ωƒ ]Tn-∏n-
°pw.
\qtdmfw inh-tk-\-°m¿ J.J. Aip-]-{Xn-bn-te°v AXn-{I-an®p
IS∂p. AXns‚ ssZ\w-Zn\ {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ kvXw`n-∏n-®p. D®-
Øn¬ ap{Zm-hm-Iy-ßƒ apgp-°nb Ah¿, alm-cm-jv{S-°m-c-√mØ
hnZym¿∞n-Iƒs°-Xnsc \S-]Sn kzoI-cn-®n-s√-¶n¬, CuImcyw
Ah¿ Xs∂ ssIImcyw sNøp-sa∂v òj-Wn-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw
sNbvXp.
196 $ Kh¨sa‚ns\ ]pd-Øm-°m-\p≈ Bh-iyw.
ASp- Ø nsS tIm¨{K v \nb- a - k `mI£n (CLP) Kh¿Æ¿°v
A[ymbw 7 sÛ-d-enkw
\¬Inb \nth-Z-\-Øn¬ `c-W-I-£n-bmb "\mKm-em‚ v P\m-[n-]Xy kJysØ
(DNA) ]ncn-®p -hn-S-W-sa∂v Bh-iy-s∏-´p Kh¨sa‚ns‚ [\-Zp¿hn-\n-tbm-Khpw 197
s]mXp-[-\-Øns‚ Zp¿hy-bhpw kw_-‘n® Btcm-]-W-ßsf ap≥\n¿Øn-bmWv
tIm¨{Kkv Cu Bhiyw D∂-bn-®-Xv.
$ \Ivk-sse-‰p-I-tfmSv Iog-S-ßm≥ NDA Kh¨sa‚ v Bh-iy-s∏-´p.
RJD bpw AXns‚ kJy-I-£n-I-fmb tIm¨{K pw CPI (M) Dw \nb-a-k` _ln-
£vI-cn-®-Xn\nsS, _olm¿ Kh¨sa‚ v, \Ivk-sse-‰p-I-tfmSv A{I-a-W-Øns‚
]mX Dt]-£n-°m-≥ Bh-iy-s∏´p. sXmgn-en-√mbva C√m-Xm°n _olmdns\ hnI-
k-\-Øns‚ ]pXp-bp-K-Øn-te°v \bn-°p-sa∂pw Kh¨sa‚ v {]kvXm-hn-°p-bp-
≠m-bn.
2. Xmsg ]d-bp-∂-h-bn¬ icn-tb-X∂p Is≠Øn ImcWw hy‡-am-°p-I.
$ a‰p-≈-h¿, Ah-cpsS kwkvIm-csØ Xß-fpsS ta¬ ASn-t®¬∏n-°p-sa∂ `b-an-
√msX P\-ßƒ°v kwh-Zn-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ Ah-kcw sÛ-d-enkw krjvSn-°p-
∂p.
$ hyXykvX hn`-h-ßtfmSp-Iq-Snb c≠v {]tZ-i-ßƒ XΩn-ep≈ kzX-{¥-amb kmº-
ØnI hn\n-a-b-ßsf sÛ-td-j≥ XS-k-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p.
$ tI{μ-Øns‚ A[n-Im-cß
- ƒ°v ]cn[n G¿s∏-Sp-Øm≥ sÛ-d¬ k{ºm-Zb
- Ø
- n\p
Ign-bp-∂p.
3. _¬Pnbw `c-W-L-S-\-bnse BZy GXm\pw hIp-∏p-Iƒ NphsS sImSp-Øn-cn-
°p∂p. Chsb ASn-ÿm-\-am°n sÛ-d-en-ksØ Fßs\bmWv B cmPyw
hn`m-h\w sNbvXn-cn-°p-∂-sX∂p hni-Z-am-°p-I. kam-\-amb hIp-∏p-Iƒ C¥y≥
`c-W-L-S-\°v th≠n FgpXn Xøm-dm-°m≥ {ian-°p-I.
in¿jIw:1 s_¬Pnbw sÛ-td-j-s\bpw AXns‚ LS-I-ß-sfbpw `q{]-tZ-
i-sØbpw kw_-‘n®v
A\p-tOZw 1: kap-Zm-b-ßfpw {]tZ-i-ßfpw IqSn-t®¿∂mWv _¬Pn-bw sÛ-
td-j≥ cq]o-I-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv.
A\p-tOZw2: aq∂p kap-Zm-b-ßƒ tN¿∂mWv _¬Pnbw sÛ-td-j≥ cq]o-I-
cn-®n-cn-°p-∂Xv: {^©v kap-Zm-bw, ^vsfanjv kap-Zmbw, P¿Ω≥ kap-Zm-bw.
Indian Constitution
at Work
A\p-tOZw 3: aq∂p {]tZ-i-ßƒ tN¿∂-XmWv _¬Pnbw: hmep¨ {]tZ-iw,
^vsfanjv {]tZ-iw, {_ ¬ v {]tZ-iw.
A\p-tOZw 4: _¬Pn-b-Øn\p 4 `mjm {]tZ-i-ß-fm-Wp-≈Xv: {^©v kwkm-
cn-°p∂ {]tZ-iw, U®p kwkm-cn-°p∂ {]tZ-iw, Xe-ÿm-\-amb {_ ¬kv
Dƒs∏-Sp∂ Zzn`mjm {]tZ-iw, P¿Ω≥ kwkm-cn-°p∂ {]tZ-iw.
cmPysØ Hmtcm "kap-Zm-bhpw' (commune) CXn-te-sX-¶nepw Hcp `mjm {]tZ-
iØv Dƒs∏-ń-cn-°pw.
A\p-tOZw 5: hmeq¨ {]tZiw Xmsg-∏-d-bp∂ {]hn-iy-Iƒ tN¿ØmWv cq]n-
I-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. hmeq¨ {_m_‚ v, slbv\mƒ´v, entbPv, eIvkw-_¿Kv, \maq¿
(walloon Barbant, Hainault, Liege, Luxembury and Namur) ^vsfanjv {]tZiw NphsS
sImSp-Øn-cn-°p∂ {]h-iy-Iƒ tN¿∂-Xm-Wv. B‚ vsh¿∏v (Antwerp) ^vsfanjv
{_m_‚ v (Fleurish Brabant) shÃv ^vfmt‚¿kv (West Flanders) CuÃv ^vfmt‚¿kv
(East Flanders) enw_¿Kv (Limburg) F∂n-h-bm-W-h.
4. \nßƒ sÛ-d-en-k-sØ kw_-‘n® hIp-∏p-Iƒ am‰nsbgp-Xp-I-bm-sW∂v
k¶¬∏n-°p-I. Xmsg-∏d
- b
- p∂ Imcy-ßsf kw_-‘n-®p≈ \n¿t±-iß
- ƒ 300 hm°p-
I-fn¬ Ipd-bmØ Hcp D]-\ym-k-ambn Fgp-Xp-I.
a. tI{μ kwÿm-\-ßƒ°nS-bnse A[n-Imc hn`-P\w
b. [\-Imcy hn`-h-ß-fpsS hnX-cWw
c. A¥¿ kwÿm\ X¿°-ßƒ ]cn-l-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ am¿Kßƒ.
d. Kh¿Æ-dpsS \nb-a-\w.
5. Xmsg ]d-bp-∂-hbn¬ GXm-bn-cn-°Ww kwÿm\ cq]o-I-c-W-Øn-\p≈ ASn-
ÿm\w? ImcWw hy‡-am-°p-I.
a. s]mXp-hmb `mj
b. s]mXp-hmb kmº-ØnI Xm¬]-cy-ßƒ
c. s]mXp-aXw
198 d. `c-W-ku-Icyw
A[ymbw 7 sÛ-d-enkw
6. hSt° C¥ybnse `qcn-]£w kwÿm-\-ß-fn¬ (cmP-ÿm≥, a[y-{]-tZ-iv, DØ-
c-{]-tZ-iv, _olm¿) lnμn-bmWv kwkmc `mj. Cu kwÿm-\-ß-sf-sb√mw 199
tN¿Øv Hcp kwÿm-\-am-°p-I-bm-sW-¶n¬ AXp sÛ-d-enkw F∂ Bi-
bhpambn HØv t]mIptam? \nß-fpsS hmZ-K-Xn-Iƒ \nc-Øp-I.
7. kwÿm\ Kh¨sa‚p-I-tf-°mƒ tI{μ Kh¨sa‚n\p A[n-Im-c-ßƒ \¬Ip∂
`c-W-L-S-\-bpsS \mev khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ Fgp-Xp-I.
8. F¥p- s Im- ≠ mWv \nc- h [n kwÿm- \ - ß ƒ°v Kh¿Æ- d psS ]¶n- s \- I p- d n®v
AkwXr]v-Xn-bp-≈Xv?
9. `c-W-L-S\ hyh-ÿ-Iƒ°-\p-k-cn-®√ kwÿm\ `cWw \S-°p-∂-sX-¶n¬ {]kn-
U‚ v `cWw G¿s∏-Sp-Øm-hp-∂-XmW.v Xmsg-]-d-bp∂ GXv kμ¿`-ß-fn-sem-s°-
bmWv {]kn-U‚ v `cWw G¿s∏-Sp-Øm≥ Ign-bp-∂-sX∂p Is≠-Øp-I. AXn-
\p≈ Imc-W-ßfpw hni-Z-am-°p-I.
$ {][m\ {]Xn-]£ ]m¿ń-I-fnse c≠p \nb-a-k`mwK-ßsf {Inan-\-ep-Iƒ sIme-
s∏-Sp-Øn. AXns\ XpS¿∂p {]Xn-]£w kwÿm\ Kh¨sa‚ns\ ]ncn-®p-hn-S-
W-sa∂v Bh-iy-s∏-´p.
$ Ipń-Isf Xń-sIm-≠vt]mbn tamN-\-{Zhyw Bh-iy-s∏-Sp∂ kw`-h-ßƒ h¿≤n-
°p-∂p. AXp-t]m-se-Xs∂ kv{XoIƒs°-Xn-cmb Ip‰-Ir-Xy-ßfpw h¿≤n-°p-∂p-
≠v.
$ ASp-ØnsS kwÿm\ \nb-a-k-`-bn-te°v \S∂ sXc-s™-Sp-∏n¬ Hcp I£n°pw
`qcn-]£w Inń-bn-√. ]W-Øn-\p-th≠n Nne I£n-I-fnse AwK-ßƒ Hcp
cmjv{Sob ]m¿ńsb ]n¥p-W-°p-sa∂pw `b-s∏-Sp-∂p.
$ ISpØ FXn-cm-fn-I-fmb hyXykvX cmjv{Sob ]m¿ń-Iƒ tI{μ-Ønepw kwÿm-
\-Ønepw A[n-Im-c-Øn-en-cn-°p-∂p.
$ GI-tZiw 2000 Øne-[nIw Bfp-Iƒ h¿§ob Iem-]-ß-fn¬ sIm√-s∏-´p.
Indian Constitution
at Work
$ c≠p kwÿm-\-ßƒ XΩn-ep≈ \Zo-Pe X¿°-Øn≥ taep≈ kp{]ow tImSXn
hn[nsb A\p-k-cn-°m≥ Hcp kwÿm\w Xbm-dm-Ip-∂n-√.
10. IqSp-X¬ kzbw `cW Ah-Imiw apt∂m-´vshbv-°p∂ kwÿm-\-ßfpsS Bh-
iy-ßƒ Fs¥m-s°-bmWv?
11. Nne kwÿm-\-ß-fn¬ `cWw \S-tØ-≠Xv {]tXyI hyh-ÿ-I-fpsS ASn-ÿm-
\-Øn-em-bn-cn-°-Wtam? CXv a‰p kwÿm-\-ßsf {]tIm-]n-∏n-°nt√? cmjv{S-
Øns‚ sFIysØ Duń Dd-∏n-°p-∂-Xn\v CXv klm-bn-°p-tam?
200
Chapter 8: Local Governments
A≤ymbw 8 201
{]tZinI Kh¨sa‚ v
(Local Government)
BapJw
Hcp P\m[n]Xy k{ºZmbØn¬ sXcs™SpØ Kh¨sa‚pIƒ
tI{μØnepw kwÿm\ßfnepw am{Xw D≈Xv A]cym]vXamWv.
{]mtZinIamb Imcy-ßƒ t\m°n \SØp∂Xn\v {]mtZ-in-I-X-e-Øn¬
Xs∂ sXcs™SpØ Kh¨sa‚pIƒ Bh-iy-am-Wv. \ΩpsS cmPysØ
{]mtZinI Kh¨sa‚pIfpsS LS-\sb°pdn®mWv \Ωƒ Cu ]mT-
Øn¬ ]Tn°p∂Xv. {]mtZinI Kh¨sa‚ns‚{]m[m-\y-sØ-°p-dn®pw
Ah-bpsS kzX{¥ A[nImcLS\sb-°pdn®pw CXn¬ ]Tn°mw. Cu
]mTw ]Tn- ° p- ∂ - X n- e qsS \Ωƒ Xmsg∏dbp∂ Imcyßƒ
a\knem°p∂p.
$ {]mtZinI kzbw-`-cW ÿm]\ßfpsS {]m[m\yw.
$ 73 Dw 74 Dw `cWLS\m t`ZKXn Iqń-t®¿Ø hyhÿIƒ.
$ {]mtZinI Kh¨sa‚pIfpsS NpaXeIfpw DØchmZnØhpw.
F¥psIm≠v {]mtZinI Kh¨sa‚pIƒ? (Why local

Governments?)
a[y{]tZinse sk--t lm¿ Pn√bnse Ptam\nb Xem_v
{Kma]©mbØwKamWv {ioaXn. KoX dmtØm¿. 1995˛¬ Hcp
kwhcW afieØn¬ \n∂v {Kma]©mbØv {]knU‚mbn
sXc-- s ™Sp°s∏´p. Ah¿ AXphsc B - \ mńse
P\ßƒ°pth≠n sNbvX kvXpXy¿lamb tkh\Øn\v {]Xn-
^-esat∂mWw 2000˛¬ H--cp s]mXp afieØn¬ \n∂pw
P\ßƒ Ahsc ho≠pw sXcs™SpØp. tIhew Hcp
ho´Ωbn¬ \n∂v cmjv{Sob Zo¿Lho£WtØmsSbp≈ Hcp
t\Xmhmbn Ah¿ hf¿∂ph∂p. ]©mbØnse kwtbmPnX
hn`htijn D]tbmKn®v {KmaoW \hoIcWØn\mbn \nch[n
]≤XnI--ƒ°v XpS°anSm\pw ]q¿ØoIcn°m\pw Ah¿°p
Ign™p. kv I qƒ sIńS \n¿ΩmWw, {KmaØnte°p≈
tdmUv \ n¿ΩmWw. IpSnsh≈ Sm¶pIfpsS - \ - - n¿ΩmWw,
kv { XoIƒ°pt\scbp≈ Km¿lnI ]oT\Øns\Xncmb
i‡amb \ne]mSpIƒ, ]cnÿnXn t_m[--h¬°cWw, h\h¬-
°cWw, Pe hn`h amt\Pvsa--‚ v F∂nh Ahbn¬ NneXp
am{XamWv (]©mbØn cmPv update Vol X1. No:3 s^{_p :
2004.)
CXv as‰mcp h\nXbpsS hnPb KmYbmWv. Xangv\mńse
shwssKhmk¬ {Kma]©mbØv {]knU‚mbncp∂p Ch¿.
1997˛¬ Xangv\mSv Kh¨sa‚ v 2 slIvS¿ `qan 71 k¿°m¿
Poh\°m¿°mbn A\phZn®p. Cu `qan {Kma]©mbØns‚
A[o\Xbnep≈ {]tZiambncp∂p. D∂X DtZymKÿcpsS
\n¿t±i {]Imcw Im©o]pcw Pn√m IfIvS¿ ap≥
\n›bn®{]Imcap≈ ]≤Xn°v A\phZn®v Hcp {]tabw
]mkm°phm≥ {Kma]©mbØv {]knU‚nt\mSv Bhiys∏´p.
{Kma ]©mbØpw ]©mbØv {]knU‚pw IfIvSdpsS \n¿t±iw
\nckn°pIbpw AXn\m¬ IfIvS¿ `qan Gs‰SpØpsIm≠p≈
DØchv Cd°pIbpw sNbvXp. IfIvSdpsS \S]Sns°Xnsc
]©mbØv a{Zmkv sslt°mSXnbn¬ Hcp dn´v l¿Pn ka¿∏n®p.
sslt°mSXn kwKnƒ s_©v IfIv S fpsS Xocpam\w {Kma]©mbØnse kv{Xo
icnsh°pIbpw `qan Gs‰Sp°p∂Xn\v ]©mbØns‚ A\paXn k¿]m©pamsc ]pcpj∑m¿
Bhiyan√∂v \nco£°pIbpw sNbvXp. knwKnƒ s_©v A]am\n°p∂v kw`hßƒ
hn[ns°Xnsc ]©mbØv Unhnj≥ s_©ns\ kao]n®p. D≠mbn´pt≠m? kv{XoIƒ
202 knwKnƒ s_©v hn[n Unhnj≥ s_©v d±m°n. {]kvXpXhn[n
A[nImc ÿm\ßfn¬
]©mbØv A[nImcØnt∑ep≈ IS∂p Ib‰hpw
Ccn°p∂Xn¬ ]pcpj∑m¿
]©mbØns‚ `cWLS\m ]Zhnbnt∑ep≈ \·amb
ewL\hpamsW∂v Unhnj≥ s_©v {]kvXmhn®p. Ak¥pjvScmtWm?
]›mbØncmPv update. Vol - 12, Vol XII, June 2005.
Cu c≠v IYIfpw H‰s∏´ kw`hßf√. ]©mbØo cmPv
ÿm]\ßƒ°v `caLS\m ]Zhn \¬Inb 1993 apX¬ cmPyhym]Iambn
\S°p∂ henb ]cnh¿Ø\Øns‚ c≠v DZmlcWßfmWnh. 203
{]mtZinI Kh¨sa‚ v F∂p]dbp∂Xv {KmaXeØnepw
Pn√mXeØnepap≈ Kh¨sa‚mWv. km[mcW°mct\mSv G‰hpw
ASpØp \n¬°p∂XmWv {]mtZinI Kh¨sa‚pIƒ. {]mtZinI
Kh¨sa‚pIƒ km[mcW°mcs‚ ssZ\wZn\ PohnXØnepw Ah-cpsS
{]iv\-ß-fnepw CSs]Sp∂hbmWv. Xt±i ⁄m\hpw Xm¬]cyßfpw
{]mtZinI P\m[n][y Xocqam\ßsfSp°p∂Xn\v AXy¥mt]£nXamWv
F∂v {]mtZinI Kh¨sa‚ v (Local govt) hnizkn°p∂p. Imcy£ahpw
P\kulrZhpamb `cWkwhn[m\Øn\v CXv AXymhiyamWv .
{]mtZinI Kh¨sa‚ns‚ G‰hpw {][m\t\´w CXv P\ßtfmSv ASpØp
\n¬°p∂p F∂p≈XmWv. P\ßƒ°v BhcpsS {]iv\ßƒ thKØnepw
Ipd™ sNehnepw ]cnlcn°m\mbn {]mtZinI Kh¨sa‚ vIsf
kao]n°phm≥ km[n°pw. KoXm dmtØmdns‚ IY-bn¬ Pptam\nb Xem_v
{Kma]©mbØn¬ henb am‰w hcpØphm≥ Ah¿°p Ign™Xv
{Kma]©mbØv {]knU‚ v F∂ \nebnep≈ AhcpsS {]h¿Ø\w
aqeamWv. {Kma-]-©m-bØv {]kn-U‚n-t‚bpw IΩn‰n AwK-ß-fp-sSbpw
\nc-¥c ]cn-{i-a-Øns‚ ê-am-bmWv B `qan-bn≥ta-ep≈ Ah-Imiw
\ne\n¿Øm≥ Ign-™Xpw `qan F¥n-\p-]t- bm-Kn-°W - s - a-∂p≈ Xocp-am\w
FSp-°m\p≈ Ah-Imiw e`n-®-Xpw. AXp-sIm≠v {]mtZ-inI P\-XbpsS
Xm¬]- c y- ß ƒ ê- { ]- Z - a mbn ]cn- l - c n- ° p- h m≥ {]mtZ- i nI
Kh¨sa‚pIƒ°p Ign-bpw.
P\ßfpsS A¿∞]q¿Æamb]¶mfnØhpw ---- DØc-hmZnXzhpamWv P\m-
tZiobXeØn¬ -[n]Xyw. -i‡hpw Du¿÷kzehpamb {]mtZinI Kh¨sa‚ v P\-ß-
kwLSn∏n°s∏Sp∂ fpsS kPoh--] ¶mfnØhpw kZpt±i]camb DØchmZnXzhpw
Hcp {]mtZinI
K h ¨ s a ‚ v Dd∏phcpØp∂p. KoXmdm--tØmdns‚ IY CØcØn¬ DØchmZn-Xz-ap≈
am{Xambp≈ P\]¶mfnØØn\pZm--l cWamWv . `qanbnt∑ep≈ AhImiw
hyhÿ km[yam ÿm]ns®Sp°p∂Xn\mbn \SØnb shwssK hmk¬ {Kma]©mbØns‚
tWm? almfl hn{iaan√mØ t]mcm´w AhcpsS DØ-- c hmZnXzØns‚bpw
Km‘nbpsS
Bibßƒ Cu Bflm¿∞XbpsSbpw DZmlcWamWv. km[mcW P\hn`mKßƒ°v
Znibnep≈Xm AhcpsS PohnXhpw Bhiyßfpw k¿tΔm]cn hnIk\hpw kw_-‘n®
sW∂v F\n°p Imcyßfn¬ Xocpam\saSp°p∂ {]{In-bb - n¬ ]¶m-fn-If - m-Im≥ Ignbp∂Xv
tXm∂p∂p.
{]mtZinI Kh¨sa‚ v XeØn¬ am{XamWv.
{]mtZinIambn sNøm≥ ]‰p∂ tPmenIƒ {]mtZinI P\Xbpw
AhcpsS {]Xn\n[nIfpw tN¿∂v sNøp∂Xv P\m[n]Xy {]{Inbbn¬
A\nhmcyamWv. km[mcW P\ßƒ°v kwÿm\ tZiob
Kh¨sa‚pItf°ƒ AhcpsS {]mtZinI Kh¨sa‚pItfmSmWv ASp∏w.
{]mtZ-inI Kh¨sa‚p-Iƒ F¥v sNøp∂p F∂Xpw Ah-cpsS Npa-X-e-
Iƒ \n¿h-ln-°p-∂X - n-ep≈ ]cm-Pb - hpw P\-ßsf t\cn´v _m[n-°p-∂X - m- -
b-Xn-\m¬ Ah-bpsS Imcy-Øn¬ P\-ßƒ IqSp-X¬ {i≤m-ep-°-fm-Wv.

AXpsIm≠v {]mtZinI Kh¨sa‚pIsf i‡ns∏SpØpIsb∂Xv
P\m[n]Xy {]{Inbsb i‡ns∏SpØp-∂-Xn\v Xpey-am-Wv.
{]mtZinI Kh¨sa‚pIfpsS hf¿® C¥ybn¬ (GROWTH

LOCAL GOVERNMENT IN INDIA)
OF
C¥ybn¬ Fßs\bmWv {]tZinI Kh¨sa‚pIƒ hf¿∂sX∂pw
\ΩpsS `cWLS\ F¥mWv AtX°pdn®v ]d™ncn°p∂sX∂pw
t\m°mw. k`-Iƒ F∂ t]cn¬ hnfn-°-s∏-ń-cp∂ kzbw `cW
{KmaoW kaqlw hf-sc-°m-e-ßƒ -- °v ap≥]v Xs∂ C¥y-bn¬
\ne- \ n- ∂ n- c p- ∂ - X mbn hniz- k n- ° - s ∏- S p- ∂ p. Ime{ItaW - C Xv
]©mbØpIfmbn (A©pt]cpsS k`) cq]s∏SpIbpw-- -Ch {Kma
XeØn¬ P\ßfpsS {]iv\ßƒ ]cnlcn°pIbpw sNbvXp.
hnhn[ ImeL´ßfn¬ AhbpsS NpaXeIƒ°pw
{]h¿Ø\ßƒ°pw am‰w kw`hn®p.
B[p\nI ImeL´Øn¬ 1882 \ptijamWv sXcs™Sp°s∏´
{]mtZinI Kh¨sa‚pIƒ cq]s∏´Xv. A∂sØ ssht{kmbn
bmbncp∂ dn∏¨ {]`phmWv CXns‚ cq]oIcWØn\v ap≥ ssI
FSpØXv. Chsb {]mtZinI t_m¿UpIƒ (Local boards) F∂p Ign™ Ime
hnfn®ncp∂p. hfsc aμ-KX - n-bn¬ ]ptcmKXn {]m]n®p sIm≠ncn°p∂ sØ°pdn®v F\n°v
Xt±i ÿm]\ßsf Imcy£aam°p∂Xn\pth≠n \S-]S- n-Is - f-Sp- Adnbn√, F¶nepw
°p-hm≥ C¥y≥ \mjW¬ tIm¨{Kkv Kh¨sa‚n-t\mSv Ah-iy- sXcs™Sp°s∏SmØ
s∏´p 1919 se C¥ym Kh¨sa‚ns‚ \nba{]Imcw C¥ybnse Hcp {Kma ]©mbØn
s‚ B[n]Xyw
GXm\pw {]hniyIfn¬ hnt√Pv ]©mbØpIƒ ÿm]n°s∏´p. F√mbvt∏mgpw {Kma
1935˛se Kh¨sa‚ v DØ-c-hn-\p-tijhpw Cu {]h-WX XpS¿∂p. apJy∑mcptSXpw [\n-I-
kzmX{¥y kac ImeL´Øn¬ kmºØnI cmjv{Sob A[n- cp-tSXpw D]cn h¿§Øn
Im-cß
- f- psS hntI{μoIcWØn\p th≠n almflmKm‘n i‡ambn s‚ Xpambncn°psa∂v
hmZn®p. {Kma ]©mbØpIsf i‡oIcn°pIbmWv CXn\p≈ Rm≥ kwibn°p∂p.
204
am¿§sa∂v Km‘nPn hnizkn®p. F√m hnIk\
{]h¿Ø\ßfpsSbpw hnPbØn\v {]mtZinI CSs]SepIƒ
BhiyamWv. A[nImc hntI{μoIcWØns‚bpw ]¶mfnØ

P\m[n]XyØns‚bpw D]IcWambn´mWv {Kma]›mbØpIsf I≠Xv.205
U¬ln Bÿm-\-ambn `cWw \S-Ønb Kh¿W¿P\den¬ AXy-[nIw
A[nImcw tI{μoIcn®Xns\ \ΩpsS kzmX¥y {]ÿm\w Bi-¶-tbm-sS-
bmWv I≠Xv. AXn\m¬ \ΩpsS tZiob t\Xm°fpsS a\- n¬ kzmX{¥y
sa∂m¬, \b- c q- ] n- I - c - W - Ø nepw `cW \n¿h- l - W - Ø nepw
A[nImchntI{μnIcWw km≤y-am-°pI F∂-Xm-bn-cp-∂p.
C¥ybpsS kzmX{¥yw F∂m¬ apgph≥ C¥y- b p- s Sbpw

kzmX{¥yamWv. XmsgØńemWv kzmX{¥yw Bcw`nt°≠Xv.
AXn\m¬ Hmtcm {Kmahpw Hmtcm dn∏ªn°mhp∂p.. Hmtcm {Kmahpw
kzbw ]cym]vXhpw AhcpsS Imcyßƒ \ndth‰m≥
{]m]vXcpambncn°pw. AkwJyw {Kmaßfm¬ \n¿ΩnXamb Cu
LS\ hf¿∂p hnIkn®psIm-≠n-cn-°p∂ hebßƒt]msebmWv.
ChnsS PohnXw ASn-Ø-d-bpsS _esØ B{i-bn®p \nev°p∂
D]-cn-Xe
- a
- p≈ Hcp ]cn-anUv t]mse-bm-Wv˛ alm-flm-Km‘n
`cWLS\ Xømdm°nbt∏mƒ, {]mtZinI Kh¨sa‚pIƒ kw_-‘n®

hnjbßƒ kwÿm\ßƒ°mWv \¬InbXv. CXv cmPyØns‚ \n¿t±iI
XXzßfn¬ Dƒs∏SpØn C¥ybnse F√m Kh¨sa‚pIƒ°pw
_m[Iam°nbn´p≠v. c≠mw A≤ymbØn¬ ]Tn®Xpt]mse \n¿tZiI
XXzßfpsS `mKambXn\m¬ `cWLS\bnse Xt±i Kh¨sa‚pIƒ F∂
hyhÿ tImSXn aptJ\ ]cnlmcw ImWm≥ IgnbmØXpw D]-tZi kz`mhw
am{X-ap-≈X
- p-am-Wv.
]©mbØpIƒ Dƒ∏sSbp≈ {]mtZinI Kh¨sa‚pIƒ°v `cWLS\
Xømdm°nb kabØv aXnbmb {]m[m\yw e`n®n√. CXv Fßs\
kw`hn®psh∂v \nßƒ°dnbmtam? NneImcWßƒ ChnsS kqNn∏n°mw.
H∂maXmbn hn`P\w krjvSn® {]iv\ßfm¬ i‡amb Hcp tI{μ
Kh¨sa‚mWv `cWLS\ hn`m`h\w sNbvXXv. Xo{hamb Xt±inb
(Localism) hmZw C¥ybpsS sFIyØn\pw AJfiXbv°pw FXncmsW∂m-
bn-cp∂p Ph-l¿em¬ s\{lp-hns‚ A`n-{]mbw c≠maXmbn, hn`mKobXbnepw
PmXnhyhÿbnepw A[njv S nXamb {KmaoW kaqlw {]mtZinI
Kh¨sa‚pIfpsSalØmb e£yßsf ]cmPbs∏SpØpsa∂v
`cWLS\m \n¿ΩmW k`bnse \n¿ÆmbIamb km∂n≤yambncp∂ tUm.
Awt_ZvI¿ hmZn°pI- b p- a p- ≠ m- b n. F∂ncp∂mepw hnIk\
Bkq{XWØnse ]¶mfnØØns‚ {]m[m\ysØ Bcpw GXn¿Øn√.
`cWLS\m \n¿ΩmW k`bnse \nch[n AwKßƒ {Kma]©mbØpIsf
P\m[n]XyØns‚ ASnÿm\ambn I≠psh¶nepw C¥y≥ {KmaßfpsS
hn`mKobXbnepw a‰v t]mcmbvaIfnepw Ah¿ Bi¶mIpecmbncp∂p. .
kzX{¥ C¥ybnse kzbw`cW Kh¨sa‚pIƒ (Local

Governments in Independent India)
`cWLS\bpsS 73 Dw 74 Dw t`ZKXnItfmsSbmWv \ΩpsS {]mtZinI
Kh¨sa‚pIƒ°v henb apt∂‰ap≠mbXv. F∂m¬
AXn\pap≥]pXs∂ {]mtZinI Kh¨sa‚pIfpsS cq]nIcWØn\v
Nne {iaßƒ \S∂n´p≠v. Cu Znibn¬ \S∂ BZysØ {]h¿Ø\w
1952˛¬ Bcw`n® {KaoWhnIk\ ]≤XnbmWv (Community Devel-
opment Programme). CXv sshhn[yam¿∂ {]h¿Ø\ßfnepsS
""..... P\m[n]XyØns‚ DØa

Xm¬]cyw ap≥\n¿Øn {Kma-
ßƒ°v kzbw `cW Ie- b n¬
{]mtbm- K nI ]cnioe\w
\¬tI≠XmWv. AXn-eqsS kzbw
]cym-]vXn-bn-te°pw
\ΩpsS {Kmaßsf ]cn-h¿Ø-\s - ∏-
Sp- Ø p- h m\pw P\m[n]Xy
aqeyßfn¬ A[njvSnXamb
Kh¨sa‚pIƒ AhnSßfn¬
cq]oIcn°phm\pw \ap°v Ign-b-
Ww.
A\¥ib\w Aø¶m¿ CA D Vol. VII .P 428 \hw-_¿ ˛ 1948
P\]¶mfnØ {KmaoW hnIk\Øn\v {]m[m\yw \¬IpIbp-

≠mbn. CXns‚ ]›mØeØn¬ {KmaoWtaJeIfn¬ Hcp {XnXe
]©mbØv `cW k{ºZmbhpw ip]m¿i sNøpI-bp-≠mbn.
1960˛ItfmSpIqSn C¥ybnse Nne kwÿm\ßƒ (DZm: KpPdmØv,
almcmjv{S) sXcs™Sp°s∏´ Xt±i kanXnIƒ cq]oIcn®p. F√m cmjv{Sob
F∂m¬ an° kwÿm\ßfnepw Cu kanXnIƒ°v {]tZinI-amb ] m ¿ ´ n b n e p w
kwLS\bnepw
hnIk\w km[yam°p∂Xn\mhiyamb A[nImcßfpw F¥n\v Fs‚ ¢mkn¬
NpaXeIfpw C√mbncp∂p. kmºØnI klmbØn\mbn tI{μ t ] m e p w
kwÿm\ Kh¨sa‚pIsf Ch¿°v B{ibnt°≠Xmbn h∂p. hnaX∑mcp≈t∏mƒ
{KmaXeØnep≈
]e kwÿm\ßfpw sXcs™SpØ {]mtZinI kaXnIfpsS hnaX {]h¿Ø\ßsf
BhiyIXsb°pdn®v Nn¥n®ncp∂n√. {]mtZinI kanXnIsf P\ßƒ `bs∏Sp∂Xv
]ncn®phn´v `cWw DtZymKÿ≥am¿°v ssIamdnb \nch[n F¥p sIm≠mWv?
206 kw`hßfpw D≠mbn´p≠v. F∂m¬ Ipsd kwÿm\ßfn¬ {Kq∏pIfpw hnaX
{]h¿Ø\ßfpw
{]mtZinI kanXnIfnte°v ]tcm£ sXcs™Sp∏mWv F√mbvt∏mgpw
\SØnbncp∂Xv . \nch[n kwÿm\ßfn¬ {]mtZinI icnbt√?
kanXnIfnte°p≈ sXcs™Sp∏v ImemImeßfmbn am‰n

sh®psIm≠ncp∂p. 207
{]mtZinI Kh¨sa‚pIfpsS {]h¿Ø\sØ°pdn®v hniZamb Hcp
]p\chtemI\w 1987 \v tijw D≠mbn. {]mtZinI ÿm]\ßƒ°v
`cWLS\m ]Zhn \¬IWsa∂v 1989 ˛ se ]n.sI. XpwK≥ IΩn‰n ip]m¿i
sNbvXp. {]mtZinI `cW ÿm]\ßfnte°v ImemImeßfnep≈
sXcs™Sp∏v, DNnXamb NpaXeIfpsS ]ńIs∏SpØ¬, aXnbmb ^≠v
F∂nh Dd∏m°p∂Xn\mbn Hcp `cWLS\mt`ZKXn°v IΩ‰n ip]m¿i
sNbvXp..
\nßfpsS ]T\ ]ptcmKXn hnebncpØpI.

s\lvdphn\pw tUm. Awt_ZvI¿°pw Xt±i `cW
ÿm]\ßfpsS Imcy-Øn¬ th≠{X Du¿P-kz-e-cm-bn-cp-∂n-
√. {]mtZinI Kh¨sa‚pIsf°pdn®v c≠p t]¿°pw Htc
XcØnep≈ FXn¿∏mtWm D≠mbncp∂Xv?
$ 1992˛¬ ap≥]v {]mtZinI Kh¨sa‚ v ÿm]\ßfpsS
`cWLS\m]camb hyhÿ F¥mbncp∂p?
$ GsX√mw kwÿm\ßfmWv 1960˛1970 ImeL´ßfn¬
{]mtZinI Kh¨sa‚pIƒ ÿm]n®Xv.
73 Dw 74 Dw t`ZKXnIƒ (73rd and 74th Amendments)

1989-˛¬ c≠p `cWLS\m t`ZKXnIƒ tI{μKh¨sa‚ v sIm≠ph∂p. Cu
t`ZKXnIƒ e£ywh®Xv {]mtZinI Kh¨sa‚pIsf i‡ns∏SpØpIbpw
cmPyØpS\ofw Chbv°v GIoIrX LS\bpw NpaXeIfpw \¬IpI
F∂p≈XpamWv.
{_koenb≥ `cWLS\ {_ko-en¬ kwÿm\ßfpw sÛd¬
Pn√Ifpw ap≥kn∏¬ Iu¨knepIfpw cq]nIcn°m≥ hyhÿ
sNøp-∂p≠v. Chbvt°mtcm∂n\pw kzX{¥ A[nImcßfpw
A[nImc]cn[nbpw \¬Inbn´p-ap≠v. {_ko-en-b≥ dn∏ªn°v
tÃ‰ns‚ Imcyßfn¬ CSs]Sm≥ ]mSn√ (`cW LS\
\n›bn°p∂sXmgn®m¬) F∂Xpt]mse tÃ‰v ap≥kn∏n¬
Iu¨knepIfpsS ImcyØnepw CSs]Sm≥ ]mSns√∂v
hyhÿbp≠v. Cu hIp∏pIƒ {]mtZinI Kh¨sa‚pIfpsS
A[nImcw kwc£n°p∂p.
1992˛ \v tijw 73 Dw 74 Dw `cWLS\m t`ZKXnIƒ ]m¿esa‚ v

]mkm°n. 73˛mw t`ZKXn {KmaoW Xe-Øn-ep≈ {]mtZinI
Kh¨sa‚pIsf-°pdn®pw (Chsb ]©bØocmPv ÿm]\ßƒ
(PRI) F∂p hnfn°p∂p) 74˛mw t`ZKXn \Kc {]mtZinI
Kh¨sa‚pIsf°pdn®pw (\Kc]menI) D≈XmWv. 73 Dw 74 Dw
t`ZKXnIƒ 1993 ˛ ¬ {]m_eyØn¬ h∂p.
{]mtZ-inI Kh¨sa‚p-Iƒ kwÿm\ ]ń-Ib - n¬s∏-Sp∂ hnj-
b-am-sW∂v \Ωƒ t\csØ a\- n-em-°n-b-Xm-Wv. Cu hnj-b- F¥psIm≠mWv
Øn¬ kwÿm\-ßƒ°v Ah-cp-tS-Xmb \nbaw cq]o-Ic - n-°m-\p≈ kwÿm\ ]ńIbn¬
kzmX--{¥y-ap≠v F∂m¬ Hcn-°¬ `c-WL - S- \ t`Z-KX- n-sN-bvXm¬ \n∂p am{Xw hnjbßƒ
ssIam‰w sNøs∏
kwÿm-\ß - ƒ°v {]mtZ-inI kzbw-`c
- W ÿm]-\ß - f- psS \nb-a-
Sp∂Xv? F¥p sIm≠v
Øn¬ am‰w hcp-tØ-≠-Xp-≠v. `c-W-L-S\m t`Z-K-Xn-bpsS ASn- tI{μhń Ibn¬ \n∂pw
ÿm-\Ø - n¬ kwÿm\ Kh¨sa‚p-Iƒ°v Ah-cpsS \nb-aØ - n¬ GXm\pw hnjbßƒ
am‰w hcp-Øm≥ Hcp h¿jsØ kabw \¬In. ssIam‰w sNømØXv?
73˛mw t`ZKXn (73rd Amendment)
73-˛mw `cW LS\mt`ZKXn ]©mbØocmPv ÿm]\ßfn¬
Fs¥ms° am‰ßfmWv hcpØnbsX∂v ]cntim[n°mw.
{XnXe LS\ (Three Tier Structure)
F√m kwÿm\ßƒ°pw Hcp GIoIrX
{XnXe ]©mbØocmPv
LS\bmWp≈Xv. G‰hpw
ASnØńep≈Xv "{Kma]©mbØv'. Hcp
{Kma]©mbØv Hcp{KmasØtbm
HcpIq´w {Kaßsftbm
{]Xn\n[nIcn°p∂p. a[yÿm\Ømbn -
\nesIm≈p∂Xv afi¬ (tªm°v ,
Xmeq°v F∂o t]cpIfnepw hnfn°pw)
Hcp {KmaØns‚ samØw Cu ÿm]\ßsf afi¬ A√¶n¬
P\m[n]Xy thZnbmtWm Xmeq°v ]©mbØpIƒ F∂p
{Kmak`? {KmakÌƒ
ÿncambn ktΩfn
hnfn°p∂p. sNdnb -kwÿm\ßfn¬
°mdpt≠m? a[y kanXn cq]oIcn°W---sa∂ \n¿_-
‘- a n- √ . G‰hpw apIƒXń¬ Pn√m
]©mbØv (Jilla Panchayat). Pn√-bnse F
- √m {Kma{]tZißsfbpw
{]Xn\n[oIcn°p∂p.
F√m {Kma---]-©m-b-Øp-Ifpw \n¿_-‘-ambpw {Kma-k-`-Iƒ cq]n-
208 Icn°-Wsa∂v 73˛mw `cWLS\m t`Z-KXn hyhÿ sNøp∂p.
]©mbØv {]tZisØ {]mb]q¿Ønbmb F√m thm´¿amcpw {Kma
k -- `bnse AwKßfmWv. kwÿm\ \nba\n¿amW k`bmWv
CXns‚ {]h¿Ø\ßfpw NpaXeIfpw Xocpam\n°p∂Xv.

