INDIAN CONSTITUTION, INDIAN ADMINISTRATIVE

SYSTEM, PLANNING PROCESS

INDIAN CONSTITUTION

INTRODUCTION
“Constitution is a living document, an instrument which makes the government
system work’’

-Dr.K.N.Chaturvedi

India, also known as Bharat, is a union of states. It is a union of 28 states, 7

union territories administered directly by the central Government and a National
Capital territory (NCT-Delhi).It is a Sovereign Socialist Secular Democratic
Republic with a Parliamentary system of government.

The Constitution of India, which is most frequently amended constitution, is

the supreme law of India and it is the world’s lengthiest written constitution. The
Constitution of India was prepared by Dr.Babasaheb Ambedkar.Dr.Bhimrao Ramji
(Babasaheb) Ambedkar is widely known as the ‘’father of the Indian Constitution’
The constitution was enacted by the constituent Assembly on 26 th November 1949,
and came into effect on 26 January 1950.It declares the Union of India to be a
Sovereign, Socialist, Secular, democratic republic, assuring its citizens of justice,
th
equality and liberty. India celebrates the adoption of the constitution on 26
January as ‘’Republic Day’ ’The Constitution, in its current form March 2011
consists of a Preamble,24 parts containing 450 articles,12 schedules,2 appendices
and 144 amendments to date. Although it is federal in nature, it also has a strong
unitary basis.

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CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
The constitution provides for a parliamentary form of government which is
federal in structure with certain unitary features. The constitutional head of the
Executive of the Union is the President.

As per Article 79 of the Constitution of India, the council of

the Parliament of the Union consists of

i. the President and

ii. two houses
a. Council of states (Rajyasabha) and
b. The house of the people (LokSabha).

Article 74(1) of the constitution provides that there shall be a Council

Of Ministers with the prime minister and its head to aid and advice the president,
who shall exercise his/her functions in accordance to the advice. The real executive
power is thus vested in the council of Ministers with the Prime minister as its head.

TERMINOLOGY
1. Calligraphy
Calligraphy is a type of visual art related to writing. It is the design
and execution of lettering with a broad tip instrument or brush in one stroke.
It is "the art of giving form to signs in an expressive, harmonious and
skillful manner" .
2. PHOTOLITHOGRAPHY
A planographic printing process using plates made according to a
photographic image.

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MEANING
A set of rules and principles that all persons in a country can agree
upon as the basis of the way in which they want the country to be governed.

HISTORY OF INDIAN CONSTITUTION

1)324 BC-185 BC-Emperor Ashoka Maurya established constitutional principle
(33inscriptions), engraved them in major rocks, Pillar and on minor rocks for
public to take reference. Also known as Edicts of Ashoka.

2)1599 AD-1765 AD- East India Company takes total administrative control by

gaining right of taxation in Bengal after Battle of Plassey (1757).

3)1765 AD-1858 AD-East India Company takes total unified control over the

whole of India from a single center in Calcutta. But its rule ended with the Revolt
of 1857.

4)1858 AD-1947 AD- This period of the British Raj was the time when the

Constitution of India took shape.

(i) 1858- The Act for the Better Government of India

This put India directly under the control of the British Government. In
India, the Governor-General Working under the Secretary of State led the
administration.

(ii) 1861 –Indian Councils Act

A separate legislative council was set up to assist the Governor-
General in making laws.

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(iii) 1892-Indian Councils Act

As a result of Indian demands, the sizes of the executive and

legislative councils were increased. Most Indians were appointed to these
councils, and the principle of election was introduced.

(iv) 1909-Indian Councils Act

This act increased the sizes of the councils again, and also gave the
legislative council the power to discuss certain matters and to ask questions.

(v) 1919-Government Of India Act

This introduced ‘diarchy’ (partial responsible government) at the

provincial level. Elected Indians were given charge of some area of government
(eg.industry, education) at the provincial level.

(vi) 1935-Government of India Act

This introduced ‘Provincial autonomy’ responsible Government at the

provinces with elected Indians in charge of the administration, and responsible to
the elected legislatures. A federal Government was proposed, though it did not
come into effect.

(vii) 1947-Indian Independence Act

The British gave up control of the Government of India to two dominions –

India and Pakistan. For the time being till the constitution was made both of them
would be governed in accordance with the Government of India act 1935.

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(5)1950 AD

Finally Constitution of India, created in independent India by its own free

people, was adopted on 26 November 1949and came into effect on January
1950.

DEFINITION
CONSTITUTION

1. The collection of the principle or rules dealing with the organization to the
power of Government and the Rights and Duties of the people is called
constitution.
-Wiki.answers.com
2. The basic fundamental law of a state which sets out how that state will be
organized and the powers and authorities of government between different
political units and citizens.
-WWW.duhaime.Org
3. A constitution is a written document that contains a set of rules for
government.
-WWW.suramya.com

INDIAN CONSTITUTION

Indian Constitution is a framework defining fundamental political principles,

establishes the structure, procedures, powers and duties of government institutions
and sets out fundamental rights, directive principles, and the duties of citizens.

-en.wikipedia.org

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OBJECTIVES OF THE INDIAN CONSTITUTION
The Constituent Assembly passed a resolution in 1947 January defining the
objectives of the constitution

1. To set up a union of India comprising British India and the princely states.
2. To set up a federal form of government with separate state and central
government.
3. To set up a democracy in which all powers is derived from the people
i. Where all people are guaranteed justice, equality and freedom.
ii. Where minorities, depressed classes and the tribe’s rights are
protected.
4. To protect the integrity of India and her sovereign rights over land, sea and
air.
5. To help India attain its rightful place in the world-and work for peace and
welfare of mankind.

NEED OF THE CONSTITUTION

Constitution plays a crucial role in carrying out certain important guidelines that
govern

1. The right of equality is one of the fundamental rights, guaranteed by the

Indian Constitution.
2. Ensures that a dominant group does not use its power against the minorities.
3. Constitution is to save us from ourselves.
4. The Constitution helps to protect us against certain decisions that we might
takes that could have an adverse effect on the larger principles that the
country believes in.

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 5. To govern the country properly.
6. To define the political system of a country.
7. The constitution helps us guard against issue that might go against our larger
interests.
8. To provide a set of basic rules that allow for minimal coordination amongst
members of a society.
9. To specify who has the power to make decisions in a society. It decides how
the government will be constituted.
10.To set some limits on what a government can impose on its citizens. These
limits are fundamental in the sense that government may ever trespass them.
11.To enable the government to fulfill the separations of a society and create
conditions for a society.

FRAMING THE CONSITUTION OF INDIA

Dr.Sachchidananda Sinha was the first president (temporary) of the
constituent Assembly when it met on December 9, 1946.Later, Dr.Rajendra Prasad
became the president of the constituent Assembly and Dr.Bhimrao Ambedkar
became the chairman of its drafting committee on December 11, 1946.

The Constitution was drafted by the Constituent Assembly, which was

elected by the elected members of the provincial assemblies,

1. Jawaharlal Nehru
2. Rajagopalachari
3. Rajendra Prasad
4. Sardar Vallabhai Patel
5. Maulana Abdul Kalam Azad
6. Shyama Prasad Mukherjee
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 7. Nalini Ranjan Ghosh.

The Constituent Assembly consisted of 385 members, which 292 were

elected by the elected members of the provincial legislative assemblies.

In the 14 August 1947 meeting of the Assembly, a proposal for forming

various committees was presented. Such Committees included a committee on
Fundamental Rights, the Union Powers committee and Union Constitution
Committee. The concept of Indian Flag was taken in the assembly meeting. A flag
with three colors saffron, white and green with the Ashoka Chakra was selected.
Furthermore, the National Emblem of India was decided and it has been taken
from the Lion Capital at Sarnath of Ashoka. The Indian Government adapted it on
26th January 1950 when the country became a republic.

On 29 August 1947, the Drafting committee was appointed, with

Dr.Ambedkar as the chairman along with six other members. A Draft Constitution
was prepared by the committee and submitted to the assembly on 4 November
1947.

