Selecting The Optimum

Perforating System & Process

Schlumberger Private
Client Presentation
December 2003
 Radial Flow
• Darcy’s law for radial flow
– Single phase
– Homogeneous

Schlumberger Private
– Flowing across entire zone

qµ re
Pe − Pwf = ln
December 2003 2πkh rw
Confidential
 Productivity Index
q oil rate (stb / d)
PI = =
Pe − Pwf pressure drawdown (psi)

Schlumberger Private
• Maximize productivity
– Increasing permeability—fracturing
– Reducing viscosity—steam injection
– Removal of skin—acidizing
– Increasing well penetration
– Reduce formation volume factor—Choosing correct
surface separator

December 2003 Confidential

 Productivity Ratio
 re 
ln 
qp  rw 
PR = =
 re 

Schlumberger Private
qo
ln  + skin
 rw 

December 2003 Confidential

 Skin
qµ  re 
Pe − Pwf =  ln + S 
2πkh  rw 

Schlumberger Private
• Additional near-wellbore pressure drop
– Wellbore damage (drilling, completion fluid)
– Perforation (shot density, phasing, penetration, damaged zone)
– Partial penetration and deviation
– Pseudoskin (phase- and rate-dependent effects)
– Well deviation (negative skin)

December 2003 Confidential

 Perforation Parameters

Schlumberger Private
December 2003 Confidential
 Productivity Ratio – Kh/Kv = 1
No formation nor perforation damage
1.4

1.3

Schlumberger Private
1.2
spf=4
1.1 spf=6
PR 1 spf=8
spf=12
0.9

0.8

0.7
5 10 15 20 25 30

Penetration, inches
December 2003 Confidential
 Productivity Ratio – Kh/Kv = 10
No formation nor perforation damage
1.4

1.3

1.2

Schlumberger Private
spf=4
1.1 spf=6
PR 1 spf=8
spf=12
0.9

0.8

0.7
5 10 15 20 25 30

Penetration, inches
December 2003 Confidential
 Productivity Ratio – Kh/Kv = 30
No formation nor perforation damage
1.4

1.3

Schlumberger Private
1.2
spf=4
1.1 spf=6
PR
1 spf=8
spf=12
0.9

0.8

0.7
5 10 15 20 25 30

Penetration, inches
December 2003 Confidential
Productivity = f(perforation process, ++)
Dmg depth
Penetration, P

Schlumberger Private
Reduced permeability crushed zone, Kc

Damaged zone, Kd Sand debris

Non damaged zone, K

December 2003 Confidential

 Importance of Clean Perforations
Kc/K=1

• More important than increasing shot density from 6 to

Schlumberger Private
12 spf with Kc/K<0.1.
• More important than an additional 30% penetration
with Kc/K<0.1.
• With Kc/K=0.3, a 25% increase in penetration gives a
PR similar to Kc/K=1 with no increase in penetration.

December 2003 Confidential

 PR Versus Damage
Perforation = 12 inches, SFP = 6, Kd/K = 0.2
1.2

Kc/K=1, PURE
1.0

Schlumberger Private
0.8
Kc/K=0.3

PR 0.6

0.4
Kc/K=0.1
0.2
Kc/K=0.01
0.0
-1 -0.75 -0.5 -0.25 0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1

December 2003 (P Confidential

– Dmg)/P
 PR Versus Damage
Perforation = 12 inches, SFP = 12, Kd/K = 0.2

1.2
Kc/K=1, PURE
1
Kc/K=0.3

Schlumberger Private
0.8

0.6
PR Kc/K=0.1
0.4

0.2 Kc/K=0.01

0
-1 -0.75 -0.5 -0.25 0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1

(P – Dmg)/P
December 2003 Confidential
 PR Versus Penetration
Damage = 8 inches, SFP = 6, Kd/K = 0.2

1.2 Kc/K=1, PURE

1.0

Schlumberger Private
0.8 Kc/K=0.3
0.6 Kc/K=0.1
PR
0.4

0.2
Kc/K=0.01
0.0
10 11 12 13 14

Penetration, inches
December 2003 Confidential
 PR Versus Penetration
Damage = 12 inches, SFP = 6, Kd/K = 0.2

1.2

1.0

Schlumberger Private
Kc/K=1, PURE
0.8
Kc/K=0.3
PR 0.6

0.4
Kc/K=0.01
0.2 Kc/K=0.1
0.0
10 11 12 13 14

Penetration, inches
December 2003 Confidential
 Impact of Kc/K on Penetration
6 spf, P=12”, Kd/K=0.2
6
Penetration/Damage

Schlumberger Private
4
10% PR reduction
3
20% PR reduction
2
1
0
0.01 0.1 1
Kc/K

December 2003 Confidential