sXcs™Sp∏v (Elections) 209
]©mbØocmPv ÿm]\ßfpsS aq∂pXeßfnepw P\ßƒ
t\cn´mWv sXcs™Sp°p∂Xv. Hmtcm ]©mbØv kanXnbpsSbpw
Imemh[n 5 h¿jamWv. A©ph¿jImemh[n Xocp∂Xn\pap≥]v
kwÿm\ Kh¨sa‚ v ]©mbØns\ ]ncn®phnSpIbmW¶n¬
BdpamkØn\p≈n¬ ]pXnb sXcs™Sp∏p \StØ≠XmWv.
sXcs™Sp°s∏´ ]©mbØv ÿm]\ßfpsS \ne\n¬]v Cu
hIp∏neqsS (N´w) Dd∏phcpØp∂p. 73˛mw t`ZKXn°p ap≥]v ]e
kwÿm\ßfnepw Pn√mXe kanXnIfnte°v ]tcm£
sXcs™Sp∏mWv \S∂ncp-∂Xv. ]ncn®phn´Xn\ptijw DS≥ Xs∂
kwÿm\ KhWvsa‚p sXcs™Sp∏p \SØphm≥ Náp≠mbncp∂n√.
Iƒ Zcn{ZcmWv. tI{μ kwhcWw (Reservations)
Kh¨sa‚n¬ \n∂pw
1
Ah¿ ]Ww Bhiy F√m ]©mbØv ÿm]\ßfnsebpw
----- /3 ko‰pIƒ kv{XoI-ƒ°mbn
s∏Sp∂Xmbn Ign™ kwhcWw sNbvXncn°p∂p. P\kwJym\p]mXnIambn ]ńI PmXn
A≤ymbØn¬ \Ωƒ ˛ ]Íh¿§ hn`Kßƒ°pw aq∂p {]mtZinI kaXnIfnepwk --- o‰pIƒ
hmbn®p. Fßs\
bmWvAhbv°v kwhcWw sNbvXncn°p∂p. BhiyamsW¶n¬ kwÿm\ßƒ°v
{]mtZinI Kh¨sa a‰v ]nt∂m° hn`mKßƒ (OBC) °v kwhcWw
‚n\v ]Ww \¬Iphm≥ G¿s∏SpØmhp∂XmWv.
IgnbpI.
ChnsS {][m\ambn {i≤nt°≠Xv kwhcWw km[mcW
AwKßƒ°pam{Xa√ ]©mbØv sNb¿t]gvks‚bpw
(A[y£bpsSbpw) ÿm\tØ°pw _m[IamWv. kv{XoIƒ°p
\¬Inbncn°p∂ 1/3 kwhcWw s]mXphn`mKØnse ko‰p-Iƒ°p
am{Xa√ ]ńI°PmXn ˛ ]ńIh¿§ a‰p]nt∂m° hn`mKßƒ°pw
IqSnbp≈XmWv. Hcp ko‰v kv{Xo°mbn kwhcWw sNøptºmƒ AXv
]ńI PmXn hn`m-K-Øntem ]ńIh¿§ hn`mKØntem D≈ Hcp
kv{Xobv°m-Im-sa-∂mWv AXpsIm≠v k¿]m©v Xo¿®bmbpw Hcp
ZfnXv kv{Xotbm As√¶n¬ BZnhmkn kv{Xotbm Bhp∂-XmWv
243 G hIp∏v ˛ ]©mbØpI-fpsS A[nImcßfpw ]Z-hnbpw

DØchmZnØßfpw..... Hcp kwÿm\Øns‚ \nba k`bv°v
\nb-a-\n¿Ωm-W-Øn-eqsS ]©mbØpIƒ°v Bh-iy-amb
A[nImcßfpw DØ-ch - m-Zn-Øß
- fpw...... ]Xns\m∂mw ]ńIbn¬
Dƒs∏ń´p≈ hnjbßsf B[mc-am-°n-sIm≠v
]Xns\m∂mw ]ńIbn¬ Dƒs∏SpØnbn´p≈ Nnehnjbßƒ

(Some Subjects listed in the eleventh Schedule)
1. Irjn.
3. sNdpInS PetkN\w, Pehn`h amt\Pvsa‚ v,
\o¿ØS hnIk\w.
8. sNdpInS hyhkmbßƒ, `£y kwkv ° cW
hyhkmbßƒ Dƒs∏sS.
10. {KmaoW `h\ \n¿ΩmWw.
13. tdmUpIƒ, Iep¶pIƒ
14. {KmaoW sshZypXoIcWw.
15. Zmcn{Zy \n¿Ωm¿÷\ ]cn]mSnIƒ
17. hnZym`ymkw ˛ ss{]adnbpw sk°≠dnbpw
kvIqfpIƒ Dƒs∏sS.
18. kmt¶XnI ]cnioe\hpw sXmgne[njv T nX
hnZym`ymkhpw
19. htbmP\ A\u]NmcnI hnZym`ymkw.
20. {KŸimeIƒ
21. kmwkvImcnI {]h¿Ø\ßƒ
22. N¥Ifpw tafIfpw
23. BtcmKyhpw ipNnXhpw, Bip]{XnIƒ, {]mYanI
BtcmKytI{μßƒ, Unkv]≥kdnIƒ Dƒ∏sS.
24. IpSpw_t£aw.
25. kv{XoIfpsSbpw Ip´pIfpsSbpw ]ptcm-KXn
26. kmaqlyt£aw
27. Zp¿_e hn`mKßfpsS t£aw, {]tXyIn®v
]ńIPmXn ˛ ]ńIh¿§ßfpsS.
28. s]mXphnXcW k{ºZmbw. F¥psIm≠mWv
...… kwÿm\ ]ńIbn¬
\n∂p am{Xw hnjbßƒ
ssIam‰w sNøs∏Sp∂Xv?
F¥psIm≠v tI{μ
]ńIbn¬ \n∂pw Hcp
210 hnjbhpw ssIam‰w
sNømØXv?
CXp-sIm≠v A¿∞-am-°p-∂X
- v.
hnjbßfpsS ssIam‰w. (Transfer of Subjects) 211
kwÿm\ ]ńIbn¬ \n∂pw 29 hnjbßsf Is≠Øn `cW-
LS\bpsS 11˛mw ]ńI--bn¬ tN¿Øncn°p∂p. Cu hnjbßƒ
F√mw ]©mbØocmPv ÿm]\ßƒ°v ssIam‰w
sNtø≠Xmbn´p≠v. Cu hnjbßfn¬ IqSpXepw t£ahpw
hnIk\hpambn _‘s∏´ Xt±i --- Kh¨sa‚ns‚ -- [¿ΩßfmWv.
Cu [¿ΩßfpsS - b Ym--¿ ∞ ssIam‰w - - - kwÿm\ \nba
\n¿ΩmWsØ B{ibn®mWncn-°p-∂X - v. ssIam‰w -- sNbvXn´p≈ 29
hnjbßfn¬ GsXms° {]mtZinI Kh¨sa‚pIƒ°v \¬Ip-
sa∂v kwÿm-\ß- ƒ°v Xocpam\n-°mw.
C¥y-bnse ]e kwÿm-\-ß-fn-ep-ap≈ BZn-hm-kn-I-fpsS

Bhmk taJ- e - I - f n¬ 73˛mw t`ZKXn \S]Sn{Iaßƒ
_m[Iam°nbncp∂n√. 1996˛¬ Hcp {]tXyIw \nbaw ]mkm°n
]©mbØocmPv hyhÿIƒ Cu taJebn¬IqSn hym]n∏nn®p. ]e
BZnhmknkaqlßfpw AhcptSXmb ]cºcmKX BNmc{]Imcw
s]mXphn`hßfmb h\w, sNdp Pekw`cWnIƒ F∂nhsb
ssIImcyw sNbvXncp∂p. AXn\m¬ Cu ]pXnb \nbaw hn`hßƒ
ssIImcyw sNøp∂Xn\p≈ AhcpsS AhImisØ
kwÿm\ Kh¨
sa‚pIƒ Zcn{ZcmWv. AwKoIcn°p∂p. CXn\mbn Cu {]tZißfnse {KmakÌƒ°v
tI{μ Kh¨sa‚n¬ IqSpX¬ A[nImcw \¬In. AhnsS sXcs™Sp°s∏´
\n∂pw Ah¿ ]Ww {Kma]©mbØpIƒ°v ]e Imcyßfnepw {KmakÌfpsS A\paXn
Bhiys∏Sp∂Xmbn tXtS≠Xmbnh∂p. Cu \nbaØns‚ ]n∂nse Bibw B[p\nI
Ign™ A≤ymb sXcs™Sp∏v kanXnIƒ \S∏n¬hcpØptºmƒ ]cºcmKX ˛
Øn¬ \Ωƒ hmbn®p.
Fßs\bmWv {]mtZinI kzbw`cW ÿm]\ßsf kwc£nt°≠-Xp≠v F∂-
Ahbv°v {]mtZinI XmWv. CXv hntI{μoIcWw, sshhn[yw F∂o aqeyßsf Duń
Kh¨sa‚n¬ ]Ww Dd∏n°p∂p.
\¬Iphm≥ IgnbpI. kwÿm\ sXcs™Sp∏v IΩojW¿am¿ (State Election
Commissioners)
]©mbØocmPv ÿm]\ßfnte°v sXcs™Sp∏p
\SØp∂Xn\mbn kwÿm\ sXcs™Sp∏p IΩojs\ \nban°m≥
]pXn-b \nbaw kwÿm\ Kh¨sa‚pIsf DØ-ch
- m-Zs
- ∏-Sp-Øp-∂p.
ap≥]v Cu {]hrØn \n¿Δln®psIm≠ncp∂Xv kwÿm\
Kh¨sa‚ v \nb{¥WØnep≈ kwÿm\ `cW
kwhn[m\ambncp∂p. Ct∏mƒ kwÿm\ sXcs™Sp∏p IΩnjW¿
tZiob sXcs™Sp∏p IΩojWsdt∏mse kzbw `c-Wm-h-Im-i-
ap≈XmWv. kwÿm\ sXcs™Sp∏v IΩojWdptSXv kzX-{¥-amb
Hcp ]Zhn-bmWv tI{μ sXcs™Sp∏p IΩojWdpambn bmsXmcp

_‘hpan√. am{Xa√, kwÿm\ sXcs™Sp∏v IΩnjW¿
tI{μIΩojs‚ \nb{¥WØne√msX kzX{¥ambn´mWv
{]h¿Øn°p∂Xv.
kwÿm\ [\Imcy IΩoj≥ (State Finance Commission)
Hmtcm 5 h¿jw IqSpwtXmdpw Hcp kwÿm\ [\Imcy IΩojs\
kwÿm\ Kh¨sa‚ v \nbant°≠- X m- W v . kwÿm\sØ
{]mtZinI ÿm]\ßfpsS [\ÿnXnbpw kwÿm\ Kh¨sa‚ns‚
{]h¿Ø\ßfpw hnebncpØp∂Xv Cu IΩoj\mWv. Cu kanXn
Hcp `mKØv kwÿm\ Kh¨sa‚pw {]mtZinI kzbw `cW
ÿm]\ßƒ XΩnepw adp`mKØv {Kma ˛ \Kc `cWIqSßƒ°nS
bnepw \S°p∂ [\hn\ntbmKsØ ]cntim[\bv°v
hnt[bam°p∂p. Cu \qX\ Bibw {]mtZinI ÿm]\ßƒ°v
XpI A\phZn°p∂Xnse cmjv{Sob ]cnKW\ Hgnhm°p∂Xv
Dd∏m°n.
{]h¿Ø\w
$ \nßfp-- s S - k wÿm\ - K - h¨-- s a‚ v - tNcn\nhmknIƒ°mbn
]©mb--ØpIƒ°v- - h -- n´p--- sImSpØncn°p∂ sa®s∏´ ]m¿∏nS
(delegated)Nne A --- -[n-Im-cßƒ Is≠ØpI. kuIcyw \Kc
{]mtZinI ÿm]\
ßƒ Hcp°psa∂v
F\n°v {]Xo£n
°mtam? G‰hpw
74˛mw t`ZKXn Ipd™Xv Ah¿°v
ipNnapdn sb¶nepw
74˛mw `cWLS\m t`ZKXn \Kc Xt±i ÿm]\ßsf \¬Iptam?
kw_‘nt®m \Kc ]menIsb kw_‘nt®m BsW∂v ap≥]p
kqNn∏n®ncp∂t√m?
F¥mWv Hcp \Kc{]tZiw? henb\Kc--ßfmb apws_tbtbm
I¬°Øtbtbm Xncn®dnbp∂Xv hfsc F -- fp∏ambncn°pw. F∂m¬
sNdnb \Kc{]tZißƒ {]tXyIn®v {KmaØn\pw ]´-WØn\pw
CSbne-- p ≈hsb Xncn®dnbp∂Xv {]bmkambncn°pw. \Kc
{]tZißsf tZiob sk≥k-kv C{]Imcw \n¿ΔNn°p∂p. (a)
G‰hpw Ipd™ P\kwJy 5000 (b) P\kwJybnse Ipd™Xv
75% ]pcpj∑m¿ Im¿jntIXc taJeIfn¬
sXmgnseSp°p∂hcmbncn°Ww (c) P\-km-{μX kvIzb¿ In.ao-‰-¿
212 {]tZiØv Ipd™Xv 400 t]¿ A[nhkn°p∂XmIWw. C¥y-bn¬
2011˛se sk≥kkv {]Imcw GI- Z iw 31% P\ßƒ
\KchmknIfmWv.
74˛mw t`ZKXn ]eImcyßfnepw 73˛mw213
t`ZKXnbpsS Bh¿Ø-\amWv. 74˛mw
t`ZKXn \Kc {]tZißfpambn
_‘s∏´XmWv . 73˛mw t`ZKXnbnse
hnjbßfmb {]Xy£ sXcs™Sp∏v,
kwh-cWw, `cW hnjbßfpsS ssIam‰w,
kwÿm\ sXcs™Sp∏v IΩoj≥,
kwÿm\ [\Imcy IΩoj≥ XpSßnbh
sb√mw 74˛mw t`XKXnbnbnepw \Kc]menI
\nba-Ønepw Dƒs∏SpØnbn´p≠v. \Kc
Xt±iÿm]\ßƒ°v kwÿm\
Kh¨sa‚ v hnjbssIam‰w \StØ≠Xv
`cWLS\m]camb NpaXebmWv. Cu
NpaXeIsf√mw `cWLS\bpsS 11˛mw
]ńIbn¬ Dƒs∏SpØnbn´p≠v.
73 Dw 74 Dw t`ZKXn \S∏nem°¬
( Implementation of 73 rd and 74 th
Amendments)
Cu ]XmI {]mtZinI Kh¨sa‚pI- C¥ybnse F√m kwÿm\ßfpw 73Dw 74
sf°pdn®p≈ P\ßfpsS {]Xo£bpsS Dw t`ZKXn \S∏nem°p∂Xn\mbn \nba
ASbmfamWv. P\ßƒ Hu]-NmcnI \nbasØ \n¿ΩmWw \SØnbn´p≠v. Cu t`ZKXnIƒ
A√ B{Kln°p∂Xv. \nbaØns‚ icnbmb \nehn¬ h∂v Ccp]Xv h¿jw ]n∂n-´t- ∏mƒ
coX-- n bnep≈ \S∏nem°emWv Ah¿ (1994˛2014) H´p--an° kwÿm\ßfnepw \mep
B{Kln°p∂Xv. Cu ap{ZmhmIy-sØ-°pdn®p≈ XhW {]mtZinI ÿm]\ßfnte°v sX--
Hcp - N pcps°gpØv Xømdm°pI'' Cu- cs™Sp∏p \S∂n´p≠v. a[y{]tZiv -cmP--
{KmaØnep≈ Kh¨sa‚ v RßfmWv? ÿm\n¬, a‰p Nne kwÿm\ßƒ F∂n-
hn-Sß
- f- n¬ aq∂p sXcs™Sp∏pIƒ \S∂p.
C¥ybn¬ C∂v GItZiw 600 Pn√m ]©mbØpIfpw, 6000 -tª--m°v ]©m-
bØpIfpw- 2,--40,000 {Kma]-©mbØpIfpw, \K-c{- ]-tZ-iØv 100˛¬ A[nIw
\Kc tIm¿∏tdj\pIfpw 1400 ap≥-kn∏m--en‰nIfpw 2000˛¬ A[nIw
\Kc]©mbØpIfpw \ne-\n¬°p-tºmgpw Hmtcm 5 h¿jw IqSpwtXmdpw --
32 e£-Øne[nIw AwKßsf h -- nhn[ kzbw `cWÿ ---- m-]-\-ß-fn-te°v
sXc™----Sp-°p∂p. CXn¬ G‰hpw Ipd™Xv 13 e£Øn¬------ A[nIw t]¿
kv{XoIƒ BWv. AtX kabw kw---ÿm\ \n-bakÌfnepw ]m¿esa‚nepw
IqSn 5000 tØmfw sXcs--™S- pØ {]Xn\n[nIƒ am{XamWp≈Xv. {]mtZinI
ÿm]\--ßfn¬ sXcs™Sp°s∏´ {]Xn\n[nIfpsS FÆw {Iaambn
h¿≤n°p∂p≠v.
214
`cWLS\bpsS 73Dw 74 Dw t`ZKXn cmPysØ ]RzmbØocmPv

\Kc]menI ÿm]\ßfpsS LS\ cmPyØmIam\w GIoIcn°pIbpw215
{]mtZinI ÿm]\ßfpsS km∂n≤yw P\]¶mfnØtØmSpIqSnbp≈ `cW
kwhn[m\Øn\v Ahkcw krjv S n°pIbpw sNbv X p. AXp- h gn
]©mbØpIfnepw \Kc kÌfnepw kv{XoIƒ°p \¬Inb kwhcWw
kv{Xo{]mXn\n[yw Cu kÌfn¬ Dd∏phcpØn.
Cu kwhcWw AZy£]Zhnbnte°pw k¿]m©v ]Zhnbnte°pw
_m[Iam°nbXn\m¬ [mcmfw kv{XoIƒ Cu ]ZhnIƒ hln°p∂p. C∂v
cmPysØ 200 ¬ ]cw Pn√m-]-©m-bØv A≤y-£-]-Z-hnbpw 2000 ¬ ]cw
tªm°v ]©m-bØv A≤-£-]-Z-hnbpw 80,000 ¬∏cw k¿]©v A≤y£ ]Z-
hnbpw hln-°p-∂Xv kv{XoI-fm-Wv.
READ AN IMAGE
Cu Nn{Xw t\m°q. {]mtZinI Kh¨sa‚ns‚ tbmKw ]pdØv \S°p∂p. a‰v

Fs¥¶nepw {]tXyIXIƒ ImWp∂pt≠m?
\ap°v Ct∏mƒ 30˛¬ A[nIw tIm¿∏tdj\pIfnse tab¿amcpw Su¨

ap\kn∏men‰nbnse 500 ˛ ¬ A[nIw A[y£amcpw 650 \Kc ]©mbØv
{]knU‚pamcpw kv { XoIfmWv . hn`hßfn≥taep≈ \nb{¥Ww
kv{XoIƒ°v IqSpX¬ A[nImchpw Bflhnizmkhpw t\Sns°mSpØp.
CØcw ÿm]\ßfnep≈ AwKXzw \nch[n kv{XoIƒ°v cmjv{Sob
{]h¿Ø\w icn°v a\ nem°phm≥ klmbn®n´p≠v . {]mtZinI
Xeßfnep≈ N¿®Ifn¬ henb tXmXn¬ CSs]Sp∂Xn\v

kv{XoIƒ°p Ign™n´p≠v. \nc-h[n kμ¿`ß-fn¬ {]tZ-inI
`cW kan-Xn-I-fn-ep≈ N¿®-Ifpw CS-s]-S-ep-Ifpw Ah-cn¬ ]pXn-
b-Im-gvN∏- mSpw Db¿∂ A`n-ap-Jyhpw P\n-∏n-°p-hm≥ Ah-kc - a
- p-≠m-
°n-bn-´p-≠v. IqSpX¬ kmlNcßfnepw kv{XoIƒ°v AhcpsS
km∂n≤yw Adnbn°phm≥ IgnbmXncn°pItbm IpSpw_Ønse
]pcpj∑mcpsS B⁄m\ph¿ØnIfmbn sXcs™Sp∏n¬
a¬kcn°pItbm BWv apºv sNbvXncp∂Xv.
`cWLS\m t`ZKXn hgn ]ńIPmXn ]ńIh¿§ kwhcWw
Dd∏m°nbt∏mƒ `qcn`mKw kwÿm\ßfpw a‰p ]nt∂m°
PmXn°m¿°pth≠n kwhcW N´ßfp≠m°m≥ Xøm-dmbn.
C¥y≥ P\kwJybn¬ 16.2 iXam\w ]ńI PmXn°mcpw 8.2
iXam\w ]ńIh¿§m°mcpamWv . GItZiw \Kc {Kma \nbaw \√XmWv
{]tZißfnse sXcs™Sp°s∏´ AwKßfn¬ 6.6 e£w F∂m¬ Ah
{]Xn\n[nIƒ Cu c≠p kaqZmbßfn¬ \n∂p≈hcmWv. CXv ISemkn¬ am{XamWv.
CXns\bmtWm XXzhpw
{]mtZinIÿm]\ßfpsS km---al q--- Ly---- S\bn¬ henb am‰ap≠m°n.
{]tbm\hpw XΩnep≈
ChcpsS kmaqlybmYm¿∞yßsf icnbmb coXnbn¬ hnShv F∂v ]dbp∂Xv?
{]Xnên∏n°p∂Xn\v Ah-kc - a- p-≠m°n, F∂m¬ CXv kwL¿j-
ßƒ°pw hgn- s bm- c p- ° n- b n- ´ p- ≠ v. ap≥]v {Kmaßsf
\nb{¥n®psIm≠ncp∂ B[n]Xyh¿§w AhcpsS A[nImcw
Dt]£n°phm≥ Xømd√. CXv A[nImc hSwhen Xo{ham°p∂-
Xn\v Imc-W-am-bn. kwL¿jßfpw a’cßfpw F√mbvt∏mgpw
tami-am-sW∂v ]c-bm-\m-hn-√. ap≥]v A[nImcan√mXncp∂h¿°v
A[nImcw \¬In P\m[n]XysØ IqSpX¬ A¿∞hØm--
°p∂Xn\p {ian°ptºmƒ kaqlØn¬ Ipsd- s bms°
kwL¿jßfpw {]iv\ßfpw \n›bamWv, AXv Hgn-hm-°m-\m-hp-
∂-Xp-a√- .
`cWLS\m t`ZKXnaqew kwÿm\ enÃn¬s∏´ 29
hnjbßfn¬ {]mtZinI ÿm- ] \ßƒ°v \nba\n¿ΩmWw
\SØmw. {]mtZinI hnIk\hpw t£ahpambn _‘s∏Sp∂XmWv
- C u hnjbßƒ. Ign™ ]Xn‰m≠pIfnse {]mtZinI
Kh¨sa‚pIfpsS A\p`hw hy‡am°p∂Xv ]cnanXamb
A[nImcßƒ am{XamWv Ahbv°v e`n®ncp∂Xv F∂m-Wv. ]e
kwÿm\ßfpw {]mtZinI ÿm]\ßƒ°v A[nImc
hntI{μoIrX hnjbssIam‰w \SØnbncp∂n√. icnbmb coXnbn¬
{]mtZ-inI ÿm]\ßƒ°v {]h¿Øn°phm≥ Ign™ncp∂n√. AXp-
216 sIm≠p Xs∂ \nch[n {]Xn\n[nIsf sXcs™Sp°p∂Xv shdpw
{]XoImfl-- Iamb Hcp {]{In-bb - mbn amdpIbmbncp∂p. {]mtZinI
kanXnIfpsS cq]oIcWw tI{μØnepw kwÿm\ßfnepw
Xocpam\saSp°p∂ coXnbn¬ am‰sa∂pap≠mbnń√∂v Nne¿
hna¿in°p∂p. {]mtZinI P\hn`mKßƒ°v t£a {]h¿Ø-\ßƒ217

sXcs™Sp°p∂Xntem hn`h hnXcWØntem aXnbmb kzmX{¥yw
e`n°p∂n√. {]mtZinI ÿm]\ßƒ°v kz¥w ^≠v hfsc°pdhmWv.
kmºØnI klmbØn\mbn tI{μ kwÿm\ K-- h ¨sa‚pIsf
B{ibn°p∂Xv ChbpsS {]h¿Ø\sØ tZmjIcambn _m[n°p∂p.
samØw dh\yp hcpam\Øns‚ 0.24% am{XamWv {]mtZinI kanXnIfpsS
]s¶¶nepw dh\yphcpam\Øns‚ 4% Ch¿ sNehgn°p∂p. AhcpsS
hcpam\Ønt\°mƒ IqSpX¬ XpI Ah¿ sNehgn°p∂p. CXv ^≠p
\¬Ip∂htcmSp≈ hnt[bXzw h¿≤n-∏n-°p-∂p.
em‰n≥ Atacn°bnse P\m[n]Xy hntI{μoIrXamXrIbmbn s_mfohnbsb
an°t∏mgpw Np≠o°m´mdp≠v. 1994˛se P\]¶mfnØ \nbaw {]mtZinI XeØn¬
A[nImchntI{μoIcWw \SØpIbpw, cmPysØ \nc-h[n ap≥kn-∏m-en-‰n-If
- mbn hn`-
Pn-°p-Ibpw tab¿amcpsS sXcs™Sp∏v P\Iobam°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. am{X-a√
ap≥kn∏men‰nIƒ°v [\ssIam‰w kzta[bm \¬IpIbpw sNbv X p. 314
ap≥kn∏men‰nIfmbn s_mfohnsb hn`Pn®ncn°p∂p. s_mfohnbbnse Cu
Kh¨sa‚pIfnse√mw P\Iobambn sXcs™SpØ tab¿amcpw ap≥kn∏¬
Iu¨knepamWv. Hmtcm 5 h¿jw IqSpwtºmgpw {]tZinI sXcs™Sp∏pIƒ
tZihym]Iambn \SØp∂p. {]mtZinI BtcmKyhpw hnZym`ymk kuIcyhpw
Dd∏phcpØpI, ]›mØe kuIcyw Hcp°pI XpSßnbh t_mfohnb¬ {]mtZinI
Kh¨sa‚ns‚ NpaXeIfmWv. s_mfnhnbbn¬ tZiob XeØn¬ ]ncns®Sp°p∂
\nIpXnbpsS 20% ap≥kn∏men‰nIƒ°v Btfmlcn hnlnXambn \¬Ip∂p. Cu
ap≥kn∏men‰nIƒ°v tam´m¿hml\ \nIpXn, \Kc `q\nIpXnbpw henb
Irjn`qanbnt∑ep≈ \nIpXnbpw ]ncn°mw. henb tXmXnep≈ kmºØnI ssIam‰w
ChbpsS {]h¿Ø\ßƒ°v henb IcpØp \¬Ip∂p.
D]-kw-lmcw
tI{μ ˛ kwÿm\ Kh¨sa‚pIfpsS hnIk\ ˛ t£a ]≤XnIƒ
\S∏nem°p∂Xn\mbp≈ GP≥knIfmbmbn {]mtZinI Kh¨sa‚pIƒ
XpS¿∂pw {]h¿Øn°psa∂v Cu A\p`hßƒ \sΩ Hm¿Ωn∏n°p∂p.
{]mtZinI kzbw`cW ÿm]\ßƒ°v \Ωƒ IqSpX¬ A[nImcw
\evIpI F∂-Xn-\¿∞w bYm¿∞ A[nImchntI{μoIcWØn\v \mw
IqSpX¬ Xøm-dm-IWw F∂-Xm-Wv. BXy¥nIambn P\m[n]Xyw
F∂ph®m¬ P\ßƒ A[nImcw ]¶p hbv°p∂p F∂-Xm-Wv. {KmaoW
P\X°pw \Kc P\X°pw Ah¿°mhiyap≈ \b]cn]mSnIƒ
Xocpam\n°m\p≈ A[nImcap≠v . ap≥]p ]Tn®Xpt]mse
P\m[n]Xysa∂m¬ A[nImc hntI{μoIcWhpw P\ßƒ°v IqSpX¬
A[nImcw \¬IepamWv. {]mtZinI Kh¨sa‚pIfpambn _‘s∏´
\nbaßƒ P\m[n]Xy h¬°cWØnte°p≈ Nhn´p]SnbmWv. F∂m¬
N´- ° q- S p- ≠ m- ° p- ∂ - X n¬ am{X- a √, P\m[n]XyØns‚ icnbmb
]co£Wsa∂Xv tIhew \nba]camb hyh-ÿ-Iƒ am{X-a√ adn®v
Ahsb {]mh¿ØnIam°p∂XnemWv
A`-ymkw
1. C¥y≥ `cWLS\ ]©m-b-Øp-Isf kzb-`-c-W-Øns‚ Hcv bpWn-‰m-≠bn-´mWv hn`m--
h\w sNøp-∂X - v.
Xmsg-∏-^-bp∂ {]kvXm-h-\-I-fnse kml-N-cy-ßƒ hne-bn-cpØn Ah Hcp kzbw-`-
cW ÿm]\w F∂ \ne-bn¬ ]©m-bØ - ns‚ i‡n-bmtWm Zu¿_-ey-amtWm F∂p
hni-Zo-Ic- n-°p-I.
a Hcp kwÿm\ Kh¨sa‚ v henb Hcp Ão¬ πm‚ v XpSßm≥ Hcp Iº\n°v A\paXn
\¬In. \nch[n {Kmaßsf tZmjIcambn _m[n°p∂XmWv Ão¬ πm‚ v. henb
hyhkmbw XpSßp∂Xn\p ap≥]v {]tZihmknIfpambn IqSnbmtemNn®v AhcpsS
{]iv\ßƒ°v ]cnlmcw ImWWsa∂v {]iv\-_m-[nX {Kma-Ønse {Kma-k` {]tabw
]mkm-°n.
b Kh¨sa‚ns‚ 20% sNehpIƒ ]©mbØpIƒ hgn \S∏nem°phm≥ Xocpam\n®p.
c. {KmaØn¬ Hcp kvIqƒ XpSßp∂Xn\v ^≠v A\phZn°Wsa∂v Hcp {Kma ]©mbØv
Bhiys∏SpIbpw Khx DtZymKÿ∑m¿ ^≠v a‰v ]≤XnIƒ°v th≠n
A\phZn®ncn°pIbmsW∂pw AXv hgnamdn sNehgn°m≥ IgnbpIbn√∂pw Adnbn®p.
d Zp≥Km¿]q¿ {KmasØ Kh¨sa‚ v Pap\, skmlm\ F∂o {Kmaßfmbn hn`Pn®p.
Ct∏mƒ Zp≥Km¿]q¿ hnt√Pv Kh¨sa‚ v tcJIfnen√.
e. Hcp {Kma]©mbØv AhnSpsØ Pet{kmXkpIƒ thKw h‰nhcfp∂XmbnIs≠Øn.
{KmaoWbphm°sf kwLSn∏n®v {KmaØnse ]gb Ipfßfpw InWdpIfpw
]p\xcp≤cn°m≥ kzta[bm Xocpam\n®p.
2. Hcp kwÿm\Øns‚ {]mtZinI Kh¨sa‚ v ]≤Xn cq]oIcn°phm\p≈ Ah-kcw
Xm¶ƒ°pe`ns®∂p IcpXpI. Fs¥√mw A[nImcßfmbncn°pw {Kma]©mbØp-
Iƒ°v kzbw `cW ÿm]\ßsf∂ coXnbn¬ \¬IpI? GsX¶nepw A©v
A[nImcßfpw Ahsb c≠phcnbn¬ IpdbmsX km[qIcn°pIbpw, Fßs\bmWv
Cu A[nImcw \¬InbsX∂v hniZoIcn°pIbpw sNøp-I.
3. kmaqlnIambn ]nt∂m°w \n¬°p∂ P\hn`mKßƒ°v `cWLS\bpsS 73˛mw t`ZKXn
Dd∏p \¬Ip∂ N´ßƒ Fs¥√mw? {KmaoW t\Xr \ncbn¬ Fs¥√mw am‰ßfmWv
Cu N´ßƒ sIm≠ph∂Xv?
4. 73-˛mw `cWLS\m t`ZKXn°p ap≥]pw tijhpw {]mtZinI ÿm]\ßfn¬ h∂ {][m\
hyXymkßƒ Fs¥√mw?
5. Xmsg \¬Inbncn°p∂ kw`mjWw hmbn°pI? 200 hm°n¬ IpdbmsX Cu N¿®bn¬
Dƒs°m≈n®ncn°p∂ hnhcßfn¬ \nßfpsS A`n{]mbw tcJs∏SpØpI.
AtemIv: \ΩpsS `cW LS\ kv{Xo˛]pcpj kaXzw Dd∏phcpØp∂p. {]mtZinI
ÿm]\ßfn¬ kv{XoIƒ°p\¬Inbncn°p∂ kwhcWw AhcpsS
218 A[nImc]¶mfnØw Dd∏phcpØp∂p.
t\l: kv { XoIƒ°v \¬Inbncn°p∂ A[nImcw ]cym]v X a√. {]mtZinI
ÿm]\ßfpsS _kvdqń¬ kv{XoIƒ°v {]tXyI ]Zhn \¬tI≠Xv BhiyamWv.
Ptbjv: F\n°v CØcw kwhcWtØmSv Xm¬]cyan√/ CjvSa√. Hcp {]mtZinI

ÿm]\w {KmaØnse F√m P\ßfpsSbpw ImcyØn¬ {i≤sNepØptºmƒ219
kz`mhnIambpw kv{XoIfpsS Xm¬]cyßfpw ]cnKWn°pw.
6. 73˛mw t`ZKXn N´ßƒ hmbn°pI. Xmsg∏dbp∂ Fs¥ms°
{]iv\ßfmWv Cu t`ZKXn A`naqJoIcn°p∂Xv.
a ÿm\w \jvSam°psa∂ òXn P\{]Xn\n[nIƒ P\ßtfmSv IqSpX¬
DØchmZnXzw ImWn°p∂Xn\v ImcWamIp∂p.
b D∂XPmXn°mcpw ^yqU¬ (P∑n) {]`p°∑mcpw {]mtZinI Kh¨sa‚pIfn¬
B[n]Xyw ]pe¿Øp∂p.
c {KmaoW \nc£cX hfsc IqSpXemWv. (Db¿∂tXmXnemWv)
\nc£cmb {KmaoW¿°v hnIk\Imcyßfn¬ Xocpam\saSp°m≥ Ignbn√.
d ê{]Zambn {]h¿Øn°Wsa¶n¬ {Kma]©mbØpIƒ°v
hn`hßfpw D≠mbncn°Ww.
7. NphsS sImSpØncn°p∂Xv {]mtZinI Kh¨sa‚pIƒ°\pIqeamb hmZßfmWv.
ap≥KWm{Iaw A\pkcn®v Ahsb {Ias∏SpØpIbpw AXn¬ G‰hpw {][m\sa∂v
\nßƒ IcpXp∂ hmZKXn a‰p≈hsb°mƒ F¥psIm≠v {]k‡amsW∂v
hniZoIcn°pI. \nßfpsS A`n{]mbØn¬ Xmsg∏dbp∂hbnse GXp
bp‡nb\pkcn®mWv shwssK hmk¬ ]©mbØv Xocpam\saSpØXv? F¥psIm≠v?
a {]mtZinI kaqlØns‚ ]¶mfnØtØmsS Kh¨sa‚n\v Ipd™ sNehn¬
]≤XnIƒ ]q¿Ønbm°m≥ Ignbpw.
b {]mtZinI P\X Xømdm°p∂ hnIk\ ]≤XnIƒ°v k¿°m¿ DtZymKÿ¿
Xømdm°p∂ ]≤XnItf°mƒ IqSpX¬ kzoImcyXbp≠mIpw.
c P\ßƒ°v AhcpsS {]tZißsf°pdn®pw Bhiyßsf°pdn®pw
{]iv\ßsf°pdn®pw ap≥KW\Isf°pdn®pw hy‡amb [mcW D≠mbncn°pw.
Iq´mb ]¶mfnØØneqsS AhcpsS PohnXw kw_‘n® Imcyßfn¬ N¿®bneqsS
Xocpam\saSp°p∂p.
d km[mcW P\ßsf kw_‘n®nStØmfw AhcpsS kwÿm\ \nbak`bnsetbm,
]m¿esa‚nsetbm {]Xn\n[nIfpambn _‘s∏Sphm≥ A{X Ffp∏a√.
8. \nßfpsS A`n{]mbØn¬ Xmsg ]dbp∂hbn¬ GXmWv
A[nImchntI{μoIcWhpambn _‘s∏´Xv ? F¥psIm≠mWv a‰p≈h
hntI{μoIcWhpambn tbmPn°mØXv?
a {Kma]©mbØnte°p≈ sXcs™Sp∏p \SØpI.
b XßfpsS {KmaØn\v A\ptbmPyamb \bßfpw ]cn]mSnIfpw Fs¥∂Xv {KmaoW¿
Xs∂ Xocpam\n°pI.
c. {Kmak`mtbmKw hnfn°p∂Xn\p≈ A[nImcw.
d. kwÿm\ Kh¨sa‚ v Bcw`n® Hcp ]≤XnbpsS ]ptcmKXn dnt∏m¿´v {Kma hnIk\
DtZymKÿ≥ {Kma]©mbØn\p \¬Ip∂p.
9. U¬ln k¿ΔIemime hnZym¿∞nbmb cmLth{μ ]¿]Æ {]m[anI
hnZym`ymkØnse hntI{μoIrX Xocpam\saSp°ens\°pdn®v ]Tn°m≥
B{Kln°p∂p. {KmahmknItfmSv At±lw Nne tNmZyßƒ tNmZn°p∂p. Cu
tNmZyßƒ Xmsg sImSpØncn°p∂p. \nßƒ Cu {KmahmknIfnsemcmfmsW¶n¬