The Assembly met in sessions open to the public, for166 days, spread over a
period of 2 years, 11 months and 18 days before adopting the constitution. It was
finally passed and accepted on Nov 26, 1949.In all the 284 members of the
Assembly signed the official copies (original) of the Indian Constitution.

After many deliberations and some modifications over 110 plenary sessions
in 114 days, the 308 members of the family signed two copies (Final)of the
document(one each in Hindi and English)on 24 January 1950.Same day the
Assembly unanimously elected Dr.Rajendra Prasad as the president of India.

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The Constitution of India was borrowed from

i. UK
ii. USA
iii. Australia
iv. USSR
v. Germany
vi. Japan
vii. Canada
viii. South Africa
ix. Ireland

CHARACTERISTICS OF GOOD CONSTITUTION

a. A good constitution does not allow to change its basic structure.
b. It does not allow for the easy overthrow of provisions that
guarantee rights of citizens and protect their freedom.

SALIENT FEATURES OF INDIAN CONSTITUTION

The Constitution of India is the lengthiest written document. It is flexible as
well as quasi-federal in nature. The Constitution discusses about the central, state
Governments, and Union territories, their offices, the Supreme Court, High courts,
other courts, the Election commission of India and all other Government bodies
function. One of the salient features of the constitution of India is its federal
character. The Indian Union comprises the Central and State Governments and the
Union territories. There are 28 States and 7 union territories. The states of India are
divided on the basis of the languages spoken by the people. Another feature of the
constitution is its inclusion of single citizenship. Though India is a federal country,

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 Indian citizenship of 1955 mentions the qualifications to acquire citizenship rights.
It can be acquired by birth, descent, registration, naturalization and other specified
ways.

7. FUNDAMENTAL
8. SECULARISM 1. WRITTEN
RIGHTS
CONSTITUTION

6. SEPARATION SALIENT FEATURES OF 2. ENACTED

OF POWERS CONSTITUTION
INDIAN CONSTITUTION

3. LENGHTHY
4. PARLIAMENTARY
5. A FEDERAL SYSTEM CONSTITUTION
FORM OF
GOVERNMENT

1. WRITTEN CONSTITUTION

The Constitution of India is the longest handwritten with beautiful

calligraphy, each page beautified and decorated by artists (eminent painters
Nandalal Bose).The Original Constitution of India was handwritten by Prem
Behari Narain Raizada who wrote the entire Constitution in a following italic style
in the best calligraphic tradition of the country. According to his wish, he wrote his
name in every page and on the last page he wrote his page and his grandfather’s

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name. The task was completed in 6 months, 254 pen-holder nibs were used and
No.303 Nib was used for this calligraphy. The original version was then signed by
all the constituent Assembly in January 1950.The Constitution itself came into
force on the 26 th of that month. Photo lithographed copies of it were then made at
the office of the survey of India at Dehra Dun.

The Constitution of India was handwritten and calligraphed in both English

and Hindi not typeset or printed. The original copies are kept in special helium
filled cases in the Library of the Parliament of India.284 members of the
Constituent Assembly (which included 15 women) signed the handwritten
documents on January 24, 1950.

2. ENACTED CONSTITUTION

th
The Constitution of India was enacted on 26 January 1950.Drafted on 26th
November,1949 by the Constituent Assembly of India, the Indian Constitution laid
the foundations for establishment of a sovereign socialist secular democratic
republic of India.

3. LENGHTHY CONSTITUTION

Indian Constitution can be called the largest written constitution in the world
because of its contents. In its original form, it consisted of 395 Articles and 8
schedules to which additions have been made through subsequent amendments. At
present it contains 395 Articles and 12 schedules and more than 80 amendments.
There are various factors responsible for the long size of the constitution. One
major factor was that the framers of the constitution borrowed provisions from
several sources and several other constitutions of the world (British, United States,
Irish, French, Canadian, Australian and Soviet Constitution).The word count 1,
17,369.
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4. PARLIAMENTARY FORM OF GOVERNMENT

The people of India have a direct role in electing their representatives.

5. FEDERAL SYSTEM

The existence of more than one level of government in the country

a. Central government.
b. State government.
c. Local government.

6. SEPARATION OF POWERS

The Constitution is the supreme law of the land. All other laws have to
conform to the constitution. The Constitution contains laws concerning the
government and its relations with the people. A Constitution is concerned with 2
main aspects.

a) The relation between the different levels of government.

b) Between the government and the citizens.

The Indian government is divided into three distinct but interrelated

branches: Legislative, Executive and Judiciary-have to function within their own
spheres demarcated under the constitution.

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 INDIAN CONSTITUTION

GOVERNMENT OF INDIA PEOPLE

LEGISLATIVE

The Parliament of India=the president of India+the

two houses (Lok sabha-house of the people and MAKES LAWS
Rajya sabha-council of states)

JUDICIARY
INTERPRET LAWS
The supreme court of India consists of a chief
justice and 30 associate justices

EXECUTIVE
ENFORCES LAWS
Vice President, Cabinet, executive departments
and agencies.
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 7.FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS

The citizens of Indian are ensured of certain fundamental rights and

fundamental duties by the constitution. All Indian citizens are guaranteed by
fundamental rights.

FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS

1. RIGHT
TO
EQUALITY
3. RIGHT AGAINST
2. RIGHT TO
EXPLOITATION
FREEDOM

5. CULTURAL
AND 6. RIGHT TO
4. RIGHT TO
EDUCATIONAL CONSTITUTIONAL
FREEDOM OF
RIGHTS REMEDIES
RELIGION

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1. RIGHT TO EQUALITY

All persons are equal before the law. This means that all persons shall be
equally protected by the laws of the country.

2. RIGHT TO FREEDOM

The right to freedom of speech and expression, the right to form

associations, the right to move freely and reside in any part of the country, and the
right to practice any profession, occupation or business.

3. RIGHT AGAINST EXPLOITATION

The Constitution prohibits trafficking, forced labor, and children working

under 14 years of age.

4. RIGHT TO FREEDOM OF RELIGION

Religious freedom is provided to all citizens. Every person has the right to
practice, profess and propagate the religion of their choice.

5. CULTURAL AND EDUCATIONAL RIGHTS

The constitution states that all minorities, religious or linguistic, can set up
their own educational institutions in order to preserve and develop their own
culture.

6. RIGHT TO CONSTITUTIONAL REMEDIES

This allows citizens to move the court if they believe that any of their
fundamental rights have been violated by the state.

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8. SECULARISM

India has many religions and to give freedom or religion to everyone and for
equality of religion, India was declared a secular country. The word secular was
added into the Preamble by the 42th Amendment (1976).As per this there would be
equality of all religions in India, along with religious tolerance and respect. As per
the written Constitution of India, India is a secular country and we as citizens of
India must abide by it.

Every person has the right to preach, practice and propagate any religion
they choose. The government must not favor or discriminate against any religion.
It must treat all religions with equal respect. India became a secular country in
which the Indian state did not have any one state religion, but here people were
free to follow or adopt any religion.

STRUCTURE OF INDIAN CONSTITUTION

The structure of the constitution of India comprise of the preamble,22 parts
containing 395 articles,12 schedules of Indian constitution,94 amendments of
Indian Constitution, and 5 appendices. The Constitution, in its current form (March
2011) consists of 1 Preamble, 25 parts containing 450 articles, 12 schedules, 2
appendices and 97 amendments to date.

The Constitution distributes its legislative powers between parliament and

state legislatures. The residuary powers invest in the Parliament and the centrally
administered territories are called Union Territories. The Constitution provides for
a parliamentary form of government which is federal in structure with certain

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unitary features. The constitutional head of the Executive of the Union is the
President.