Hmtcm tNmZyØn\pw F¥v DØcamWv \nßƒ \¬IpI?
{Kmak`bpsS Hcp tbmKw hnfn®pIqń HmtcmIpńsbbpw kvIqfn¬ FØn°p∂Xn\v
Fs¥ms° \S]SnIƒ kzoIcn°msa∂v N¿® sNbvXp.
a. ao‰nwKns‚ DNnXamb XobXn \nßƒ Fßs\ Xocpam\n°pw? ao‰nwKn¬ Bscms°
]s¶Sp°pw/]s¶Sp°n√ \nßfpsS ImcWw FgpXpI.
i) {Kma hnIk\ Hmôktdm Pn√m IfIvStdm \n›bn® Znhkw.
ii) {KmaapJy≥ sXcs™SpØ Znhkw.
iii) Hcp RmbdmgvN.
iv) \mK]©an / kw{Im¥n.
b. ao‰nwKn\v A\ptbmPyamb ÿew GXmWv? F¥psIm≠v?
i) Pn√m IfIvSdpsS k¿°pe¿ DØchv {]Imcw \n›bn® ÿew.
ii) {KmaØnse aX {][m\y ÿew.
iii) ZfnXv al√ / ZfnXv {Kmaw
iv) Db¿∂ PmXn°m¿ Xmakn°p∂ ÿew.
v) {KmaoW hnZymebw.
c. {Kmak`bpsS tbmKØn¬ BZyambn Pn√m IfIvS¿ Ab® DØchv / k¿°pe¿
hmbn®p Hcp hnZym`ymk dmen kwLSn∏n°p∂Xn\pw AXns‚ dq´v / KXn
Xocpam\n°p∂Xn\pw Fs¥√mw \S]SnIƒ kzoIcn°Wsa∂v \n¿t±in°p∂p.
kvIqfn¬ CXphscbpw hcmXncn°p∂ IpńIsf°pdnt®m s]ÏpńIfpsS
hnZym`ymksØ°pdnt®m kvIqƒsIńSØns‚ Ahÿsb°pdnt®m kvIqƒ kab
{IasØ°pdnt®m ao‰nwKv N¿® sNbvXn√. RmbdmgvNbmbXn\m¬ Hcp h\nX
A≤ym]Icpw ao‰nwKn¬ ]s¶SpØn√.
d. \nßfpsS ¢mkns\ {Kmak`bmbn k¶ev]n°pI. AP≠ N¿® sNbvXv e£yw
t\Sp∂Xn\p≈ L´ßƒ hy‡am°pI?
220
Chapter 9: Constitution as a Living Document
221
A≤ymbw ˛ 9
`c-W-L-S\ Hcp kPoh
{]am-W-sa∂ \ne-bn¬
(Constitution As A Living Document)
BapJw
I-gn-™ 68 h¿-j-am-bn \-Ωp-sS `-c-W-L-S-\ F-ß-s\ {]-h¿-Øn-°p-∂p-sh-
∂pw C-tX `-c-W-L-S-\-sb A-Sn-ÿm-\-s∏-Sp-Øn \-Ωp-sS cm-Pyw F-ß-s\ `-
cn-°s- ∏-´p F-∂pw Cu A-[ym-bØ - n¬ \n-∂pw \-ap-°v a-\ - n-em-°p-hm≥ km-
[n-°pw. Cu A-[ym-bw ]Tn-°p-∂-Xn-eq-sS \-ap-°v I-s≠-Øp-hm≥ km-[n-°p-
∂ h-kv-Xp-X-I-fm-Wv.
$ Im-eL - ´- Ø- n-s‚ B-hi - y-Øn-\\ - p-kc - n-®v C-¥y≥ `-cW- L - S- \
- °
- v t`-ZK
- X
- n
h-cp-Øp-hm≥ km-[n-°pw.
$ [m-cm-fw `-c-W-L-S-\m t`-Z-K-Xn-Iƒ I-gn-s™-¶n-epw `-c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS k-
Ø-bpw A-Sn-ÿm-\L - S- \
- b
- pw C-t∏m-gpw am-dm-sX \n¬-°p-∂p.
$ `-cW - L - S- \- s
- b hym-Jym-\n-°p-∂X - n-\pw kw-c£ - n-°p-∂X - n-\pw \o-Xn-\ym-b
hn-`m-Kw {]-[m-\ ]-¶v h-ln-®n-´p-≠v.
$ am-dp-∂ km-l-N-cy-ßƒ-°-\p-k-cn-®v {]-Xn-I-cn-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-I-bpw
hnImkw {]m-]n-°p-I-bpw sN-øp-∂ H-cp {]-am-W-am-Wv `-c-W-L-S-\.
`-cW
- L
- S- \
- I
- ƒ \n-›e
- a
- m-tWm ?
am-dp-∂ km-l-N-cy-ßƒ-°-\p-k-cn-t®m,k-aq-l-
Øn-se B-ib - ß- f - p-sS am-‰ß- ƒ-°\ - p-kc - n-t®m,
cm-jv-{So-b am-‰-ßƒ aq-e-tam `-c-W-L-S-\ Xn-cp-
Øn F-gp-Xp-I F-∂-Xv H-cp cm-jv-{S-sØ kw-_-
‘n-®n-S-tØm-fw A-km-[m-c-W-am-b H-cp Im-cy- I-gn-™ c-≠p \q-‰m-≠p-I-fn¬
a√. tkm-hn-b-‰v bq-Wn-b-\v A-Xn-s‚ 74 h¿-j- {^m≥-kn-\v A-t\-Iw `-c-W-L-S-
sØ {]-h¿-Ø-\ Im-e-b-f-hn¬ 4 `-c-W-L-S-\- \-Iƒ D-≠m-bn-´p-≠v. hn-π-h-Øn-
Iƒ D-≠m-bn-´p-≠v. (1918,1924,1936,1977). 1991 ¬ \p ti-jh - pw s\-t∏m-fn-bs - ‚ Im-
tkm-hn-b-‰v bq-Wn-b-\n-se I-Ωyq-Wn-Ãv ]m¿-ń- e-L-´-Øn-epw {^m≥-kv H-cp `-c-
W-L-S-\-°p th-≠n \n-c-¥-c ]-
bp-sS `-c-Ww A-h-km-\n-®-tXm-sS tkm-hn-b-‰v
co-£W - ß- ƒ \-SØ - p-Ib - p-≠m-bn.
s^-U-td-j≥ in-Yn-eo-I-cn-°-s∏-´p. cm-jv-{So-b 1793 se hn-π-hm-\-¥-c-ap-≈ `-c-
hn-π-h-Øn-\p ti-jw ]p-Xp-Xm-bn cq-]w sIm-≠ W-L-S-\-sb B-Zy {^-©v dn-∏-
d-jy≥ s^-U-td-j≥ 1993˛¬ H-cp ]p-Xn-b `-c- ªn-°n-s‚ Im-e-L-´w F-∂m-Wv
W-LS- \ - kzo-Ic - n-®p. hn-fn-°p-∂Xv. c-≠m-a-sØ {^-
F-∂m¬ C-¥y-bp-sS Im-cyw {i-≤n-°q. 1949 ©v dn-∏-ªn-°v 1848 ¬ B-cw-`n-
\-hw-_¿ 26 \v C-¥y≥ `-c-W-L-S-\ Aw-Ko-I-cn- ®p. aq-∂m-a-sØ {^-©v dn-∏-ªn-
°-s∏-´p. 1950 P-\p-h-cn 26 \v `-c-W-L-S-\ Hu- °v 1875¬ H-cp ]p-Xn-b `-c-W-L-
tZym-Kn-I-am-bn \n-e-hn¬ h-∂p. A-Xn-\p-ti-jw S-\t- bm-sS cq-]w sIm-≠p. 1946¬
68 h¿-jß - ƒ I-gn-™p-sh-¶n-epw \-Ωp-sS cm-Py- ]p-Xn-b H-cp `-cW
- L- S- \
- t- bm-Sp Iq-
Øv K-h¨-sa‚n-s‚ {]-h¿-Ø-\w \-S-Ø-s∏-Sp- Sn 4˛mw {^-©v dn-∏-ªn-°v \n-e-
Øp-∂X - n-\p-≈ H-cp N-´° - q-Sm-bn C-tX `-cW - L- - hn¬ h-∂p. A-hk - m-\a - m-bn 1958
¬ H-cp ]p-Xn-b `-cW - L
- S- \- t- bmSp
S-\ C-∂pw {]-h¿-Øn-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-Ib - pw sN-
Iq-Sn 5˛mw {^-©v dn-∏-ªn-°v \n-
øp-∂p. e-hn¬ h-∂p.
am-‰-ßƒ B-h-iy-an-√m-Ø-hn-[w \-Ωp-sS `-
c-W-L-S-\ an-I-®-Xm-sW-∂m-tWm C-Xp-sIm-≠v
D-t±-in-°p-∂-Xv? `m-hn-bn¬ h-t∂-°m-hp-∂ am-‰-
ß-sf ap≥-Iq-ń Im-Wp-hm≥ I-gn-bp-∂-{X Zo¿-
L-ho-£W - a- p-≈h - c - pw hn-th-In-If- p-am-bn-cp-t∂m
\-Ωp-sS `-c-W-L-S-\m \n¿-Ωm-Xm-°ƒ? Cu c-
≠p D-Ø-c-ß-fpw H-c¿-∞-Øn¬ i-cn-bm-Wv. h-
f-sc I-cp-Øp-‰ H-cp `-cW - L- S- \
- b
- m-Wv \mw kzm-
b-Ø-am-°n-bn-´p-≈-Xv F-∂-Xv H-cp k-Xy-am-Wv.
`-c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS A-Sn-ÿm-\ N-´-°q-Sv \-Ωp-sS
cm-Py-Øn-\v h-f-sc tbm-Pn-®-Xm-Wv. \-Ωp-sS `-c- `-c-W-L-S-\m-]-c-am-b am-‰-
W-L-S-\m \n¿-Ωm-Xm-°ƒ h-f-sc Zo¿-L-ho-£- ßƒ cm-jv-{So-b hn-Im-k-hp-
222 Ww D-≈-h-cm-bn-cp-∂p-sh-∂-Xpw `m-hn-bn-se {]- am-bn h-fs- c A-Sp-Øv _-‘-
s∏-ń-cn-°p-∂p F-∂m-Wv F-
iv-\-ßƒ ap≥-Iq-ń I-≠v A-h¿ ]-cn-lm-cw \n¿-
\n-°v tXm-∂p-∂-Xv.
t±-in-®n-cp-∂p-sh-∂-Xpw k-Xy-am-Wv. F-∂m¬ H-
cp `-cW
- L - S- \- °- pw `m-hn-bn¬ \-S° - m≥ t]m-Ip-
∂ F-√m Im-cy-ß-sf-bpw ap≥-Iq-ń Im-Wp-hm≥ km-[y-a√. am-‰-

ßƒ B-h-iy-an-√m-Ø-Xm-b H-cp {]-am-W-hp-an-√. 223
]n-s∂ F-ß-s\-bm-Wv C-tX `-c-W-L-S-\ C-∂pw cm-Py-sØ
tk-hn-®p sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂X - v? k-aq-lØ - n-s‚ am-dp-∂B - h - i- y-ßƒ-
°-\p-k-cn-®v ]-cn-jv-°-cn-t°-≠ B-h-iy-I-X \-Ωp-sS `-c-W-L-S-\
Aw-Ko-Ic - n-°p-∂p F-∂X - m-Wv C-Øc - w tNm-Zy-ßƒ-°p-≈ H-cp-Ø-
cw. c-≠m-a-Xm-bn `-c-W-L-S-\ {]-h¿-Øn-°p-tºmƒ A-Xn-s‚ hym-
Jym-\Ø - n¬ ]-ca - m-h[ - n A-bh - p-≈X - m-bn Im-Wmw. `-cW - L - S- \
- \-
S-∏m-°p-∂-Xn¬ cm-jv-{So-b {]-h¿-Ø-\-ß-fpw \o-Xn-\ym-b hn-[n-I-
fpw Xn-I-™ ]-Iz-X-bpw A-b-hpw Im-Wn-°p-∂p-≠v.C-Ø-cw L-S-
I-ßƒ \-Ωp-sS `-c-W-L-S-\-sb A-S-™-Xpw \n-›-e-hp-am-b H-cp
\n-b-a {]-am-W-hp-am-°m-sX A-Xn-s\ H-cp k-Po-h {]-am-W-am-°n
\n-e\ - n¿-Øp-∂p.
G-sXm-cp k-aq-l-Øn-epw `-c-W-L-S-\ X-øm-dm-°p-∂-h¿ s]m-
Xp-hm-b H-cp sh-√p-hn-fn A-`n-ap-Jo-I-cn-°m-dp-≠v. B Im-e-L-´-
Øn¬ k-aq-lw t\-cn-Sp-∂ {]-iv-\-ßƒ X-c-Ww sN-øp-∂-Xn-\p-≈
hy-hÿ - I
- ƒ `-cW - L - S- \ - b- n¬ {]-Xn-ê - n-∏n-°p-I F-∂X - m-Wv A-
Xvv. A-tX k-a-bw `-c-W-L-S-\ `m-hn-bn-se K-h¨-sa‚n-s‚ N-´-
°q-Sn-s\°p-dn-®v kq-Nn-∏n-°p-∂ {]-am-Wh - p-am-bn-cn-°W - w. A-Xp sIm-
≠v `m-hn-bn-se sh-√p-hn-fn-I-sf t\-cn-Sm-\p-≈ I-gn-hv `-c-W-L-S-\-
bv-°p-≠m-I-Ww. Cu A¿-∞-Øn¬ `-c-W-L-S-\ H-tc k-a-b-Øv
k-aI - m-eo-\h - pw Cu-Sp-\n¬-°p-∂X - p-am-bn-cn-°W - w.
A-tX k-a-bw `-c-W-L-S-\ H-cn-°-epw \n-›-e-hpw am-‰w h-cp-Øp-
hm≥ km-[n-°m-Ø-Xp-am-b {]-am-W-a-√. a-\p-jy \n¿-Ωn-X-am-b H-
cp {]-am-Ww B-b-Xn-\m¬ C-Xn-\v ]p-Xp-°-epw am-‰w h-cp-Ø-ep-I-
fpw ]p-\:]-cn-tim-[\ - b - pw B-hi - y-am-Wv. `-cW - L - S- \- H-cp k-aq-l-
Øn-s‚ kz-]v\ - ß- s - f-bpw A-`n-em-jß - s - f-bpw {]-Xn-ê - n-∏n-°p-∂-
Xm-h-Ww F-∂-Xv h-kv-Xp-X-bm-Wv. H-cp `-c-W-L-S-\ k-aq-l Øn-
C-cp-∂q-dn-te-sd h¿-j-ßƒ- s‚ P-\m-[n-]X - y `-cW - {- I-aØ - n-\p-≈ N-´° - q-Sp-am-bn-cn-t°-≠X - mWv.
°v ap-ºv \n-e-hn¬ h-∂ A-
Cu A¿-∞-Øn¬ k-aq-lw A-h¿-°p-th-≠n \n¿-Ωn-® H-cp D-]m-
ta-cn-°≥ `-c-W-L-S-\ C-Xp-
h-sc 27 {]m-h-iyw am-{X- [n-bm-bn `-cW - L-S\ - s - b I-W° - m-°mw.
amWv t`-ZK - X
- n sN-øs
- ∏-ń-´p- `-c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS Cu c-≠p Np-a-X-e-I-fpw A-Xn-s‚ ]-Z-hn-
≈-Xv. A-sXm-cp {i-≤n-°s - ∏- sb kw-_-‘n-®v Nn-e Zp-jv-°-c-am-b tNm-Zy-ßƒ D-b¿-Øp-∂p. H-
tS-≠ Im-cy-a-t√? cmƒ-°pw H-cp Im-e-Øpw am-‰m≥ ]-‰m-Ø X-c-Øn¬ `-c-W-L-S-\
]-hn-{X-am-tWm? t\-sc a-dn-®v km-[m-cW - \n-ba - ß
- s - f t]m-se F-
fp-∏-Øn¬ am-‰p-hm≥ km-[n-°p-∂ H-cp tI-h-e {]-am-W-am-tWm `-
c-WL - S- \- ?
Cu {]-iv-\-sØ-°p-dn-®v t_m-[-hm≥-am-cm-bn-cp-∂-Xn-\m¬ \-
Ωp-sS `-c-W-L-S-\m \n¿-Ωm-Xm-°ƒ H-cp k-¥p-en-Xm-h-ÿ \n-e-
\n¿-Øm-\m-Wv {i-an-®-Xv. A-h¿ `-c-W-L-S-\-sb km-[m-c-W \n-b-a-Øn-\p ap-

I-fn¬ {]-Xn-jvTn-°p-I-bpw `m-hn X-e-ap-d A-Xn-s\ A-\p-k-cn-°p-sa-∂v {]-Xo-
£n-°p-I-bpw sN-bv-Xp. A-tX k-a-bw Cu {]-am-Ww `m-hn-bn¬ Xn-cp-Ø-ep-
Iƒ-°v hn-t[-ba - m-IW
- s
- a-∂v A-h¿ Xn-cn-®d
- n-™n-cp-∂p. `-cW
- L - S- \- b
- p-sS \n¿-
Ωm-W-th-f-bn¬ X-s∂ ]-e-Im-cy-ß-fn-epw hy-Xy-kv-X A-`n-{]m-b-ß-fp-s≠-∂v
A-h¿-°v t_m-[y-s∏-ń-cp-∂p. F-t∏m-sg-¶n-epw k-aq-lw H-cp {]-tXy-I A-`n-{]m-
b-Øn-te-°v am-dp-tºmƒ `-c-W-L-S-\m hy-h-ÿ-I-fn¬ am-‰w A-\n-hm-cy-am-
Ipw. Np-cp-°-Øn¬ C-¥y≥ `-c-W-L-S-\ ap-I-fn¬ kq-Nn-∏n-® c-≠p k-ao-]-\-
ß-fp-sS-bpw H-cp k-a-\z-b-am-bn-cp-∂p. A-Xm-b-Xv H-tc-k-a-bw `-c-W-L-S-\ ]-hn-
{X-am-b H-cp {]-am-W-am-Wv, A-Xn¬ Im-em-Im-e-ß-fn¬ am-‰-ßƒ A-\n-hm-cy-am-
Wv. a-s‰m-cp X-cØ - n¬ ]-d™- m¬ \-Ωp-sS `-cW- L- S- \
- \n-›e - a- m-b H-cp {]-am-
W-tam F-√m-‰n-s‚-bpw A-h-km-\ hm-t°m am-‰w h-cp-Øp-hm≥ ]m-Sn-√m-Ø-
tXm B-b H-cp {]-am-W-a-√.
A\ptOZw 368 {]Imcw

....Cu `-cW
- L - S- \
- b
- n¬ F-¥p-Xs - ∂ B-bn-cp-∂m-epw ]m¿-es - a‚n-
\v A-Xn-s‚ `-c-W-L-S-\m \n¿-Ωm-Wm-[n-Im-cw {]-tbm-Kn-®v- Cu
A-\p-tO-ZØ - n¬ {]-Xn-]m-Zn-®n-´p-≈ \-S] - S- n {I-aw A-\p-kc
- n-®v Cu
`-cW- L
- S- \
- b
- p-sS G-Xp hy-hÿ- b
- pw Ip-ń-t®¿-°t- em, hyXym-k-
s∏-Sp-Ø-tem d-±m-°-tem h-gn t`-Z-K-Xn sN-øm-hp-∂-XmWv.
`-cW
- L
- S- \
- Fßs\ t- `-ZK - n sN-ømw (How to Amend the Constitution)
- X
`-cW
- L - S- \
- m k-¥p-en-Xa
- m-°p-∂X - n-\v `-cW- L- S- \
- m \n¿-Ωm-Xm-°ƒ {i-an-®X - m-
bn ap≥-]v \mw kq-Nn-∏n-®p-ht- √m? B-hi - y-ap-s≠-¶n¬ `-cW - L
- S- \
- t`-ZK
- X- n h-
cp-Øp-I X-s∂ th-Ww. F-∂m¬ A-\m-h-iy-hpw \n-c-¥-c-hp-am-b t`-Z-K-Xn-I-
fn¬ \n-∂v A-Xn-s\ kw-c£ - n-t°-≠X - p-ap-≠v. a-s‰m-cp X-cØ- n¬ ]-d™ - m¬ H-
tc k-a-bw `-c-W-L-S-\ Zr-V-hpw A-b-hp-ap-≈-Xm-I-W-sa-∂v A-h¿ B-{K-ln-
®p. F-fp-∏Ø - n¬ am-‰p-hm-\pw t`-ZK- X
- n h-cp-Øp-hm-\pw I-gn-bp-∂ `-cW - L- S- \- I- -
fm-Wv A-b-hp-≈ (flexible Constitution) `-c-W-L-S-\-Iƒ. F-∂m¬ t`-Z-K-Xn-
Iƒ h-cp-Øp-hm≥ h-f-sc {]-bm-k-ap-≈ `-c-W-L-S-\-I-fm-Wv Zr-V-am-b `-c-W-
L-S\ - I- ƒ (Rigid Constitution). c-≠v k-hn-ti-jX - I
- f
- pw Dƒ-s°m-≈p-∂X - m-Wv
224 C¥y≥ `-c-W-LS\.
`-c-W-L-S-\-bn¬ sX-‰p-I-sfm Ip-d-hp-I-sfm D-≠m-Ip-hm-\p-≈

km-[y-X-sb Ip-dn-®v `-c-W-L-S-\m \n¿-Ωm-Xm-°ƒ t_m-[-hm≥-am- 225
cm-bn-cp-∂p. `-c-W-L-S-\ ]q¿-Æ-am-bpw sX-‰p-Ip-‰-ß-fn¬ \n-∂pw
hn-ap-‡-a-√ F-∂-h¿ a-\- n-em-°n. A-Ø-c-Øn-ep-≈ t]m-cm-bv-a-
Iƒ D-≠m-Ip-tºmƒ A-h H-gn-hm-°p-∂-Xn-\v th-≠n `-c-W-L-S-\
F-fp-∏-Øn¬ t`-Z-K-Xn h-cp-Øp-hm≥ I-gn-b-W-sa-∂v A-h¿ B-{K-
ln-®p. Xm¬-°m-en-Ia - m-bn Nn-e hy-hÿ - I - ƒ `-cW - L- S- \- b- n¬ Dƒ-
s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cp-∂p. sXc-s™-Sp-°s - ∏-´ ]p-Xn-b ]m¿-es - a‚ v A-[n-
Im-c-Øn¬ h-∂ ti-jw Cu hy-h-ÿ-Iƒ `-c-W-L-S-\-bn¬ Dƒ-
s∏-Sp-Ø-W-tam F-∂v A-¥n-a-am-bn Xo-cp-am-\n-°m-sa-∂pw A-h¿
I-cp-Xn. `-cW- L - S- \ - H-cp s^-Ud - ¬ hy-hÿ - n-Xn-°m-Wv cq-]w sIm-
Sp-Ø-Xv. F-∂-Xn-\m¬ kw-ÿm-\-Øn-s‚ A-h-Im-i-ß-fpw A-[n-
Im-cß- f - pw A-hc - p-sS k-ΩX - a- n-√m-sX am-‰p-hm≥ ]m-Sn-s√-∂pw hy-
h-ÿ sN-bvX - p. `-cW - L - S- \- b- p-sS B-flm-hv F-∂v I-cp-Xs - ∏-Sp-∂
Nn-e k-hn-ti-j-X-Iƒ am-‰-s∏-Sm-sX kw-c-£n-°-W-sa-∂v `-c-W-
L-S-\m \n¿-Ωm-Xm-°ƒ B-{K-ln-®p. A-Ø-cw h-Ip-∏p-Iƒ am-‰w
h-cp-Øp-∂-Xn-\p-≈ hy-h-kv-X-Iƒ I¿-°-i-am-°p-hm≥ A-h¿ Xo-
cp-am-\n-®p. C-Ø-cw ]-cn-K-W-\-I-fm-Wv `-c-W L-S-\-bp-sS hn-hn-[-
X-cØ- n-ep-≈ t`-ZK - X- n-°v h-gn-sbm-cp-°n-bX - v.
`-cW
- L - S- \
- b- p-sS Nn-e A-\p-tO-Zß - ƒ km-[m-cW - \n-ba - \n¿-
Ωm-W {]-{In-b-bn-eq-sS tZ-Z-K-Xn h-cp-Øp-hm≥ km-[n-°pw. Cu
t`-Z-K-Xn-°v {]-tXy-I \-S-]-Sn-{I-a-ßƒ B-h-iy-an-√. A-Ø-cw Im-
cy-ßf - n¬ `-cW - L - S- \ - m t`-ZK - X- n-bpw km-[m-cW - \n-ba- \- n¿-Ωm-W
F-ß-s\-bm-Wv H-cp `-c-W-
{]-{In-b-bpw X-Ωn¬ bm-sXm-cp hy-Xym-k-hp-an-√. `-c-W-L-S-\-bp-
L-S-\ A-b-hp-≈-Xpw Zr-V- sS Cu `m-Kw h-f-sc A-b-hp-≈-Xm-Wv. Xm-sg-sIm-Sp-Øn-cn-°p-∂
hp-am-Ip-∂-Xv F-∂v F-\n-°v Nn-e `-c-W-L-S-\m A-\p-tO-Z-ßƒ {i-≤m-]q¿-Δw hm-bn-°p-I.Cu
a-\- n-em-hp-∂n-√. H-cp Im- c-≠p A-\p-tO-Z-ß-fn-epw '\n-b-aw aq-ew' (by law) F-∂-Xp sIm-
e-L-´-Øn-se cm-jv-{So-b-am- ≠p-t±-in-°p-∂X - v ]m¿-es - a‚n-\v `-cW - L - S- \
- b
- p-sS 368-˛mw A-\p-tOZ-
tWm H-cp `-cW- L
- S- \
- s
- b Zr- Øn¬ kq-Nn-∏n-®n-cn-°p-∂ hy-hÿ - I
- ƒ ]m-en-°m-sX X-s∂ A-h-
V-hpw A-b-hp-≈-Xp-am-°p- sb t`-Z-K-Xn h-cp-Øp-hm≥ km-[n-°pw F-∂-Xm-Wv. C-Xp-t]m-se,
∂-X.v
F-fp-∏-Øn¬ t`-Z-K-Xn sN-øp-hm≥ I-gn-bp-∂ a-‰p ]-e A-\p-tO-Z-
ß-fpw C-¥y≥ `-cW - L - S- \
- b
- n-ep-≠.v A-\p-tO-Zw :2 ˛- ]m¿-es - a‚n\v
\n-b-aw aq-ew ]p-Xn-b kw-ÿm-\-ß-sf C-¥y≥ bq-Wn-b-\n-te-°v
tN¿-°p-hm≥ km-[n-°pw.
A\p-tOZw ˛ 2:
]m¿e-sa‚n\v \nb-aw-aqew
]pXnb kwÿm-\-ßsf
C¥y≥ bqWnb-\n-te°v
tN¿°p-hm≥ km[n-°pw.
A\p-tOZw ˛ 3:
]m¿-e-sa‚n-\v \n-b-aw
aqew G-sXm-cp kw-ÿm-
\-Øn-s‚-bpw hn-kvX- r-Xn
h¿-≤n-∏n-°p-hm≥
km[n°pw
`-cW- L - S- \
- b
- p-sS ti-jn-°p-∂ `m-Kß - ƒ t`-ZK - X- n sN-øp-∂X - n-
\p-≈ hy-h-ÿ-Iƒ A-\p-tO-Zw 368 ¬ kq-Nn-∏n-°p-∂p. Cu A-
\p-tO-Z {]-Im-cw `-c-W-L-S-\m t`-Z-K-Xn-Iƒ-°v c-≠v hy-Xy-ÿ
co-Xn-I-fp-≠v. H-cp am¿-§-a-\p-k-cn-®v Nn-e A-\p-tO-Z-ßƒ ]m¿-e-
sa‚n-s‚ C-cp k-`-I-fp-sS-bpw {]-tXy-I `q-cn-]-£-tØm-Sn-Iq-Sn t`-
Z-K-Xn h-cp-Øm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. c-≠m-a-sØ am¿-§w Ip-d-®p Iq-Sn {]-
bm-k-I-c-am-Wv. A-Xn-\v ]m¿-e-sa‚n-s‚ {]-tXy-I `q-cn-]-£-Øn-
\p ]p-d-sa ]-Ip-Xn kw-ÿm-\-ß-fp-sS Aw-Ko-Im-c-hpw B-h-iy-am-
Wv. G-sXm-cp `-c-W-L-S-\m t`-Z-K-Xn \-S-]-Sn-{I-a-ß-fpw ]m¿-e-
sa‚n¬ am-{X-sa B-cw-`n-°p-hm≥ (initiate) ]m-Sp-≈p F-∂p-≈ h-
kv-Xp-X {]-t{Xy-Iw {i-≤n-t°-≠-Xm-Wv. `-c-W-L-S-\m-t`-Z-K-Xn-°v
]m¿-es - a‚n-s‚ {]-tXy-I `q-cn-]£ - w Iq-Sm-sX a-‰p _m-ly ÿm-]-
\-ß-fp-sS (`-c-W-L-S-\m I-Ωo-j≥ A-s√-¶n¬ {]-tXy-I k-an-Xn)
Aw-Ko-Im-cw B-h-iy-an-√.
A-Xp-t]m-se ]m¿-es - a‚n¬ ]m- m-°p-Ib - pw Nn-e k-μ¿-`Ø - n¬ Nn-e kw-ÿm-\-ßƒ H-cp `-
kw-ÿm-\-ß-fp-sS Aw-Ko-Im-c-hpw B-h-iy-ap-≈ t`-Z-K-Xn-Iƒ-°v c-W-L-S-\m-t`-Z-K-Xn B{K-
]n-∂o-Sv P-\l - n-X ]-cn-tim-[\ - \-SØ
- n Aw-Ko-Im-cw t\-tS-≠ B- ln- ° p- ∂ p- s h- ¶ n¬ F¥v
h-iy-an-√. a-s‰-√m _n-√p-I-sf-bpw t]m-se `-c-W-L-S-\m t`-Z-K-Xn kw`-hn°pw? Ah¿°v Hcp
_n-√p-I-fpw cm-jv-{S-]-Xn-bp-sS Aw-Ko-c-Im-c-Øn-\m-bn k-a¿-∏n-°p- t`Z-KXn \n¿tZ-in-°p-hm≥
]‰ptam? kwÿm-\-ßƒ-
∂p. F-∂m¬ cm-jv{- S-]X - n-°v A-Xv ]p-\:]-cn-tim-[\ - °- p-th-≠n Xn-
s°-Xn-cmbn tI{μ-Øn-\-\p-
cn-®b
- b- °-v p-hm≥ A-[n-Im-ca - n-√. Cu hn-iZ- mw-iß- ƒ Im-Wn-°p-∂Xv
226 `-c-W-L-S-\m t`-Z-K-Xn {]-{In-b F-{X-am-{Xw Zr-V-hpw k-¶o¿-Æ-
Iq- e - a mb hyh- ÿ bv ° v
as‰mcp DZm- l - c - W - a t√
hpw B-Ip-am-bn-cp-t∂-s\ F-∂m-Wv. F-∂m¬ \-Ωp-sS `-cW - L- S- - CXv?
\ C-Ø-cw k-¶o¿-Æ-X-I-sf H-gn-hm-°n-bn-cn-°p-∂p. C-Xv `-c-W-
L-S\ - m t`-ZK - X
- n-Is- f Xm-cX- t- ay-\ e-fn-Xa
- m-°n-bn-cn-°p-∂p. `-cW
- L- S- \
- m t`-Z-
K-Xn {]-{In-b H-cp {]-[m-\ X-Xz-sØ A-Sn-h-c-bn-Sp-∂p. F-s¥-∂m¬ P-\-ß- 227
fm¬ sX-sc-s™-Sp-°-s∏-´ {]-Xn-\n-[n-Iƒ-°p am-{X-sa `-c-W-L-S-\m t`-Z-K-Xn-
bp-am-bn _-‘-s∏-´ hn-j-b-ßƒ ]-cn-K-Wn-°p-hm-\pw A-¥n-a Xo-cp-am-\-sa-Sp-
°p-hm-\pw A-[n-Im-ca - p-≈q. A-Xp-sIm-≠v sX-sc-s™-Sp-°s - ∏-´ {]-Xn-\n-[n-If
- p-
sS ]-c-am[n-Im-c-am-Wv (]m¿-e-sa‚n-s‚ ]-cm-a-[n-Im-cw) `-c-W-L-S-\m t`-Z-K-Xn
\-S]
- S- n {I-aß
- f - p-sS A-Sn-ÿm-\w.
{]-tXy-I `q-cn-]-£w (Special Majority)

sX-sc-s™-Sp-∏v, Im-cy-\n¿-h-l-W-hn-`m-Kw, \o-Xn-\ym-b-hn-`m-Kw F-∂o A-[ym-
b-ßf - n¬ {]-tXy-I `q-cn-]£ - w e-`n-°p-∂X - n-\p th-≠n-bp-≈ hy-hÿ - I
- s- f-∏‰ - n
\mw ]-cn-N-b-s∏-ń-´p-≠v. F-¥m-Wv {]-tXy-I `q-cn-]-£w sIm-≠¿-∞-am-°p-∂-
sX-∂v H-cn-°¬ Iq-Sn ]-d-bmw. km-[m-c-W-bm-bn \n-b-a \n¿-Ωm-W k-`-bn¬ H-
cp {]-ta-b-tam _n-t√m ]m- m-°p-∂-Xn-\p k-`-bn¬ B k-a-b-Øv lm-P-cm-bn
thm-´p sN-øp-∂ Aw-K-ß-fp-sS tI-h-e `q-cn-]-£w e-`n-®n-cn-°-Ww. H-cp _n-√n-
s‚ thm-s´-Sp-∏v k-ab - Ø- v H-cp k-`b - n¬ 247 Aw-Kß - ƒ lm-Pc - m-hp-Ib
- pw F-√m-
h-cpw thm-s´-Sp-∏n¬ ]-s¶-Sp-°p-Ib - pw sN-bvX - p F-∂p hn-Nm-cn-°p-I. A-ßs - \
bm-sW-¶n¬ _n-√n-\v A-\p-Iq-e-am-bn 124 Aw-K-ßƒ thm-´p sN-bv-sX-¶n¬ am-
{X-sa _n-√v ]m- m-hp-I-bp-≈q. F-∂m¬ `-c-W-L-S-\ t`-Z-K-Xn _n-√n-s‚ Im-
cyw A-ß-s\-b-√. `-c-W-L-S-\m t`-Z-K-Xn _-√n-\v c-≠p hy-Xy-ÿ X-c-Øn-ep-
≈ {]-tXy-I `q-cn-]£ - w B-hi - y-am-Wv. H-∂m-aX - m-bn k-`b - p-sS sam-Øw Aw-K-
_-e-Øn-s‚ G-‰-hpw Np-cp-ßn-b-Xv ]-Ip-Xn t]¿ B _n-√n-s\ A-\p-Iq-en-®v
thm-´p sN-bv-Xn-cn-°-Ww. c-≠m-a-Xm-bn k-`-bn¬ lm-P-cm-bn thm-´p sN-øp-∂
Aw-Kß - f - p-sS ap-∂n¬ c-≠v `m-Kw (2/3) t]-cp-sS ]n-¥p-Wb - pw _n-√n-\p-≠m-bn-cn-
°-Ww. ]m¿-e-sa‚n-s‚ C-cp k-`-I-fn-epw t`-Z-K-Xn _n¬ C-tX co-Xn-bn¬ sh-
tΔ-sd ]m- m-°n-bn-cn-°W - w. (C-Xn-\m-bn ]m¿-es - a‚n-s‚ kw-bp-‡ k-tΩ-f\ - -
Øn-\v hy-hÿ - b
- n-√.) Hm-tcm t`-ZK - X- n _n-√n-\pw Cu {]-tXy-I `q-cn-]£ - w B-
h-iy-am-Wv.
Cu B-hi - y-IX- b - p-sS {]m-[m-\yw F-¥m-Wv? tem-Ik - ` - b- n¬ 545 Aw-Kß - -
fp-≠v. A-Xp-sIm-≠v X-s∂ G-Xv `-cW - L- S- \- m t`-ZK - X- n-°pw 273 Aw-Kß - f - p-sS
]n-¥p-W D-≠m-IW - w. t`-ZK - X
- n _n-√n-s‚ thm-s´-Sp-∏v k-ab - Ø - v 300 Aw-Kß - ƒ
am-{X-sa k-`-bn¬ lm-P-cm-bn-´p-≈q-sh-¶n-epw `-c-W-L-S-\m t`-Z-K-Xn _n-√n-\v
273 t]-cp-sS ]n-¥p-W D-≠m-bn-cn-°W - w. H-cp t`-ZK - X - n _n-√n-s‚ thm-s´-Sp-∏n¬
]-s¶-Sp-ØX - v 400 Aw-Kß - f - m-sW-∂v k-¶¬-∏n-°p-I. F-¶n¬ B _n-√v ]m- m-
°p-∂X - n-\v F-{X Aw-Kß - f - p-sS ]n-¥p-W e-`n-®n-cn-°W - w?
Iq-Sm-sX ]m¿-e-sa‚n-s‚ C-cp k-`-I-fpw t`-Z-K-Xn _n¬ {]-tXy-I `q-cn-]-
£-tØm-sS sh-tΔ-sd ]m- m-°n-bn-cn-°-Ww. \n¿-t±-in-°-s∏-´ H-cp t`-Z-K-Xn
_n-√n-\v A-\p-Iq-e-am-bn H-cp A-`n-{]m-b sF-Iyw D-≠m-bn-s√-¶n¬ _n¬ ]m-
m-°p-hm≥ km-[n-°p-I-bn-s√-∂-Xm-Wv C-Xp sIm-≠¿-∞-am-°p-∂-Xv. `-cn-°p-
∂ ]m¿-ń-°v k-`-bn¬ t\-cn-b `q-cn-]-£-ta-bp-≈q F-¶n-epw A-h-cp-sS C-jv-S-a-

\p-k-cn-®v \n-b-a-\n¿-Ωm-Ww \-S-Øp-hm-\pw _-Uv-P-‰v Aw-Ko-Im-cw t\-Sn-sb-Sp-
°m-\pw {]-Xn-]-£-Øn-s‚ F-Xn¿-∏v D-s≠-¶n¬ t]m-epw km-[n-°pw. F-∂m¬
`-cW
- L
- S- \
- m t`-ZK
- X
- n-°v {i-an-°p-tºmƒ G-Xm-\pw {]-Xn-]£ - ]- m¿-ń-If
- p-sS-sb-
¶n-epw hn-izm-kw t\-Sn-bn-cn-°-Ww. `-c-W-L-S-\m t`-Z-K-Xn \-S-]-Sn-{I-a-ß-fp-sS
A-Sn-ÿm-\ X-Xzw F-∂p ]-d-bp-∂-Xv. cm-jv-{So-b ]m¿-ń-Iƒ-°n-S-bn-epw ]m¿-e-
sa‚ v Aw-Kß - ƒ-°n-Sb - n-epw hn-im-ea
- m-b tbm-Pn-∏p-≠m-bn-°p-I F∂XmWv.
an° B[p-\nI `c-W-L-S-\-I-fnepw `c-W-L-S\m t`Z-K-Xn-Iƒ°p≈

hyXykvX \S-]-Sn-{I-a-ß-fn¬ c≠p XXz-ß-fmWv B[n-]Xyw ÿm]n-
°p-∂-Xv.
 {]tXyI `qcn-]-£-amWv AXn¬ Hcp XXzw. DZm-l-cW-W-Øn\v
Ata-cn° (bpssW-‰Uv tÃ‰v) Z£n-Wm-{^n-°, djy XpS-ßnb
cmPy-ß-fpsS `cW LS-\b-bn¬ Cu XXz-amWv D]-tbm-Kn-°p-
∂-Xv. Ata-cn-°≥ `c-W-L-S-\-bn¬ t`Z-K-Xn-Iƒ°v aq∂n¬ c≠p {]-tXy-I `q-cn-]-£w F-∂
(2/3) `qcn-]-£hpw F∂m¬ Z£n-Wm-{^n-°, djy F∂o cmPy- k-{º-Zm-bw F-s∂ a-Sp-∏n-°p-
∂p A-Xv F-√m k-a-b-Øpw
ß-fn¬ Nne t`Z-K-Xn-Iƒ°v \men¬ aq∂v 3/4 `qcn-]-£hpw Bh-
k-¶o¿-Æ-am-b I-W-°p-Iq-´-
iy-am-Wv. ep-Iƒ-°v \n-ß-sf \n¿-_-
 an° B[p-\nI `c-W-L-S-\-I-fnepw {]kn-≤-amb as‰mcp XXz- ‘n-°p-∂p. C-Xv bm-Ym¿-Ø-
amWv `c-W-L-S\m t`Z-K-Xn°v ap≥ssI FSp-°p-hm-\p≈ P\- Øn¬ cm-j{v- So-ba- m-tWm A-
ß-fpsS A[n-Im-cw. P\-ßƒ ap≥ssI FSp-°p-Itbm t`Z-K-Xn- s√-¶n¬ K-Wn-X-am-tWm ?
Iƒ AwKo-I-cn-°p-Itbm sNøp∂ a‰v cmPy-ßƒ°p-Zm-l-c-W-
amWv C‰-enbpw djy-bpw.
kw-ÿm-\ß
- f
- p-sS Aw-Ko-Im-cw)
C-¥y≥ `-cW - L- S- \
- b- n-se Nn-e A-\p-tO-Zß - ƒ t`-ZK - X
- n sN-øp-hm≥ {]-tXy-
I `q-cn-]-£w am-{Xw t]m-cm. tI-{μ kw-ÿm-\ K-h¨-sa‚p-I-fp-sS A-[n-Im-c
hn-`P
- \
- h
- p-am-bn _-‘s - ∏-´ A-\p-tO-Zß - ƒ, {]m-Xn-\n-[y-hp-am-bn (representation)
_-‘-s∏-´ A-\p-tO-Zw Xp-S-ßn-b-h-bp-sS t`-Z-K-Xn-°m-bn kw-ÿm-\-ß-fp-sS
A-`n-{]m-bh - pw A-\p-aX - n-bpw t\-tS-≠X - v B-hi
- y-am-Wv. C-¥y≥ `-cW - L- S- \
- -
bp-sS s^-U-d¬ kz-`m-h-sØ Ip-dn-®v \mw ]Tn-®n-´p-≠v. s^-U-d-en-kw sIm-
≠¿-∞-am-°p-∂-Xv kw-ÿm-\ K-h¨-sa‚p-I-fp-sS A-[n-Im-c-ßƒ tI-{μ K-
228 h¨-sa‚n-s‚ Hu-Zm-cy-a-√ F-∂-Xm-Wv. H-cp `-c-W-L-S-\m t`-Z-K-Xn \n-e-hn¬
h-cp-∂-Xn-\v ap-ºv ]-Ip-Xn kw-ÿm-\-ßƒ B t`-Z-K-Xn _n¬ ]m- m-°n-bn-cn-
°-Ww F-∂v \n-jvI - ¿-jn-°p-∂X - n-eq-sS-bm-Wv `-cW
- L- S- \
- m Cu \n-_‘ - \ - D-
d-∏p-h-cp-Øp-∂-Xv. s^-U-d¬ L-S-\-bp-am-bn _-‘-s∏-´ hy-h-ÿ-°p ]p-d-sa

au-enIm-hI - m-iw kw-_‘ - a - m-b hy-hÿ - I
- f - pw C-Xp-t]m-se kw-c£ - n-°s- ∏-ń- 229
´p-≠v. `-c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS Nn-e `m-K-ß-fn¬ t`-Z-K-Xn h-cp-Øp-hm≥ tI-{μ kw-
ÿm-\ K-h¨-sa‚p-I-fp-sS hn-im-e-am-b sF-Iyw B-h-iy-am-sW-∂v \-ap-°v ]-
d-bp-hm≥ I-gn-bpw. Cu hy-h-ÿ kw-ÿm-\-ß-sf am-\n-°p-I-bpw A-h¿-°v `-
c-W-L-S-\m t`-Z-K-Xn-bn¬ ]-¶m-fn-Øw \¬-Ip-I-bpw sN-øp-∂p. A-tX k-a-b-
Øv Cu \-S] - S- n-{I-aß
- ƒ Zr-Va - m-sW-¶n-epw ]-ca - m-h[- n A-bh - p-≈X - m-°m≥ {i-
≤ sN-ep-Øn-bn-´p-≠v. t`-Z-K-Xn-Iƒ-°m-bn ]-Ip-Xn kw-ÿm-\-ß-fp-sS A-\p-a-
Xn th-Ws - a-¶n-epw kw-ÿm-\ \n-ba - \
- n¿-Ωm-W k-Ì - f - n-se tI-he - `q-cn-]£- w
am-{X-am-Wv `-c-W-L-S-\m t`-Z-K-Xn Aw-Ko-Im-c-Øn-\v B-h-iy-ap-≈-Xv. C-{]-Im-
cw Cu hy-hÿ - h-fs- c I-Wn-ia - m-sW-∂v tXm-∂p-sa-¶n-epw AXv A-{]m-tbm-Kn-
I-a√- F-∂p-Im-Wmw.
hn-im-e-am-b A-`n-{]m-b sF-Iy-Øn-eq-sS-bpw kw-ÿm-\-ß-fp-sS ]n-cn-an-X-
am-b ]-¶m-fn-Ø-tØm-sS-bpw `-c-W-L-S-\ t`-Z-K-Xn h-cp-Øp-hm≥ km-[n-°p-sa-
∂v \-ap-°v kw-{K-ln-°mw. F-fp-∏-Øn¬ hn-I-e-am-°p-hm≥ ]-‰m-Ø co-Xn-bn-em-
bn-cn-°-Ww \-Ωp-sS `-c-W-L-S-\ F-∂ Im-cy-Øn¬ `-c-W-L-S-\m \n¿-Ωm-Xm-
°ƒ G-sd {i-≤ sN-ep-Øn-bn-cp-∂p. F-∂n-cp-∂m-epw `-cW - L
- S- \
- s- b Im-em-\p-
kr-Xa - m-b am-‰ß - ƒ-°pw B-hi - y-Øn-\\ - p-kc - n-®v t`-ZK- X- n h-cp-Øp-hm-\pw ]-cn-
jvI- c
- n-°p-hm-\p-ap-≈ A-hI - m-iw `m-hn X-ea - p-db - v°
- v \¬-In-bn-´p-≠v.