CONSTITUTION OF INDIA FUNDAMENTAL

RIGHTS

DIRECTIVE
PRINCIPLES

PREAMBLE 1 PARTS 25 FUNDAMENTAL

DUTIES

ARTICLES 45O

AMENDMENTS 97 SCHEDULES 12 APPENDICES 2

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The elements of the constitution are described as follows

1. PREAMBLE (PHILOSOPHY OF CONSTITUTION)

The Preamble of the constitution of India is a brief introductory statement that
sets out the guiding purpose and principles of the document. The Constitution of
India opens with the Preamble which is like the preface of the constitution (brief
introductory statement of the constitution).The Preamble is not a part of the
Constitution of India as it is not enforceable in a court of law. It is the main
philosophy of constitution. It sets out the guiding purpose and principles of the
document.

PURPOSE OF HAVING A PREAMBLE

The Preamble to our constitution serves the purposes

1. It indicates the source from which the constitution seeks to establish and
promote

The Preamble seeks to establish what Mahatma Gandhi as The India

of my Dreams”……..an India in which the poorest shall feel that is their
country in whose making they have an effective voice;………an India in
which all communities shall leave I perfect harmony. There can be no room
in such an India for the curse of unsociability or the curse of intoxicating
drinks and drugs. Women will enjoy as the same rights as man.

The Preamble-page, along with other pages of the first and

original book of Constitution of India, was designed (Art) and decorated
(Frames) solely by renowned painter Beohar Shakha.

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WE, THE PEOPLE OF INDIA, having solemnly resolved to constitute India
into a [SOVEREIGN SOCIALIST SECULAR DEMOCRATIC
REPUBLIC] and to secure to all its citizens:
JUSTICE, social, economic and political;
LIBERTY of thought, expression, belief, faith and worship;
EQUALITY of status and of opportunity;
and to promote among them all
FRATERNITY assuring the dignity of the individual and the [unity and
integrity of the Nation];
IN OUR CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY this twenty-sixth
day of November, 1949, do HEREBY ADOPT, ENACT AND GIVE TO
OURSELVES THIS CONSTITUTION.
The first words of the Preamble-‘’We, the people’ ’signifies that power is
ultimately vested in the hands of the people of India, so far the Preamble has
been amended only once in 1976 by 42nd amendment(change)which inserted
the words socialism, secularism and integrity. A brief description of these
concepts is as follows (in the order they come in Preamble).

SOVERIGN-It means free to follow internal and external policies.

SECULAR-It means no particular religion is preferred.
SOCIALIST-It means no concentration of power and money.
DEMOCRATIC-It means rule by elected representative of the people of
India.
REPUBLIC-It means no room for hereditary ruler or monarch.

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2. PARTS-25

The individual Articles of the Constitution are grouped together into the following
parts

i. Part I-Union and its territory.

ii. Part II-Citizenship.
iii. Part III-Fundamental Rights.
iv. Part IV-Directive Principles and state policy.
v. Pat IVA-Fundamental Duties.
vi. Part V-The Union.
vii. Part VI-The States.
viii. Part VII-States in the B part of the First Schedule (Repeated).
ix. Part VIII-The Union Territories.
x. Part IX-The Panchayats.
xi. Part X-The Municipalities (Part IX B-The co-operative societies-not
effective yet.
xii. Part X-The Scheduled and Tribal areas.
xiii. Part XI-Relations between the Union and the states.
xiv. Part XII-Finance, Property, Contracts and Suits.
xv. Part XIII-Trade and Commerce within the territory of India.
xvi. Part IV-Services under the Union, the States.
xvii. Part XIVA-Tribunals.
xviii. Part XV-Elections.
xix. Part XVI-Special Provisions Relating to certain classes.
xx. Part XVII-Languages.
xxi. Part XVIII-Emergency Provisions
xxii. Part XIX-Miscellaneous

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 xxiii. Part XX-Amendment of the constitution.
xxiv. Part XXI-Temporary, Transitional and Special Provisions.
xxv. Part XXII-Short title, date of commencement, Authoritative text in
Hindi and Repeals.

3. ARTICLE (1-450)

It is subcategory of different parts in the constitution which contains detail

information of the subject or the title which an article represents.

4. AMENDMENTS

Amendment of the Constitution of India is the process of making changes to

the nation’s fundamental law. Changes to the Indian Constitution are made by the
federal Parliament. The procedure is laid out in Part XX, Article 368, of the
constitution. An amendment bill must be passed by both the Houses of the
parliament by a two-thirds majority and voting.

In 2000 the National Commission to Review the Working of the

Constitution (NCRWC) was set up to look into updating the constitution.

5. SCHEDULES

Schedules are lists in the Constitution that categorize and tabulate

bureaucratic activity and policy of the Government.

First Schedule (Articles 1 and 4)

This lists the states and territories of India, lists any changes to their borders
and the laws used to make that change.

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Second Schedule (Articles 59(3), 65(3), 75(6), 97, 125, 148(3), 158(3), 164(5), 186 and 221)

This lists the salaries of officials holding public office, judges, and
Comptroller and Auditor General of India.

Third Schedule (Articles 75(4), 99, 124(6), 148(2), 164(3), 188 and 219)

Forms of Oaths – This lists the oaths of offices for elected officials and
judges.

Fourth Schedule (Articles 4(1) and 80(2))

This details the allocation of seats in the Rajya Sabha (the upper house of
Parliament) per State or Union Territory.

Fifth Schedule (Article 244(1))

This provides for the administration and control of Scheduled Areas [Note
2] and Scheduled Tribes [Note 3] (areas and tribes needing special protection due
to disadvantageous conditions).

Sixth Schedule (Articles 244(2) and 275(1))

Provisions for the administration of tribal areas in Assam, Meghalaya,

Tripura, and Mizoram.

Seventh Schedule (Article 246)

The union (central government), state, and concurrent lists of

responsibilities.

Eighth Schedule (Articles 344(1) and 351)

The official languages.

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Ninth Schedule (Article 31-B)

Originally Articles mentioned here were immune from judicial review on

the ground that they violated fundamental rights. State of Tamil Nadu and others
that laws included in the 9th schedule can be subject to judicial review if they
violated the fundamental rights guaranteed under Article 14, 15, 19, 21 or the basic
structure of the Constitution

Tenth Schedule (Articles 102(2) and 191(2))

"Anti-defection" provisions for Members of Parliament and Members of the

State Legislatures.

Eleventh Schedule (Article 243-D)

Panchayat Raj (rural local government).

Twelfth Schedule (Article 243-W)

Municipalities (urban local government).

6. APPENDICES (2)

They are extension to the constitution.

7. FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS (PART III-ARTICLE 12-35)

The word fundamental suggests that these rights are so important that the
constitution has separately listed them and made special provisions for their
protection. The fundamental rights are so important that the constitution itself that
they are not violated by the government. Fundamental rights are protected and
guaranteed by the constitution of the country.

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8.FUNDAMENTAL DUTIES(PART IV ARTICLE 51 A)

These fundamental rights have been provided at the cost of some

fundamental duties. These are considered as the duties that must be and should be
performed by every citizen of India. These fundamental duties are defined as: It
shall be the duty of every citizens of India

a. To abide by the constitution.

b. To uphold and protect the sovereignty, unity and integrity of India.
c. To cherish and follow the noble ideas which inspired our national
struggle for freedom.
d. To defend the country and render national service when called upon to
do so.
e. To promote harmony and the spirit of common brotherhood.
f. To value and preserve the rich heritage of our composite culture.
g. To protect and improve the national environment.
h. To develop the scientific temper, humanism and the spirit of inquiry and
reform.
i. To safeguard public property and to abjure violence.
j. To strive towards excellence in all spheres of individual and collective
activity, so that the nations constantly rises to higher levels of endeavor
and achievement.