C¥y≥ `c-W-L-S-\-bn¬ Xmsg \¬In-bn-cn-°p∂ t`Z-K-Xn-
Iƒ hcp-Øp-∂-Xn\p GsX√mw hyh-ÿ-I-fmWv ]q¿Øo-I-
cn-°-s∏-tS-≠Xv? A\p-tbm-Py-amb ÿeØv Nm¿ń¬ icn
am¿°v sNøp-I.
t`Z-K-Xn-bpsS hnjbw {]tXyI kwÿm\ßfpsS
`qcn-]£w AwKo-Imcw
]uc-Xz-hn-jbw
aX-kzm-X-{¥y-Øn-\p≈
Ah-Imiw
bqWn-b≥ enÃn¬ am‰w
hcp-Ø¬
kwÿm-\-ß-fpsS AXn¿Øn
am‰w hcp-Ø¬
sXc-s™-Sp∏p IΩo-j-\p-ambn
_‘-s∏´v hyh-ÿ-Iƒ
F-¥p-sIm-≠v C-{X-b-[n-Iw `-c-W-L-S-\m t`-Z-K-Xn-Iƒ

2018 P-\p-hc - n 26˛-\v C-¥y≥ `-cW - L - S- \
- \n-eh - n¬ h-∂v 68 h¿-jw
]q¿-Øo-Ic - n-®p. Cu 68 h¿-j Im-eb - f - h
- n¬ C-¥y≥ `-cW - L - S- \
-
101 X-h-W t`-Z-K-Xn sN-bv-Xn-´p-≠v. `-c-W-L-S-\m t`-Z-K-Xn \-S-]-Sn
{I-a-ßƒ _p-≤n-ap-t´-dn-b-Xm-sW-¶n-epw t`-Z-K-Xn-I-fp-sS F-Æw
hfsc Iq-Sp-X-em-sW-∂v Im-Wmw. F-¥p-sIm-≠m-Wv C-{X-b-[n-Iw
`-cW- L - S- \
- m t`-ZK - X
- n-Iƒ \-S∂ - s - X-∂v \-ap-°v I-s≠-Ømw.
Cu `-c-W-L-S-\m t`-Z-K-Xn-I-fp-sS H-cp e-Lp N-cn-{Xw \-ap-°v
]-cn-tim-[n-°mw.Xm-sg sIm-Sp-Øn-cn-°p-∂ {Km-^v {i-≤m-]q¿-Δw ]-
cn-tim-[n-°p-I.
H-tc hn-h-c-ßƒ c-≠p hy-Xy-kv-X co-Xn-bn-em-Wv C-hn-sS sIm-Sp-
Øn-cn-°p-∂X - v. Hm-tcm 10 h¿-jØ - n-epw \-SØ - n-b `-cW
- L - S- \
- m t`-
Z-KX - n-Is
- f Ip-dn-®m-Wv H-∂m-as - Ø {Km-^n¬ Nn-{Xo-Ic - n-®n-cn-°p-∂-
Xv. B Im-e-L-´-Øn¬ \-S-Øn-b t`-Z-K-Xn-I-fp-sS F-Æ-am-Wv {Km-
^n-s‚ _m¿ AS-bmfw sIm≠v kqNn-∏n-®n-cn-°p-∂Xv. Hm-tcm ]-
Øv t`-Z-K-Xn-Iƒ-°pw F-Sp-°p-∂ Im-e-b-f-hm-Wv c-≠m-a-sØ {Km-
^n¬ Nn-{Xo-I-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. Hm-tcm ]-Øv t`-Z-K-Xn-Iƒ-°p th-
≠n F-Sp-Ø h¿-j-am-Wv c-≠m-a-sØ {Km-^n-s‚ _m¿ AS-bm-f-
Øn¬ Nn-{Xo-Ic - n-®n-cn-°p-∂X
- v.
1970 ap-X¬ 1990 h-sc-bp-≈ c-≠p ]-Xn-‰m-≠p-I-fn-em-Wv [m-cm-
fw t`-Z-K-Xn-Iƒ \-S-∂-sX-∂v a\- n-em-°mw. t\-sc-a-dn-®v c-≠m-a-
sØ {Km-^v kq-Nn-∏n-°p-∂X - v a-s‰m-cp h-kvX - p-Xb - m-Wv. 1974 ap-X¬
1976 h-sc-bp-≈ 3 h¿-j Im-eb - f- h
- n¬ 10 t`-ZK - X- n-Iƒ \-S∂ - X- m-bn
Im-Wmw. A-tX co-Xn-bn¬ 2001 ap-X¬ 2003 h-sc-bp-≈ tI-h-ew 3
h¿-j-ß-fn¬ ]-Øv t`-Z-K-Xn-Iƒ \-S-∂-Xm-bn Im-Wmw. C-¥y-bp-
sS cm-jv-{So-b N-cn-{X-Øn¬ Cu c-≠p Im-e-L-´-ß-fpw {]-tXy-I
k-hn-ti-jX - b- p-≈X - m-Wv. tIm¨-{K-kv ta-[m-hn-Xz-Øn-s‚ Im-eL - -
´-am-bn-cp-∂p B-Zy-tØ-Xv. tIm¨-{K- v ]m¿-ń-°v ]m¿-es - a‚n¬ i-
‡-am-b `q-cn-]£ - a - p-≈ Im-eL - ´- a - m-bn-cp-∂p A-Xv. (tem-Ik - `- b
- n¬
352 ko-‰pw an-°h - m-dpw kw-ÿm-\ \n-ba - k-Ì - f - n¬ `q-cn-]£ - h - pw)
t\-sc a-dn-®v 2001 ap-X¬ 2003 h-sc Iq-´p-I-£n cm-jv-{So-b-Øn-s‚
Im-eL - ´- a
- m-bn-cp-∂p. hn-hn-[ kw-ÿm-\ß - f- n¬ hy-Xy-kvX - ]m¿-ń-
I-fm-bn-cp-∂p Cu Im-e-Øv A-[n-Im-c-Øn-en-cp-∂-Xv. Iq-Sm-sX `m-c-
Xo-b P-\X - m ]m¿-ń-bpw A-hc - p-sS F-Xn-cm-fn-If - pw X-Ωn¬ I-Sp-Ø F-¥v-sIm-≠m-Wv \-Ωp-sS `-
i-{Xp-X \n-e\ - n-∂n-cp-∂ Im-ew Iq-Sn-bm-bn-cp-∂p C-Xv. F-∂n-´pw Cu c-W-L-S-\ \n-c-h-[n X-h-W
230 Im-e-b-f-hn¬ 3 h¿-j-Øn-\p-≈n¬ ]-tØm-fw t`-Z-K-Xn-Iƒ \-S-∂- t`-ZK
- X
- n h-cp-Øn-bX
- v? X-Ic
- m-
Xm-bn Im-Wmw. `-cn-°p-∂ ]m¿-ń-I-fp-sS `q-cn-]-£-Øn-s‚ kz-`m-h- dv \-Ωp-sS k-aq-lØ- n-t\m A-
Øn-\-\p-k-cn-®m-Wv t`-Z-K-Xn-Iƒ km-[y-am-hp-I F-∂-Xv sX-‰m-b tXm \-Ωp-sS `-c-W-L-S-\-bv-
t°m?
\n-Ka- \- a
- m-sW-∂v C-Xn¬ \n-∂pw a-\ - n-em-°mw.
C-¥y≥ `-c-W-L-S-\m t`-Z-K-Xn-bp-sS F-Æ-sØ kw-_-‘n-®v [m-cm-fw hn-

a¿-i-\w ]-e-t∏m-gpw D-b¿-∂p h-∂n-´p-≠v. 68 h¿-j-Øn-\n-S-°v 101 X-h-W t`-Z-K- 231
Xn H-cp `-c-W-L-S-\-°p-≠m-hp-I-sb-∂-Xv A-km-[m-c-W-am-bn tXm-∂mw. cm-jv-
{So-b ]-cn-K-W-\-Iƒ-°v hn-t[-b-am-bn-´-√ C-{X-b-[n-Iw t`-Z-K-Xn-Iƒ D-≠m-bn-´p-
≈-sX-∂v ap-I-fn¬ sIm-Sp-Ø {Km-^p-Iƒ kq-Nn-∏n-°p-∂p. `-c-W-L-S-\ \n-e-
hn¬ h-∂X - n-\p-ti-ja- p-≈ B-Zy ]-Xn-‰m-≠v H-gn-®p-\n¿-Øn-bm¬ ]n-∂o-Sp-≈ ]-
Xn-‰m-≠p-I-fn¬ `-c-W-L-S-\m t`-Z-K-Xn-bp-sS F-Æ-Øn¬ k-am-\-am-b H-cp h¿-
≤-\-hv I-Wm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. C-Xv A¿-∞-am-°p-∂-Xv cm-jv-{So-b-Øn‚ kz-`m-h-tam
A-[n-Im-cØ - n-en-cn-°p-∂ cm-jv{- So-b ]m¿-ń-bp-sS kz-`m-ht- am ]-cn-KW
- n-°m-sX `-
c-W-L-S-\m t`-Z-K-Xn-Iƒ D-≠m-th-≠-Xv Im-e-L-´-Øn-s‚ B-h-iy-am-bn-cp-∂p
F-∂-Xm-Wv. H-dn-Pn-\¬ (aq-e) `-c-W L-S-\-bp-sS A-]-cym-]v-X-X aq-e-am-tWm
C-{X-bpw t`-ZK - X
- n-Iƒ D-≠m-bX - v? \-Ωp-sS `-cW- L- S- \
- A-{X-bv° - v A-bh
- p-≈-
Xm-tWm?
Graph 1
Amendments per
decade
Graph 2
Years taken for every ten
amendments
C-Xp-h-sc \-S-∂ t`-Z-K-Xn-I-fp-sS D-≈-S-°w (Contents

of Amendments made so far)
C-Xp-h-sc \-S-∂ `-c-W-L-S-\m t`-Z-K-Xn-I-sf aq-∂v hn-`m-K-ß-fm-bn
X-cw-Xn-cn-°mw. H-∂m-as - Ø hn-`m-KØ - n¬ km-t¶-Xn-It- am `-cW - ] - -
c-tam B-b t`-Z-K-Xn-I-fm-Wv. b-Ym¿-∞ hy-h-ÿ-I-fn¬ sN-dn-b
am-‰-ßƒ h-cp-Øm-t\m, hn-i-Zo-I-c-Ww \¬-Im-t\m, hy-‡-am-°p-
∂-Xn-t\m th-≠n-bm-Wv Cu t`-ZK - X- n-Iƒ \-SØ - p-∂X - v. \n-ba - ]- c- -
am-b A¿-∞-Øn¬ am-{X-am-Wv C-h t`-Z-K-Xn-I-fm-hp-∂-Xv. ]-s£
h-kv-Xp-Xm-]-c-am-bn `-c-W-L-S-\m hy-h-ÿ-Iƒ-°v Im-X-em-b am-‰-
ßƒ Ch h-cp-Øp-∂n-√.
ssl-t°m-SX - n P-UvP - n-am-cp-sS hn-ca - n-°¬ {]m-bw 60 ¬ \n-∂pw
62 h-b- m-bn D-b¿-Øn-b-Xpw (15˛mw t`-Z-K-Xn,) kp-{]ow-tIm-S-Xn-bn-
te-bpw ssl-t°m-S-Xn-bn-te-bpw P-Uv-Pn-am-cp-sS i-º-fw h¿-≤n-∏n-
®-Xpw (55˛mw-t`-Z-K-Xn) km-t¶-Xn-I-tam `-c-W-]-c-tam Bb t`-Z-K-
Xn-Iƒ-°p-Zm-lc - W
- ß- f - m-Wv.
]-ń-I-Pm-Xn ]-ń-I-h¿-§-Øn¬ s]-´-h¿-°v \n-b-a-\n¿-Ωm-W k-
`-I-fn¬ ko-‰p-Iƒ kw-h-c-Ww sN-øp-∂ hy-h-ÿ-bp-sS H-cp D-Zm-
l-cW - w \-ap-s°-Sp-°mw. H-dn-Pn-\¬ (aq-e) `-cW - L - S- \
- m hy-hkvX
{]-Im-cw (Original constitution) 10 h¿-jt- Ø-°m-bn-cp-∂p Cu kw-
h-cW- w G¿-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cp-∂X - v. F-∂m¬ C-Øc - w hn-`m-K° - m¿-°v
\o-Xn-]q¿-Δa - m-b {]m-Xn-\n-[yw D-d∏ - p-hc - p-Øp-∂X - n-\p th-≠n 10 h¿-
j-tØ-°v Iq-Sn Cu kw-h-c-Ww \o-t´-≠-Xv B-h-iy-am-bn h-∂p.
C-ßs - \ Hm-tcm 10 h¿-jØ - n-\v ti-jh - pw `-cW - L - S- \
- m t`-ZK - X- n-bn-
eq-sS Cu kw-h-c-Ww \o-´p-I-bm-Wv sN-øp-∂-Xv. C-tX co-Xn-bn¬
6 t`-Z-K-Xn-Iƒ C-Xp-h-sc \-S-Øn-bn-´p-≠v. F-∂m¬ Cu t`-Z-K-Xn-
I-sfm-∂pw `-cW - L - S- \
- b - p-sS Im-Xe - m-b L-S\ - b - n¬ am-‰w h-cp-Øn-
bn-ń-√. Cu A¿-∞-Øn¬ C-sXm-cp km-t¶-Xn-I-am-b t`-Z-K-Xn am-
{X-am-Wv..
cm-{„-]X - n-bp-sS ]-¶n-s\ Ip-dn-®v 4˛mw A-[ym-bØ - n¬ N¿-® sN-
bv-Xn-cp-∂-Xv \n-ßƒ Hm¿-°p-∂p-≠m-Ip-a-t√m? ]m¿-e-sa‚-dn kw-
hn-[m-\-Øn¬ km-[m-c-W-bm-bn a-{¥n-k-`-bp-sS D-]-tZ-i-a-\p-k-cn-
®m-Wv cm-jv-{S-]-Xn {]-h¿-Øn-t°-≠-Xv F-∂m-Wv \-Ωp-sS H-dn-Pn-
\¬ (aq-e) `-c-W-L-S-\-bn¬ (Original constitution) hy-h-ÿ sN-
`-cW
- L- S- \ - m t`-ZK
- X
- n-If
- p-sS
bvX
- n-´p-≈X - v. a-{¥n k-`b - p-sS D-]t- Z-ia - \ - p-kc - n-®v {]-h¿-Øn-°p-hm≥ F-Æ-sØ-b-√ a-dn-®v t`-Z-K-
cm-j{v- S-]X
- n _m-[y-ÿ\ - m-sW-∂ Im-cyw 74(1) A-\p-tO-Zw ]n-∂o-Sv Xn-bn-eq-sS h-∂ am-‰s - Ø-bm-
232 t`-Z-K-Xn sN-bv-Xp sIm-≠v H-∂p-Iq-Sn A-Sn-h-c-bn-´v hy-‡-am-°p-I- Wv \mw ]-cn-K-Wn-°p-∂-Xv.
bm-Wv sN-bX v- X- v. F-∂m¬ \n-eh - n-ep-≠m-bn-cp-∂ hy-hÿ - b - °v- v bm- H-cp cm-j{-v So-b hn-Zym¿-∞n F-
sXm-cp am-‰h - pw Cu t`-ZK - X
- n sIm-≠p-hc - n-Ib- p-≠m-bn-√. hm-kvX - h- - ∂ \n-e-bn¬ \mw kzo-I-cn-
Øn¬ \n-eh - n-ep-≠m-bn-cp-∂ hy-hÿ - b - ° v- v H-cp hn-iZ- o-Ic - W
- w \¬- t°-≠ k-ao-]-\-am-Wn-Xv.
Ip-I am-{X-am-Wv Cu t`-Z-K-Xn-bn-eq-sS sN-bv-X-Xv.
hy-Xy-ÿ hym-Jym-\-ßƒ (Differing interpretations)

\o-Xn-\ym-b hn-`m-K-hpw A-Xm-Xp Im-e-sØ K-h¨-sa‚p-I-fpw `- 233
cW-L-S-\-sb hy-Xy-kv-Y-am-bn hy-Jym-\n-®-Xn-s‚ D¬-∏-∂-am-bn
cq-]w sIm-≠ G-Xm-\pw t`-Z-K-Xn-I-fp-ap-≠v. C-Ø-cw hym-Jym-\-
ßƒ ]-ck - v] - c
- w G-‰p-ap-´p-tºmƒ A-Xn-sem-∂n-s\ B-[n-Im-cn-Ia - m-
°n A-Xv t`-Z-K-Xn-bm-bn sIm-≠v h-∂v ]m¿-e-sa‚ v Aw-Ko-I-cn-°p-
∂p. H-cp P-\m-[n-]X - y-cm-jv{- So-bØ - n¬ hy-Xy-kvX - ÿm-]\ - ß- ƒ `-
c-WL - S- \
- s- b hym-Jym-\n-°p-Ib - pw A-hc - h
- c
- p-sS A-[n-Im-cØ - n-s‚
hym-]v-Xn hy-Xy-kv-X-am-bn \n¿-h-Nn-°p-I-bpw sN-øpw. Pq-Uo-jy-dn-
bp-sS hym-Jym-\ß - t- fm-Sv ]m¿-es - a‚pw ]-et- ∏m-gpw tbm-Pn-®n-cp-∂n√.
A-Xp-sIm-≠v X-s∂ Pp-Uo-jy-dn-bp-sS Xo-cp-am-\ß - s- f a-dn-°S- ° - p-
hm-\m-bn ]-et- ∏m-gpw `-cW - L - S- \ - m t`-ZK- X- n sIm-≠p-hc - m≥ ]m¿-e-
sa‚ v {i-an-®n-´p-≠v. 1970˛75 \v C-Sb - v°
- p-≈ Im-eL - ´- Ø- n¬ C-Ø-
cw km-lN - c- yw C-Sb - v°
- n-sS D-≠m-bn-´p-≠v.
]m¿-e-sa‚pw Pp-Uo-jy-dn-bpw X-Ωn-ep-≈ A-`n-{]m-b-`n-∂-X-I-
sf kw-_-‘n-®v \o-Xn-\ym-b-hn-`m-Kw F-∂ A-[ym-b-Øn¬ \mw
]Tn-®n-´p-≠v: au-eo-Im-h-Im-i-ß-fpw \n¿-t±-i-I-X-Xz-ß-fpw X-Ωn-
ep-≈ _-‘-sØ kw-_-‘n-®m-Wv H-∂m-a-Xm-bn A-`n-{]m-b `n-∂-
X-bp-≠m-bn-cp-∂X - v. kz-Im-cy kz-Øn-s‚ hym-]vX - n, `-cW - L - S- \- t`-
Z-K-Xn h-cp-Øp-∂-Xn-\p-≈ ]m¿-e-sa‚n-s‚ A-[n-Im-c-Øn-s‚ hym-
]v-Xn Xp-S-ßn-b a-‰p c-≠p hn-j-b-ß-fn-epw A-`n-{]m-b-`n-∂-X-I-fp-
≠m-bn-cp-∂p. 1970˛75 Im-e-L-´-ß-fn¬ \o-Xn-\ym-b-hn-`m-K-Øn-s‚
{]-Xn-Iq-e-am-b hym-Jym-\-ß-sf a-dn-I-S-°p-∂-Xn-\m-bn Xp-S¿-®-bm-
bn `-c-W-L-S-\m t`-Z-K-Xn-Iƒ ]m¿-e-sa‚n¬ \-S-Øp-I-bp-≠mbn.
Cu Im-e-L-´-Øn¬ (1970˛75) \n-c-h-[n cm-jv-{So-b kw-`-h hn-
Im-k-ßƒ A-c-tß-dp-I-bp-≠m-bn. A-Xp-sIm-≠v B Im-e-L-´-
Rm≥ C-t∏m-gpw B-ib - °
- p- Øn-se cm-jv{- So-b km-lN - c - y-ßs - f a-\ - n-em-°p-∂X - n-eq-sS am-{X-
g-∏-Øn-em-Wv. H-cp F-gp-X- ta-`-c-W-L-S-\m h-f¿-®-sb-°p-dn-®v ]q¿-Æ-am-bpw A-dn-bp-hm≥ \-
s∏-´ `-c-W-L-S-\ B-bn-´p- ap-°v km-[n-°p-I-bp-≈q. A-Sp-Ø h¿-jw kzm-X-{¥ym-\-¥-c C-
t]m-epw A-Xn-\v C-{X-b-[n- ¥y-bp-sS cm-jv{- So-b N-cn-{X-sØ Ip-dn-®v ]Tn-°p-tºmƒ \n-ßƒ-°v
Iw hym-Jym-\-tam? A-s√- C-Xn-s\ Ip-dn-®v Iq-Sp-X¬ a-\- n-em-°mw.
¶n¬ P-\-ßƒ A-h¿-°n-jv-
S-s∏-´ co-Xn-bn¬ `-c-W-L-S- cm-jv-{So-b k-a-hm-b-Øn-eq-sS-bp-≈ t`-Z-K-Xn-Iƒ
\-sb hm-bn-°p-Ib - m-tWm? (Amendments through political consensus)
cm-jv-{So-b ]m¿-ń-Iƒ-°n-S-bn-ep-≠m-b A-`n-{]m-b k-a-hm-b-Øn-eq-
sS cq-]s - ∏-´X- m-Wv aq-∂m-as
- Ø hn-`m-KØ
- n¬ s]-Sp-∂ t`-ZK- X
- n-Iƒ.
\n-e-\n¬-°p-∂ cm-jv-{So-b X-Xzim-kv-{X-hpw k-aq-l-Øn-s‚ A-`n-
em-jß - f - pw {]-Xn^-en-°p-∂ co-Xn-bn¬ `-cW
- L
- S- \
- m X-Xz-ßf - n¬
am-‰-ßƒ D-≠m-Ip-∂-Xn-\v hn-im-e-am-b X-e-Øn¬ k-a-hm-b-ap-≠m-

tI-≠X - v B-hi- y-am-bn-cp-∂p. 1984 ˛ \p ti-ja - p-≈ ]-e t`-ZK- X- n-I-
fpw C-Xn-\p-Zm-l-c-W-am-Wv. Iq-´p-I-£n K-h¨-sa‚p-I-fp-sS `-c-W-
Im-e-L-´-Øn-epw \n-c-h-[n-`-c-W-L-S-\m t`-Z-K-Xn-Iƒ D-≠m-bn F-
∂-Xv Cu A-hk - c
- Ø
- n¬ \-Ωƒ Hm¿-t°-≠X - m-Wv. ]-e {]-iv\- ß- -
fn-epw cm-jv{- So-b ]m¿-ń-Iƒ-°n-Sb - n¬ cq-]s- ∏-´v h-cp-∂ k-ah
- m-ba - m-
Wv C-Ø-cw `-c-W-L-S-\m t`-Z-K-Xn-I-fp-sS A-Sn-ÿm-\ Im-c-Ww.
Iq-dp-am-‰ \n-tcm-[-\ t`-Z-K-Xn-bn¬ Xp-S-ßn (52˛mw t`-Z-K-Xn) \n-c-h-
[n t`-Z-K-Xn-Iƒ Cu I-ep-jn-X-am-b cm-jv-{So-b-¥-co-£-Øn-epw D-
≠m-b-Xm-bn \-ap-°v Im-Wp-hm≥ km-[n-°pw.
Iq-dp-am-‰ \n-tcm-[-\ t`-Z-K-Xn-Iƒ (52,91 t`-Z-K-Xn-Iƒ) Iq-Sm-
sX thm-ńw-Kv {]m-bw 21 ¬ \n-∂v 18 B-°n Ip-d-bv-°p-∂-Xn-\p-≈
t`-ZK - X - n (61˛mw t`-ZK- X- n) ]-©m-bØ- v cm-Pv kw-hn-[m-\w (73˛mw t`-
Z-K-Xn) \-K-c-]m-en-I kw-hn-[m-\w (74˛mw t`-Z-K-Xn) Xp-S-ßn-b-h C-
Ø-cØ - n-ep-≈ t`-ZK - X- n-Iƒ-°p-Zm-lc- W
- ß- f- m-Wv. tPm-en-bn-ep-≈
kw-h-c-Ww, hn-Zym-`ym-k ÿm-]-\-ß-fn-se {]-th-i-\ kw-h-c-Ww
Xp-S-ßn-b-h-bp-sS hym-]v-Xn hy-‡-X h-cp-Øp-∂-Xn-\pw hym-]n-∏n- cm-jv-{So-b-°m¿-°v Nn-e hn-
°p-∂-Xn-\pw-th-≠n Cu Im-e-L-´-Øn¬ Nn-e t`-Z-K-Xn-Iƒ D-≠m- j-b-ß-fn¬ tbm-Pn-∏p-s≠-
hp-I-bp-≠m-bn. 1992 ˛ 93 \p ti-jw C-Ø-cw hn-j-ß-fn¬ cm-Py- ¶n-epw A-h¿-°v tbm-Pn-∏p-
Øm-I-am-\w H-cp s]m-Xp k-a-hm-bw D-b¿-∂p h-∂-Xn-\m¬ 77,81,82 ≈ hn-j-b-ß-fp-sS A¿-∞-
t`-ZK- X - n-Iƒ h-en-b {]-bm-kw Iq-Sm-sX ]m- m-°p-hm≥ km-[n-®p.. sØ kw-_-‘n-®v A-h¿ C-
∂pw X¿-°n-®p sIm-≠n-cn-
hn-hm-Z-am-b t`-Z-K-Xn-Iƒ (Controversial Amendments) °p-Ib - m-Wv.
`-c-W-L-S-\ t`-Z-K-Xn sN-øp-∂-Xn¬ H-cp Im-e-Øpw hn-hm-Z-ap-≠m-
bn-cp-∂n-√ F-∂v C-Xp h-sc-bp-≈ N¿-®-I-fn-eq-sS H-cp [m-c-W-bp-
≠m-Ip-hm≥ ]m-Sn-√. 1970˛80 Im-e-L-´-ß-fn-se t`-Z-K-Xn-I-fpam-bn
_-‘s - ∏-´v \n-ch - [- n cm-jv{- So-bh - pw \n-ba - ]
- c
- h
- p-am-b hn-hm-Zß
- ƒ D-
S-se-Sp-°p-Ib - p-≠m-bn. `-cW - L - S- \
- s
- b A-ń-ad - n-°p-hm-\p-≈ `-cW- -
I-£n-bp-sS {i-aß - f- m-bm-Wv {]-Xn-]£ - ] - m¿-ń-Iƒ Cu t`-ZK - X
- n-I-
fn¬ ]-e-Xn-s\-bpw I-≠-Xv. hn-ti-jn-®pw 38,39,42 t`-Z-K-Xn-Iƒ C-
h-bn¬ G-‰h - pw hn-hm-Z] - c- a- m-bn I-cp-Xs- ∏-Sp-∂p. 1975 Pq¨ ap-X¬
C-¥y-bn¬ {]-Jym-]n-°-s∏-´ tZ-io-b A-Sn-b-¥n-cm-h-ÿ-bp-sS ]-
›m-Ø-e-Øn-em-Wv Cu t`-Z-K-Xn-I-fp-≠m-b-Xv. C-h `-c-W-L-S-\-
bp-sS A-Sn-ÿm-\ L-S\ - b- n¬ au-en-Ia - m-b am-‰ß - ƒ h-cp-Øp-hm≥
D-t±-in-®n-´p-≈X - m-bn-cp-∂p.
`c-WL - S- \ - b - psS hen-sbmcp `mKsØ _m[n-°p∂ Xc-Øn¬
234 hnim-e-am-bn-cp∂p 42˛mw t`Z-K-Xn. tI-i-hm-\-μ `m-c-Xn tI-kn¬
kp-{]ow-tIm-SX - n ]p-ds - ∏-Sp-hn-® hn-[n-sb a-dn-IS- ° - p-∂X
- n-\p th-≠n-
bp-≈ H-cp {i-aw Iq-Sn-bm-bn-cp-∂p C-Xv. Cu t`-Z-K-Xn tem-I k-`-
bp-sS Im-em-h-[n 5 h¿-j-Øn¬ \n-∂pw 6 h¿-j-am-bn am-‰p-I-t]m-

ep-ap-≠m-bn. A-h-Im-i-ß-sf°p-dn-®p-≈ A-[ym-b-Øn¬ au-en-I- 235
I-S-a-I-sf Ip-dn-®v \n-ßƒ ]Tn-®p-h-t√m? Cu t`-Z-K-Xn-bn-eq-sS-bm-
Wv au-eo-I-I-S-a-Iƒ `-c-W-L-S-\-bn¬ Iq-ń-t®¿-Ø-X.v 42˛mw t`-Z-
K-Xn \o-Xn-\ym-b hn-`m-K-Øn-s‚ ]p-\: ]-cn-tim-[-\m-[n-Im-c-Øn¬
\n-b-{¥-W-ßƒ sIm-≠p h-∂p. H-dn-Pn-\¬ (aq-e) `-c-W-L-S-\-bp-
sS ]-e `m-K-ß-fpw am-‰n F-gp-X-s∏-´-Xv Cu t`-Z-K-Xn-bn-eq-sS-bm-
sW-∂v ]-d-bmw. Cu t`-Z-K-Xn `-c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS B-ap-J-Øn-epw
7˛mw ]-ń-Ib - n-epw 53 A-\p-tO-Zß - f - n-epw am-‰w h-cp-Øn-bn-´p-s≠-∂v
\n-ßƒ-°d - n-bm-tam? Cu t`-ZK - X
- n ]m-ce - s- a‚n¬ ]m- m-°p-∂ th-
f-bn¬ ]-e{- ]-Xn-]£ - mw-Kß - f- pw P-bn-en-eS- ° - s- ∏-ń-cn-°p-∂p. 1977˛-
se sX-cs - ™-Sp-∏v \-S∂ - X- pw `-cW - I - £- n (tIm¨-{K- v) ]-cm-Pb - -
s∏-´-Xpw Cu ]-›m-Ø-e-Øn-em-Wv. Xp-S¿-∂v A-[n-Im-c-Øn¬ h-
AXp- s Im≠v CsX√mw ∂ ]p-Xn-b K-h¨-sa‚ v Cu hn-hm-Z-]-c-am-b t`-Z-K-Xn ]p-\:]-cn-
cmjv{Sobw Xs∂-bm-Wv. `c- tim-[-\-bv-°v hn-t[-b-am-t°-≠-Xp-s≠-∂v Xo-cp-am-\n-®p. A-Xn-\p
W-L-S-\bpw AXns‚ t`Z-
th-≠n 43,44 `-c-W-L-S-\m-t`-Z-K-Xn-Iƒ sIm-≠v h-cn-I-bpw 38,39,42
K- X n- b p- a mbn _‘- s ∏´
F√m Imcy-ßfpw \nb-a- t`-Z-K-Xn-I-fn-eq-sS h-cp-Øn-b ]-e hy-h-ÿ-I-fpw d-±v sN-øp-I-bpw
Øn-\p-]-cn-bmbn cmjv{So-b- sN-bX v- p. Cu t`-ZK - X
- n-bn-eq-sS `-cW - L - S- \
- b- p-sS k-¥p-en-Xm-hÿ -
hp-ambn _‘-s∏-ń-cn- ]p-\: ÿm-]n-°p-hm≥ km-[n-®p.
°p∂p F∂v F\n°v ]d-
™p-IqsS?
{]h¿Ø\w
hnZym-`ymk Ah-Im-i-Øn-\p≈ t`Z-KXn
GsX∂v Is≠-Øp-I. Cu t`Z-K-Xn-bpsS
{]m[m-\ysØ Ipdn®v \nßƒ F¥mWv
Icp-Xp-∂Xv?
`-cW
- L
- S- \
- b
- p-sS A-Sn-ÿm-\L
- S- \
- b
- pw ]-cn-Wm-ah
- pw
(Basic Structure and Evolution of the sonstitution)
C-¥y≥ `-c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS ]-cn-Wm-a-Øn¬ Zo¿-L-Im-ew kzm-[o-
\w sN-ep-Øn-b H-∂m-Wv `-cW - L
- S- \
- b
- p-sS A-Sn-ÿm-\L
- S- \
- m
kn-≤m-¥w. {]-kn-≤-am-b tI-i-hm-\-μ `m-c-Xn tI-kn-em-Wv \o-Xn-
\ym-b hn-`m-Kw Cu kn-≤m-¥w ap-t∂m-´p sh-®-Xv. Cu hn-[n Xm-
sg ]-d-bp-∂ co-Xn-bn¬ `-c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS ]-cn-Wm-a-sØ k-lm-
bn-®n-´p-≠v.
$ `-cW - L - S- \- t`-ZK - X- n sN-øp-hm-\p-≈ ]m¿-es - a‚n-s‚ A-[n-Im-

c-Øn-\v hy-‡a - m-b ]-cn-[n \n¿-Æb - n-®p.
$ C-Xp {]-Im-cw H-cp t`-ZK - X - n-°pw `-cW - L- S- \ - b - p-sS A-Sn-ÿm-\-
L-S\ - s- b ew-Ln-°p-hm≥ I-gn-bc - p-Xv.
$ Cu ]-cn-[n-°p-≈n¬ \n-∂p-sIm-≠v ]m¿-es - a‚n-\v `c-WL - S- \- -
bp-sS G-sX-¶n-epw `m-Kß - t- fm F-√m `m-Kß - t- fm t`-ZK - X - n sN-
øp-hm≥ A-\p-a-Xn \¬-In. `-c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS A-Sn-ÿm-\-L-S-
\ F-¥m-sW-∂pw H-cp t`-Z-K-Xn A-Sn-ÿm-\-L-S-\m ew-L-\w
\-SØ - n-bn-´p-t≠m F-∂pw Xo-cp-am-\n-°p-hm-\p-≈ A-¥n-a A-[n-
Im-cw \o-Xn-\ym-b hn-`m-KØ - n¬ \n-£n-]vX - a - m-°n.
1973 ˛ em-Wv kp-{]ow tIm-S-Xn tI-i-hm-\-μ `m-c-Xn tI-kn¬
hn-[n {]-kvX - m-hn-®X- v. I-gn-™ 4 Z-iI - ß - f - m-bn C-¥y≥ `-cW - L - S- -
\-bp-sS F-√m hym-Jym-\ß - f - pw Cu hn-[n-bp-sS A-Sn-ÿm-\Ø - n-em-
Wv. Iq-Sm-sX C-¥y-bn-se F-√m ÿm-]-\-ß-fpw A-Sn-ÿm-\-L-S-
\m kn-≤m-¥-sØ Aw-Ko-I-cn-°p-I-bpw sN-bv-Xn-´p-≠v. hm-kv-X-h-
Øn¬ Cu kn-≤m-¥w `-c-W-L-S-\ H-cp k-Po-h {]-am-W-am-sW-
∂p-≈-Xn-\v sX-fn-hm-Wv. `-c-W-L-S-\-bn¬ Cu kn-≤m-¥-sØ Ip-
dn-®v H-cp ]-cm-a¿-i-hp-an-√. \o-Xn-\ym-b hym-Jy-\-ß-fn-eq-sS-bm-Wv
C-Xv D-cp-Øn-cn-™v h-∂-Xv. \o-Xn-\ym-b hn-`m-K-hpw A-Xn-s‚ hym-
Jy-\-ß-fpw A-ß-s\ Hu-]-Nm-cn-I-am-b H-cp t`-Z-K-Xn C-√m-sX X-
s∂ `-c-W-L-S-\-sb {]m-tbm-Kn-I X-e-Øn¬ t`-Z-K-Xn sN-bv-Xp.
kw-hm-Zß - ƒ, hm-ZK - X- n-Iƒ, a-’c - ß- ƒ, {]m-tbm-Kn-I cm-jv{- So- At∏mƒ, \oXn\ymb hyh-
bw F-∂n-h-bn-eq-sS-bm-Wv C-{]-Im-cw F-√m k-Po-h {]-am-W-ß- ÿ-bmWv Ah-km-\h- m°v!
fpw D-cp-Øn-cn-™p h-cp-∂-Xv. 1973 ap-X¬ ]-e tI-kp-I-fn-epw tIm- CXp PpUn-jy¬ BIvSn-
S-Xn A-Sn-ÿm-\-L-S-\m kn-≤m-¥w F-s¥-∂v hy-‡-am-°p-I-bpw hnkw Xs∂-bt√?
F-s¥m-s°-bm-Wv A-Sn-ÿ\ - L-S\ - b - n¬ Dƒ-s∏-´s - X-∂v hn-iZ- a - m-
°p-Ib - pw sN-bvX - n-´p-≠v. H-c¿-∞Ø - n¬ C-¥y≥ `-cW - L- S- \- b - p-sS
Zr-V kz-`m-h-Øn-\pw A-b-hp-≈ kz-`m-h-Øn-\pw X-Ωn¬ k-¥p-e-
\m-h-ÿ-°v Im-c-W-am-°n-b-Xv Cu kn-≤-¥-am-Wv. Nn-e `m-K-ßƒ
t`-ZK
- X - n h-cp-Øp-hm≥ ]m-Sn-√ F-∂p {]-kvX - m-hn-®p-sIm-≠v A-Xv `-
c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS Zr-V kz-`m-h-Øn-\pw a-‰v `m-K-ßƒ t`-Z-K-Xn h-cp-
Øp-hm≥ A-\p-h-Zn-®p-sIm-≠v `-c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS A-b-hp-≈ kz-`m-
h-Øn-\pw Cu kn-≤m-¥w h-gn sX-fn-bn-®p.
\o-Xn \ym-b hy-mJym-\-ßƒ `-c-W-L-S-\-sb kw-_-‘n-®p \-
Ωp-sS [m-c-W-I-sf F-ß-s\ am-‰n adn-®p F-∂-Xn-\v a-‰p ]-e D-Zm-
l-c-W-ß-fp-ap-≠v. tPm-en-bn-epw hn-Zym-`ym-k ÿm-]-\-ß-fn-ep-ap-
236 ≈ kw-h-c-Ww sam-Øw ko-‰n-s‚ 50% Øn¬ Iq-Sp-X-em-Ip-hm≥
237
`-c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS ]p-\-c-h-tem-I-\w
1990 I-fp-sS A-h-km-\-Øn¬ -c-W-L-S-\-sb ]q¿-Æ-am-

bpw ]p-\-c-h-tem-I-\w sN-øp-∂-Xn-\p-≈ {i-a-ß-fp-≠m-
bn. 2000 ¬ C-¥ym K-h¨-sa‚ v -c-W-L-S-bp-sS {]-h¿-
Ø-\w ]p-\-c-h-tem-I-\w sN-øp-∂-Xn-\v H-cp I-Ωo-j-s\
\n-b-an-®p. kq-{]ow tIm-S-Xn-bn¬ \n-∂pw No-^v P-Ãn-
km-bn hn-c-an-® P-Ãn-kv sh-¶n-Sm-N-√-ø B-bn-cp-∂p
Cu I-Ωo-j-s‚ sN-b¿-am≥. {]-Xn-]-£ ]m¿-ń-I-fpw a-
‰p ]-e kw-L-S-\-I-fpw Cu I-Ωo-j-s\ _-ln-jv-I-cn-
®p. H-cp-]m-Sv cm-jv-{So-b hn-hm-Z-ßƒ Cu I-Ωo-j-s\
Np-‰n-]-‰n-bp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p-sh-¶n-epw -c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS A-
Sn-ÿm-\ L-S-\ kn-≤m-¥-sØ ap-dp-sI ]n-Sn-® I-Ωo-
j≥ -c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS A-Sn-ÿm-\ L-S-\-sb A-]-I-S-
Øn-em-°p-∂ bm-sXm-cp \-S-]-Sn-bpw ip-]m¿-i sN-bv-Xn-
√. -c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS A-Sn-ÿm-\-L-S-\m kn-≤m-¥-Øn-
s‚ {]m-[m-\yw C-Xp kq-Nn-∏n-°p-∂p.
]m-Sn-s√-∂v kp-{]ow-tIm-SX - n-bp-sS ]-e hn-[n-If - n-eq-sS-bpw A-`n-{]m-

b-s∏-ń-´p-≠v. C-Xn-t∏mƒ s]m-Xp-sh kzo-Im-cy-am-b H-cp X-Xz-am-bn-
´p-≠v. A-Xp-t]m-se X-s∂ a-‰p ]n-t∂m-° hn-`m-K° - m-cp-sS kw-hc - -
W-Øn-s‚ Im-cy-Øn¬ kp-{]ow tIm-S-Xn {Ioan-e-b¿ F-∂ B-i-
bw sIm-≠p h-cn-Ib - pw {Ioan-eb- ¿ hn-`m-KØ- n¬-s∏-Sp-∂h - ¿-°v kw-
h-c-W-Øn-\v A¿-l-X-bn-s√-∂v Xo¿-∏p-I¬-∏n-°p-I-bpw sN-bv-Xp.
A-Xp-t]m-se X-s∂ hn-Zym-`ym-k-Øn-\p-≈ A-h-Im-iw, Po-hn-°m-
C-sX-√mw sX-‰m-Wv. t`-Z-K- \pw hy-‡n kzm-X-{¥y-Øn-\p-ap-≈ A-h-Im-iw, \yq-\-]-£ hn-Zym-
Xn°v k-a-bw th-W-sa-∂v `ym-k ÿm-]-\-ßƒ cq-]o-I-cn-°p-hm-\pw \-S-Øn-sIm-≠p-t]m-Ip-
B-Zy-a-h¿ ]-d-bp-∂p. F- ∂-Xn-\p-ap≈ A-hI - m-iw F-∂n-hs - b kw-_‘ - n-®p-≈ hy-hÿ - I - ƒ
∂m¬ P-Uv-Pn-am¿ `-c-W L- hym-Jym-\n-®p sIm-≠v \o-Xn \ym-b-hn-`m-Kw `-c-W-L-S-\-bn¬ A-
S-\-bp-sS sam-Ø-Øn-ep-≈ \u-]-Nm-cn-I-am-b Nn-e t`-Z-K-Xn-Iƒ h-cp-Øn-bn-´p-≠v. tIm-S-Xn-bp-
A¿-∞w X-s∂ am-‰p-∂-Xm- sS hn-[n {]-kv-Xm-h-\-Iƒ `-c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS hn-Im-k-Øn-\v F-{X-
bn-´m-Wv \-Ωƒ C-t∏mƒ Im- tØm-fw k-lm-bI - a- m-hpw F-∂X - n-s‚ D-Zm-lc- W- ß - f- m-Wn-Xv.
Wp-∂X - v. `-c-W L-S-\ H-cp k-Po-h {]-am-Ww F-∂ \n-e-bn¬
(Constitution as a Living Document)
\-Ωp-sS `-c-W-L-S-\ H-cp k-Po-h {]-am-W-am-sW-∂v hn-i-Zo-I-cn-
°pI-bp-≠m-bt- √m? A-Xp-sIm-≠¿-∞a - m-°p-∂s - X-¥m-Wv?
Po-h\ - p-≈ h-kX v- p-°ƒ am-dp-∂ km-lN - c
- y-ßt- fm-Spw A-hÿ - -
I-tfm-Spw {]-Xn-Ic
- n-°p-∂X - p t]m-se Cu {]-am-Wh - pw {]-Xn-Ic
- n-®p-

Xmsg sImSp-Øn-cn-°p∂ {]kvXm-h\
- I
- ƒ icn-tbm, sXt‰m
F∂v tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-I.
 ASn-ÿm\ LS\m hn[n-°p-tijw ]m¿e-sa‚n\v `c-
W-LS- \ t`Z-KXn sNøp-∂X
- n-\p≈ A[n-Im-ca
- n-√.
 `cWLS-\-bpsS ASn-ÿm\ khn-ti-j-XI-fn¬ t`Z-
KXn hcp-Øp-hm≥ km[y-a-√m-Ø-h-bpsS Hcp hy‡-
amb ]ńI kp{]o-wtIm-SXn \¬In-bn-´p-≠v.
 Hcp t`Z-KXn `c-W-L-S-\-bpsS ASn-ÿm-\-L-S-\sb
ewLn-°p-Itam C√tbm F∂v Xo¿∏m-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈
A[n-Imcw \oXn\ymb hn`m-KØ - n-\m-Wv.
 tIi-hm-\μ t`X-KXn tIkns‚ hn[n ]m¿e-sa‚ns‚
`c-WL- S- \ t`Z-KXn sNøp-∂X
- n-\p≈ A[n-Im-cØ
- n\v
hy‡-amb ]cn[n \n¿Æ-bn-®n-cn-°p-∂p.
sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂p. Po-h\ - p-≈ h-kX v- p-hn-s\-t]m-se `-cW - L - S- \ - A-\p-`h - ß- t- fm-

Sv {]-Xn-I-cn-°p-∂p. `-c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS kp-ÿn-c-X-sb kw-_-‘n-®v Cu A-[ym-
b-Øn-s‚ Xp-S-°-Øn¬ \mw kq-Nn-∏n-® A-hy-‡-X-°p-≈ D-Ø-c-hp-am-Wn-Xv.
k-aq-l-Øn¬ ]-e am-‰-ß-fpw kw-`-hn-®n-´pw `-c-W-L-S-\ Im-cy-£-a-X-tbm-sS
{]-h¿-Øn-°p-hm-\p-≈ ImcWw A-Xn-s‚ N-e-\m-fl-I-am-Ip-hm-\p-≈ I-gn-hpw,
hym-Jym-\ß - t- fm-Sp-≈ Xp-d∂ - k-ao-]\ - h- pw am-dp-∂ km-lN - c- y-ßt- fm-Sv {]-Xn-I-
cn-°p-hm-\p-≈ I-gn-hp-am-Wv. H-cp P-\m-[n-]X - y `-cW- L- S- \
- b- p-sS ap-Ja - p-{Z C-Xm-
Wv. H-cp P-\m-[n-]-Xy-Øn¬ {]-tbm-K-ß-fpw B-i-b-ß-fpw Im-em-\p-kr-X-am-bn
am-dp-I-bpw A-Xn-\-\p-k-cn-®v k-aq-lw ]-co-£-W-ß-fn¬ G¿-s∏-Sp-I-bpw sN-
øpw. P-\m-[n-]-Xy-sØ kw-c-£n-°p-I-bpw ]p-Ø≥ {]-h-W-X-I-sf h-f-cp-hm≥
A-\p-h-Zn-°p-I-bpw sN-øp-∂ `-c-W-L-S-\ kp-ÿn-c-hpw P-\-ß-fp-sS B-Z-c-hv
]n-Sn-®v ]-‰p-∂X- p-am-bn-cn-°pw. kz-bw kw-c£ - n-°p-hm-\pw P-\m-[n-]X - y-sØ kw-
c-£n-°p-hm-\pw `-c-W-L-S-\-bv-°v km-[n-°p-∂p-t≠m F-∂-Xm-Wv {]-[m-\ Im-
cyw
I-gn-™ 6 ]-Xn-‰m-≠p-I-fn¬ cm-jv-{So-b-Øn-epw cm-Py-Øn-s‚ `-c-W-L-S-\m
hn-Im-k-Øn-epw h-f-sc \n¿-Æm-b-I-am-b Nn-e km-l-N-cy-ß-fp-ap≠m-bn-´p-≠v.
Cu A-[ym-b-Øn¬ ap-tº X-s∂ A-Ø-cw Nn-e km-l-N-cy-ß-sf Ip-dn-®v kq-
238 Nn-∏n-®n-´p-≠v. `-cW- L- S- \- m-]c- h- pw \n-ba - ]
- c- h
- p-am-b hn-jb - ß - f - n¬ 1950 ap-X¬
ho-≠pw ho-≠pw D-b¿-∂p h-∂X - v ]m¿-es - a‚n-s‚ ta¬-tIm-ba v- s
- b kw-_‘ - n-®
{]-iv-\-am-Wv. H-cp ]m¿-e-sa‚-dn P-\m-[n-]-Xy-Øn¬ ]m¿-e-sa‚ v P-\-ß-sf-bm-
Wv {]-Xn-\n-[o-I-cn-°p-∂-Xv. B-b-Xn-\m¬ Im-cy-\n¿-h-l-W hn-`m-K-Øn-\pw \o-
Xn-\ym-b hn-`m-K-Øn-\pw D-]-cn-bm-bn ]m¿-e-sa‚n-\v H-cp ta¬-tIm-

bvv-a D-≠m-bn-cn-°-W-sa-∂m-Wv {]-Xo-£n°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. A-tX-k-a- 239
bw K-h¨-sa‚n-s‚ a-‰v L-S-I-ßƒ-°pw `-c-W-L-S-\ A-[n-Im-c-
ßƒ \¬-Ip-∂p-≠v. A-Xp sIm-≠v `-c-W L-S-\-bp-sS N-´-°q-Sn-\-
I-Øp \n-∂p sIm-≠p-≈ ta¬-tIm-bv-a-sb ]m¿-e-sa‚n-\p-≠m-Im-
hq. P-\m-[n-]-Xyw F-∂-Xv thm-´pw P-\-{]m-Xn-\n-[y-hpw am-{X-a-√ a-
dn-®v \n-b-ahm-gv-N F-∂ X-Xzw-Iq-Sn-bm-Wv. P-\m-[n-]-Xyw ÿm-]-\-
ß-fp-sS (institutions) hn-Ik - \
- h
- pw Cu ÿm-]\ - ß
- f- n-eq-sS-bp-≈
{]-h¿-Ø-\-hpw Iq-Sn-bm-Wv. F-√m cm-jv-{So-b ÿm-]-\-ß-fpw P-\-
ß-tfm-Sv D-Ø-c-hm-Z-ap-≈-Xm-bn-cn-°p-I-bpw A-h ]-c-kv-]-cw k-¥p-
en-Xm-hÿ - \n-e\ - n¿-Øp-Ib
- pw th-Ww.
F- \ n- ° n- X v a- \ - n- e m- b n
CsXm-cp -ko-tkm (see saw) \o-Xn\ym-b hn-`m-K-Øn-s‚ kw-`m-h-\ (Contribution of
t]m-se-tbm A-s√-¶n¬ C- the Judiciary)
Xv H-cp h-Sw-h-en a-’-c-tam \o-Xn\y-b hn-`m-K-hpw ]m¿-e-sa‚pw X-Ωn¬ hn-hm-Z-ßƒ D-≠m-Ip-
B-tWm? tºmƒ, ]m-hs - ∏-´h- ¿-°pw ]n-t∂m-° hn-`m-K° - m¿-°pw B-hi - y-°m¿-
°pw th-≠n \n-ba - ß - f - p-≠m-°m-\pw `-cW - L- S- \- t`-ZK - X - n h-cp-Øp-
hm-\p-ap-≈ A-[n-Im-cw ]m¿-es - a‚n-\p-s≠-∂m-Wv A-Xp I-cp-Xp-∂-
Xv. F-∂m¬ \o-Xn-\ym-b hn-`m-K-Øn-s‚ A-`n-{]m-b-Øn¬ `-c-W-
L-S-\-bp-sS N-´-°q-Sn-\p-≈n¬ \n-∂p sIm-≠m-Wv C-Ø-cw {]-hr-
Øn-Iƒ sN-tø-≠-Xv. P-t\m-]-Im-c-{]-Z-am-b \-S-]-Sn-Iƒ ssI-sIm-
≈p-∂X - v \-S] - S- n {I-aß - s - f a-dn-IS- ∂
- p-sIm-≠m-hc - p-X,v Im-cW - w \n-
b-aw a-dn-I-S-°p-∂-Xv k-Zp-t±-i-tØm-Sp Iq-Sn-bm-sW-¶n¬ t]m-epw
A-Xv A-[n-Im-cn-Iƒ-°v A-h-cp-sS A-[n-Im-cw G-Im-[n-]-Xy-]-c-am-
bn D-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xn-\p-≈ H-cp H-gn-hpI-gn-hm-Ipw. P-\m-[n-]-Xyw
P-\-t£-a-Øn-\p-th-≠n \n-e-sIm-≈p-∂p. A-[n-Im-c-Øn-s‚ G-I-
]-£o-ba - m-b D-]t- bm-Ks - Ø A-Xv \n-b{- ¥n-°p-∂p.
C-Ø-cw kw-L¿-j-ßƒ-°v ]-cn-lm-cw I-s≠-Øp-∂-Xn-em-Wv
C-¥y≥ `-cW - L - S- \ - b - p-sS {]-h¿-Ø\ - hn-Pb - w \n-es - °m-≈p-∂X - v.
{]-kn-≤a - m-b tI-ih - m-\μ - tI-kn-s‚ hn-[n-bn-eq-sS \o-Xn\ym-b hn-
`m-Kw `-cW - L - S- \ - m aq-ey-ßƒ D-b¿-Øn-]n-Sn-®p-sIm-≠v tI-he - w hm-
°p-I-fn-sem-Xp-ßm-sX C-Ø-cw k-¶o¿-Æ-am-b {]-iv-\-ßƒ-°v ]-
cn-lm-cw Im-Wp-hm-\m-Wv {i-an-®X - v. \n-ßƒ `-cW - L - S- \ - hm-bn-°p-
tºmƒ, `-cW - L - S- \ - b - p-sS A-Sn-ÿm-\L-S\ - s- b kw-_‘ - n-®v H-cn-S-
Øpw kq-N\ - \n-ßƒ-°v Im-Wp-hm≥ km-[n-°n-√. A-Sn-ÿm-\L-S-
\ F-∂ X-cØ - n¬ G-sX-¶n-epw `m-Kß - s- f `-cW - L-S\ - {]-t{Xy-I-
am-bn ]-cm-a¿-in-°p-∂n-√. Cu A¿-∞Ø - n¬ A-Sn-ÿm-\L-S\ - F-
∂-Xv \o-Xn-\ym-b hn-`m-K-Øn-s‚ I-≠p-]n-Sp-Ø-am-sW-∂v ]-d-bmw.
F-ß-s\-bm-Wv A-Xv C-Xp-h-sc-bn-√m-Ø H-cp Im-cyw I-≠p-]n-Sn-®-

Xv? I-gn-™ Ip-sd Z-i-I-ß-fm-bn F-ß-s\-bm-Wv F-√m ÿm-]-\-
ß-fpw C-Xn-s\ Aw-Ko-Ic - n-®X- v?
A-hn-sS-bm-Wv `-cW
- L - S- \ - b
- p-sS hm-°n-epw A-¥:k-Øb - n-epw
D-f-f hy-Xym-kw \n-e-sIm-≈p-∂-X.v H-cp hm-Iy-tam H-cp {]-am-W-
tam hm-bn-°p-tºmƒ A-Xn-s‚ ]n-∂n-ep-≈ D-t±-i-ip-≤n-sb-bm-Wv
\mw _-lp-am-\n-t°-≠X - v F-∂m-Wv tIm-SX - n-bp-sS \n-Ka
- \
- w. tI-h-
ew H-cp \n-b-akw-ln-X-tb-°mƒ {]m-[m-\y-ap-≈-Xm-Wv A-Xp-≠m-
Ip-hm≥ Im-c-W-am-b km-aq-ly km-l-N-cy-ß-fpw A-`n-em-j-ß-
fpw.Cu A-Sn-ÿm-\-L-S-\-bn-s√-¶n¬- `-c-W-L-S-\-sb Ip-dn-®v k-
¶¬-∏n-°p-hm≥ t]m-epw km-[n-°p-I-bn-s√-∂v tIm-S-Xn \n-co-£n-
®p. `-c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS cq-]-Øn-epw D-≈-S-°-Øn-epw A-Xn-s‚ k-
¥p-en-Xm-h-ÿ \n-e-\n¿-Øp-∂-Xn-\p th-≠n-bp-≈ H-cp Zrjv-Sm-¥-
am-bn C-Xn-s\ Im-Wm-hp-∂X - m-Wv.
cm-jv-{So-b t\-Xr-Xz-Øn-s‚ ]-Iz-X A-h-Im-i-ß-fpw sX-c-s™-
ap-I-fn-e-sØ J-Wv-Un-I-bn¬ \o-Xn-\ym-b hn-`m-K-Øn-s‚ ]-¶n-s\- Sp-∏p-If
- p-an-s√-¶n¬ `-cW
- L
- -
Ip-dn-®p-≈ N¿-®-bn¬ H-cp h-kv-Xp-X Iq-Sn hy-‡-am-°p-∂p-≠v. S-\ A¿-∞-iq-\ym-am-Ipw.
1967˛1973 Im-e-L-´-Øn¬ D-≠m-b I-Sp-Ø hn-hm-Z-ß-fp-sS ]-›m- t£-a-an-s√-¶n¬ sX-c-s™-
Sp-∏pw A-h-Im-i-ß-fpw A¿-
Ø-eØ - n¬ k-¥p-en-Xh - pw Zo¿-Lh - o-£W - t- Øm-Spw Iq-Sn-bp-≈ k-
∞ iq-\y-am-Ipw. Xo¿-®-bm-
ao-]-\w th-W-sa-∂v ]m¿-e-sa‚pw Im-cy-\n¿-h-l-W-hn-`m-K-hpw Xn- bpw Cu hn-[-Øn-em-Wv `-c-
cn-®-dn-™p. tI-i-hm-μ`mcXn tI-kn¬ kp-{]ow-tIm-S-Xn hn-[n {]- W-LS- \ - b- p-sS B-flm-hn-s\
kvX - m-hn-®X - n-\p ti-jw tIm-SX - n-tbm-Sv B hn-[n ]p-\:]-cn-tim-[n-∏n- \mw Xn-cn-®-dn-tb-≠-Xv.
°-W-sa-∂v B-h-iy-s∏-Sp-hm-\p-≈ {i-aw \-S-∂p. B {i-aw ]-cm-P-
b-s∏-´-t∏mƒ 42˛mw t`-Z-K-Xn sIm-≠p-h-cn-I-bpw ]m¿-e-sa‚n-s‚
tam¬-tIm-bv-a ]p-\:ÿm-]n-°p-I-bpw sN-bv-Xp. F-∂m¬ 1980 se
an-\¿-ha - n¬ tI-kn¬ kp-{]ow tIm-SX - n A-Xn-s‚ ap≥ \n-e] - m-Sv ho-
≠pw B-h¿-Øn-®p. A-Xp-sIm-≠v tI-ih - m-\μ - tI-kn-s‚ hn-[n {]-
kvX - m-hn-®X - n-\p \m-ev ]-Xn-‰m-≠n-\p ti-jh - pw Cu hn-[n-°m-Wv `-c-
W-LS- \ - m-hym-Jym-\Ø - n¬ ap≥Xq-°w. cm-jv{- So-b ]m¿-ń-If - pw, cm-
jv{- So-b t\-Xm-°f - pw, K-h¨-sa‚pw ]m¿-es - a‚pw A-Sn-ÿm-\ L-S-
\-sb-∂ A-ew-L\ - o-ba - m-b B-ib - s- Ø Aw-Ko-Ic - n-®n-´p-≠v. `-cW- -
L-S\ - ]p-\c - h
- t- em-I\ - sØ-Ip-dn-®v ]-db - p-tºmƒ A-Xn¬ A-Sn-ÿm-
\-L-S-\m kn-≤m-¥w ap-t∂m-´p-sh-® ]-cn-[n a-dn I-S-∂n-´p-≠m-bn-cp-
∂n-√. .
`-c-W-L-S-\-bv-°v cq-]w \¬-In-b-t∏mƒ \-Ωp-sS cm-Py-sØ P- cm-jv{- So-b ]-IzX-bn-√m-bva
- -
\-ß-fpw t\-Xm-°-fpw C-¥y-sb-Ip-dn-®v H-cp s]m-Xp ho-£-Ww ]- bp-sS \-ap-°v A-h-K-Wn-
240 ¶p-sh-®n-cp-∂p. kzm-X-{¥y k-a-b-sØ s\-lv-dp-hn-s‚ hn-Jym-X-am- °p-hm≥ I-gn-bm-Ø \n-c-h-
b {]-kwK-Øn¬ Cu ho-£-W-sØ hn-[n-bp-am-bp-≈ Iq-Sn-Im-gv-® [n kw-`-h-ß-fp-≠v. C-Xm¿-
s°-¶n-epw H-∂v ]-ń-I-s∏-
(tryst with destiny) F-∂m-Wv hn-ti-jn-∏n-®-Xv. `-c-W-L-S-\m \n¿-
Sp-Øm≥ ]-‰p-tam?
C¥y≥ kml-N-cy-ßƒ°v tbmPn-®-X√ C¥y≥ `c-W-L-S-\-

sb∂v A`n-{]m-b-ap≈ Nne AwK-ßƒ `c-W-L-S\m \n¿amW 241
kan-Xn-°p-≈n¬ Xs∂-bp-≠m-bn-cn-°p-∂p.
""Fs¥ms° Bi-b-ß-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-emtWm `c-W-L-
S-\-bpsS IcSv cq]o-I-cn-®n-´p-≈Xv Ah°v C¥y-bpsS Bflm-
hpa-mbn {]Xy-£-Øn-ep≈ Hcp _‘-an-√m-bn-cp-∂p...... Cu `c-
W-L-S\ DNn-Xa√ F∂v sXfn-bn-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw CXv \ne-hn¬
h∂v sshImsX Xs∂ XI-cpI-Ibpw sNøpw''
- ≥ kmlp, kn F Un Vol. XI, p. 613, 1949 \hw-_¿ 17
e£van \mcm-bW
Ωm-W k-`b - n-se F-√m t\-Xm-°f - pw C-tX ho-£W - w D-b¿-Øn-∏n-Sn-®p. A-Xm-

b-Xv hy-‡n-bp-sS A-¥- pw kzm-X-{¥y-hpw, km-aq-ly km-º-Øn-I k-a-Xzw,
P-\-ß-fp-sS t£-aw, tZ-io-b A-J-Wv-U-X-sb A-Sn-ÿm-\-am-°n-bp-≈ F-I-
Xzw F-∂n-h-bm-bn-cp-∂p A-Xv. Cu ho-£-Ww C-t∏m-gpw \n-e-\n¬-°p-∂p. P-\-
ß-fpw t\-Xm-°∑m-cpw H-cp-t]m-se Cu ho-£W - s
- Ø D-b¿-Øn-∏n-Sn-°p-Ib - pw
A-Xv ]q¿-Øo-I-cn-°p-hm≥ I-gn-bp-sa-∂v {]-Xym-in-°p-I-bpw sN-øp-∂p. A-Xp
sIm-≠v Cu ho-£-W-sØ A-Sn-ÿm-\-am-°n-bp-≈ \-Ωp-sS `-c-W-L-S-\ A-c-
\q-‰m-≠n-\p ti-jh - pw A-[n-Im-cØ
- n-s‚-bpw Aw-Ko-Im-cØ- n-s‚-bpw {]-Xo-Ia - m-
bn \n-e sIm-≈p-∂p. \-Ωp-sS s]m-Xp `m-h-\-sb \n-b-{¥n-°p-∂ A-Sn-ÿm-\-
aqey-ßƒ C-∂pw am-‰-an-√m-sX Xp-S-cp-∂p.
D-]k
- w-lm-cw
A-Sn-ÿm-\-L-S-\-bn¬ F-s¥-√mw Dƒ-s°m-≈-Ww F-∂-Xn-s\ kw-_-‘n-®v
C-∂pw kw-hm-Zß - ƒ \n-e\ - n¬-°p-∂p. A-Øc - w kw-hm-Zß - f - n¬ bm-sXm-cp sX‰p-
an-√. P-\m-[n-]X
- y kw-hn-[m-\Ø - n-se cm-jv{- So-bw Xo¿-®b - m-bpw kw-hm-Zß - f
- pw
A-`n-{]m-b `n-∂X - I
- f - pw D-≈X - m-sW-∂v \mw Hm¿-t°-≠X - p-≠v. C-Xv ssh-hn-[y-
Øn-s‚-bpw k-Po-hX - b - p-sS-bpw kp-Xm-cy-Xb - p-sS-bpw e-£W - ß- f - m-Wv. P-\m-[n-
]-Xyw kw-hm-Zß - s - f kzm-KX - w sN-øp-∂p. A-tX k-ab - Ø- v \-Ωp-sS cm-jv{- So-b
]m¿-ń-I-fpw t\-Xm-°-∑m-cpw Cu kw-hm-Z-ßƒ-°v ]-cn-an-Xn I¬-∏n-°p-∂-Xn¬
]Iz-X Im-Wn-°p-∂p. Im-c-Ww cm-jv-{So-bw F-∂-Xv A-\p-c-⁄-\-hpw
sImSp°epw hm-ße - p-If - pw Iq-Sn-bm-Wv. Xo-{h-am-b \n-e] - m-Sp-Iƒ ssk-≤m-¥n-
I-am-bn h-f-sc i-cn-bpw B-i-b-]-c-am-bn B-I¿-j-I-hp-am-sW-¶n-epw cm-jv-{So-
bw B-hi - y-s∏-Sp-∂X - v Hm-tcm-cp-Øc - pw A-hc - p-sS Xo-{h\n-e] - m-Sp-If- n-epw H-cp
an-X-Xzw D-≠m-°m-\pw H-cp s]m-Xp \n-e-]m-Sn-te-°v F-Øn-t®-cm-\p-am-Wv. A-
t∏mƒ am{Xta P-\m-[n-]-Xy cm-jv-{So-bw km-[y-am-hp-I-bp-≈q. C-¥y-bn-se
cm-jv-{So-b-°m-cpw P-\-ß-fpw C-Ø-cw ss\-]p-Wn-Iƒ a-\- n-em-°p-I-bpw \-S-
∏n¬ h-cp-Øp-I-bpw sN-bv-Xn-´p-≠v. C-Xv P-\m-[n-]-Xy `-c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS {]-h¿-

Ø-\-sØ Xn-I-®pw hn-P-b-{]-Z-am-°n. K-h¨-sa‚n-s‚ hn-hn-[ L-S-I-ßƒ X-
Ωn¬ G-‰-hpw {]m-[m-\y-ta-dn-b-Xv G-sX-∂ hn-j-b-Øn¬ H-cp a-’-cw F-√m-bv-
t]m-gpw D-≠m-Im-dp-≠v. P-\-ß-fp-sS t£-aw sIm-≠¿-∞-am-°p-∂-sX-¥m-sW-
∂ hn-jb - Ø
- nepw A-h ]-ck - v]
- c
- w X¿-°n-°m-dp-≠v. F-∂m¬ A-¥n-aa - m-bn A-
[n-Im-cw P-\-ß-fn-em-Wv Ip-Sn-sIm-≈p-∂-Xv . P-\-ß-fpw A-h-cp-sS kzm-X-{¥y-
hpw A-h-cp-sS t£-a-hp-am-Wv P-\m-[n-]-Xy-Øn-s‚ e-£y-hpw P-\m-[n-]-Xy cm-
jv{- So-bØ
- n-s‚ D¬-]∂
- h- p-am-Ip-∂X - v.
A`ymkw
1. Xm-sg sIm-Sp-Øn-cn-°p-∂h - b- n¬ \n-∂pw i-cn-bm-b {]-kvX - m-h\ - Is≠-
Øp-I.
k-a-bm-k-a-b-ß-fn¬ H-cp `-c-W-L-S-\-bv-°v t`-Z-K-Xn-Iƒ h-cp-tØ-≠Xv
B-hi - y-am-Wv.
 km-l-N-cy-ßƒ am-dp-tºmƒ `-c-W-L-S-\-bn¬ A-\p-tbm-Py-am-b am-‰-
ßƒ B-hi - y-am-bn h-cp-∂p.
 H-cp {]-t{Xy-I k-a-b-Øv F-gp-Xn-b H-cp {]-am-Ww Ip-d-®v Im-ew sN-√p-
tºmƒ Im-el - c- W- s
- ∏-Spw
 Hm-tcm X-ea - p-db
- v°
- pw A-hc - p-sS Xm¬-]c - y-ßƒ-°\ - p-kc- n-®v H-cp `-cW- -
L-S\ - D-≠m-bn-cn-°W - w.
 \n-e-hn-ep-≈ K-h¨-sa‚n-s‚ X-Xz im-kv-{X-sØ {]-Xn-^-en-∏n-°p-∂-
Xm-bn-cn-°W - w A-Xv.
2 . Xm-sg sIm-Sp-Øn-cn-°p-∂ {]-kvX - m-h\- I- ƒ-s°-Xn-sc i-cn-tbm sX-t‰m
F∂v tc-Js - ∏-Sp-Øp-I.
a. cm-jv-{S-]-Xn-°v H-cp `-c-W-L-S-\m t`-Z-K-Xn _n¬- ]p-\: ]-cn-tim-[-\-bv-
°v th-≠n ]m¿-e-sa‚n-te-°v Xn-cn-®-b-°p-hm≥ I-gn-bn-√.
b sX-c-s™-Sp-°-s∏-´ {]-Xn-\n-[n-Iƒ-°p am-{X-ta `-c-W-L-S-\ t`-Z-K-Xn
h-cp-Øp-hm≥ A-[n-Im-ca - p-≈p.
c \o-Xn-\ym-b hn-`m-K-Øn-\v `-c-W-L-S-\m t`-Z-K-Xn {]-{In-b-bv-°v ap≥-
ssI-sø-Sp-°p-hm≥ I-gn-bn-s√-¶n-epw `-c-W-L-S-\-sb hy-Xy-kv-X co-Xn-
bn¬ hym-Jym-\n-®p sIm-≠v A-Xn-s\ Im-cy-£-a-am-°n am-‰-ßƒ h-cp-
Øp-hm≥ km-[n-°pw.
d `-cW - L - S- \- b - p-sS G-Xv `m-Kh - pw ]m¿-es - a‚n-\v t`-ZK- X
- n h-cp-Øp-hm≥
242 km-[n-°pw..
3 . C-¥y≥ `-c-W-L-S-\ t`-Z-K-Xn sN-øp-∂-Xn¬ Xm-sg sIm-Sp-Øn-cn-°p-∂-h-
bn¬ B-scm-s°-bm-Wv ]-¶m-fn-If - m-hp-∂X - v? G-Xv co-Xn-bn-em-Wv A-hc - p-sS
]-¶m-fn-Øw
a . thm-´¿-am¿ 243
b. C-¥y-bp-sS cm-jv{- S-]X
- n
c . kw-ÿm-\ \n-b-a k-`-Iƒ
d. ]m¿-es - a‚ v
e . K-h¿-Æ¿-am¿
f. Pp-Uo-jydn
4. C-Xp h-sc-bp-≈ `-c-W-L-S-\m-t`-Z-K-Xn-I-fn¬ G-‰-hpw hn-hm-Z-]-c-am-b-Xv

42˛mw `-c-W-L-S-\ t`-Z-K-Xn-bm-sW-∂v Cu A-[ym-b-Øn¬ \n-∂pw ]Tn-®p.
Xm-sg sIm-Sp-Øn-cn-°p-∂h - b- n¬ Cu hn-hm-Zß - ƒ-°v Im-cW - a- m-bX - v G-sXm-
s°?
a . tZ-io-b A-Sn-b-¥n-cm-h-ÿ Im-e-Øm-Wv Cu- t`-Z-K-Xn D-≠m-b-Xv.
tZiob A-Sn-b¥ - n-cm-hÿ - b - p-sS {]-Jym-]\ - w X-s∂ hn-hm-Za - m-bn-cp-∂p.
b. {]-tXy-I `q-cn-]-£-Øn-s‚ ]n-¥p-W-bn-√m-sX-bm-Wv Cu t`-Z-K-Xn
D≠m-°n-bX - v.
c . kw-ÿm-\ \n-b-a k-`-I-fp-sS Aw-Ko-Im-c-an-√m-sX-bm-Wv C-Xv D-≠m-
°nbXv.
d. hn-hm-Z]- c
- a
- m-bn hy-hÿ - I
- ƒ Cu t`-ZK - X
- n-bn-ep-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.
5. hy-Xy-ÿ t`-Z-K-Xn-I-sf kw-_-‘n-®p-≈ \n-b-a-\n¿-Ωm-W k-`-bpw \o-Xn-

\ym-b hn-`m-K-hpw X-Ωn-ep-≈ X¿-°-ß-fn¬ Xm-sg sIm-Sp-Øn-cn-°p-∂-h-
bn¬ G-Xm-Wv bp-‡n]-c-am-b H-cp hn-i-Zo-I-c-Ww A-√m-Ø-Xv.
a . `-c-W-L-S-\-bv-°v hy-Xy-ÿ-am-b hym-Jym-\-ßƒ km-[y-am-Wv.
b. H-cp P-\m-[n-]-Xy-Øn¬ kw-hm-Z-ß-fpw A-`n-{]m-b `n-∂-X-I-
fpw kzm-`m-hn-I-am-Wv.
c . `-c-W-L-S-\ Nn-e \n-b-a-ßƒ-°pw X-Xz-ßƒ-°pw Iq-Sp-X¬ {]m-
[m-\yw \¬-Ip-I-bpw, {]-tXy-I `q-cn-]-£-tØm-sS-bp-≈ t`-Z-
KXn A-\p-hZ- n-°p-Ib - pw sN-bvX- p.
d. ]u-c≥-am-cp-sS A-hI - m-iß- ƒ kw-c£ - n-°p-∂X - n-\p-≈ D-Øc - -
hm-Zn-Xzw \n-ba - \- n¿-Ωm-W k-`b - n¬ \n-£n-]vX - a- m-°m-\m-hn-√.
e. H-cp \n-b-a-Øn-s‚ `-c-W-L-S-\m km-[p-X Xo-cp-am-\n-°m≥ am-
{X-ta \o-Xn-\ym-b hn-`m-K-Øn-\p km-[n-°q. A-√m-sX A-Xn-
s‚ B-hi - y-ßs - f kw-_‘ - n-®p-≈ cm-jv{- So-b kw-hm-Zß - ƒ°v
]-cn-lm-cw Im-Wp-hm≥ A-Xn-\v I-gn-bn-√.
6 . A-Sn-ÿm-\ L-S\ - m kn-≤m-¥s - Ø kw-_‘ - n-®p-≈ i-cn-bm-b {]-kX v- m-h\
-
I-s≠-Øp-I. sX-‰m-b {]-ÿm-h-\-sb Xn-cp-Øn F-gp-Xp-I.
a . A-Sn-ÿm-\ X-Xz-ßƒ `-cW - L
- S- \- hy-‡a - m-°p-∂p.
b. `-cW - L
- S- \
- b- p-sS A-Sn-ÿm-\L - S- \
- H-gn-sI a-t‰-Xp `m-Kß - f - pw \n-b-
a-\n¿-Ωm-W k-`-bv-°v t`-Z-K-Xn h-cp-Ømw.
c. `-c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS A-Sn-ÿm-\ L-S-\-bn¬ Dƒ-s∏-Sp-∂-Xpw A-√m-Ø-

h-bp-am-b X-Xz-ßƒ Pp-Uo-jydn hn-iZ- o-Ic - n-®n-´p-≠v.
d. Cu kn-≤m-¥w B-Zy-am-bn ap-t∂m-´p-sh-®-Xv tI-i-hm-\-μ `m-c-Xn tI-
kn-em-Wv. Xp-S¿-∂p-≈ hn-[n-I-fn-epw C-Xn-s\]-‰n N¿-® sN-ø-s∏-ń-
´p≠v.
e. Cu kn-≤m-¥w Pp-Uo-jy-dn-bp-sS A-[n-Im-cw h¿-≤n-∏n-°p-I-bpw hy-
Xy-kvX- cm-jv{- So-b ]m¿-ń-If
- m-epw K-h¨-sa‚n-\m-epw kzo-Ic
- n-°s
- ∏-
Sp-Ib
- pw sN-bvX - n-´p-≠v.
7. 2000˛2003 Im-eL - ´- Ø
- n¬ D-≠m-b hn-hn-[ t`-ZK - X- n-Is- f kw-_‘ - n-®p-
≈-Xn¬ \n-∂pw Xm-sg sIm-Sp-Øn-cn-°p-∂ G-Xv \n-Ka - \- Ø
- n-em-Wv \n-
ßƒ-°v F-Øn-t®-cm≥ km-[n-°p-I.
a. Cu Im-eL - ´- Ø - n¬ D-≠m-b `-cW - LS\m-t`-ZK - X- n-If- n¬ Pp-Uo-jydn
C-Ss- ]-ń-cp-∂n-√.
b. Cu Im-e-L-´-Øn¬ H-cp cm-jv-{So-b ]m¿-ń-°v i-‡-am-b `q-cn-]-£-ap-
≠m-bn-cp-∂p.
c. Nn-e t`-Z-K-Xn-Iƒ-°p th-≠n P-\-ß-fn¬ \n-∂pw i-‡-am-b k-Ω¿-±-
ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.
d. Cu Im-eL - ´- Ø - n¬ cm-jv{- So-b ]m¿-ń-Iƒ X-Ωn¬ Im-cy-am-b hy-Xym-
kw D-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√.
e. t`-Z-K-Xn-Iƒ hn-hm-Z-c-ln-X-am-bn-cp-∂p. t`-Z-K-Xn h-cp-tØ-≠ hn-j-b-
sØ kw-_‘ - n-®v cm-j{-v So-b ]m¿-ń-Iƒ X-Ωn¬ tbm-Pn-∏p-≠m-bn-cp∂p.
8. `-cW
- L-S\ - t`-ZK
- X
- n sN-øp-∂X - n-\v {]-tXy-I`
- q-cn-]£
- w A-\n-hm-cy-am-
°n-bX- n-\p-≈ Im-cW- w hn-iZ- o-Ic- n-°p-I.
9. C-¥y≥ `-cW - L-S\ - b