9.DIRECTIVE PRINCIPLES(PART-IV-ARTICLE 36-5)

It provides the social and economic bases of a genuine democracy. The

classifications of these are as follows

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 2. LIBERAL
1. SOCIO-ECONOMIC
PRINCIPLES PRINCIPLES

DIRECTIVE
PRINCIPLES

4. INTERNATIONAL
PRINCIPLES

3. GANDHIAN PRINCIPLES

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SOCIO-ECONOMIC PRINCIPLES

i. Article 38 of the constitution of India shall endeavor to formulate such

social system which will secure social, economic and political justice to
all the spheres of life.
ii. Article 39(a) the state shall try to formulate its policy in such a manner so
as to secure adequate means of livelihood for all its citizens.
iii. Article 39(b) the ownership of material resources would be controlled in
such a manner so as to sub serve the common good.
iv. Article 39(c)the economy of the state will be administered in such a
manner so that wealth may not be concentrated in a few hands and the
means of production may not be used against the public interest.
v. Article 41 of the Indian Constitution, the state will work within the limits
of its economic viability and progress, provide to the citizens, the right to
work, the right to education and general assistance in the event of
unemployment, old age, disease and other disabilities.
vi. Article 42 of the Indian Constitution, the state will make provisions for
the creation of just and humane conditions of work. It will also ensure
maternity relief.
vii. Article 43 of the Indian Constitution, the state will ensure adequate wages,
good life and rest to the laborers. The state will also endeavor to make
available to the laborers. The state will also endeavor to make available to
the laborers various socio cultural facilities.

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 2. LIBERAL PRINCIPLES

a. Article 44 of the Indian Constitution, the state shall endeavor to formulate

and implement uniform civil-code for all the people living throughout the
territory of India.
b. Article 45 of the Indian Constitution, the state shall endeavor to provide
early childhood care and education for all the children until they complete
the age of six years.
c. Article 49 of the Indian Constitution, the state shall strive to raise the level of
nutrition and the standard of living. Thus it will endeavor to improve upon
the health of the people.
d. Article 48 of the Indian Constitution, the state shall strive to organize
agriculture and husbandry on modern and scientific lines. It will also try to
maintain and improve upon the breed of the animals.
e. Article 50 of the Indian Constitution the state will try to separate the
judiciary from the executive in the case of public service.

3. GANDHIAN PRINCIPLES

i. Article 40, state will strive to organize panchayats in villages and will
endow them with such powers which enable them to act as units of
self-government.
ii. Article 43, the state shall strive to develop the cottage industry in the
rural areas both, on individual or co-operative basis.

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 iii. Article 47, the state will strive to ban the consumption of wine, other
intoxicating drinks and all such commodities which are considered
injurious to health.
iv. Article 48 reveals that state will ban slaughtering of cows, calves and
other milk cattle.

4. INTERNATIONAL PRINCIPLES

A. Article 51(a)-The state will strive to promote international peace and

security.
B. Article 51(b)-The state will strive to maintain just and honorable
relations among various states in the world.
C. Article 51 (c)- The state will endeavor to promote respect for
international treaties, agreements and law.
D. Article 51(f)-The state will strive to settle international disputes by
arbitration.

JOURNAL ABSTRACT
RIGHT TO HEALTH

The Constitution of India has provision regarding the right to health. The
obligation of the state to ensure the creation and the sustaining of conditions
congenial to good health is cast by the constitutional directives contained in
articles 38,39(e )(f),42,47 and 48 A in Part IV of the constitution of India. In this
article following aspects are studied in the light of provisions of constitution of
India and various judicial pronouncements. Medico-legal cases and Right to Health
Care and Medical Assistance; Medical Examination of rape victim and Right to
health care; working of blood banks and Right to Health care; Cases of HIV/AIDS

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and Right to health care; Living and working conditions of workers and right to
health care: Mentally ill person and right to Health Care; Biomedical waste and
Right to Health Care; Pollution and Right to health care.

CONCLUSION
The Constitution is not an instrument for the government to restrain the people;
it is an instrument for the people to restrain the government.

-Patrick Henry.

A constitution symbolizes independence of a country. Framework and

structure for the governance of a country are provided in the constitution. The
responsibility lies on not only the jurists and policy framers, but also the citizens of
the country to work in a harmonious manner for the development of the country.

INDIAN ADMINISTRATIVE SYSTEM

INTRODUCTION
The democratic nature of the Indian sub-continent has been engraved in its
Constitution. A country that firmly believes that the government is ‘by the people,
for the people, of the people’ the Indian administration decides and acts for all the
citizens without any biases. While the Constitution of India is unique, the
administration is predominantly divided into three divisions, Executive, Legislative
and Judiciary administration.

HISTORY OF INDIAN ADMINISTRATIVE SYSTEM

History of Indian administration traces its earliest known form to the
monarchical system. Since the earliest times, the monarchical system was used in
public administration in the execution of governmental functions.

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 In the long history of Indian administration, a number of administrative
organizations rose and fell.

However, there are two basic features of the Indian administrative

system which continued right down the ages-

i. the importance of the villages as a primary unit and

ii. Co-ordination between the two opposite trends of centralization and
decentralization.

To put it in a nutshell the present administration is a developed form of the old

administrative system.

Abundant sources are available to get a clear picture of the history of

Indian administrative system. A lot of information regarding the organization and
functions of Indian administration is obtained from

a. Vedic literature
b. Buddhist treatises
c. Jain literatures
d. Dharmasastras
e. Indian Puranas
f. Ramayana
g. Mahabharata
h. Manu Smriti
i. Sukra Niti
j. Arthashastra.

The powers of administering the states were centralized in the hands of the
king during the ancient period in India. During the Vedic period the king was

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assisted in his work by many officers. He was surrounded by a circle of his friends
and principal officers. There is a reference regarding this in the two epics of
Ramayana and Mahabharata. A similar reference is also to be found in Manu
Smriti and Sukra Niti. In Kautilya`s Arthashastra is obtained a detailed account
about the offices of the state for the first time in the history of India. By this time
administrative system was fully developed.

Thus the development of the ancient Indian administration had reached its peak
during the reigns of

1. Chandragupta Maurya and

2. Ashoka.

Mauryan administrative institutions were further developed during the

period of the Guptas. Their period witnessed multifarious activities in the field of
excellent administration.

The decentralization process had started in ancient India. As a result of this,

(i) empires were divided into provinces

(ii) provinces into districts
(iii) Districts into urban and rural centers from administrative angle.

During the ancient period state administration was divided into numerous
departments. In Vedic times the number of such departments was limited. In
ancient Indian administration there is also found a description of the principles of
public administration.

Thus, the principle of hierarchy had been given a practical shape and seeds
of co-ordination were present between different departments.

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 Such a full-fledged administrative system existed in the reigns of
Chandragupta Maurya and Ashoka. Great emphasis was placed on observation
and inspection along with the principle of hierarchy.

Like the present day personnel system mention is made in ancient

administration system of the recruitment, qualifications, salaries, leave, pension
etc., of government employees.

At that time merit, efficiency and being a member of the elite

group were given special emphasis. During the time there existed the organization
of a central office where all the government records were kept.

In brief, it can be said that the present Indian administration is the result of a
rich legacy and continuity. It is true to say that the steps of its evolution are some
way or the other connected with the past. However, the existing administrative
system in India may be said to be the contribution of the British government.

GOVERNMENT OF INDIA
Government of India is a parliamentary form of Government and follows
the democratic structure.

DIVISIONS IN INDIAN ADMINISTRATION

Divisions in Indian administration essentially refer to the bifurcation of

responsibilities into three units
EXECUTIVE

DIVISIONS IN
INDIAN
ADMINISTRATION LEGISLATIVE

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 JUDICIARY
These three units comprise the entire system of governance in India. Each of
the three organs of Government is responsible for a separate and
independent area of administration.
a. The executive is responsible for the overall governance and day-to-
day administration of the country.
b. The legislature sees to the making of laws and policies and
c. The judiciary is responsible for the legal aspects of governance.
The form, structure, functions and the organs of government are
related to the type of the political system adopted and the nature of the
distribution of powers among the units of government and organs of
the state.

Executive in Indian Administration

The executive power of the country is vested in the Indian President. The
Constitution of India vests all executive powers in the President who exercises
power over his subsidiary officers and is aided and advised in the exercise of his
functions by the Indian Prime Minister and the Union Council of ministers.
However, though he is the nominal head of the country, real executive power is
exercised by the Prime Minister who is aided and advised by his Cabinet. All
matters pertaining to the governance of the country are executed by the executive
branch of the country. Among the various areas of responsibility which the
executive is responsible for a

i. re foreign affairs

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 ii. defense
iii. home affairs
iv. post and telegraph
v. railways
vi. taxes
vii. Banking and currency etc.

Legislature in Indian Administration

The Legislative powers of the government are exercised by the Government

of India through the Parliament. The Indian Parliament is bicameral in nature,
meaning that it is divided into two houses

A. an upper house and

B. A lower house.
The upper house is the council of states or the Rajya Sabha and the lower
house is the house of the people called the Lok Sabha.

The most important function of the Indian legislature is naturally the matter
of legislation. The making of laws on a variety of subjects, making, recommending
and passing or negating bills, financial powers by means of money bills,
amendment of the Constitution, discussion on treaties and international matters
area among some of the functions performed by the Indian legislature. The
legislature also exercises a certain check over the executive as the executive is
answerable to the parliament at all times.

Judiciary in Indian Administration

The Constitution of India has provided for an integrated and unified

judiciary for the whole country. The organization of the Indian judiciary is such

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that at the very top is the Supreme Court of India, in between there are a number of
District Courts, Munsiff Courts and High Courts of India and right at the very base
are the Nyaya Panchayats.

The subject matter which the courts deal with are divided into two

a. Civil and
b. Criminal.

The main function of the judiciary is to see to the implementation of laws, punish
offences against the state and citizens and the dispensation of justice. Great care
has been taken to ensure the independence of the judiciary and maintain and
impartial law system.

INDIAN PARLIAMENT
India`s Bicameral Parliament consists of

a. Loksabha, the Lower House and

b. Rajya Sabha, the Upper House.

Parliament is the supreme legislative body of a country. Our Parliament comprises

of the President and the two Houses, Lok Sabha (House of the People) and Rajya
Sabha (Council of States). The President has the power to summon and prorogue
either House of Parliament or to dissolve Lok Sabha. The Constitution of India
came into force on January 26, 1950. The first general elections under the new
Constitution were held during the year 1951-52 and the first elected Parliament
came into being in April, 1952.

Lok Sabha

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 The Lok Sabha is also called as the "House of the People" or the lower
house. The citizens of India directly chose almost all of its members. It is more
influential between two houses and can even forego or overthrow the Rajya Sabha
in particular matters.

The Lok Sabha have got 552 members as conceived in the Article 81 of the
Constitution of India. It has a term of 5 years. In case of some special situations
arise, where no party acquires majority, the President has the right to nullify the
Lok Sabha preceding.

The eligibility criteria of Lok Sabha are significant, highlighting the

uniqueness of Indian Parliament.

a. A person should be a citizen of India and

b. Not less than 25 years of age.

Up to 530 members can be elected from the states, up to 20 members from

the Union territories and no more than two members can be nominated by the
President of India.

Presently, the total number of members in Lok Sabha is 545. Out of

which 530 members are from the states, 13 members from the Union territories and
2 nominated members representing the Anglo Indian community. Some seats are
also conserved for representatives of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes.

The people directly elect the representatives from States and Union
Territories on the basis of universal adult suffrage. Every citizen, regardless of
gender, caste, religion or race is eligible to vote. However he should be at least
eighteen years of age.

Rajya Sabha

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 The Rajya Sabha is an integral part of Indian Parliament. It is also called
"Council of States" or the upper house. Members of legislative bodies of the States
indirectly elect its members. The minimum age for a person to become a member
of Rajya Sabha is 30 years. The procedure of electing members, its composition is
unique and is an integral part of the Indian Parliament. It is specially mentioned in
Article 80 of the Constitution of India. The Rajya Sabha has a total membership of
250. What is interesting is that the elections procedure of rajya sabha is fixed and it
cannot be dismissed under any circumstances. Each member has tenure of six years
and elections are held for one-third of the seats after every 2 years.

The President appoints 12 members from people having particular

knowledge or experience in literature, science, art or social services.

The main function of both the Houses is to pass laws. Every Bill has to be
passed by both the Houses and assented to by the President before it becomes law.
The subjects over, which Parliament can legislate, are the subjects mentioned
under the Union List in the Seventh Schedule to the Constitution of India. The
principal Union subjects are

i. Defense
ii. Foreign Affairs
iii. Railways
iv. Transport and Communications
v. Currency and Coinage
vi. Banking
vii. Customs and
viii. Excise Duties.

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Besides passing laws, India`s Bicameral Parliament can deal with certain affairs
like passing of resolutions, motions for adjournment, discussions etc.

Indian Parliament is located in New Delhi at Sansad Marg. The Central Hall
of the Parliament is used for combined sittings of the lower and upper houses and
is of great historical significance. Indian Parliament embodies authentic proof of
India`s success as being the largest democratic nation in the world.

STATE GOVERNMENT IN INDIA

Unicameral or bicameral Legislatures are essential part of the State
Government in India including Governor and the C.M.

The Constitution of India describes that the powers are divided in the union
and the state. Thus in every state, like the centre, the Governor is the representative
of the President. He is the head of the State Government in India. Nevertheless the
functioning of government in states is quite similar to the system of Union. It is
constitution of India that describes the structure of the state government.

According to Article 153 of the constitution, the executive power of states

will rest with the Governor and there would be a council of ministers that is headed
by Chief Minister. The main function of the Chief Minister is to advice the
governor to give out his executive functions.

As the Parliament, the states also include state assemblies. The legislature of
the state consists of the Governor and the Legislative Assemblies.

In India few states possess bicameral legislature that is the existence

of two houses such as the Legislative Assembly and the Legislative Council. There
are certain states like Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, Tamil

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Nadu and Karnataka have a Legislative Council. Whereas other states of India are
unicameral in nature. In a unicameral state only one house exists and thus most of
the states have a Legislative Assembly.

According to the constitution, the Legislative Assembly of a state shall

consist of not more than 500 and not less than 60 members who are chosen by
direct election from the territorial constituencies. The Legislative Assemblies
function with a period of five years and the Council remains continuing and is not
subject to dissolution. All powers of the State Government in India vests in the
Governor of a state and the Head of a state is the Chief Minister, is the member of
the Lower House.

The figurehead of the state, the Governor is appointed by the President

according to the advice of the national government. The governor calls for the
suitable candidate to form the government. Moreover, the governor can also call
for early elections in the state if he thinks there is a failure in the State government
machinery. At the state level, Chief Minister in India is the voted by the head of
the government. They are provided with most of the executive powers.

The chief minister is elected and the election also requires an assembly
majority. The Chief Minister serves a five-year term with a requirement of re-
election. Furthermore, the composition of Council of Ministers in a state effects the
administration of the state. The Council of Ministers of India comprises of the
Ministers of important departments and the Ministers of the State.

The Council of Ministers is elected by the citizens of state in the general

elections held after every five years. The MLA`s or the Members of the Legislative
Assembly unanimously choose their leader as the Chief Minister of the State. The
Chief Minister then assigns the portfolios to the various members who form the

39
Council of Members. The other elected members are appointed as the Minister of
State.

State Government in India functions on the basis of federal relations

between the state and central government. However, the central government has
more authority on state matters than the state government. Moreover, if the
political conditions in any state declines, the national government allows the
President to declare President`s rule in that specific state. As the Parliament has the
power to make laws for the whole of or any part of the territory of India.

The State Government in India also possesses power to make laws for the
States. The subjects on which legislation can be enacted are specified in the
Seventh Schedule of the Constitution.

There are certain subjects that provide exclusive power to the State
Legislatures to make laws in relation to items appearing in List II. This list is
termed as the "State List". This list includes items like

1) Public order
2) Police
3) Public health
4) Communications
5) Agriculture
6) Taxes on entertainment and wealth, and sales tax.