- n-se ]-e t`-ZK
- X- n-If- pw \o-Xn-\ym-b hn-`m-Kh
- pw
]m¿-es - a‚pw D-b¿-Øn-∏S- n-® hy-Xy-kvX- a- m-b hym-Jym-\ß - f- p-sS ^-e-
am-bn-cp-∂p. D-Zm-l-c-W k-ln-Xw hn-i-Zo-I-cn-°p-I.
10. `-cW
- L
- S- \
- t`-ZK- X
- n h-cp-Øp-hm-\p-≈ A-[n-Im-cw sX-sc-s™-Sp-°-
s∏-´ {]-Xn-\n-[n-Iƒ-°m-sW-¶n¬, t`-ZK - X- n-If
- p-sS km-[p-X Xo-cp-am-\n-
°m-\p-≈ A-[n-Im-cw Pq-Uojydn-°p-≠m-Ip-Ib - n-√? \n-ßf- n-Xn-t\m-Sv
tbm-Pn-°p-∂p-t≠m? 100 hm-°n¬ \n-ßf - p-sS Im-cW- ß- ƒ hy-‡a - m-
°p-I.
244
Chapter 10: The Philosophy of the Constitution
A≤ymbw ˛ 10 245
`c-W-L-S-\-bpsS
XXz-imkv{Xw
(The Philosophy of the Constitution)
BapJw
\ΩpsS `c-WL - S- \ - b - psS Nne {][m\ hIp-∏p-Is - f-°p-dn®pw, B hIp-∏p-Iƒ
Ign™ Ac-\q-‰m-≠n-te-sd-bmbn Fß-s\-bmWv {]h¿Øn-®s - X∂p-am- Wv Cu
]pkvX-I-Øn¬ \mw CXp-hsc ]Tn-®-Xv. AXp-t]m-se-X-s∂, \ΩpsS `c-W-
L-S-\-bpsS cq]o-I-c-W-sØ-°p-dn®pw \mw ]Tn-®p. {_nó-jp-Im-cpsS `c-W-
Øn¬ \n∂v kzmX{¥yw e`n-®t∏mƒ F¥p-sIm-≠mWv \ΩpsS tZiob {]ÿm-
\-Øns‚ t\Xm-°∑ - m¿ Hcp `c-WL - S- \ \ap°v Bh-iy-am-sW∂v Nn¥n-®Xv?
F¥p-sIm-≠mWv Ah¿ Ah-sc-Ø-s∂bpw `mhn-X-e-ap-dsbbpw Hcp `c-W-
L-S-\-bn-te°v tN¿Øp-h-®Xv? Cu ]pkvX-I-Øn¬ ]e-bn-S-ß-fnepw `c-W-
L-S\m \n¿amW kan-Xn-bnse kwhm-Z-ß-sf-Ip-dn®v \nßƒ ImWp-I-bp-≠m-
bn. `c-W-L-S-\-bpsS ]T-\-tØm-sSm∏w Ft∏mgpw `c-W-L-S\m \n¿ΩmW
kan-Xn-bnse kwhm-Z-ß-sf-Ip-dn®pw \msa-¥n-\mWv Bg-Øn¬ At\z-jn-°p-
∂Xv F∂-XmWv \mw tNmZn-t°≠ as‰mcphkvXp-X. Cu tNmZy-Øn\v DØcw
Is≠-Øp-I-bmWv Cu ]mT-Øn-eqsS \mw sNøp-∂Xv. c≠m-a-Xmbn \mw
tNmZn-°Ww GXp Xc-Øn-ep≈ `c-W-L-S-\bv°mWv \mw \sΩ-Øs∂
ka¿∏n-®n-cn-°p∂sX∂v? GsXms° e£y-ßf - mWv \mw Cu `c-WL - S- \
- b
- n-
eqsS ]q¿Øo-Ic - n-°p-hm≥ B{K-ln-°p-∂Xv? Cu e£y-ßƒ°v Fs¥-¶nepw
[m¿an-IX Dt≠m? Ds≠-¶n¬ F¥m-WXv? Fs¥m-s°-bmWv \ΩpsS `c-
W-L-S-\-bpsS i‡nbpw Zu¿_-ey-ßfpw? AXm-b-Xv, Fs¥m-s°-bmWv
\ΩpsS `c-WL - S- \ - b - psS t\´-ßfpw tIm´-ßfpw? Cu tNmZy-ßƒ°p-Øcw
Is≠-Øp-∂X - n-eqsS \ΩpsS `c-WL - S- \
- b
- psS XXzimkv{XsØIpdn®v \ap°v
a\- n-em-°p-hm≥ km[n-°pw.
Xmsg ]d-bp∂ Imcy-ßƒ Cu ]mT-Ønse hmb-\°v tijw \nßƒ a\- n-
em-°pw.
$ `c-W-L-S-\-bpsS XXz-imkv{Xw ]Tn-t°-≠Xv F¥p-sIm≠v {]m[m-\y-
a¿ln-°p∂p?
$ C¥y≥ `c-W-L-S-\-bpsS {][m\ khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ Fs¥-√m-amWv?
$ Cu `c-WL - S- \ - s - °-Xn-sc-bp≈ {][m\ hna¿i-\ß - ƒ Fs¥-√m-amWv?
$ Cu `c-WL - S- \ - b - psS ]cn-an-Xn-Iƒ Fs¥-√m-amWv?
Indian Constitution
at Work
`c-WL
- S- \
- b
- psS XXz-imkv{Xw F∂-Xp-sIm≠v A¿∞-am-°p-
∂-sX¥v?
`c-WL - S- \ - b
- n¬ \nb-aß - ƒ am{X-am-Wp-≈s - X-∂pw, Cu \nb-aß - ƒ aqey-
ß-fn¬ \n∂pw [m¿Ωn-I-X-bn¬ \n∂pw hyXym-k-s∏-ń-cn-°p∂p F∂pw
Nne¿ hniz-kn-°p-∂p. AXp-sIm-≠p-X-s∂, `c-W-L-S-\-tbmSv cmjv{So-b-
X-Xz-imkv{X kao-]\ - a - √- adn®v Hcp \nb-am-[n-jvTnX kao-]\w am{X-amWv
\ap°v kzoI-cn-°m-\m-IpI. F√m \nb-a-ßƒ°pw [m¿anI D≈-S°w
C√ F∂-Xp- k-Xy-am-Wv. F∂m¬ [mcmfw \nb-a-ßƒ°v \Ωp-sS-bp-
≈n¬ Bg-Øn¬ ]-Xn-™n-cn-°p∂ ]e aqey-ßf - p-ambn _‘-ap-≠v. DZm-
l-c-W-Øn\v aX-Øn-s‚bpw `mj-bp-sSbpw t]cn¬ hy‡nI-tfmSv -hn-th-
N-\-a-cp-sX∂v Hcp \nbaw A\p-im-kn-°p-∂p. B \nbaw kaXzw F∂
Bi-b-hp-ambn _‘-s∏-ń-cn-°p-∂p. \mw ka-Xz-Øn\v aqeyw I¬∏n-°p-
∂-Xp-sIm≠mWv Aß-s\-sbmcp \nbaw \ne-\n¬°p-∂X - p-Xs- ∂. AXn-
\m¬Xs∂ \nb-a-ßfpw [m¿an-I-aq-ey-ßfpw XΩn¬ _‘-ap-≠v.
AXp- s Im≠v \mw [m¿ΩnI ho£- W - ß - f psS ASn- ÿ m- \ - Ø n-
embncn°Ww `c-WL - S- \ - sb Hcp {]am-Wa - mbn t\m°n-°mtW≠-Xv. `c-
W-LS- \ - t- bmSv Hcp cmjv{SobXXz-imkv{X kao-]\ coXn \mw kzoI-cn-°-
Ww. F¥mWv `c-W-L-S-\-tbm-Sp≈ cmjv{Sob XXz-imkv{X kao-]-\-
coXn? aq∂v Imcy-ßƒ \mw a\- n-em-t°≠-Xp-≠v.
$ H∂m-a-Xm-bn, `c-W-L-S-\-bpsS Bi-b-LS\ \mw a\- n-em-°Ww
F¥mWv CXv A¿∞-am-°p-∂Xv? `c-W-L-S-\-bn¬ {]Xn-]m-Zn-®n-cn-
°p∂ "Ah-Im-iß - ƒ, ]uc-Xzw, \yq\-]£w, P\m-[n-]Xyw XpS-ßnb
]Z-ß-fpsS km[y-amb A¿∞-X-e-ßsf Is≠-Ø-Ww.
$ AXn-ep-]c - n-bm-bn, `c-WL - S- \
- b- n¬ ]d-™n-cn-°p∂ aqJy Bi-bß - -
fpsS hymJym-\-ß-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ thWw kmaq-lnI ˛
cmjv{Sob ImgvN-]m-Sp-Iƒ cq]-s∏-Sp-tØ-≠-Xv. `c-W-L-S\bn¬
Dƒt®¿∂n-cn-°p∂ t{ijvTa - mb BZ¿i-ßsf Ipdn®v icn-bmb Adnhv
\ap-°p-≠m-bn-cn-°W - w.
$ \ΩpsS Ah-km\ hmZw Fs¥-∂m¬ `c-W-L-S\ \n¿amW kan-Xn- F√m `cW LS-
bnse kwhm-Zß - f - psS ASn-ÿm-\Ø - nemWv \mw `cWLS-\s - b- hmbn- \-Iƒ°pw, XXz-
t°≠Xv. CØ-c-Øn-ep≈ hmb-\, `c-W-L-S-\-bn¬ Dƒt®¿Øncn- im-kv{X-ap≠v
°p∂ aqey-ß-fpsS \oXo-I-c-WsØ \ho-I-cn-°p-Ibpw ]pXnb F ∂ m t W m
ssk≤m-¥n-I-X-e-Øn-te°v Db¿Øp-Ibpw sNøpw. {]Xn-]m-Zn-®n-cn- A¿∞-am-t°-≠p-
°p∂ aqey-Øn\v hni-Za - mb \ymbo-Ic - W - a
- n-s√-¶n¬ B aqey-Øns‚ ∂Xv ? AtXm,
XXz-imkv{X kao-]\w A]q¿Æ-am-Wv. \ΩpsS `c-WL - S- \m inev]n- Nne `c-W-L-S-\-
Iƒ C¥y≥ kaq- l -
s Øbpw cmjv {S-
s Øbpw Hcp Iq´w aqey-ß-fpsS Iƒ°p- a m- { Xta
246 XXz-im-k{v X-ap≈p
ASn-ÿm-\Ø - n¬ \bn-°p-hm≥ Xocp-am-\n-s®-¶n¬ AXn\p X°-Xmb
Hcq Iq´w Imc-W-ß-fp-ap-≠m-Ipw. Imc-W-ß-fn¬ ]eXpw hni-Zo-I-cn- F∂mtWm?
®n-´p-≠m-hW - s - a-∂n√.
`c-W-L-S\ {]I-Sn-∏n-°p∂ [m¿anI 247

D≈-S°w Is≠-Øp-∂X - n\pw AXns‚ 1947 se Pm∏-\okv `c-WL - S- \ "kam-
Ah-Im-i-hm-Z-ßsf hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂- [m- \ - Ø ns‚ `c- W - L - S \' (Peace
Xn\pw am{X-a√ `c-W-L-S-\-bpsS Hcp constitution) F∂m-Wd - n-bs
- ∏-Sp-∂X- v.
cmjv{Sob XXz-imkv{X kao-]\w Cu `c-W-L-S-\-bpsS Bap-J-Øn¬
Bh-iy-ambn hcp-∂X - v. adn-®v, \ΩpsS Cßs\ ]d-™n-cn-°p∂p: ""\mw,
cmjv{Sob kaq-lØ - nse {][m\ aqey- Pm∏-\okv P\X F√m-°m-ehpw kam-
ß-fpsS hyXykvX hymJym-\-ßƒ [m-\a - m-{K-ln-°p-Ibpw a\pjy _‘-
XΩn¬ ka-hmbw D≠m°p-∂-Xn\pw ßsf \nb-{¥n-°p∂ D∂X Bi-b-
ßƒ Bg-Øn¬ a\- n-em-°p-Ibpw
th≠n-Iq-Sn-bm-Wv. hnhn[ cmjv{Sob
sNøp∂p- . '' AXm- b Xv Pm∏- \ okv
thZn-I-ƒ, \nb-a-k-`-Iƒ, ]m¿ń-tbm-K- `cWLS-\b - psS XXz-imkv{Xw kam-
ßƒ, am[y-aß - ƒ, kvIqfp-Iƒ, k¿h- [m-\s- a∂ Bibw ASn-ÿm-\a - m-°n-
I-em-im-e-Iƒ F∂n-hn-S-ß-fn-se√mw bp-≈X - m-W.v
`c-W-L-S-\-bnse hnhn[ BZ¿i- Pm∏-\okv `c-W-L-S-\-bpsS 9˛mw
ßsf kw_-‘n®v sh√p-hn-fn-Ifpw A\p- t —Zw Cßs\ {]kv X m- h n-
N¿®-Ifpw kwhm-Z-ßfpw a’-c-ßfp- °p∂p ˛
ap-≠m-bn-´p-s≠-∂Xv hkvXpXbm-Wv. 1. \oXnbpw \nb-ahpw ASn-ÿm-\a - m-
Cu BZ¿i- ß ƒ ]e- X - c - Ø n¬ °nbp≈ A¥¿tZ-iob kam-[m-
hymJym-\n-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw Nne-t∏m- \-Øn\v Ft∏mgpw B{K-ln-°p∂
sgms° Nne-cpsS Xm¬°-enI Xm¬]- Pm∏-\okv P\-X, bp≤sØ cmPy-
cy-ßƒ°p-th≠n t_m[-]q¿Δw ]£- Øns‚ ]c-am-[n-Imc Ah--Im-i-
icn-bmWv!
ambn ImWp-∂-X-√, A¥m-cmjv{S
Xo¿®-bmbpw `c- ]m- X - ] - c - a mbn D]- t bm- K n- ° p- I bpw
X¿°-ß-fpsS ]cn-lm-c-Øn-\mbn
W- L - S - \ - b psS sNbvXn-´p-≠v. AXn-\m¬, `c-W-L-S- òj-Wntbm _e-{]-tbm-Ktam D]-
hyXykvX \-bnse BZ¿i-ßfpw Cu BZ¿i-ß- tbm-Kn-°p-∂Xpw \ncm-I-cn-°p-∂p.
hymJym- \ - ß - f p- fpsS a‰p hymJym-\ß - fpw XΩn¬ Kuc-
ambn _‘-s∏´ h-Xc- a
- mb s]mcp-Øt- °Sp-Iƒ Dt≠m- 2. ap≥ Jfin- I - b n¬ ]d- ™ n- c n-
Cu {]iv\w sb∂v \mw ]cn-tim-[n-°-Ww. Nne- °p∂ e£y-Øns‚ ]q¿Øn-I-c-
Rmt\m¿ °p∂p
t∏mƒ Htc Bibw Xs∂ ]e W- Ø n- \ m- b n, Ic, \mhn- I ,
Ign™ A≤ym-
ÿm]-\-ßƒ ]e-X-cØn¬ hymJym- thymatk\- I - s ftbm at‰- s X-
b-Øn-em-Wt√m
\n-°p-∂p. F∂m¬ CØ-c-Øn-ep≈ ¶nepw bp≤ kwhn-[m-\ß - s
- ftbm
AXv \mw N¿®
hyXykvX hymJym-\-ßsf \mw Xmc- Hcn-°epw \ne-\n¿Øn-√
sNbvX-Xv. icn-
bt√? Xayw sNtø-≠-Xp-≠v. `c-W-L-S\
{]I-Sn-∏n-®n-cn-°p∂ Bi-b-ßƒ°v `c-WL - S- \ cq]o-Ic
- W thf-bn¬
\ne-\n¬°p∂ kml-N-cyßƒ
KWy-amb AwKo-Imcw D≈-Xp-sIm≠v
`c- W - L - S \m inev]n- I - f psS
aqey-ß-fp-sSbpw BZ¿i-ß-fp-sSbpw Nn¥sb F{X-am{Xw kzm[o-\n-°p-
hyXykvX hymJym-\ß - ƒ XΩn-ep≈ sa-∂X- mWv CXv kqNn-∏n-°p-∂X - v.
Ie-lß - f - p-sS-ta¬ Xo¿∏p I¬]n-°p-
∂-Xn\v D]-tbm--Kn-°p-hm≥ km[n-°pw.
Indian Constitution
at Work
`cW-L-S\ P\m-[n-]Xy ]cn-h¿Ø-\-Øn-\p≈ am¿K-sa∂ \ne-

bn¬
`c-WL - S- \ F∂ kw⁄-bpsS A¿∞hpw Hcp `c-WL - S- \ th≠-Xns‚
Bh-iy-IX - sb°pdn®pw H∂m-a≤ - ym-bØ- n¬ \mw ]Tn-®p. A[n-Imc hn\n-
tbm-KsØ \nb-{¥n-°p-Is - b-∂X - mWv `c-WL - S- \ D≠m-bn-cn-°Ww F∂-
Xns‚ Hcp Imc-W-ambn ]cs° AwKo-I-cn-°-s∏-ń-cn-°p-∂-Xv. B[p-
\nI cmjv{S-ßs - f√mw Aan-Xa - mbn A[n-Imcw ssIøm-fp-∂h - b
- mWv Ah-
bvs°√mw _e-{]-tbm-K-Øn\pw Itø-‰-Øn-\p-ap≈ IpØ-Im-h-Im-i-ap-
s≠∂v hniz-kn-°s - ∏-Sp-∂p. A[n-Imc Zp¿hn-\n-tbmKw \S-Øp-∂h - c
- psS
ssII-fn¬ Cu cmjv{S-ßf - nse ÿm]-\ß - f - psS `cWw sN∂ps]´m¬
F¥m-bn-cn°pw Ahÿ? CØcw ÿm]-\-ßƒ \ΩpsS kpc-£°pw
t£a-Øn\pw th≠n krjvSn-°-s∏-´-Xm-sW-¶n¬t∏mepw Ahsb hf-
sc-sb-fp-∏-Øn¬ \ap-s°-Xnsc Xncn-t®°mw. Iqd-s®-¶nepw hy‡n-I-fp-
sSbpw {Kq∏p-If - p-sSbpw Xm¬]-cy-ßƒ l\n-°p-Ib - mWv H´p-an° cmjv{S-
ßfpw sNøp-∂-sX∂v temI-sa-ºm-Sp-ap≈ cmjv{Sm-[n-Imc A\p-`hw
ImWn-°p-∂p. Aß-s\-sb-¶n¬ cmjv{SßfpsS CØ-c-Øn-ep≈ kz`m-
hsØ \nb-{¥n-°p-∂-Xn\v Nne \nb-a-ßƒ \n¿an-°Ww. CØ-c-Øn-
ep≈ ASn-ÿm\ \nb-aß - ƒ {]Zm\w sNøpI hgn cmjv{Sw tk—m-[n-]-
Xy-Øn-te°v amdp-∂X - ns\ `c-WL - S- \ XS-bp-∂p.
kmaqly ]cn-h¿Ø-\Ø - n-\p-th-≠n-bp≈ kam-[m\]chpw P\m-
[n-]Xy]c-hpamb am¿K-ßfpw `c-W-L-S\ {]Zm\w sNøp-∂p. AXn-ep-
]-cn-bm-bn, \mfn-Xp-hsc tImf-\n-h¬°-cn-°s - ∏-ń-cp∂ P\-ßƒ°v `c-W- AXp-sIm≠v, `c-W-
L-S\ cmj-{Sob kzbw \n¿Æ-bm-h-Imiw {]Jym-]n-°p-Ibpw AXns\ L- S \m \n¿amW
{]h¿Øn-]Y - Ø- n¬ sIm≠p-hc - n-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. ka-nXn-bnse F√m
AwK-ßfpw kmaq-ly-
Cu c≠v Bi-bß - sfbpw s\lvdp \∂mbn a\- n-em°nbncp-∂p. At±- ]- c n- h ¿Ø- \ - Ø n\p
l-Øns‚ Ah-Im-i-hmZ {]Imcw `c-W-L-S\m \n¿ΩmW kan-Xn-bpsS th≠n B-{K-ln-®n-cp-
cq]o-I-c-W-Øn-\m-bp≈ Bhiyw kºq¿Æ kzbw \n¿W-bm-h-Im-i- s∂∂v \ap°v ]d-bp-
Øn\p th≠nbp≈ Iq´mb BhiysØ kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p. C¥y≥ P\X hm≥ km[n-°ptam?
sXsc-s™-Sp-Ø `c-W-L-S\m \n¿ΩmW kan-Xn°p am{Xta _mly F∂m¬ ,
CS-s]-Se- p-fn-√mØ Hcp C¥y≥ `c-WL - S- \ \n¿an-°p-hm≥ Ah-Im-ia - p- ` c W L S \ m
\n¿ΩmW kan- X n-
≈q. c≠m-a-Xm-bn, `c-W-L-S\m \n¿ΩmW kanXn Hcp ]‰w Bfp-I-fp- bn¬ F√m ImgvN∏ - m-
sStbm As√-¶n¬ Hcp Iq´w Ign-hp≈ \nb-a-⁄cp-tStbm Hcp kan-Xn Sp-Iƒ°pw {]mXn-\n-
am{X-a√ adn®v AXv ]gb cmjv{Sob ˛ kmaq-lnI LS-\b - psS ]pd-t¥mSv [y-ap-≠m-bn-cp-
hen-s®-dn™v kzbw cq]-s∏-Sp-Ønb ]pXp-h-kv{X-a-Wn™ "Ne-\m-fl- s∂∂pw ]d-bp∂p!
248 I-amb Hcp cmjv{S'amsW∂pw s\lvdp Ah-Im-i-s∏-´p. ]c-º-cm-K-X-
amb kmaqly t{iWn-bpsS NßeIƒ s]mń®v kzmX-{¥y-Øn-s‚bpw
ka-Xz-Øn-s‚bpw \oXn-bp-sSbpw Hcp ]pXp-bpK-∏n-d-hn°p th≠n-bm-bn-
cp∂p C¥y-bpsS `c-W-L-S-\sb cq]-s∏-Sp-Øn-bXv.
`c-WL - S- \°v P\m-[n-]Xy kn≤m-¥ß - sf A∏msS am‰n adn-°p-hm-\p≈ Ign- 249

hp-≠m-bn-cp∂p. Cu kao-]\ {]Imcw, A[n-Im-c-Øn-ep-≈-hsc \nb-{¥n-°p-
I -am-{X-a√ adn®v ]c-º-cm-KXambn A[n-Im-cw \ntj-[n°-s∏-´-hsc im‡o-
I-cn-°p-II - q-Sn-bmWv `c-WL
- S- \ sNøp-∂X- .v Zp¿_e P\hn`m-Kß- ƒ°v Iq´mb
]
- p-tcm-KXn ssIh-cn-°p-∂X - n-\m-bp≈ A[n-Imcw \evIp-hm≥ `c-WL- S- \
- I
- ƒ°v
km[n-°pw.
`c-WL
- S- \m \n¿ΩmW kan-Xn-bn-te°v \msa-¥n\v Xncn®p t]mIWw?
`qX-Im-e-tØ°v Xncn™p t\m°p-Ibpw Ah-bp-ambn \sΩ _‘-s∏-Sp-Øp-
Ibpw sNøp-∂-sX-¥n\v? \nba ˛ cmj-{Sob Bi-b-ß-fpsS ASn-ÿm\w
tXSn Ncn-{X-Øn-te-°n-d-ßp-I-sb-∂Xv Hcp \nba Ncn-{X-Im-cs‚ tPmen-bm-
Wv. F∂m-se¥p sIm≠mWv cmjv{Sob hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ `c-WL - S- \m inev]n-
I-fpsS Dt±-iyßfpw DXvIW - vTIfpw ]Tn-°p-hm≥ XmXv]c - y-s∏-Sp-∂Xv? amdnb
kml-Nc - y-ßƒ IW-°n-se-Sp-Øp-sIm≠v `c-WL - S- \
- b- psS \nb-a] - c- a
- mb [¿Ω-
ßsf ]p\¿\n¿h-Nn-°m≥ F¥p-sIm≠v Ign-bn√?
18-˛mw \q‰m-≠ns‚ Ah-km\ ]mZ-ß-fn¬ Xøm-dm-°nb Ata-cn°≥ `c-W-L-
S-\b- nse aqey-ßfpw hIp-∏p-Ifpw 21˛mw \q‰m-≠n\pw _m[-Ia - m-Ip-sa-∂Xv ]cn-
lm-ky-am-Wv. F∂m¬ C¥y≥ `cW LS\ cq]-s∏-Sp-ØnbhcpsS Ime-L-
´hpw C∂sØ Ime-L-´hpw XΩn¬ henb hyXym-k-ß-fp-≠m-bn-ń-√. aqey-
ß-fp-sSbpw BZ¿i-ß-fp-sSbpw [mc-W-I-fp-sSbpw Imcy-Øn¬ `c-W-L-S\m
\n¿ΩmW kan-Xn- {]h¿Øn-®n-cp∂ AtX kml-Nc - y-ßf- n¬ Xs∂-bmWv \mw
C∂pw Pohn-°p-∂-Xv. \ΩpsS `c-W-L-S-\-bpsS Ncn{Xhpw h¿Ø-am\Ime
Ncn-{Xhpw H∂p-Xs - ∂-bm-Wv.
AXp-am-{X-a-√, \ΩpsS \nba cmjv{Sob Iogvhg-°-ß-fpsS ASn-ÿm\ XXz-

ßsf \mw hnkvac - n-t®-°mw. ImcWw \mw Ah-sb√mw Fhn-sS-tbm-h®v kzoI-
cn-®-Xm-Wv. Cu ASn-ÿm\ XXz-ßƒ \ΩpsS t_m[-a-fi-e-Øns‚ ]n∂m-
ºp-d-ß-fn-te°v am‰-s∏s´¶nepw Ct∏mgpw Ah \ΩpsS h¿Ø-am-\-Ime
{]h¿Ø-\-ß-fpsS kwL-S-\m-X-Xz-ßƒ {]Zm\w sNøp-∂p. Imcy-ß-sf√mw
`wKn-bmbn \S-°p∂ ]£w Cu adhn tZmj-Ic - a
- √. F∂m¬, h¿Ø-am\Ime
{]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ sh√p-hn-fn-°-s∏-Sp-Itbm òj-Wn°p hnt[-b-am-°p-Itb,
sNøp-tºmƒ Cu ASn-ÿm\ XXz-ßsf Ah-K-Wn-°p-∂Xv tZmj-I-c-am-
tbm°mw. Npcp°-Øn¬ `c-WL - S- \m ]c-ambn ka-Im-enI {]h¿Ø-\ß- sf
ssIImcyw sNøp-∂X - n\pw Ah-bpsS A¿∞hpw aqeyhpw Dƒs°m-≈p-∂X - n-
\pw, `c-W-L-S\m \n¿ΩmW kan-Xn-bnse kwhm-Z-ß-fn-te°pw Hcp ]t£
AXn\pw ]n∂n¬ tImf-\n-hm-gvN-bpsS Ime-tØ°pw t]mhp-I-b-√msX a‰v
am¿K-an-√. Bb-Xn-\m¬, \ΩpsS `c-W-L-S-\-bpsS ASn-ÿm\ cmjv{Sob
XXz-imkv{Xw \mw Hm¿t°-≠Xpw AXn-te°v ]p\¿k-μ¿i\w \S-tØ-≠-
Xp-am-Wv.
Indian Constitution
at Work
{]h¿Ø\w
Xmsg sImSpØ A≤ym-bß - f
- n¬ X∂n-
cn-°p∂, `c-WL- S- \m \n¿ΩmW kan-
Xn-bnse kwhm-Z-ß-fpsS (CAD) D≤-
c-Wn-Iƒ ho≠pw hmbn-°p-I. B D≤-
cWnI-fnse hmZ-ßƒ°v C∂pw {]k-
‡n- b p- s ≠∂v \nßƒ Nn¥n- ° p-
∂pthm? F¥p-sIm≠v?
1 D≤-c-Wn-Iƒ A≤ymbw 2
2 D≤-c-Wn-Iƒ A≤ymbw 7
F¥mWv \ΩpsS `c-W-L-S-\-bpsS cjv{Sob

XXz-imkv{Xw?
Cu XXz-im-k{v XsØ H‰-hm-°n¬ hnh-cn-°pI {]bm-ka - m-W.v DZm-
c-hm-Zw, P\m-[n-]-Xyw, ka-Xz-hm-Zw, atX-X-cXzw, sÛ-d-enkw
kmaq-lnI aqey-ß-tfm-Sp≈ Xpd∂ a\- v, `mjm-]-chpw aX-]-c-
hp-amb \yq\-]-£-ß-fpsS Bhiy-ß-tfm-Sp≈ A\p-`m-hw, Ncn-
{X-]-c-ambn Ah-i-X-b-\p-`-hn-°p∂ P\-hn-`m-K-ß-tfm-Sp≈ B`n-
ap-Jyw, s]mXp-hmb tZiob kzXzw sIń-∏Sp-°p-∂X - n-ep≈ {]Xn-
_- ≤ X F∂n- h - s b√mw Cu `cW LS- \ - b psS kz`m- h -
ambXpsIm≠v GsX-¶nepw Hcp {]tXyI ta¬hn-em-kØ - n¬ CXn-
s\-sbm-Xp-°pI km[y-a-√. Npcp-°-Øn¬ kzmX-{¥yw, ka-Xzw,
kmaq-ly-\o-Xn, Hcp Xc-Øn-ep≈ tZiob sFIyw F∂n-h-tbm-
sS√mw `c-W-L-S\ {]Xn-_-≤X ]pe¿Øp-∂p. F∂m¬ CXn- CXv ITn-\-am-Wv. `c-W-L-
s\√mw D]cn Cu XXz-izm-k{v XsØ {]mh¿Øn-Ia - m-°p-hm≥ kam- S-\-bpsS XXz-im-kv{X-sa-
[m-\]- c- hpw P\m-[n-]X
- y-]c
- h
- p-amb am¿K-ßƒ Ah-ew-_n-°p-∂- ∂m¬ F¥m-sW∂v efn-X-
Xn¬ Du∂¬ \¬Ip-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. ambn ]d--™
- m¬ t]msc?
Cßs\ Hfn-®p-h-bv°-s∏´
hy‡n-kzm-X{¥yw coXn-bn¬ ]d----™m¬ km[m-
c--- W ]uc≥am¿ Fßs\--- ----
\ΩpsS `c-W-L-S-\sb kw_-‘n®v Nq≠n-°m-Wn-t°≠ H∂m- bmWv `c- W - L - S - \ - b psS
asØ, hkvXpX AXns‚ hy‡n kzmX-{¥y-tØm-Sp≈ {]Xn_≤- XXz-im-kv{XsØ a\- n-em-
X-bm-Wv. Hcp taibv°v Np‰p-an-cp∂v \S-Ønb im¥-amb N¿®-I- °p-∂Xv?
fpsS ê-ambn A¤p-XI - c
- a
- mbn Dcp-Øn-cn-™p-h∂
- X
- √ Cu {]Xn-
_-≤-X. ]Icw Hcp \q‰m-≠n-tesd XpS¿∂ aueoIhpw cmjv{So-
b-hp-amb {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fpsS ê-am-Wn-Xv. 19˛mw \q‰m≠ns‚
Bcw-`Ø- n¬, ]{X-kzm-X{¥yw shń-°d- p® {_nójv tImf\n `cW-
Øn-s\-Xnsc dmw taml≥ tdmbn {]Xn-tj-[n-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn.
250 hy‡n-If- psS Bh-iy-ßƒ km[n-®p-sIm-Sp-t°≠ cmjv{Sw Xo¿®-
bmbpw Ah-cpsS Bh-iy-ßsf Adn-bn-°p-hm-\p≈ D]m-[n-Ifpw
{]Zm\w sNø-W-sa∂v tdmbv hmZn-®p. AXp-sIm≠v XS- -ß-fn-
Trust.
Im¿´q¨ hmbn-°pI
Book
Children’s
Copyright:
Shankar.
251
26 January 1950
F√m-Øcw Bi-b-ß-fpw, t]mcm-Sp∂ Cu Ifn-°-f-Øn¬ Ifn

"\nb{¥n-°p∂Xv' (Umpire) P\m-[n-]-Xy-am-Wv.
√mØ {]kn-≤o-I-cW kzmX{¥yw cmjv{Sw A\p-h-Zn-°Ww. AØ-c-Øn¬

{_nójv `c-WI - m-eL - ´- Ø
- nepS\ofw C¥y≥ am[ya kzX-{¥y-Øn\p th≠n
Bhiy-ap-∂b - n-®p-sIm-≠n-cp-∂p.
AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂ Bhn-jvImc kzmX{¥yw C¥y≥ `c-WL-S-\-bpsS
Ahn`mPy LS-I-am-b-Xn¬ A¤p-X-s∏-Sm-\n-√. Aß-s\-X-s∂-bmWv A\ym-
b-amb Ad-Ãn¬\n-∂p≈ kzmX{¥yhpw. tZiob {]ÿm\w Gsd FXn¿Ø
due‰v \nb-a-Øn¬ Cu ASn-ÿm\ kzmX-{¥y-Øns‚ \ntj[w {]I-S-am-
bncp∂p. A\ym-ba - mb Ad-Ãn¬ \n∂p≈ kzmX-{¥yhpw a\- m-£n-°\ - p-k-
cn®v {]h¿Øn-°m-\p≈ kzmX-{¥yhpw t]mep≈ H´-\-h[n hy‡n kzmX-
{¥y-ßƒ DZmc Bi-b-hm-Z-Øns‚ `mK-am-Wv. CXns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬,
\ΩpsS `c-WL - S- \
- bv°v hfsc _rl-Ømb DZmc kz`m-ha - p-s≠∂v (Liberal
Character) ]d-bp-hm≥ \ap°v km[n-°pw. auen-Im-h-Im-i-ß-sf-°p-dn-®p≈
A≤ym-b-Øn¬ hy‡n-kzm-X-{¥y-Øn\v \ΩpsS `c-W-L-S\ F{X-b-[nIw
aqeyw I¬∏n-°p-∂p-sh∂v \mw I≠p Ign-™-Xm-Wv. C¥y-bpsS `c-W-L-
S\ \ne-hn¬ hcp-∂-Xn\pw 40 h¿j-ßƒ°p apºp-X-s∂, C¥y≥ \mj-W¬
tIm¨{K-kns‚ Hmtcm {]ta-b-ß-fnepw, ]≤-Xn-I-fnepw, _n√p-I-fnepw,
dnt∏m¿´p-If- nepw Hgn-hm-°m≥ km[n-°mØ apey-am-bn-Xs∂ hy‡n-bpsS Ah-
Im-iß- s
- f-°p-dn®v ]d-™n-cp-∂p-sh-∂Xv \mw Hm¿°-Ww.
Indian Constitution
at Work
kmaq-ly-\oXn
\ΩpsS `c-W-L-S\ DZm-c-hm-Z-Øn\v Du∂¬ \¬In-bn-cn-°p∂p F∂v \mw
]d-bp-tºmƒ AXv ¢mkn-°¬ ]m›mXy coXnbnep≈ DZm-c-hm-Z-am-sW∂v
A¿∞am°-cp-Xv. cmjvSo-b kn≤m-¥w (Political Theory) F∂ ]pkvX-I-
Øn¬ DZm-ch - mZw F∂ Bi-bs - Ø-°p-dn®v \nßƒ IqSp-X¬ ]Tn-°pw. kmaq-
ly-\o-Xn, kmap-Zm-bnI aqey-ßƒ (Community values) F∂-nhbv°p th≠n-
bp≈ Bh-iy-tØ-°mƒ hy‡n-I-fpsS Ah-Im-i-ßƒ°v ¢mkn-°¬ DZm-c-
hmZw ap≥Xq°w \¬Ip-∂p.
C¥y≥ `c-WL - S- \
- b
- nse DZm-ch - mZw ¢mkn-°¬ DZm-ch
- m-ZØ
- n¬ \n∂pw c≠v
Xc-Øn¬ hyXym-k-s∏-ń-cn-°p-∂p. H∂m-a-Xm-bn, C¥y≥ `c-W-L-S-\-bn¬
{]Xn-]m-Zn-®n-cn-°p∂ DZm-c-hmZw F√m-bv∏gpw kmaply \oXn-bp-ambn _‘-
s∏-ń-cn-°p-∂p. ]ń-IP - mXn ˛ ]ńI h¿K-ßƒ°v (Scheduled castes and Sched-
uled Tribes) kwh-c-W-ap-d∏p hcp-Øp-∂-Xn-\p≈ C¥y≥ `c-W-L-S-\-bnse
A\p-tO-Z-ßƒ CXns‚ DØ-tamZm-l-c-W-am-Wv. ImemIme-ß-fmbn Cu
P\hn`mKw A\p-`-hn-°p∂ A\o-Xn-Isf C√mbva sNøp-hm\pw Ah¿°p
\¬Inb thm´-hI - m-iØ - n\v icn-bmb A¿∞-ap-≠m-Ip-hm\pw ka-Xz-Øn-\p≈
Ah-Imiw \evIp-∂X - n-eqsS am{Xw Ign-bn-s√∂v `c-WL - S- \m inev]n-Iƒ hniz-
kn-®p. Ah-cpsS D∂-a\ - Ø
- n\pw Xm¬]-cy-ßƒ kwc-£n-°p-∂X - n\pw {]tXyI
`c-WL - S- \m hyh-ÿI - f - m-hiy-am-Wv. AXp-sIm≠v, ]ń-IP - mXn ˛ ]ń-Ih - ¿K-
ß-fpsS XmXv]-cy-ßƒ kwc-jn-°p-∂-Xn-te-°mbn \nba \n¿ΩmW k`-I-
fnse ko‰p-Ifn-te-°p≈ kwh-cWw Dƒs∏sS H´-\-h[n hyh-ÿ-Iƒ `c-W-
L-S\m inev]n-Iƒ `c-WL - S- \- b
- n-epƒs∏-SpØn. s]mXp taJem tPmen-If - n¬
Cu hn`m-Kß - ƒ°v `c-WL - S- \, Kh¨sa‚ v hgn kwh-cW - h - pw Dd-∏p-hc
- p-Øn.
sshhn-[y-ßs- fbpw \yq\-]£
- m-hI
- m-iß
- s
- fbpw
_lp-am-\n-°¬
hnhn[ kaq-Zm-b-ßƒ°n-S-bn¬ Xpey _lp-am-\sØ C¥y≥ `c-W-L-S\
t{]m¬km-ln-∏n-°p-∂p. CXv \ΩpsS cmPyØv Ffp-∏-a-√, CXns‚ H∂m-
asØ ImcWw kap-Zm-bß - ƒ XΩn¬ ka-Xz-tØm-Sp-Iq-Snb Hcp _‘w F√m-
bvt∏mgpw D≠m-bn-cn-°p-I-bn√, adn®v t{iWn-bn¬ A[n-jvTn-X-amb (Hierar-
chical) _‘-am-Wp-≈Xv. (PmXn k{ºZm-b-Øn-se-∂-t]m-se). c≠m-asØ
Imc-Ww, Cu kap-Zm-b-ßƒ ]c-kv]cw XpeyX AwKo-I-cn-°p-tºmƒX-s∂,
]c-kv]cw i{XpX-bn-ep-am-Ip∂p (aXk-ap-Zm-b-ß-fpsS Imcy-Øns\ t]mse)
\ne-\n¬°p∂ t{iWn-bn-e[ - n-jvSn-Xa
- mb kml-Nc - y-ßf
- n¬, As√-¶n¬ \ne-
252 \n¬°p∂
DZm-ca
i{Xp-X-bpsS ]›m-Ø-e-Øn¬ kap-Zm-b-ß-fpsS kao-] \ßƒ
- m-Ip-∂Xpw Ah¿°nS-bn¬ ]c-k] v c
- a
- p≈ Xpey-_l - p-am-\h
- psa∂ Nn¥
hf¿Øn-sb-Sp-°p-∂Xpw Fß-s\-sb-∂Xv `c-WL - S- \m inev]n-Isf kw_-