There are certain items appearing in List III of the Constitution known as
``Concurrent List`` that include items like

1) Electricity
2) Newspapers

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 3) Criminal law,
4) Marriage and divorce,
5) Stamp duties,
6) Trade unions,
7) Price controls and both Parliament and the State Legislatures have the power
to legislate.

DISTRICT ADMINISTRATION IN INDIA

District Administration refers to the governance at the level of the various
districts in a state. It is the District Collector who acts as the representative of the
state Government at the district level.

District Administration is the management of affairs within a district, which

is the basic territorial unit of administration in India. It is at this level that the
common man comes into direct contact with the administration.

The district falls under the charge of a district officer, called either Deputy
Commissioner or District Collector. This officer acts as the representative of the
state government at this level. The district has also been the unit of administration
for various other departments of the State Government. Thus, many State
functionaries like the Superintendent of Police, Assistant Registrar of Cooperative
Societies, District Agricultural Officer, District Medical Officer, etc., are located at
the district headquarters and their jurisdiction extends to the district. Thus at the
district level there are multiple officers for administering the affairs of the
Government.

Revenue Division/Sub-division

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 The district is geographically divided into a number of units known as sub-
divisions in Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh, revenue divisions in Tamil Nadu,
and Prants in Maharashtra. The official-in-charge of this unit bears a variety of
names; he is called Sub-Divisional Officer (SDO) or Sub-Divisional Magistrate
(SDM) in Uttar Pradesh, Revenue Divisional Officer or Sub-Collector in Tamil
Nadu, Prant Officer (Deputy Collector or Assistant Collector) in Maharashtra. This
unit helps to further decentralize authority as well as to provide field training to
recruits to the Indian Administrative Service.

The SDO is either a newly recruited member of the IAS (and therefore quite
young in age) or a member of the State Civil Service. Like the District Collector,
the SDO is a generalist area administrator. He speaks with the voice of the
Government in his own sub-division. He is a link between the District Collector
and the Tahsildar in revenue matters and the District Magistrate and the Station
Officer (police) in matters relating to law and order.

The sub-divisions may be classified into two broad types- an

a. `Office` type sub-division.

b. `Touring` type sub-division.

In the former, the SDO maintains the office just as a Collector or a

Tahsildar does. Here, the headquarters of the sub-division is usually located within
the sub-division itself. Bengal, Bihar, Orissa, Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra, Gujarat,
Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Assam and Rajasthan represent this type.

There is `also a touring type sub-division in which the SDO does not
maintain an office. He is a touring officer gathering information, transmitting it to
his district chief, contacting people, supervising subordinate officials, and finally,
looking after the execution of governmental activities in his sub-division.
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 The SDO is thus a valuable field aide to the District Collector and is an
integral part of the district administration. The SDOs in many States do not live
within their sub-divisions. They reside at the district headquarters. As a matter of
policy, the SDO and other sub-divisional level officers must reside at the sub-
divisional headquarters.

Tahsil

The sub-division comprises one or two Tahsils. A Tahsil called Taluk in

Tamil Nadu and Taluka in Maharashtra is the basic unit for purposes of general
administration, treasury, land revenue, land records and other items of work. It has
the closest and widest contact with the rural population.

The officer in charge of the Tahsil is the Tahsildar, who belongs to the State
Civil Service. He is the principal official in district administration responsible for
actual revenue collection. His performance, also, is judged by his efficiency as a
collector of revenues. He is the sub-treasury officer, thus accepting the payment of
the revenue. He recommends remissions or other concessions to the District
Collector in times of distress. He is assisted by a Naib or Deputy Tahsildar,
Quanungos and Patwaris. The administration at the Tahsil level is the farthest unit
of administration for revenue and land questions.

Pargana

The next lower unit in revenue administration is known as Pargana in Uttar

Pradesh, circle in Maharashtra and Firka in Tamil Nadu. The head of this unit is
called Supervisor Quanungo in Uttar Pradesh, Circle Inspector in Maharashtra and
the Revenue Inspector in Tamil Nadu. He is in charge of revenue administration
and land records of every village within his area. He is the first line supervisor in
the chain of revenue administration in the States.
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Village

The lowest unit for all administrative and fiscal purposes in all the States of
India is the village, which is administered by a village establishment. The Village
Headman is the most powerful governmental functionary at the village level,
combining as he does both police and revenue functions: he is the head of the
village police, and he also collects revenue and deposits it in the treasury. He is the
custodian of all Government property in the village.

LOCAL SELF GOVERNMENT

Local Self Government in India is an instrument of democratic self-
government serving the local community for overseeing local affairs. Local Self
Government is the management of local affairs by such local bodies who have
been elected by the local people

Rural: The Panchayati Raj

It is three tier structure of rural local self-development in India. These are

at
Village level
Panchayat .

Panchayat samitii Block level

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 Zila parishad District level

At Village Level

The Panchayat Raj at the village level consists of

Gram Sabha
Gram Panchayat
Nyaya Panchayat.

a. Gram Sabha

It is the assembly of all the adults of the village, which meet at least
twice a year.

b. Gram Panchayat

It is the executive organ of the Gram Sabha, and agency for the
planning and development at the village level. Its strength varies from 15-30
members.

c. Nyaya Panchayat

A Nyaya Panchayat is a system of dispute resolution at village level

in India. Nyaya panchayats can be endowed with functions based on broad
principles of natural justice and can tend to remain procedurally as simple as
possible. They can be given civil and minor criminal jurisdiction. But they should
never follow civil and criminal procedure code in toto

At Block Level

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 The block consists about 1000 villages and a population of 80,000 to
120000.The Panchayati Raj agency at block level is Panchayat Samiti.It consists of
all the sarpanches of the village in the block,MLA,MPs residing in the block area
representative of various tribes and societies.

At District Level

The Zila Parishad is the agency of rural local self government at district
level. Members include all heads of Panchayat Samitis in the MPs,MLAs of the
districts and two persons of experience in administration, public life or rural
development.The zila Parishad is primarily supervisory and co-ordination body.

URBAN AREA
Big cities have City Corporation. Cities have City Municipal Committees.
Towns have Town Municipal committees. All these are elected bodies.
Administration is carried out by an appointed CHIEF Executive who is answerable
to elected bodies. Their main source of revenue is local tax and funds received
from State Government

DISTRIBUTION OF POWER BETWEEN CENTER AND STATES

Distribution of power between the Centre and states refers to the allocation
of responsibilities between the Centre and the state. There are three lists

state

Union
LISTS
46

concurrent
 These lists specify the distribution of power. Distribution of power between
the Centre and states has been provided for in the Constitution of India for the
smooth running of the Government.

According to the Administrative divisions, India has 28 states and 7 union

territories. Each of these regional administrative divisions has an elected
government headed by a chief minister. A Governor is appointed by the Indian
President, as the representative head of the federal authority in each state.

The form of government in India is the quasi-federal form, with

federal structure and strong unitary spirit. In the federal form of government,
Divisions in Indian Administration occurs; the power is divided between a central
authority and constitutional political units such as the states and the provinces. The
two levels of government are interdependent and share sovereignty. The federal
system also provides that the constitution is the supreme power of the land.

Union List

The Union list consists of subjects on which the central government or the
Indian Parliament can make laws. These subjects included in the list are of national
importance. These include subjects such as

i. Defence
ii. Foreign affairs
iii. Atomic energy
iv. Banking
v. Post and telegraph.

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 The central government has the power of making laws on these
subjects at all times also during emergencies. There are 97 subjects on
which the central government can make law.

State List

The State list contains 66 subjects of local or state importance. The state
governments have the authority to make laws on these subjects. These subjects
include

i. Police
ii. Local governments
iii. Trade
iv. Commerce and agriculture.

However, during national and state emergency, the power to make laws on these
subjects is transferred to the Parliament.

Concurrent list

The Concurrent list has 47 subjects on which both the Parliament and the
state legislatures can make laws. These subjects include

1. Criminal and civil procedure

2. Marriage and divorce
3. Education
4. Economic planning and
5. Trade unions.

Yet, in case of conflict between a law made by the central government and a law
made by the state legislatures, the law made by the central government will prevail.

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There are certain changes regarding the authority of making laws. Education was
shifted from the state list to the concurrent list by the 42nd Amendment Act of
1976.

Apart from the powers mentioned in these lists, there is also a list of
miscellaneous functions called residuary powers. These are not mentioned in any
of the three lists and the right to make laws on these subjects is called residuary
power. The central government has been given rights to legislate on these subjects.

CONSTITUTIONAL BODIES IN INDIA

Constitutional Bodies in India are responsible to look after the
administration of specific functions in the country. Constitutional Bodies in India
are the permanent or semi-permanent organization within the machinery of
government. These bodies are responsible to look after the administration of
specific functions.

The functions of these bodies are normally executive in character. Moreover,

different types of organization or commissions are used for advisory functions. The
bodies are of national importance and help in the effective function of the
government.

After independence, the introduction of the independent bodies as a part of

the government helped the country. These constitutional or independent bodies
have extensive administrative functions. The chief of these bodies are either
appointed by the president of India or the Prime Minister serve as the chairman.
ELECTION COMMISSION

CONSTITUTIONAL
PLANNING COMMISSION
BODIES
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 NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT COUNCIL

Election Commission of India

OTHER

Among the major Constitutional Bodies in India, Election Commission is a

permanent Constitutional Body. It was established in accordance with the
Constitution on 25th January 1950. The Constitution has vested to this body
superintendence, direction and control of the entire process for conduct of
elections. Comptroller and Auditor General of India is another authority
established by the Constitution of India. He is provided with the power auditing all
receipts and expenditure of the Government of India and the state governments. In
order to ensure independence of the office of the Comptroller and Auditor General
from the executive government, the position thus remains permanent.

Planning Commission of India

Planning Commission of India is an organization in the Government of

India, which formulates India`s Five-Year Plans, among other functions. The
planning commission was charged with the service of the opportunities to all for
employment in the service of the community. The Planning Commission is
reporting directly to the Prime Minister of India. It was established on 15 March
1950, with Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru as the chairman. The Planning
Commission does not derive its creation from either the Constitution or statute, but
is an arm of the Central/Union Government.

Finance Commission also serves a constitutional body for the purpose of

allocation of certain resources of revenue between the Union and the State
Governments. It was established under Article 280 of the Indian Constitution by

50
the President of India. It was formed to define the financial relations between the
centre and the state.

National Development Council

National Development Council (NDC) or the Rashtriya Vikas Parishad is

the apex body for decision making and deliberations on development matters in
India. presided over by the Prime Minister. National Development Council was set
up on August 6, 1952 to strengthen and mobilize the effort and resources of the
nation in support of the Plan, to promote common economic policies in all vital
spheres, and to ensure the balanced and rapid development of all parts of the
country. It is an extra-constitutional and non-statutory body and acts as an advisory
body to Planning Commission of India.

Other significant Constitutional Bodies in India

Other significant Constitutional Bodies in India include

i. Central Vigilance Commission

ii. Central Bureau of Investigation
iii. National Human Rights Commission
iv. National Commission for Women
v. National Commission for Backward classes
vi. National Commission for Minorities
vii. National Commission for Scheduled Tribes

The Union Public Service Commission was given autonomous status both
at Federal and Provincial levels for ensuring unbiased recruitment to the civil
services and also for protection of service interests. All India Services are the civil

51
services of India that supports in the recruitment of employees on the basis of an
examination conducted through the Union Public Service Commission. The All
India Services Act of 1951 authorizes that the government of India can make rules
and regulation for the recruitment and conditions of service of the persons
appointed for the ranks of All India Service.

INDIAN GOVERNMENT DEPARTMENTS

Indian Government Departments have been constituted to look after the welfare
of Indian citizens. It is a huge body with thousands of employees. Ministries of
Indian Government

i. Ministry of Agriculture
ii. Ministry of Home Affairs
iii. Ministry of Commerce and Industry
iv. Ministry of External Affairs
v. Corporate Affairs
vi. Indian Ministry of Defense
vii. Ministry of Information and Broadcasting
viii. Ministry of Civil Aviation
ix. Ministry of Human Resource Development
x. Ministry of Railways
xi. Ministry of Environment and Forests
xii. Ministry of Finance and Company Affairs
xiii. Ministry of Health and Family Welfare
xiv. Heavy Industries & Public Enterprises
xv. Petroleum & Natural Gas,
xvi. Power

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xvii. Labour
xviii. Tourism, Women and Child Development
xix. Youth Affairs and Sports
xx. Others

Constitute the Indian Government Departments. These divisions have been

made so that work for public welfare can be carried on easily. These categories are
further divided into Indian government departments. For instance, the Department
of Home Affairs is further classified into Department of Official Language,
Directorate, General of Civil Defense, National Crime Records Bureau and Special
Services Bureau.

India faces elections at an interval of five years and with it the ministers
presiding over the Indian Government Departments may alter. However, the
bureaucrats and other officials working in these departments remain unaltered.
Most of these government officials are appointed through competitive exams that
are held throughout India. IAS, IPS, IFS, UPSC and other exams are held annually
across the nation. Managed by an efficient and erudite lot the Indian Government
Departments function collectively as a government machinery to provide proper
facilities for the citizens.

INDIAN POLITICAL PARTIES

The Indian political scenario is dominated by a plethora of political parties

The Indian political state of affairs has an overabundance of political parties.

India has a multiparty system, which can be broadly divided into two categories-
the National Parties and the regional parties. National parties usually are those that
are recognized in four or more states and the Election Commission of India accords

53
this status to them. This recognition adds a new dimension to the political parties.
Some recognized political parties in India are:

1. Bahujan Samaj Party

2. Bharatiya Janata Party
3. All India Forward Bloc
4. All India Trinamool Congress
5. Communist Party of India (CPI)
6. Communist Party of India (Marxist)
7. Indian National Congress
8. Nationalist Congress Party of Sharad Pawar Nationalist Congress Party
9. All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (AIADMK)
10.Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Liberation
11.Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
12.Indian Union Muslim League
13.Indian National Lok Dal
14.Indigenous Nationalist Party of Twipra
15.Jammu and Kashmir National Conference
16.Janata Dal (Secular)
17.Janata Dal (United)
18.Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party
19.Mizo National Front Mizo National Front
20.Revolutionary Socialist Party
21.Samajwadi Party
22.Shiromani Akali Dal
23.Shiv Sena
24.Telangana Rashtra Samithi

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 25.Telugu Desam Party
26.Arunachal Congress
27.Pattali Makkal Katchi
28.Uttarakhand Kranti Dal
29.All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimen
30.Jammu and Kashmir People`s Democratic Party
31.Janathipathiya Samrakshana Samithy
32.Jharkhand Mukti Morcha Jharkhand Mukti Morcha
33.Kerala Congress
34.Lok Jan Shakti Party
35.Rashtriya Janata Dal
36.Rashtriya Lok Dal
37.National Loktantrik Party

INDIAN ECONOMY
The Indian economy is diverse and embraces a huge area including

a. Agriculture
b. Mining
c. Textile industry
d. Manufacturing and a vast array of other services.

There is an enormous shift from what the economy used to be in the distant past.
Indian economy is the third largest in the world, as measured by "purchasing
power parity"(PPP). Still now two thirds of the population thrives on agriculture
directly or indirectly.

55
 The general budget of India is presented by the Finance Minister in the
Parliament which is passed by the Lok Sabha. It comes to effect on April 1, and the
budget is presented on the last working day of February. An economic survey is
conducted after the budget which involves various NGOs, business people, and
women organization and so on.

Indian currency ‘rupee’ is derived from Sanskrit meaning silver and was first
introduced by Sher Shah Suri during his reign from 1540-1545 CE as history puts
it. Since the British period this coin has been used as a standardized currency for
economic purposes. These days Rupee currency comes in denominations of 1, 2, 5,
10, 20, 50, 100, 500 and 1000. Rupee is the only payment of debt accepted in India

NATIONAL SYMBOLS OF INDIA

National symbols in India depict the rich heritage of its socio- cultural
contents that are unique to Indian subcontinent from the rest of the world.