‘n-®S- t- Ømfw Hcp henb sh√p-hn-fn-bm-bn-cp-∂p.
253
Nne ]m›mNmXy DZmc `c-W-L-S-\-Iƒ sNøp∂Xp-t]m-se, kap-Zm-b-
ßsf Xs∂ AwKo-Ic - n-°m-Xn-cn-°p-Ib
- m-sW-¶n¬ Cu {]iv\sØ ]cnl-cn-
°p-I-sb-fp-∏-am-Wv. F∂m-enXv \ΩpsS cmPyØv A{]m-tbm-Kn-Ihpw A\-
`ne-j-Wo-b-hp-am-Wv. C¥y≥ P\X, kap-Zm-b-ß-tfmSv IqSp-X¬ ASp-∏w
ImWn-°p∂X√, CXn\p ImcWw temI-sØ-√m-bn-S-Øp-ap≈ hy‡n-Iƒ
GsX-¶n-epsamcp kmwkvIm-cnI kap-Zm-b-Øns‚ `mK-am-bn-cn-°pw. CØcw
kap-Zm-b-ßƒ°v AXnse AwK-ß-sf√mw ]¶p-h-bv°p∂ aqey-ßƒ, ]mc-
º-cy-ßƒ, BNm-c-ßƒ, `mj F∂n-h-bp-≠m-bn-cn-°pw. DZm-l-c-W-Øn-\v,
{^m≥kn-sebpw P¿Ω-\n-bn-sebpw Bfp-Iƒ Hcp {]tXyI `mjm kaq-l-
C¥y≥ DZm-c-hm-Z-Øn\v c≠p apJy-[m-cI -- ƒ D≠.v

BZy-[mc Bcw-`n-°p-∂Xv dmw taml≥ tdmbn-bn¬
\n∂m-Wv. At±lw hy‡n-If - psS Ah-Im-iß - ƒ°v,
{]tXy-In®v kv{XoIfpsS Ah-Im-i-ßƒ°v Du∂¬
\evIn. sI.kn. sk≥, PÃnkv dmW-sU, kzman
hnth-Im-\μ≥ XpS-ßn-b-h-cmWv C¥y≥ DZm-c-hm-Z-
Øns‚ c≠m-asØ [mc-bn-ep-≈-Xv. kmaqly \oXn-
bpsS Bflm-hns\ bmYm-ÿn-XnI lnμp-Xz-Øn-\p- kmaqly \oXn-sb-
°p-dn®v N¿®-sN-
≈n¬ Ah¿ ]cn-N-b-s∏-SpØn hnth-Im-\-μs‚ A`n-
øp-tºmƒ \n¿t±-
{]m-b-Øn¬ DZmc XXz-ß-fpsS A`m-h-Øn¬, lnμp
iI XXz- ß sf
kaq-lsØ \ho-I-cn-°p-I-sb-∂Xv Akm-[y-amWv ˛ \ap°v ad-°m-Xn-
sI.Fw. ]Wn-°¿, C≥ Un-^≥kv, Hm^v en_d-en- cn-°mw.
kw, t_mwt_, Gjym ]_vf-jnwKv lukv, 1962.
Øns‚ `mKhpw Ah¿ AXp-ambn CgpIn tN¿∂p-an-cn-°p-∂p. a‰p-≈-h-cn¬

\n∂v \ΩpsS cmPysØ hyXykvX-am-°p-∂Xv \mw kmaq-lnI apey-ßsf
AwKo-I-cn-°p∂p F∂p-≈-Xm-Wv. AXnepw {][m-\-am-bn, _lp kwkvIm-
cnI kap-Zm-bß
- ƒ D≈ Hcp {]tZ-ia- mWv C¥y. P¿a-\n-bn¬ \n∂pw {^m≥kn¬
\n∂pw hyXy-kvXa - mbn [mcmfw `mjm-]c - hpw aX-]c - h
- pamb kaq-lß - ƒ \ap-
°p-≠v. CØ-cs - amch-ÿb - n¬ Hcp kaq-Zmbw as‰mcp kap-Zm-bØ - ns‚ ta¬
B[n]Xyw ÿm]n-°p-∂n√ F∂p-d∏ - p-hc - p-tØ-≠Xv {][m-\a - m-Wv. CXp-sIm-
≠mWv kmap-Zm-bnI ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-ep≈ Ah-Im-i-ßsf AwKo-I-cn-°p-I-
sb-∂Xv \ΩpsS `c-WL - S- \ \n¿_-‘a - m-°n-bn-cn-°p-∂X - v.
Indian Constitution
at Work
aX-ka- p-Zm-bß- ƒ°v kz¥-ambn hnZym-`ymk ÿm]-\ß - ƒ ÿm]n-
°p-∂X - n\pw \S-Øn-s°m-≠p-t]m-Ip-∂X - n-\p-ap≈ Ah-Imiw CØ-
c-Øn-ep≈ Hcp Ah-Im-i-am-Wv. AØcw ÿm]\-ßƒ°v
Kh¨sa‚n¬ \n∂pw [\-k-lmbw kzoI-cn-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.
aXsØ hy‡n-bpsS kzImcy hnj-ba - m-b√ C¥y≥ `c-WL - S\
ImWp-∂s - X-∂mWv Cu hyh-ÿI - ƒ kqNn-∏n-°p-∂X - v.
atX-Xc - Xzw (Secularism)
aXsØ Hcp kzImcy hnj-ba - m-bn-´mWv atX-Xc cmjv{S-ßƒ Icp-
Xp-∂-Xv. AXm-bXv aX-Øn\v s]mXp-hmtbm HutZym-Kn-I-amtbm
AwKo-Imcw \¬Im≥ Cu cmjv{S-ßƒ Iq´m-°m-dn-√. C¥y≥
`c-W-L-S\ atX-X-c-a-s√-∂mtWm CXv A¿∞-am-°p-∂Xv? Hcn-
°-ep-a-√.. C¥y≥ `c-W-L-S\ BZyw "atX-Xcw' F∂ ]Zw D]-
tbm-Kn-®n-s√-¶nepw C¥y≥ `c-W-L-S\ F√m-bvt∏mgpw atX-X-c- Rm\m- c m- s W∂v Rms\-
t∏mgpw A¤p-X-s∏-Sp∂p
am-bn-cp-∂p. hy‡n kzmX-{¥yw, hy‡n-bpsS ]uc-Xzm-hI - m-iß
- ƒ
F\n°v [mcmfw hy‡n-Xz-
F∂o aqey-ßf - psS ]cnc-£W - Ø - n-\mbn aXhpw cmjv{Shpw XΩn- ß-fp-≠.v Fs‚ aX-]c- a
- mb
ep≈ ]c-k] v c _ln-jI v c- Ww F∂-XmWv apJy-[mc atX-XcXzw hy‡n-Xzw, Fs‚ `mjm-]-
AYhm ]m›mXy atX-Xc - Xzw A¿∞-am-°p-∂X - v. c-amb hy‡n-Xzw, F\n°v
Cu ImcysØ°pdn-®,v \nßƒ cmjv{Sob kn≤m-¥Ø - n¬ IqSp- Fs‚ amXr-]-´-W-hp-ambn
X-embn ]Tn-°pw. CXmWv "]c-kv]cw _ln-jvI-cWw' (Mutual _‘-ap-≠v, k¿tΔm-]-cn,
Exclusion) F∂ ]Zw A¿∞ am°p-∂X - v cmjv{Shpw aXhpw H∂v Rms\mcp hnZym¿∞n-bp-
as‰m-∂ns‚ B`y¥c Imcy-ßf - n¬ CS-s]-SmsX amdn-\n¬°-Ww. amWv.
aX-Øns‚ afi-e-Øn¬ cmjv{Sw CS-s]-S-cp-Xv, AXp-t]mse
Xs∂ cmjv{S-Øns‚ {]h¿Ø-\ß - f
- ntem \b-cq-]o-Ic - W- Ø- ntem
aXw Hcp t{]c-I-i-‡n-bm-I-cp-Xv. a‰p-hm-°p-I-fn¬ ]d-™m¬
]c-kv]c _ln-jvIc - Ww F∂m¬ aXhpw cmjv{Shpw \n¿_‘-
ambpw th¿Xn-cn-°s - ∏-ń-cn-°W - s - a-∂m-Wv.
F¥mWv Cu I¿i\ hn`-P-\-Øns‚ e£yw? hy‡n-I-fpsS
kzmX{¥yw kwc-£n-°p-∂X - n-\p-th-≠n-bm-Wn-Xv. kwL-SnX aX-
ßƒ°v klmbw \¬IpI hgn cmjv{S-ßƒ Ah t\c-sØ-bp-
≈-Xn-t\-°mƒ i‡n-bm¿Pn-°p-∂-Xn-\v klm-bn-°p-∂p. hy‡n-
I-fpsS aX-]-c-amb Pohn-XsØ \nb-{¥n-°m≥ aX kwL-S-\-I-
fm-cw-`n-°p-tºmƒ, Ah¿°v ssZh-hp-ambn GXp-Xc - Ø- n-ep≈ _‘-
amWv th≠-sX∂v \n¿t±-in-°p-tºmƒ, As√-¶n¬ Fßs\
{]m¿∞n-°-W-sa∂v \n¿t±-in-°p-tºmƒ, Xß-fpsS aX-kzm-X-
{¥ysØ kwc-£n-°p-hm≥ B[p-\nI cmjv{SsØ kao-]n-°p-hm≥
254 hy‡n-Iƒ°v km[n-°pw. Bb-Xn-\m¬, hy‡n-I-fpsS aX-kzm-
X{¥yw kwc-£n-°Wsa-¶n¬, cmjv{Sw aX-ÿm-]\ - ß
- sf klm-
bn-°-cp-Xv. AtX kabw Xs∂ aX-Imcy-ßƒ Fßns\ ssIImcyw

sNø-Ws - a∂v cmjv{Sw \n¿t±-in-°p-hm\pw ]mSn√. AØcw Imcy-ßƒ°v 255
aX-kzm-X-{¥ysØ XS- -s∏Sp-Øp-hm≥ Ign-bpw. Npcp-°-Øn¬ Hcp
cmjv{Sw aX-ÿm-]\ - ß- sf klm-bn-°p-Itbm Ah-bpsS {]h¿Ø-\ß - sf
XS- s- ∏-Sp-Øp-Itbm sNø-cp-Xv. ]Icw Ah¿ ]c-kv]c - s
- amcp Iø-Iew
]men®p \n¬°p-Ib - mWv sNtø-≠X - .v CXmWv \ne-\n¬°p∂ ]m›mXy
atX-Xc k¶¬∏w.
$ aX hn`m-K-ß-fpsS Ah-Im-i-ßƒ
Ch¿ Rßsf
cmjv{Sobkn≤m¥w H∂m-a-Xm-bn, ap≥]p kqNn-∏n-®-Xp-t]m-se, hy‡n-I-fpsS CS-bn¬
]Tn-∏n°m≥ XpS- kaXzw F{X-tØmfw Bh-iy-am-bn-cn-°p-∂pthm A{X-tØmfw Xs∂
ßntbm? kmap-Zm-bnI ka-Xzhpw Bhiy-am-sW∂v \ΩpsS `c-W-L-S-\m-in-
ev]n-Iƒ AwKo-Ic - n-®p. Hcp hy‡n-bpsS kzmX-{¥yhpw Bflm-`n-am-
\hpw Abm-fpsS kap-Zm-b-Øns‚ A¥- ns\ t\cn-´m{i-bn-®n-cn-
°p∂p F∂-Xm-Wn-Xns‚ Imc-Ww. Hcp kap-Zmbw as‰mcp kap-Zm-
b-Øns‚ Iogn-em-hp-tºmƒ AXnse AwK-ßƒ°pw Xmc-X-tay\
kzmX{¥yw Ipd-hm-bn-cn-°pw. adn®v F√m kap-Zm-b-ßfpw Xpey-sa-
¶n¬, Ah¿°n- S - b n¬ B[n- ] - X y- a n- s √- ¶ n¬ AXnse AwK-
ßƒs°√mw ]Z-hnbpw Bflm-`n-am-\hpw kzmX-{¥y-hpap-≠m-bn-cn°pw.
Aß-s\, C¥y≥ `c-W-L-S\ F√m aX-k-ap-Zm-b-ßƒ°pw kz¥-
ambn hnZym-`ymk ÿm\-]\ - ß
- ƒ XpS-ßp∂Xn\pw \S-Øn-s°m-≠p-
t]m-hp-∂-Xn-\p-ap≈ Ah-Im-i-ßƒ {]Zm\w sNøp-∂p. C¥y-bn¬
aX-kzm-X-{¥y-sa-∂-Xp-sIm≠v A¿∞-am-°p-∂Xv, hy‡n-I-fp-sSbpw
kap-Zm-bß
- f- p-sSbpw aX-kzm--{¥y-sa-∂m-Wv.
$ cmjv{S-Øns‚ CS-s]-Sp-hm-\p≈ A[n-Imcw
c≠m-aX - m-bn, C¥y-bn¬ aXhpw `c-WI - q-Shpw XΩn-ep≈ th¿Xn-cnhv
F∂-Xns‚ A¿∞w ]c-kv]c _ln-jvIc - W
- s - a-∂√
- . F¥p-sIm-≠m-
Wn-ßs\? ImcWw aX-Øns‚ AwKo-Im-ca - p≈ AbnØw t]mep≈
BNm-c-ßƒ hy‡n-bpsS A¥- n\pw Aflm-`n-am-\-Øn\pw £X-
ta¬∏n®n-´p-≠.v hfsc Bg-Øn¬ thcp-∂n-bXpw F√m-bn-SØpw hym]n-
®p-In-S∂
- n-cp-∂X - p-amb CØcw BNm-cß - sf \n¿Ωm¿÷\w sNø-W-
sa-¶n¬ cmjv{S-Øns‚ {Inbm-flI CS-s]-Se - p-Iƒ IqSntb Xocp. aX-
Øns‚ Imcy-Øn¬ CS-s]-S-Ww. CØcw CS-s]-S-ep-Iƒ F√m-
bvt∏mgpw \ntj-[m-flI - a - √
- . aX-ÿm-]\ - ß- ƒ \S-Øp∂ hnZym-`ymk
ÿm]-\ß - ƒ°v [\-kl - mbw \¬In cmjv{Sw Cu aX-ka - p-Zm-bß
- sf
klm-bn-t°-≠-Xp-≠v. Aß-s\, aX-ß-fpsS GXp Xc-Øn-ep≈
{]h¿Ø-ßf - mWv kzmX{¥yw, kaXzw XpS-ßnb aqey-ßsf ]cn-t]m-
£n-∏n-°p-∂s - X∂v a\- n-em-°n, AXns‚bSn-ÿm-\Ø - n¬ aX kap-
Zm-bß
- fpsS {]h¿Ø-\ß - sf klm-bn-°p-hmt\m XS-bp-hmt\m cmjv{S-
Indian Constitution
at Work
Øn\v Ign-bpw. C¥y-bn¬, aXhpw cmjv{Shpw XΩn-ep≈ hn`-P\w
F∂Xns‚ A¿∞w ]c-kv]cw _ln-jvIc - W
- s- a-∂√ adn®v c≠p Iqćpw
XΩn-ep≈ "XXzm-[n-jvTn-Xa - mb AI¬®' (Principled distance) s - b-∂mWv
AXn-ep-]-cn-bmbn Cu hn`-P\w Hcp k¶o¿Æ-amb Bi-b-am-Wv. F√m
aX-ßf - n¬ \n∂pw AIew ]men-°p-hmt\m adn®v aX-Im-cy-ßf - n¬ CS-s]-
Smt\m cmjv{SsØ CX-\p-h-Zn-°p-∂p. AXp sIm≠p Xs∂ aX-Øns‚
Imcy-Øn¬ CS-s]-Sp∂XmtWm CS-s]-Sm-Xn-cn-°p-∂X - mtWm kzmX{¥yw
kaXzw kmaq-ly-\oXn F∂n-hsb t{]m¬km-ln-∏n-°p-∂X - n\v klm-bI - -
c-sa∂v t\m°n CS-s]-Smt\m CS-s]-Sm-Xn-cn-°p-hmt\m B cm-jv{S-Øn\v
km[n-°pw.
\mw CXp-hsc \ΩpsS `cW LS-\b - psS aq∂v apJy-kh - n-ti-jX- I
- f - m-Wv ]cn-
tim-[n-®X
- v. Chsb \ΩpsS `c-WL - S- \ - b- psS t\´-ßf - mbpw \ap°v
ImWp-hm≥ km[n-°pw.
$ H∂m-aX - m-bn, \ΩpsS `c-WL - S- \ DZmc hy‡n-hm-ZØ - ns‚ cq]-
ßsf i‡n-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw ]p\¿ \n¿Ωn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p.
CsXmcp {][m\ t\´w Xs∂-bmW,v ImcWw kmaq-Zm-bnI aqey-
ßƒ ]e-t∏mgpw hy‡n-bpsS kzbw `c-Wm-hI - m-it- ØmSv \nkw-
K-Xtbm i{Xp-Xtbm ImWn-°p∂ kmaq-lnI ]›m-Ø-e-Øn-
emWv `c-WL - S- \ CXv sNbvXn-cn-°p-∂X - v.
$ c≠m-a-Xmbn hy‡n kzmX-{¥y-Øn\v bmsXmcp tIm´hpw
hcmsX kmaqly \oXn F∂ XXzw \ΩpsS `c-W-L-S\
aX- h p- a mbn _‘- s ∏´
Db¿Øn-∏n-Sn-°p-∂p. PmXn ASn-ÿm-\s - ∏-Sp-Øn-bp≈ A\p-Iq- Imcy- ß sf \nb- { ¥n- ° p-
em-flI \S-]Sn ]≤-Xn-I-tfm-Sp≈ \ΩpsS `c-W-L-S-\-bpsS hm≥ cmjv { S- Ø n\p Ign-
{]Xn-_-≤X ImWn-°p-∂Xv kmaqly \oXn Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øp-∂- bptam C√tbm F∂v F\n-
Xn¬ a‰p cmjv{S-ß-tf-°mƒ C¥y Gsd- ap-ºn-em-sW-∂mWv. °- d n- b m≥ B{K- l - a p- ≠ v .
Ata-cn-°b - n¬ A\p-Iq-em-flI \S-]Sn ]≤-Xn-Iƒ 1964 se ]uc- A√mØ ]£w bmsXmcp
hm-Imi {]ÿm-\-tØm-sSm-∏w, AXm-bXv CØcw ]≤-Xn-Iƒ aX-]c- n-jI v c
- W
- hpw D≠m-hp-
C¥y≥ `c-WL - S- \
- b
- n¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bX - n\p tijw GI-tZiw I-bn√
c≠p Zi-I-ßƒ Ign-™m-Wv, Bcw-`n-°p-∂Xv F∂p≈
hkvXpX B¿s°-¶nepw hnkvac - n-°p-hm≥ Ign-bptam?
$ aq∂m-a-Xm-bn, B¥-cnI ˛ h¿Kob kwL¿j-ßfpsS ]›m-Ø-e-Øn¬,
{Kq∏-h-Im-i-ß-tfm-Sp≈ {]Xn-_-≤X `c-W-L-S\ Db¿Øn-∏n-Sn-°p∂p.
\mep Zim-_vZ-ßƒ°p-tijw _lp kmwkvIm-cn-IX F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp∂
sh√p-hn-fnsb t\cn-Sp-hm≥ `c-WL - S- \m inev]n-Iƒ Xøm-dm-bn-cp∂p F∂m-
WnXv kqNn-∏n-°p-∂X - v.
km¿h-{XnI thm´-hI
- miw
256
`c-W-L-S-\-bpsS a‰p c≠v apJy khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ IqSn AXns‚ t\´-ambn
]cn-KW
- n-°mw. H∂m-aX- m-bn, km¿h-{XnI thm´-hI
- m-it- Øm-Sp≈ \ΩpsS `c-
W-L-S-\-bpsS {]Xn-_-‘X Hcp sNdnb t\´-a-√. {]tXy-In®v i‡-amb
P\m-[n-]Xyw \ne-\n-∂n-cp∂ ]m›mXy cmPy-ß-fn¬t∏mepw

hfscbSpØ Ime-ØmWv kv{XoIƒ°pw sXmgn-em-fn-Iƒ°pw 257
thm-´-h-Imiw \evInb-sX-∂n-cn-s°, Bg-Øn-ep-d®Xpw \o°w
sNøpI Akm-[y-sa∂p ]cs° hniz-kn®ncp-∂X - p-amb D®\o-N-
Xz-ßƒ \ne \n∂n-cp∂ C¥y-bn¬ km¿h-{XnI thm´-h-Imiw
apsº \S-∏m-°n-sb-∂Xv `c-WL - S- \- b
- psS henb t\´w Xs∂-bm-
Wv.
Hcp cmjv{S-sa∂ Bibw cmPysØ {]am-Wn-am-cpsS (Elite) CS-
bn¬ thcq-∂n-b-t∏mƒXs∂ P\m-[n-]Xy `c-W-Iq-S-sa∂ Bi-
bhpw AXns\ ]n¥p-S¿∂p-h∂ - p. Aßs\ kaq-lØ - nse F√m
AwK-ß-fp-sSbpw C—-bpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-ep≈ Hcp cmjv{Sob
hyh- ÿ sb C¥y≥ tZio- b X F√m- b v t ∏mgpw hn`m- h \w
sNbvXpt]m∂p. km¿h-{XnI thm´-hm-Im-is - a∂ Bibw C¥y≥
tZiobXbpsS apJy LS-I-ambn F√m-bvt∏m-gp-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.
"Hcp a\p-jy≥, Hcp thm´v C¥y-s°mcp `c-W-L-S\ Xøm-dm-Ip-hm-\p≈ BZy A\u-tZym-
F∂ XXzw X¿°- ß - f n- KnI {ia-am-bn-cp∂p C¥y≥ `c-WL - S- \m _n¬ (1895). GsXmcp
√msX AwKo-I-cn-°-s∏´p ]uc-\pw, AXm-bXv C¥y-bn¬ P\n-°p∂ GsXm-cmƒ°pw cmPy
F∂ hkvXpX A`n-am-\m- Imcy-ß-fn¬ ]s¶-Sp-°p-hm\pw k¿°m¿ ]Z-hn-Iƒ hln-°p-∂-
¿l-amb Hcp Imcy-am-Wv. Xn-\p-ap≈ Ah-Im-i-ap-s≠∂v Cu _n√ns‚ krjvSmhv {]kvXm-
a‰p ]e- c m- P y- ß - f nepw hn-®n-´p-≠v. 1928˛se tamØn-em¬ s\lvdp dnt∏m¿´pw ]uc-Xz-
kv { XoIƒ thm´- h - I m- i - Øns‚ Cu [mc-Wsb Bh¿Øn®p ÿncoI-cn-°p-∂p. 21 hb v
Øn\p th≠n t]m-cmtS≠n ]q¿Øn-bmb kv{Xo°pw ]pc-pj\pw {]Xn-\n[n k`-I-fn-te°v
h∂p F∂Xv kXy-at√? As√-¶n¬ ]m¿e-sa‚n-te°v thm´-hI - m-iØ- n\v A¿l-Xb - p-≠∂v
Cu dnt∏m¿´v Bh¿Øn®p {]Jym-]n-®p. Aß-s\, km¿h-{XnI
thm´-hI - m-isØ cmjv{S-Øns‚ C—sb icn-bmbn {]I-Sn-∏n-°p∂
G‰hpw {][m-\s - ∏-´Xpw \nb-am-\p-kr-Xh - p-amb am¿K-ambn hfsc
t\csØ apX¬ IW--°m-°s - ∏-Sp-∂p.
sÛ-d-enkw (Federalism)
c≠m-a-Xm-bn, PΩp-Im-ivao¿ (A\p-t-OZw 370) hS°p Ing-°≥
kwÿm-\ß - ƒ (A\p-t—Zw 371) F∂n-hs - b kw_-‘n® A\p-t-
O- Z - ß ƒ Ah- X - c n--∏ n- ° p- ∂ - X n- e qsS `mKnI sÛ- d - e nkw
(Assymmetric Fedralism) F∂ hfsc {][m-\s - ∏´ Hcm-ib
- a
- mWv
C¥y≥ `c-WLS\ Dt±-in-°p-∂-Xv. Hcp i‡-amb tI{μ
Kh¨sa‚ns\ `c-WL - S- \ kqjvSn-®p-s≠∂v sÛ-de - nkw F∂
A≤ym-b-Øn¬ \mw I≠p. F∂m¬, C¥y≥ `c-W-L-S-\bv°v
Cu GIm-bØ ]£-]mXw (Unitary Bias) D≠m-bn´pw Htc sÛ-
td-j-\nse hyXykvX kwÿm-\-ß-fpsS \nb-a-]-c-amb ]Z-hn-
bnepw khn-ti-jm-[n-Im-c-ß-fnepw `c-W-L-S-\-bn¬ Dƒt®¿Ø
Indian Constitution
at Work
km[m-c-W-°m-cn-ep≈ henb hnizm-kw,

P\m- [ n- ] Xy `c- W- Ø ns‚ BXy-- ¥ nI
hnPbw, {]mb-]q¿Øn thm´-hI - m-iØ- ns‚
ASn-- ÿ - m- \- Ø n- e p≈ P-- \ m-- [ n-- ] Xy
Kh¨sa‚ns‚ cq]o-Ic - Ww, A`n-hr-≤n-bp-
≠m--°p-sa∂ ]q¿Æ hnizmkw F∂n-hb - psS
ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-emWv {]mb-]q¿Øn thm´-
h- I m--i- s- a∂ XXzsØ `c- W - L - S - \ m-
\n¿ΩmW kanXn kzoI-cn-®-Xv.
A√Sn IrjvW-kzman Aø¿, CAD, Vol XI P. 835, 23 Nov. 1949.
hyXym-k-ß-fp-≠v. Ata-cn-°≥ sÛ-d-en-k-Øn¬ \n∂v hyXy-kvX-

amWv C¥y≥ sÛd-enkw. C¥y≥ sÛtd-j-\nse Nne {]tZ-i-
ß-fpsS {]tXyI Bhiy-ßsf \nd-th-‰p-∂X - n-te-°mbn B {]tZ-iß - -
fp-ambn Hcp hninjvS _‘w As√-¶n¬ Aß-s\-bp≈ {]tZ-iß - ƒ°p
{]tXyI ]Zhn \evIp-hm≥ BZyta Xs∂ `c-WL - S- \m \n¿amW kanXn
Xocp-am-\n-®p. DZm-lc - W - Ø
- n-\v, `c-WL
- S- \
- b- psS 370 A\p-tO - Z {]Imcw
kzbw `c-Wm-hI - miw kwc-£n-°m-sa∂ Dd-∏ns‚ ASn-ÿm-\Ø - n-emWv
PΩp-Im-ivao-cns‚ C¥y≥ bqWn-b-\n-te-°p≈ {]th-i-\w. kz¥w `c-
W-LS- \ - b - m¬ `cn-°s - ∏-Sp∂ C¥y-bnse GI kwÿm-\a - m-Wn-X.v AXp-
t]mse 371 A A\p-tO - Z {]Imcw hS-°p-In-g° - ≥ kwÿm-\a - mb \mKm-
em‚n\pw {]tXyI ]Zhn e`n-®p. \mKm-em‚n¬ apºv \ne-\n-∂n-cp∂
\nb-aß - ƒ°v AwKo-Imcw \¬Ip-sa∂pw IpSn-tb‰w \nb-{¥n®v B P\-
X-bpsS Xt±-inb hy‡nXzw kwc-£n-°p-sa∂pw Dd∏p \¬Ip∂p. a‰p
]e kwÿm-\-ßfpw CØ-c-Øn-ep≈ {]tXyI hyh-ÿ-I-fpsS KpW-
t`m-‡m-°-fm-Wv. C¥y≥ `c-W-L-S\ {]Imcw CØcw hyXykvX ]cn-
K-W\ - I- ƒ \evIp-∂X - n¬ sXs‰m-∂p-an-√.
`c-W-L-S-\-bn¬ FgpXn h®n-ń-s√-¶nepw C¥y Cs∂mcp _lp-`mjm
sÛ-td-j-\m-Wv. {][m\ `mjm {Kq∏p-I-sf-sb√mw cmjv{So-b-ambn
AwKo-Ic - n-°p-Ibpw F√m-hs - cbpw Xpey-ambn IW-°m-°p-Ibpw sNøp-
∂p. Aßs\ C¥y-bpsS P\m-[n-]Xy ˛ `mjm sÛ-d-enkw sFIy-
hm-Zß- s - fbpw kwkvIm-cnI sshhn-[y-ßf - psS AwKo-Im-cØ - n-\p-th-≠n-
bp≈ hmZ-ß-sfbpw ka-\zbn-∏n-®p. ]c-kv]c ]qc-I-ß-fmb hnhn[
kzXzß-fpsS {]h¿Ø-\sØ A\p-hZ- n-°p∂ i‡-amb Hcp cmjv{Sob
258 t]m¿°fw \ne-hn-ep-≠v.
tZiob kzXzw (National Identity)

259
Aßs\ `c-W-L-S\ Hcp s]mXp tZiob kzXzsØ \nc-¥-c-ambn _e-
s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p. tZiob kzXz-tØm-sSm-∏w. {]mtZ-inI kzXz-ßs - fbpw \ne-
\n¿Øp-hm≥ Fß-s\-bmWv C¥y {ian-°p-∂-sX∂v sÛ-d-enkw F∂
A≤ym-b-Øn¬ \mw ]Tn-®n-´p-≠v. Cu t]mXp-hmb tZiob kzXzw hnhn[
`mjm kzXz-ßt- fmSpw aX kzXz-ßt- fmSpw tN¿®-bn-√m-ØX - √ F∂v ta¬]-
d-™n-cn-°p-∂X - n¬ \n∂pw hy‡-am-W.v C¥y≥ `c-WL - S- \ Cu hyXykvX
kzXz-ßsf k¥p-en-X-am-°p-hm≥ {ian-®p. F∂n-cp-∂m-epw, Nne kml-N-
cy-ß-fn¬ s]mXp kzXz-Øn\v `c-W-L-S\ ap≥K-W\ \¬Ip-∂p. `c-W-
F\n°v CjvS- L-S\ \ncm-Ic - n® aXm-[n-jT
v nX {]tXyI \ntbm-PIafi-eß - ƒ F∂ k{º-
s∏´p! \ΩpsS
`c-WL - S- \ A\p-
Zm-b-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ kwhm-Z-ß-fn¬ CXv hy‡-am°nbn´p-≈-Xm-Wv.
I- c - W - a m- s W∂v hyXykvX aX kap-Zm-bß - ƒ°n-Sb - n¬ kv]¿≤ hf-cp-sa-∂X - p-sImt≠m AX-
BcmWv ]d- s√-¶n¬ tZiob sFIysØ Xmdp-am-dm-°p-sa-∂-Xp-sImt≠m A√ aXm-[n-
™Xv? F√m jvTnX {]tXyI \ntbm-PI afi-e-ßƒ F∂ k{º-Zmbw \ncm-I-cn-°-s∏-
"IS-sa-SpØ' Z¿i- ´X.v adn-®v AXv Btcm-Ky-]c - a
- mb tZiob Pohn-XsØ A]-IS- s - ∏-Sp-Øp-sa-
\- ß - f nepw \mw ∂-Xn\memWv. _e-{]-tbm-K-Øn-eqsS sFIyw ÿm]n-°p-∂-Xn-\p-]-Icw
\ΩpsS kz¥-
amb Hcp ap{Z ]Xn- tUm. Awt_-ZvI-dpsS lrZ-b-e-£y-am-bn-cp∂ kmtlm-Z-cy-sa∂ Bi-b-
∏n-®p-´p-≠v. Øns‚ ÿm]-\Ø - n-\m-bmWv \ΩpsS `c-aL - S- \ {ian-®X
- v. k¿Zm¿ ]t´¬
]d-™-Xp-t]m-se, "GI-k-aql' cq]o-I-c-W-am-bn-cp∂p `c-W-L-S-\-bpsS
e£yw.
{]h¿Ø\ kw_-‘-amb t\´-ßƒ (Procedural Achievments)
Cu A©p {][m\ khn-ti-jX - I
- ƒ Hcp {]am-Ws - a∂ \ne-bn-ep≈ `c-W-
L-S-\-bpsS t\´-ß-fmbn hnti-jn-∏n°-s∏-Sp-∂p. F∂n-cp-∂mepw CXn-\p-
]p-dsa {]h¿Ø\ kw_-‘-amb Nne t\´-ßƒIqSn C¥y≥ `c-W-L-S-\-
bv°p-≠v.
$ H∂m-a-Xmbn C¥y≥ `c-W-L-S\ cmjv{Sob N¿®Ifn-ep≈ hnizm-kw
{]Xn-^-en-∏n-°p-∂p. `c-W-L-S\m \n¿amW kanXn-bn¬ ]e {Kq∏p-
Iƒ°pw Xmev]-cy-ßƒ°pw th≠{X {]mXn-\n[yw e`n-®n√ F∂Xv
\ap-°d- n-bmw. F∂m¬, `c-WL - S- \
- m-in-ev]n-Iƒ Ign-bp-∂{X Imcy-ß-
ƒ Ah-cpsS kao-]\ - ß
- f
- n¬ Dƒt®¿°-Ws - a∂v B{K-ln®p F∂mWv
`c-WL- S- \ \n¿ΩmW ka-nXn-bnse kwhm-Zß - ƒ kqNn-∏n-°p-∂X - .v \ne-
hn-ep≈ ap≥K-W-\-Isf hy‡-amb Imc-W-ß-fp-s≠-¶n¬ ]pXp-°p-
hm≥ P\-ßƒ Xøm-dm-bn-cp∂p F∂-XmWv Cu Xpd∂ kao-]\w kqNn-
∏n-°p-∂X - v. Npcp-°Ø - n¬, hy‡nXmev]c - y-ßf - psS ASn-ÿm-\Ø - n-e√
adn®v Nne hy‡-amb Imc-W-ß-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-emWv Xocp-am-\-
ßƒ ssIs°m-≠s - X∂v CXv kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p. hntbm-Pn-∏p-If - n-sebpw
Indian Constitution
at Work
F∂m¬ `mhn-bn¬, `qcn-]£w,

\yq\-]-£w, F∂n-ßs\ Cu
cmPy- Ø p≈ hyXym- k - ß sf
F√m-hcpw ad-°p-hm\pw AXm-
bXv C¥y-bn¬ Hcp H‰ kaq-
lw....
k¿Zm¿ ]t´¬, CAD, Vol. VIII, P. 272, 25 May 1949.
FXn-c`- n-{]m-bß- f- n-sebpw {Inbm-flI aqey-ßsf AwKo-Ic - n-°p-hm-\p≈

a\ v `c-WL - S- \m inev]n-Iƒ°p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂pw CXv kqNn∏n-°p-
∂p.
$ c≠m-a-Xm-bn, `c-W-L-S\ ho´p-ho-gvN-bp-sSbpw Dƒs°m-≈-en-s‚bpw
Aflm-hns\ {]Xn-^-en-∏n-°p-∂p. hn´p-ho-gvN, Dƒs°m-≈¬ F∂o hm°p-
Iƒ Ft∏mgpw hnk-Ω-X-Øns‚ `mK-ambn ImW-cp-Xv. F√m hn´p-ho-gvN-
Ifpw tami-am-b-X-√. apey-ap≈ F¥n-s\-sb-¶nepw kzm¿∞-Xm-ev]-cy-
ßƒ°p-th-≠n _en-I-gn-s®-¶n¬, kz`m-hn-I-ambn \Ωƒ sX‰mbXc-Øn¬
ho´p-hogvN sNbvXn-´p-≠.v F∂m¬, Cu aqeysØ kwc-£n-°p-∂X - n-\p-th≠n
as‰m-cp- aq-eysØ `mKn-I-ambn _en-I-gn-t°-≠-Xn-s\, {]tXy-In®v ka≥am-
cm-b-h-cpsS Xpd∂ N¿®-bn-epsS Dcp-Øn-cn-™p-h∂ hn´q-ho-gvN-bpsS ASn-
ÿm-\-Øn-ep≈Xns\, FXn¿°p-hm-\m-In-√. F√m aqey-ß-sfbpw ]q¿Æ-
ambn Dƒs°m-≈n-°p-∂X - n¬ \ΩpsS `c-WL - S- \
- m-in-ev]n-Iƒ°m-bn√ F∂p
\ap°v hne-]n-°m≥ km[n-°pw. F∂m¬ F√m {][m-\s - ∏´ aqey-ßf - p-sSbpw
Ipsd-sb-¶nepw hi-ßƒ `c-WL - S- \- b
- n¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bX - n\v `c-WL - S- \m
inev]n-Iƒ [m¿ΩnI A`n-\-μ\w A¿ln-°p-∂p. IqSmsX {][m\ hnj-b-
ßsf kw_-‘n® Xocp-am-\s - a-Sp-°m≥ thms´-Sp-∏n\p ]Icw ka-hmbw F∂
Bi-bt- Øm-Sp≈ `c-WL - S- \
- m-in-e] v n-If
- psS {]Xn-_≤ - X [m¿an-Ia - mbn A`n-
\-μ\w A¿ln-°p-∂p.
hna¿i-\ß
- ƒ
C¥y≥ `c-W-L-S\ [mcmfw hna¿i-\-ßƒ°p hnt[-b-am-sW-¶nepw AXn-
se aqs∂Æw Npcp°n {]Xn-]m-Zn-°mw. H∂m-a-Xm-bn AXv HXp-°-an-√m-Ø-
Xm-W,v c≠m-aX - m-bn AXv {]mXn-\n-[y-an-√m-ØX
- mWv aq∂v, AXv \ΩpsS kml-
260 N-
c y-
ß f
- p-
a mbn s]mcp-Ø s
- ∏-
S p-
∂ X
- √
- .
Hcp cmPy-Øns‚ apgp-h≥ `c-WL - S- \- bpw HXpßnb H‰ {]am-W-

Øn-\p-≈n-em-bn-cn-°p-Ws - a∂ k¶-ev]Ø - ns‚ ASn-ÿm-\Ø - n-ep-≈X - mWv 261
C¥y≥ `c-WL - S- \ HXp-°a - n-√m-Xm-sW∂ hna¿i-\w. F∂m¬, Ata-cn-
°-t∏m-ep≈ HXp-ßnb `c-WL - S- \ - b
- p≈ cmPy-ßf - psS Imcy-Øn¬t∏mepw
CXv kXy-a√ - . bYm¿∞-Øn¬ Hcp cmPy-Øns‚ `c-WL - S- \ Xncn-®d - n-b-
s∏-tS-≠Xv Hcp HXp-°-ap≈ {]am-Whpw `c-W-L-S\m ]Z-hn-bp≈ a‰v
Fgp-X-s∏´ {]am-W-ßfpw tN¿∂m-Wv. AXm-b-Xv, HXp-°-ap≈ H‰ {]am-
`c- W - L - S - \ - W
- Ø- n\p shfn-bn-embn {][m-\s - ∏´ `c-WL - S- \m {]kvXm-h\ - I
- fpw {]tbm-
b p s S K-ßfpw ImWp-hm≥ km[n-°pw. F∂m¬ C¥y-bpsS Imcy-Øn¬, CØ-
ÿ m ] \ c-Øn-ep≈ hni-Zmw-i-ßƒ, {]tbm-K-ßƒ {]kvXm-h-\-Iƒ F∂nh Hcp
cq]- t c- J - b n- {]am-WØ - n¬ Xs∂ Dƒs°m-≈n-®n-cn-°p-∂p. Cu Imc-WØ - m¬ C¥y≥
ep≈ hn´p-
ho- g v N Isf `c-WL - S- \ Ipd-®[ - nIw hep-∏a - p-≈X - mbn Xo¿∂p. DZm-lc - W- Ø - n-\,v sXc-
Rm≥ a\- n- s™-Sp∏v IΩn-j≥, knhn¬ k¿Δokv IΩo-j≥ F∂n-hsb kw_-‘n®
em-°p-∂p, hIp-∏p-Iƒ ]e-cm-Py-ßf - nepw `c-WL - S- \ F∂ {]am-WØ - n-\p-≈n¬ C√.
F∂m¬ ]c- F∂m¬ C¥y-bn¬ Cu hI Imcy-ßs - f√mw `c-WL - S- \m {]am-WØ - m¬
kv ] c hncp- Xs∂ ssIImcyw sNø-s∏-Sp-∂p.
≤-amb XXz-
ßsf Fß
`c-W-L-S-\sb kw_-‘n® c≠m-asØ hna¿i\w AXv {]mXn-\n-[y-an-
s\ `c-W-L- √m-ØXm-sW-∂m-W.v `c-WL - S\m \n¿ΩmW kanXn Fß-s\-bmWv cq]o-
S-\-bn¬ I-cn-°-s∏-´-sX∂v \nßƒ Hm¿°p-∂pt≠m? A°m-eØv {]mb-]q¿Øn
Dƒs°m-≈n- thm´-hI - miw A\p-hZ- n-®n-cp-∂n-s√∂v am{X-a√ `c-WL - S- \m \n¿amW kan-
°p-hm≥ Xn-bn-te°v Xnc-s™-Sp-°s - ∏-´h - c - n¬ `qcn-]£- AwK-ßfpw kaq-lØ - nse
Ignbpw? apt∂m° hn`m-Kß - f - n¬s∏´-hc - m-bn-cp-∂p. Cu Imcyw \ΩpsS `c-WL - S- -
\sb {]mXn-\n-[y-an-√m-ØXv B°p-∂pt≠m?
ChnsS {]mXn-\n-[y-Øns‚ c≠p LS-Iß - sf \mw th¿Xn-cn-°Ww
˛ H∂v "kzc-' (voice) sa∂pw at‰-Xv "A`n-{]mb--sa∂pw hnfn-°-s∏-Sp-∂p.
{]mXn-\n-[y-Øns‚ "kzc' sa∂ LSIw {][m-\s - ∏´XmWv. P\-ßƒ AwKo-
I-cn-°-s∏-tS-≠Xv Ah-cpsS {]am-Wn-am-cpsS `mj-bn-e√ adn®v Ah-cpsS
kz¥w `mj-bnepw AYhm kzc-Øn-ep-am-Wv. Cu ]d-™-Xns‚ ASn-
ÿm-\-Øn¬ \mw `c-W-L-S-\sb t\m°p-I-bm-sW-¶n¬ Xo¿®-bmbpw
\ΩpsS `c-W-L-S\ {]mXn-\n-[y-an-√m-ØXm-Wv. Imc-Ww, `c-W-L-S\m
\n¿amW kan-Xn-bn-te°v AwK-ßsf Xnc-s™-Sp-ØXv km¿h-{XnI thm´-
h-Im-i-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-e√ adn®v \nb{¥nX thm´-h-Im-i-Øn-eq-
sS-bm-Wv. F∂m¬ {]mXn-\n-[y-Øns‚ c≠m-asØ LSIw \mw ]cn-tim-
[n-°p-tºmƒ `c-WL - S- \-bv°v {]mXn-\n-[y-an-√mbva ImWp-hm≥ km[n-°n-
√. `c-W-L-S\m \n¿ΩmW kan-Xn-bn¬ F√m-tIm-Wp-I-fn¬ \n∂p-ap≈
A`n-{]m-b-ßƒ°pw {]mXn-\n[y-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂p F∂p≈ Ah-Im-i-hmZw
AXn-itbm-‡n-bm-sW-¶nepw Cu Ah-Im-ih - mZw `mKn-Ia - m-sb-¶nepw icn-
bm-Wv. `c-W-L-S\m \n¿ΩmW kan-Xn-bn¬ \S∂ kwhm-Z-ß-sf-°p-dn®v
\mw hmbn-°p-I-bm-sW-¶n¬ hnim-e-amb A`n-{]m-b-ßfpw hnj-b-ßfpw
Indian Constitution
at Work
AXn¬ \ap°v ImWp-hm≥ km[n-°pw. `c-WL - S- \m \n¿amW kan-Xn-bnse
AwK-ßƒ Db¿Ønb hnj-bß - ƒ Ah-cpsS hy‡n-]c - a
- mb kmaq-lnI DXvI-
WvTI- f - psS ASn-ÿm-\Ø - n¬ am{X-am-bn-cp- ∂n√ adn®v hnhn[ kmaq-lnI hn`m-
K-ßf - psS Xm¬]-cy-ßfpw Bi-¶I - fpw ASn-ÿm-\a - m°n IqSn-bm-bn-cp-∂p.
GsXmcp sNdnb ]´-W-Øn-s‚bpw tI{μ-`m-KØv `c-W-L-S-\-bpsS ]I¿∏v
ssIbn-te¥n \n¬°p∂ tUm. Awt_-ZvIdpsS {]Xna ImWm-sa-∂Xv bmZr-
›n-Ia - mtWm? At±-lØ - n-\p≈ {i≤mRvPen-°∏ - pdw CXv kqNn-∏n-°p-∂Xv,
`c-W-L-S\ ZfnXv P\-hn-`m-K-ß-fpsS ]e A`n-em-j-ß-sfbpw {]Xn-^-en-
∏n°p∂p F∂ B P\-hn-`m-KØ - ns‚ tXm∂-en-s\-bm-Wv.
]m›mXy `c-WL - S- \
- I
- f- n¬ \n∂v A\p-tO - Z- ß
- ƒ Hs∂m-∂mbn IS-sa-Sp-Ø,
C¥y≥ P\-Xb - psS kwkvIm-cnI [m¿ΩnIXbp-ambn _‘-an-√m-Ø, Xo¿Øpw
sshtZ-in-Ia - mb Hcp {]amWamWv C¥y≥ `c-WL - S- \ F∂-XmWv Ah-km\
hna¿i-\w. Cu Btcm-]Ww ]e Bfp-Ifpw ]e-t∏mgpw D∂-bn-®n-´p-≠v. `c-
W-L-S\m \n¿ΩmW kan-Xn-bn¬t∏mepw Cu DXvI-WvTsb {]I-Sn--∏n-°p∂
Nne i_vZß - ƒ Db¿∂n-´p-≠v.
Cu Btcm-]Ww F{X-am{Xw kXy-amWv?
C¥y≥ `c-W--- L-S\ B[p-\n-Ihpw `mKn---I-ambn ]m›m-Xy-hp-am-sW-∂p-≈Xv
kXy-am-Wv. H∂mw A-[ym-b-Øn¬ \mw ]ń-I-s∏Sp-Ønb \ΩpsS `c-W-
LS\ "ISsa-SpØ' Dd-hn-Sß - s--f°pdn®v \nßƒ --- Hm¿°p-∂pt≠m? F∂m¬
CsXmcp A‘-amb IS-sa-Sp-°¬ A√m-bn-cp-s∂∂pw AtX A≤ym-bØ - n¬
\nßƒ I≠p. CXv \qX-\-amb IS-sa-- -Sp-°-em-bn-cp-∂p. IqSm-sX, Cu IS--sa-
Sp∏v Hcn-°epw C¥y≥ `c-W-L-S-\sb ]q¿Æambpw sshtZ-inI kz`m-h-ap-
≈-Xm-°bn√ F∂ Imcyw \mw ImWp-hm≥ t]mIp-I-bm-Wv.
H∂m-a-Xm-bn, ]e C¥y-°mcpw B[p-\nI Nn¥m-co-Xn-Isf kzoI-cn-
°p-Ia - m-{X-a√ - sNbvX - Xv adn®v Ahsb Ah-cpsS kz¥-am-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.
kz¥w ]mc-º-cy-Ønse ]pgp-°p-Øp-Iƒs°-Xn-sc-bp≈ FXn¿∏ns‚ Hcp
cq]-sa∂ \ne-bn-emWv ]m›m-Xy-h¬°-c-WsØ Ah¿ I≠-Xv. dmw
taml≥ tdmbn Bcw-`n® Cu {]h-WX Zfn-X¿ C∂pw XpS-cp-∂p. hmkvXh - -
Øn¬ 1841 ¬ Xs∂, hSs° C¥y-bnse Zfn-X¿ ]pXn-bX - mbn D≠mb \nba Xo¿®- b mbpw!
CXt√ \mw
hyh-ÿsb `bw-Iq-SmsX D]-tbm-Kn-°p-Ibpw Ah-cpsS P∑n-am¿s°-Xnsc H∂m- a - ≤ ym- b -
hyh-lm-cß - ƒ \S-Øp-Ibpw sNbvXp F∂p ImWmw. AXn-\m-¬, Xß-fpsS Øn¬ ]Tn-®Xv?
A`n-am-\s - Øbpw \oXn-sbbpw kw_-‘n® tNmZy-ßsf t\cn-Sp-hm-\mbn `c- kaq-l-Ønse
W-L-S-\-sb∂ B[p-\nI \nb-a-Øns‚ ]pXnb tcJsb P\-ßƒ ê-{]-Z- F√m hn`m- K -
ambn Gs‰-SpØp F∂v ]d-bmw. ßƒ°pw `c-
W-L-S-\-bp-
c≠m-aX - m-bn, ]m›mXy A[p-\n-IX, Xt±-inb kwkvIm-cß - f
- p-ambn CS- ambn tN¿∂p-
]-gIn XpS-ß-nb-t∏mƒ {Inbm-flI A\p-cq-]o-I-c-W-Øn-eqsS k¶-c-kw- t]m-Ip-hm≥
262 kvImcw t]mse Ft¥m H∂v Bhn¿`-hn-°p-hm≥ XpS-ßn. Cu ]pXnb X° km[p-
k¶c kwkvImcw ]m›mXy B[p-\n-IX - b - n¬ \n∂pw Xt±-inb kwkvIm-c- hmb Hcp
ImcWw Ds≠-
∂Xv?
ß-fn¬ \n∂pw hn`n-∂-am-bn-cp-∂p. ]m›mXy B[p-\n-I-X-sbbpw Xt±-inb

]mc-ºcy kwkvIm-c-ß-sfbpw ]pd-¥-≈nb Cu ]pXnb {]Xn-`m-k-Øn\v 263
as‰m-cp-Xcw _Z¬ B[n-\p-IX - b
- psS kz`m-ha - p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. kz¥w `qX-Ime
BNm-c-ß-fn¬ \n∂v sI´p-s]m-ń®v ]pdØp NmSp-∂-Xn-\p-th-≠nbpw AXp-
t]mse Xs∂ Ah-cp-sS-ta¬ ASn-t®¬∏n-°s - ∏´ Hcp {]tXy-IX - cw ]m›mXy
B[p-\n-IX - b
- n¬ \n∂v tamN\w t\Sp-∂X- n-\p-th-≠nbpw ]m›mtXyXc kaq-
l-ßƒ {ian-®-t∏mƒ CØcw kaq-l-ß-fn¬ hyXykvX B[p-\n-I-X-Iƒ
Db¿∂v h∂p. CØ-c-Øn¬, \ΩpsS `c-W-L-S-\sb FgpXn Xøm-dm-°n-b-
t∏mƒ, ]m›mXy aqey-ß-sfbpw ]c-º-cm-KX C¥y≥ aqey-ß-sfbpw ka-
\z-bn-∏n-°p-hm-\mWv {ia-ßƒ \S-Øn-b-Xv. CsXmcp IS-sa-Sp-∏m-bn-cp-∂n√,
adn®v XnI®pw kq£n®p≈ A\p-cq-]o-I-cW {]{Inb Bbn-cp-∂p.
]cn-an-Xn-Iƒ
"\ap°v hoW-bp-sStbm knØm-dn-s‚tbm kwKo-Xa - m-bn-cp∂p

th≠n-bn-cp-∂-sX-¶nepw \ap-°n-hnsS e`n-®n-cn-°p-∂Xv Hcp
Cw•ojv hmZy-am-Wv. AXn-\p-Im-cWw \ΩpsS `c-W-L-S\m
inev]n-Iƒ Aß-s\-bmWv ]Tn-®n-´p-≈-Xv..... \n w-i-b-ambpw
Cu coXn-bn-ep≈ Hcp `c-WL - S- \ Xs∂-bmWv alm-flm- Km‘n
B{K-ln-°m-Xn-cp-∂Xpw Btem-Nn-°m-Xn-cp-∂Xpw''
sI. l\p-a¥
- ø - m, CAD, Vol. XI, pp 616 - 617, 17 \hw-_¿ 1949.
C¥y≥ `c-WL - S- \ XnI-™Xpw Ip‰-a‰- X - p-amb Hcp {]am-Wa

- m-sW∂v ÿm]n-
°p-hm≥ th≠n-b√ CsX√mw ]d-™-Xv. \ne-\n-∂n-cp∂ kmaqly kml-N-
cy-ß-fpsS \S-phn¬ krjvSn-°-s∏´ `c-W-L-S-\-bv°p-≈n¬ [mcmfw hnhmZ
hnj-bß- ƒ D≠m-hp-Is - b-∂Xv kz`m-hn-Ia - m-Wv. AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂ ]e- ta-
J-e-I-fnepw {i≤m-]q¿Δ-amb ]p\-cm-tem-N\ Bh-iy-am-Wv. `cWLS-\-
bpsS ]e khn-ti-j-X-Ifpw cq]-s∏-´Xv B Ime-L-´-Øns‚ ASn-b-¥c
Bh-iy-ßƒ \nd-th-‰p-∂-Xn\p th≠n-bm-bn-cp-∂p. F∂n-cp-∂m-epw, Cu `c-
W-L-S-\bv°v [mcmfw ]cn-an-Xn-I-fp-s≠∂ Imcyw \mw AwKo-I-cn-°-Ww.
`c-WL- S- \
- b
- psS ]cn-an-Xn-Is- f-°p-dn®v \ap°v Npcp°n {]Xn-]m-Zn-°mw.
$ H∂m-a-Xm-bn, tZiob sFIy-sa∂ Hcp tI{μo-IrX Bibw \ΩpsS
`c-WL - S- \
- b- v°p-≠v.
$ c≠m-aX - m-bn, enwK-\o-Xn- t]m-ep-≈, {]tXy-In®v IpSpw-_Ø - n-\I
- Ø
- p≈
Nne {][m\ {]iv\-ßsf `c-W-L-S\ \ncm-I-cn-®-Xmbn ImWp-∂p.
Indian Constitution
at Work
$ aq∂m-a-Xm-bn, Hcp Zcn{Z hnI-kzc cmPy-Øn¬, Nne ASn-ÿm\ kmaq-
lnI kmº-ØnI Ah-Im-i-ßƒ \ΩpsS auenI Ah-Im-i-ß-fpsS
`mKa°msX \n¿t±-iI XXz-ß-fn¬ am{Xw Dƒs∏-SpØn Xcw XmgvØn-
bXv F¥p-sIm-s≠∂v hy‡-a-√.
Cu ]cn-an-Xn-Iƒ°v DØcw \evIp-I, CsXsß\ kw`-hn®p F∂v hni-
Zo-Ic
- n-°p-I, Cu ]cn-an-Xn-Iƒ adn-IS- °
- p-∂X
- n-\p≈ ]cn-lm-cß
- ƒ \n¿t±-
in-°pI F∂nhsb√mw km[y-am-Wv. F∂m¬ AX√ \ΩpsS D∂w.
\ΩpsS `c-W-L-S-\-bpsS XXz-im-kv{XsØ A]-I-S-Øn-em-°p-hm≥
X° Kuc-h-X-c-a√ Cu ]cn-an-Xn-I-sfm∂pw F∂mWv \mw hmZn-°p-∂-
Xv.
D]-kw-lmcw
ap≥ A≤ym-b-Øn¬ `c-W-L-S-\sb Hcp Poh-\p≈ {]am-W-ambn
\mw hnh-cn-®p. Cu A[ym-b-Øn¬ \mw ]Tn® `c-W-L-S-\-bpsS Hcp {]am-Whpw XnI-™-
Cu {][m\ khn-ti-j-X-I-fmWv CXn\v Hcp Poh-\p≈ {]am-W- Xm- b n- c n- ° n- √ . Hcp
sa∂ ÿm\w \¬Ip-∂-Xv. \nb-a-hy-h-ÿ-Ifpw ÿm]-\-]-c-amb BZ¿ihpw ]q¿Æ-ambn
kwhn-[m-\ß - fpw kaq-lØ - ns‚ Bh-iy-ßsfbpw kaqlw kzoI- ssIh-cn-°m-\m-hn-√.
cn-®n-cn-°p∂ XXz imkv{X-sØbpw B{i-bn-®n-cn-°p-∂p. Cu XXz- F∂p-h®v \ap°v BZ¿i-
im-kv{X-Øn\v apJw \¬Ip-∂Xv `c-W-L-S-\-bm-Wv. a¿Ω {][m-\- ßtfm Z¿i-\ß - tfm D≠m-
am-bXpw s]mXp-hmbn AwKo-I-cn-°-s∏-´-Xp-amb Hcp Z¿-i\w ASn- h- c p- s X- ∂ mtWm CXn-
\¿∞w? Rm≥ ]d-™Xv
ÿm-\a - m-°n-bp-≈X - mWv Cu ]pkvXI - Ø- n-eq-S\- ofw \mw ]Tn® `c-
icn-bt√?
W-L-S-\-bpsS ÿm]\ kwhn-[m-\-ß-sf-√mw. kzmX-{¥y-Øn-\m-
bp≈ \ΩpsS t]mcm-´ß - f - n-eqsS Ncn-{X-]c - a- mbn Db¿∂p-h∂ - X - mWv
B Z¿i-\w. Cu Z¿i\w Ah-Xc - n-°s- ∏-´X- pw, ]cn-jvIc
- n-°s - ∏-´Xpw
\nb- a - ÿ m- ] - \ - c q- ] - Ø n¬ {]kv X m- h n- ° - s ∏- ´ Xpw `c- W - L - S \m
\n¿ΩmW kan-Xn-sb∂ thZn-bn-em-Wv. Aß-s\, `c-W-L-S\ Cu
Z¿i-\-Øns‚ km£m-XvIm-c-am-bn-Øo-cp-∂p. Cu Z¿i-\-Øns‚
G‰hpw \√ kw£n-]vX-cq-]sØ AYhm `c-W-L-S-\bpsS XXz-im-
kv{XsØ \ΩpsS `c-WL - S- \ - b
- psS Bap-JØ - n¬ ImWp-hm≥ km[n-
°p-sa∂v [mcmfw Bfp-Iƒ ]d-™n-´p-≠v.
`c-WL - S- \- b- psS BapJw \nßƒ {i≤m-]q¿Δw hmbn-®pthm? AXn¬
{]Xn-]m-Zn-®pn´p≈ e£y-ßƒ Iq-Sm-sX, Hcp hn\o-X-amb Ah-Im-i-
hmZw BapJw D∂-bn-°p∂p! Hcp Iq´w alXv hy‡n-I-fpsS kw`m-
h-\-b√ `c-W-L-S-\-sb∂pw adn-®v AXv Xøm-dm-°nbXpw, kzoI-cn-
®Xpw C¥y-bnse P\-ßf - mb "\mw' BWv. Aß-s\, P\-ßƒ Xs∂-
264 bmWv Ah-cpsS kz¥w Xe-bnsegpØns‚ hn[n (`mK-t[-bw)
\n¿ΩmXm-°ƒ. AXp-t]m-se-Xs∂ P\m-[n-]-Xy-sa∂ am≤y-asØ
P\-ßƒ Ah-cpsS h¿Ø-am-\sØbpw `mhn-sbbpw cq]-Ie - ]v \ sNøp-
hm-\mbn D]-tbm-Kn-®p. `c-W-L-S\ cq] I¬]\ sNø-s∏-ń´v Bdp

]Xn-‰m-≠n-\p-≈n¬, \Ωƒ ]e hnj-b-ß-fn≥ taepw t]mcmSpIbpw 265
]e hymJym-\-ß-fn≥taepw tImS-Xn-Ifpw Kh¨sa‚p-Ifpw hntbm-
Pn-®-Xmbpw \Ωƒ I≠p; tI{μhpw kwÿm-\-ßfpw XΩn¬ ]e
A`n-{]mb hyXym-k-ß-fp≠v; AXp-t]m-se-X-s∂, cmjv{Sob ]m¿ń-
Iƒ XΩn¬ ISpØ t]mcm-´ß - ƒ \S-∂p. \ΩpsS cmjv{Sobsa∂Xv,
apgp-h≥ {]iv\ßfp-sSbpw t]mcm-bva-I-fp-tS-Xp-am-sW∂v \nßƒ
ASpØ h¿jw ]Tn-°pw. Cß-s\-sbm-s°-bm-sW-¶n-epw, \ΩpsS
`c-W-L-S-\-sb-]‰n Hcp cmjv{Sob t\Xm-hn-t\mtSm As√-¶n¬ Hcp
km[m-cW ]uc-t\mtSm A`n-{]m-b-am-cm-™m¬ `c-W-L-S-\-bn¬
Dƒs°m-≈n-®n-cn-°p∂ Hcp {][m\ Z¿i-\-sØ-°p-dn-®m-bn-cn°pw
Ah¿°v ]c-bm-\p-≠m-hpI F∂v \nßƒ ImWpw. ka-Xzw, kzmX-
{¥yw, kmtlm-Zcyw F∂o XXz-ß-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ \mw Hcp-
an®v Pohn-°p-Ibpw Hcp-an®v A`n-hr-≤n-s∏-Sp-Ibpw thW-sa-∂-XmWv
B Z¿i-\w. Z¿i-\-Øns‚ As√-¶n¬ `c-W-L-S-\-bpsS XXz-im-
kv{X-Øns‚ Cu ]¶p-hb - v°¬ `c-WL - S- \
- b
- psS {]h¿Ø-\ß
- f- psS
aqey-h-Ømb A\-¥-c-^-e-am-Wv. 1950 ¬ Cu `c-W-L-S\ \n¿Ωn-
®Xv Hcp henb t\´-am-bn-cp-∂p. C∂v B `c-W-L-S-\-bpsS XXz-
imkv{X Z¿i-\sØ Poh-kp‰-Xmbn \ne-\n¿Øp-∂Xv \ΩpsS {][m\
t\´-am-bn-cn-°mw.
A`ymkw
1. Xmsg ]d-bp-∂h Nne \nb-a-ß-fm-Wv. Ah GsX-¶nepw aqey-hp-ambn
_‘-s∏-´-h-bmtWm? BsW-¶n¬, A¥-¿eo-\-am-bn-cn-°p∂ aqey-ta-
XmWv? Imc-W-ßƒ \¬Ip-I.
a. IpSpw-_kz-Øn¬ s]ä-°ƒ°pw Bä-°ƒ°pw ]¶p-≠m-bn-cn-
°pw.
b. D]-t`mK hkvXp-°f - psS \nIpXn \nc-°p-Iƒ hyXy-kvXa - m-bn-cn-°pw.
c. Hcp k¿°m¿ kvIqfnepw aX-]-T\w \¬Ip-hm≥ ]mSn-√.
d. ASn-a∏- W
- ntbm AYhm \n¿_-‘nX tPmentbm ]mSn-√.
2. Xmsg X∂n-cn-°p-∂-h-bn¬ GXp sXc-s™-Sp-Øm-emWv X∂n-cn-°p∂
{]kvXm-h\ ]q¿Øn-bm-°m≥ Ign-bm-ØXv?
P\m-[n-]Xy cmPy-ßƒ°v `c-W-L-S\ Bhiy-am-Ip-∂-Xv.................
i. Kh¨sa‚ns‚ A[n-Im-cß - sf \nb-{¥n-°p-∂X
- n-\v.
ii. \yq\-]£ - ß- sf `qcn-]£
- Ø- n¬ \n∂v kwc-£n-°p-∂X - n-\v.
iii. tImf\n `c-W-Øn¬ \n∂v kzmX{¥yw t\Sp-∂-Xn-\v.
Indian Constitution
at Work
iv. ss\an-jnI Xm¬]-cy-ßƒ°mbn Zo¿L-Ime Z¿i-\ß - ƒ _en-Ig - n-
°-s∏-Sp-∂n√ F∂v Dd-∏n-°m≥.
v. kam-[m\ ]c-amb coXn-bn¬ kmaq-ly-am‰w sIm≠p-h-cp-hm≥.
3. "`c-W-L-S\m \n¿ΩmW kanXnbnse kwhm-Z-ßƒ' (CAD) hmbn-°p-∂-
Xn-s\bpw a\- n-em-°p-∂-Xn-s\bpw kw_-‘n® hyXykvX \ne-]m-Sp-I-
fmWv Xmsg X∂n-cn-°p-∂-Xv.
i. CXn¬ GsXms° {]kvXm-h-\-I-fmWv `c-W-L-S\m \n¿ΩmW
kanXn kwhm-Zß - ƒ Cu Ime-L´- Ø - nepw {]kIvX - a- m-sW∂v hmZn-
°p-∂Xv? GXv {]kvXm-h-\-bmWv {]k-‡-a-s√∂v ]d-bp-∂Xv?
ii. CXn¬ GsXms° \ne-]m-Sp-I-fmWv \nßƒ AwKo-I-cn-°p-∂Xv?
F¥-psIm≠v?
a. D]-Po-h\ am¿Kw Is≠Øp∂-Xn\pw Pohn-X-Ønse hyXykvX
{]iv\-ßsf t\cn-Sp-∂-Xn\pw th≠n km[m-c-W-°m¿ hfsc Xnc-
°n-em-Wv. Ah¿°v Cu kwhm-Z-ß-fpsS \nb-a-`mj a\- n-em-°p-
hm≥ Ign-bn-√.
b. \ne-hnse kml-Nc - y-ßfpw sh√p-hn-fn-Ifpw `c-WL - S- \m \n¿amW
Ime-L´- Ø - n¬ \n∂pw hyXy-kX v a- m-W.v `c-WL - S- \m inev]n-If - psS
Bi-b-ßƒ hmbn-°p-∂Xpw \ΩpsS ]pXnb Ime-L-´-Øn¬ D]-
tbm-Kn-°p-∂Xpw `qX-Ime kml-Nc - y-ßsf h¿Ø-am\ Ime-tØbv°v
sIm≠p-hc - p-hm-\p≈ {ia-am-Wv.
c. temIsØ a\- n-em-°p-hm-\p≈ \ΩpsS coXn-Ifpw h¿Ø-am-\I - me
sh√p-hn-fn-Ifpw ]q¿Æ-ambpw amdn-bn-ń-√. `c--W-L-S\m Iogvhg-°-
ßƒ sh√p-hn-fn-°s - ∏-Sp∂ Hcp ImeØv Nne Iogvhg-°ß - ƒ F¥p-
sIm≠v {][m-\y-a¿ln-°p∂p F∂-Xns‚ Imc-Wß - ƒ `c-WL - S- \m
\n¿amW kan-Xn-bnse kwhm-Z-ßƒ \ap°v \evIpw. Cu Imc-W-
ßsf \mw Adn-™n-s√-¶n¬ `c-WL - S- \m Iogvhg-°ß - ƒ D∑q-e\w
sNø-s∏-Spw.
4. Xmsg X∂n-cn-°p-∂-h-bpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ C¥y≥ `c-W-L-S-\bpw
]m›mXy Bi-bß - fpw XΩn-ep≈ hyXym-kß - ƒ hni-Zo-Ic - n-°p-I.
a. atX-Xc - Xzw a\-kn-em-°¬
b. 370, 371 hIp-∏p-Iƒ
c. A\p-Iq-em-flI \S-]S- n-Iƒ
d. km¿h-{XnI {]mb-]q¿Øn thm´-hI - miw
5. Xmsg X∂n-cn-°p-∂h - b- n¬ atX-Xc - Xzhpambn _‘-s∏´ GsXms° XXz-
ß-fmWv C¥y≥ `cW LS\ kzoI-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂Xv?
a. cmjv{S-Øn\p aXhp-ambn _‘-s∏´v bsXm∂pw sNøp-hm-\n-√.
266 b. cmjv{S-Øn\v aX-hp-ambn ASpØ _‘-ap≠v.
c. cmjv{S-Øn\v aX-ßƒ°n-Sb - n¬ hnth-N\w \S-Øp-hm≥ Ignbpw
d. aX-hn-`m-Kß - f - psS Ah-Im-iß - ƒ cmjv{Sw AwKo-Ic - n-°pw.
e. aX-Im-cy-ß-fn¬ CS-s]-Sp-hm≥ cmjv{S-Øn\v \nb{¥n-X-amb A[n-

Im-cß
- ƒ am{X-ta-bp-≈q. 267
6. tNcpw ]Sn tN¿°p-I.

a. hn[-h-I-tfm-Sp≈ kao-]-\sØ i. {]amW ]c-amb t\´w
hna¿in-°p-hm-\p≈ kzmX{¥yw
b. kzm¿∞ Xmev]c - y-ßf
- psS ASn-ÿm-\- ii. {]h¿Ø\ kw_-‘-amb
Øn-e√ adn®v bv‡nbpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn t\´w
emWv `c-W-L-S\m \n¿amW kan-Xn
Xocp-am-\ß
- s
- f-Sp-ØXv
c. Hcp hy‡n-bpsS Pohn-X-Øn¬ iii. enwK \oXn \ntj[w
kap-Zm-bØ - n-\p≈ {]m[m-\ysØ
AwKo-Ic - n-°¬
d. 370, 371 hIp-∏p-Iƒ iv. DZmc hy‡n-hmZw
e. IpSpw-_-kz-Øv, Ipń-Iƒ F∂n-hbpsS v. Hcp {]tXyI {]tZ-i-
Imcy-Øn¬ kv{XoIƒ°v Xpey Øns‚ Bh-iy-ß-fn-ep≈
Ah-Im-ia- n-√mbva {i≤
7. ¢mkn¬ DS-se-SpØ Hcp N¿®-bm-WnXv hnhn[ hmZ-K-Xn-Iƒ hmbn®v

GsXms° \nßƒ AwKo-I-cn-°p-s∂∂pw F¥p-sIm-≠m-sW∂pw
{]kvXm-hn-°p-I.
Ptbjv: \ΩpsS `c-WL - S- \ Hcp ISw sIm≠ {]amWw am{X-am-sW∂v
Rm\n-t∏mgpw Icp-Xp-∂p.
km_: C¥y-bp-tS-Xmbn bmsXm-∂pw CXnen√ F∂mtWm \o A¿∞-
am-°p-∂Xv? Bi-bß - f
- p-sSbpw aqey-ßf
- p-sSbpw Imcy-Øn¬
C¥y- s \∂pw ]m›m- X y- s a∂pw F∂p≈ H∂pt≠m?
kv{Xobpw ]pcp-j\pw XΩn-ep≈ ka-Xz-Øns‚ Imcy-sa-Sp-
°mw. AXn¬ ]m›m-Xy-ambn F¥m-Wp-≈Xv? C\n AXv
]m›m-Xy-am-sW-¶n¬ Xs∂, AXns\ A°m-cWw sIm≠v
\mw \ncm-Ic - n-°W- tam?
Ptbjv: {_nó-jpIm-tcmSv kzmX-{¥y-Øn-\p-th≠n t]mcm-Sn-bXn-\p-
tijw Ah-cn¬ \n∂v ]m¿e-sa‚dn k{ºZmbw kzoI-cn-®n-
t√-sb-∂mWv Rm≥ tNmZn-°p-∂Xv?
t\l: {_n´-jpIm-cp-ambn t]mcm-Sn-bt- ∏mƒ, {_nń-jp-Im-scb√ adn®v
tImf- \ n- h ¬°- c - W - Ø ns‚ XXz- ß - s f- b mWv \mw
FXn¿ØsX∂ Imcyw \o ad-∂p-t]m-bn. \ap-°-\p-tbm-Py-
amb Hcp Kh¨sa‚ v k{º-Zmbw FhnsS \n∂p kzoI-cn®p
F∂Xv {]k-‡a - √
- .
Indian Constitution
at Work
8. C¥y≥ `c-W-L-S-\-bpsS \n¿Ωm-W-Øn¬ {]mXn-\n-[y-an-s√∂v ]d-bp-∂-

sX-¥p-sIm--≠mWv? AXv `c-W-L-S-\sb {]mXn-\n-[y-an-√m-Ø-Xm-
°p∂pt≠m? \nß-fpsS DØ-c-Øn\v Imc-W-ßƒ ka¿∞n-°p-I.
9. enwK\oXnsb th≠{X ]cn-KW - n-°p-∂n√ F∂-XmWv C¥y≥ `c-WL - -
S-\-bpsS Hcp t]mcm-bva. Cu Btcm-]-WsØ ka¿∞n-°p-hm≥ F¥p
sXfn-hp-I-fmWv \nßƒ°p \¬Ip-hm≥ km[n-°pI? \nß-fn∂v `c-W-
L-S\ Xømdm-°p-I-bm-sW-¶n¬ Cu t]mcmbva ]cn-l-cn-°p-hm-\mbn
GsX√mw hIp-∏p-If - mWv \n¿t±-in-°pI?
10. ""Hcp Zcn{Z hnI-kzc cmPy-Øn¬, Nne ASn-ÿm\ kmaq-lnI ˛ kmº-
ØnI Ah-Im-i-ßƒ auenI Ah-Im-i-ß-fpsS Ahn`m-Py-L-S-I-am-
°msX \n¿t±-iI XXz-ßf - psS `mK-Øp-am{Xw Dƒs∏-SpØn Xcw XmgvØn-
b-sX-¥p-sIm≠v?'' Cu {]kvXm-h-\-tbmSv \nßƒ tbmPn-°p-∂pthm?
\nß-fpsS DØ-cØ - n\v Imc-Wß - ƒ {]kvXm-hn-°p-I. kmaq-lnI ˛ kmº-
ØnI Ah-Im-i-ßƒ \n¿t±-iI XXz-ß-fpsS `mK-am-°n-b-Xns‚ Imc-
W-ßf - mbn \nßƒ Icp-Xp-∂s - X-s¥√m-amWv?
268

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Доступные форматы

C¥y≥ `c-W-L-S\ :

Printed on 80 GSM paper

Published by the SCERT, Thiruvananthapuram

5. \nb-a- \n¿ΩmW k` 119

6. \oXn \ymb hn`mKw 145

8. {]mtZ-inI Kh¨sa‚ v 201

9. `c-W-L-S\ Hcp kPoh 221

]mT-]p-kvXI hnI-k\ kanXn

hni-I-e\w sNøm-\p≈ tijn t\Sn-sb-Sp-°p-I-bmWv th≠-Xv. Cu

XmcXayw sNøm≥ \nßsf {]m]vX-cm-°p-∂p. AXp-

\n∂pw {]tNm-Z\w t\Sn \nßƒ A[ym-]I - t- cmSpw Rß-tfmSp Xs∂bpw

F¥p-sIm-≠mWv \ap°v `c-W-L-S\ Bh-iy-am-Ip-∂Xv ?

* Bh-iy-sa-¶n¬ Cu Xocp-am-\-ßƒ Fßs\ \nßƒ ]p\x-]-cn-tim-[n-

t\cn´v thm´p sNøtWm? AtXm {]Xn-\n-[n-Isf sXc-s™-Sp-Øp-sIm≠v Xß-

F∂v k¶¬∏n-°p-I. F∂m¬ \nßƒ XnI®pw \ymb-c-ln-X-

Kh¨sa‚ns‚ A[n-Im-c-ßƒ°v ]cn[n \n›-bn-°pI XpS-ßnb Imcy-ß-

Ak-a-Xz-ßƒ Bg-Øn¬ thtcm-Snb kaq-l-Øn¬ A[n-Im-c-ßƒ°v ]cn[n

hn-th-N\w Ah-km-\n-∏n-°p-hm≥ Ahn-SsØ Kh¨sa‚ns\

Hcp P\-X-bpsS auenI kzXzw

k-ß-fp-≠m-bn. Cu hyXykvX P\-hn-`m-K-ßƒ F¥n-\p-

km-\a - mbn hnhn[ ASn-ÿm\ cmjv{Sob [m¿ΩnI aqey-ßƒ hnhn[ `c-WL - S- \m

Kh¨sa‚ v Hcp]uc-t\mSv GsX-¶nepw Hcp aXw Kh¨sa‚ns‚

kº-Øv, hcp-am\w F∂nh ASn-ÿm-\a- m-°n-bp≈

Hcp `c-W-L-S-\-bpsS B[n-Im-cn-IX (The Authority

´ns√¶nepw AXnse hyh-ÿI - ƒ A\p-kc - n-®p-sIm≠v AXv P\-ßƒ kzo-I-

\n¿Δ-lW hn`mKw, \oXn-\ymb hn`mKw `c-W-

Hcp ÿm]\w `c-WL - S- \

C¥y≥ `c-W-L-S-\-bpsS hnP-b-I-c-amb \ne-

_p≤n-]-c-ambn cq]w \¬Inb ]c-kv]c \nb-{¥-

\S-]-Sn-Iƒ F∂nh B[n-Im-cn-I-sa∂ \nebv°v

$ B\p-]m-XnI {]mXn-\n[y hyh-ÿ-bnse GI ssIam‰ thm´p k{º-Zm-

kaXzw kzmX{¥yw kmtlm-Zcyw F∂o XXz-ßƒ \nß-fpsS ¢mkvap-dn-I-

]-ß-fn¬ \n∂v icn-bmb ]mT-apƒs°m≠pw `c-W-

bmbn-cn-°Ww? \oXn-\ymb hn`m-K-Øns‚ A[n-Imcw F¥m-bn-cn-°Ww?

`c-W-L-S\m \n¿ΩmW Ncn-{X-Ønse {][m\ \mgn-°-√p-I-

BIr-Xnbpw \¬Ip-I-bmWv Hcp coXn-bn¬ `c-W-L-S\m \n¿ΩmW k`

ÿm]-\-]-c-amb cq]-tcJ (Institutional arrangements)

temI-Nc - n-{X-Øn¬ Cu ImeØv

The idea of Residual

hnhn[ cmPy-ß-fpsS `c-W-L-S-\-bn¬ \n∂pw IS-sa-SpØ hyh-ÿ-Iƒ

c. \√ P\-ßƒ A[n-Im-c-Øn¬ hcp∂p F∂v AXv Dd-∏m-°p-∂p.

b. t\Xm-°ƒ°n-S-bn¬ `c-W-L-S-\-bpsS ASn-ÿm\ N´-°qSv (Basic Frame

9) cPXv Ahs‚ So®-tdmSv Cu tNmZyw tNmZn-®p. `cWLS-\bv°v Adp-]-sØ´p

Ah-Im-i-ß-fpsS {]m[m-\yw (The Importance of Rights)

\S-Øp-Ib- p-≠m-bn-√. \ΩpsS `c-WL - S- \ Hmtcm ]uc\pw Pohn-°m\pw kzmX-

]ptcm-KXn ]cn-tim-[n-°pI (Check your progress)

ka-X-zm-h-Imiw (Right to Equality)

ka- X z- Ø n- \ p≈ Ah- I miw (Right to in£-bn¬ \n∂pw Ad-Ãn¬ \n∂p-ap≈

Hcp hm¿Øm Nm\¬ Xß-fpsS \mev hm¿Øm Ah-Xm-c-I¿s°-

A\p-tOZw 16(4) ]nt∂m° hn`m-K-Øn¬s]´ P\-

\ΩpsS `c-WL - S- \ - psS BapJw (Preamble) hmbn-®n-´p-t≠m? CXv Fß-

\nß-fmWv \ymbm-[n-]≥ (You are the Judge)

hIp∏v 21. Poh\pw hy‡n kzmX-{¥y-Øn-\p-ap≈ kwc-

kzmX-{¥y-Øn-\p≈ Ah-Imiw (Right to Freedom)

Hcp hy‡n-bpsS Pohn°m-\p≈ Ah-Im-isØ kwc-£n-°pI

hnt[-b-am-Wv. AXp-t]mse Xs∂ ktΩ-f-\-Øn-\p≈ kzmX{¥yw Bbp-[-an-

""Cu auen- I m- h - I m- i - ß - f n¬ `qcn- ` m- K hpw Hcp

\n¿ΩmW k`-bnse AwK-ßƒ Xs∂ AXr]vXn {]I-Sn-∏n-®n-cp-∂p.

\nß-fpsS ]T\ ]ptcm-KXn hnebncp-ØpI (Check your Progress)

$ Hcp hy‡n-tbbpw Abmƒs°-Xn-cmbn sXfnhp \¬Ip∂-Xn-\mbn \n¿_-‘n-°m≥

ASna∏Wn C∂pw \ne-\n¬°p-∂p. CXv Ct∏mƒ in£m¿l-amb Hcp Ip‰Ir-

bp≈ A\p-jvTm-\-ßƒ XpS-ßn-bh \ntcm-[n-®p-sIm≠v ap≥Im-e-ß-fn¬

X-bv°p≈ Ah-Imi (Right to Equality) ØneqsS `c-W-L-S\ Dd∏v \¬Ip-

\yq\]£- ß fn¬ bYm¿∞- Ø n¬ Hcp