56
 National Emblem National symbols of India create the entity of the whole
nation, highlighting the pride and prestige. They represent the identifiable features
that make it exclusive and support the nation to remain distinctive and unique from
the rest of the world.

A list of national symbols of India has been provided as follows-

National Anthem

"Jana-Gana-Mana" was embraced as the national anthem of India by the

Constituent Assembly on 24 January 1950. It is a beautiful song written by the
legendary Rabindranath Tagore. It comprises of five beautiful stanzas. It was first
sung on 27 December 1911 at the Calcutta Session of the Indian National
Congress. It takes approximately fifty- two seconds to play the whole version of
the national anthem. On special occasions, however, a brief version of 1st and last
lines of the stanzas, which takes approximately 20 seconds, are hummed.

National Animal National Song

Vande Mataram, composed by Bankimchandra Chattopadhyay, in Sanskrit

is the National Song of India and is a source of motivation. Vande Mataram
provided inspiration to numerous freedom fighters in the Indian freedom struggle.
In the 1896 session of the Indian National Congress, Vande Mataram was sung for
the first time.

National Emblem

The replication of the Lion at Sarnath, near Varanasi in Uttar Pradesh is

national emblem of India. It is considered to be one of the significant national
symbols of India. The Lion Capital was raised up in the 3rd century BC. Emperor
Ashoka built it to demarcate the place of the first proclamation of Buddhism

57
among the people of Indian subcontinent. The national emblem symbolises
modern-day India`s reassertion of its ancient allegiance to goodwill and grace of
the whole of the humankind.

The four lions, one obscured from viewing, symbolise supremacy, valour
and poise. It reposes on a spherical calculating machine, and four small animals
encircle it. These animals are regarded as protectors of the "four directions". The
lion is for the north, the elephant for the east and the horse for the south and the
bull for the west. The "abacus" leans on a full-bloomed lotus flower, which
exemplifies the source of life and innovative motivation. At the bottom of the
emblem, the axiom "Satyameva Jayate" is carved out .It is written in Devanagari
script, which stands for Truth Alone Triumphs.

National Animals

The Royal Bengal Tiger, the national animal, stands apart in respect of
national symbols of India. Yellow colour, black -striped body, white belly makes
this specie an epitome of authority and grandeur. To protect the tigers to lose in
extension due to illegal hunting, The Government of India undertook Project Tiger
program.

National Flower

National bird is the Peacock. The magnificent display of its beautiful plume
and tail with the gathering of clouds in the sky, heralds the arrival of rainy seasons.
They prefer to live in the forests and near the water bodies. Peacocks are
decreasing in numbers and thus peacock hunting is banned in the country.

58
National Tree and Flower

Banyan tree is the national tree, noted for its longevity and widely spread
branches and strong branches. Lotus is the national flower. It carries the heritage of
Indian tradition and is important one among other national symbols of India.
National Fruit

Mango is the national fruit. It is not only good in taste and also it has got
nutritional values. It is a source of Vitamins A, C and D. In India there are more
than hundred types of mangoes of various sizes, shapes and colours. Mangoes have
been cultivated in India since ancient period. Various Indian legendary
personalities mentioned about this fruit and its qualities. The great poet Kalidasa
composed songs in its praise. Foreigners like Alexander; Hieun Tsang almost fell
in love with this tasty fruit. Akbar implanted several mango trees in Darbhanga and
it became popular as Lakhi Bagh.

National Flag

In the midst of widely acclaimed national symbols of India, National flag of

India stands as the sign of independence and democracy. It is a horizontal tri colour
equally proportioned with the three colours: deep saffron on the top, white in the
middle and dark green at the bottom. The ratio of the width to the length of the flag
is 2:3. A wheel in navy blue occupies the centerfield of the white banding. This
wheel signifies the Dharma Chakra which means the wheel of law in the Lion
Capital at Sarnath. The diameter is at par with the breadth of the white band and it
has got twenty-four spokes. Colours stand for certain virtual qualities. The saffron
represents bravery, sacrifice and the spirit of repudiation; the white, for innocence
and truth; and the green for trust and richness.

59
 National symbols of India inspire Nationalism in the citizens of India even
in this modern age, not only by its characteristic features, but also its overall aura.

INDIAN CIVIL AWARDS

Indian Civil Awards are announced annually to recognise the invaluable
contribution of an individual or institution to the society

Indian Civil Awards are recognised by the Government of India. These

honours are given annually to several people who serve the Indian Diasporas.
Amongst the several awards, the Bharat Ratna is the most prestigious Indian Civil
Award. Handed over by the President of India it is awarded to people who have
served the nation in the best possible ways. Personages from the fields of science,
literature or other forms of art can be the recipient of this Indian Civil Award.
Besides this there are several other awards, such as, the Padma Vibhushan Awards,
Padma Bhushan Awards, Padma Shri Awards, Rashtrapati Award, etc which are
quite esteemed in India.

Several Indian Civil Awards are awarded to common people for

extraordinary deeds. The Bravery Awards organised by Godfrey Phillips India Ltd.
recognise the unprecedented courage shown at the hours of need by ordinary
citizens. There are several peace awards, such as, Gandhi Peace Prize and Indira
Gandhi Peace Award as well. These are awarded to individuals or institutions for
their contribution in changing the society by following the postulates of non-
violence.

Indian Gallantry Awards are government approved and are handed over to
the defence personnel for their services in safeguarding the nation. There are
60
several Indian Civil Awards pertaining to the fields of sports, performing arts and
literature. Personages like Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan, C.
Rajagopalachari, C. V. Raman, V. V. Giri, J. R. D. Tata, Jawaharlal Nehru, Atal
Bihari Vajpayee, Hazari Prasad Dwivedi, Buddhadeb Basu, B. R. Ambedkar,
Satyajit Ray, Bidhan Chandra Roy, Amartya Sen, Mother Teresa, Sunil Gavaskar
and others have been honoured by the Indian Civil Awards for their priceless
contribution to the Indian society.

Bharat Ratna National Bravery Award, Padma Bhushan Padma Shri Awards,
Padma Vibhushan Pravasi Bharatiya Samman Ramineni Foundation Awards,
Sahitya Akademi Award, Sangeet Natak Akademi Award.

JOURNAL ABSTRACT

QUESTIONING THE ROLE OF THE INDIAN ADMINISTRATIVE

SERVICE IN NATIONAL INTEGRATION

Dalal Benbabaali said that After Independence, the Indian Administrative

Service was expected to promote national integration, from a social as well as
spatial point of view. Yet, despite the reservation policy, this elite body lacks
representativeness. The partisanship of IAS officers along caste, religious and
ethnic lines has further reduced their efficiency as a binding force of the nation.
Being an All-India Service, the IAS encourages the spatial mobility of its
members, which is not always welcome by officers posted in far-off states or in the
higher administration is a sign of desertation that is contrary to the IAS mission of
territorial integration.

CONCLUSION

The administrative machinery of any country cannot be bereft of its social,

cultural, cultural, political and economic conditions. Since independence India has

61
witnessed major developments in the social and economic fields. The Government
today is no longer playing the traditional role of a regulator. Its role evolved to
that of a promotor and then to that of a facilitator and service provider.

PLANNING PROCESS
INTRODUCTION:
“Planning is For Tomorrow”

“He Who Fails to Plan, Plans to fail…..”

Planning is a process for accomplishing purposes. “If you do not know

where you are, it is impossible to determine how you can get to where you want to
be”. If you know where you are and if you know where you want to go, the task is
to find the best route to go there”. It is a blueprint of business growth and a road
map of development. It helps in deciding objectives both in quantitative and
qualitative terms. It is setting of goals on the basis of objectives and keeping in the
resources.

TERMINOLOGY:

1. Modernization:

Modernization is a concept in the sphere of social sciences that refer to

process in which society goes through industrialization.

2. Strategy:

Strategy is the direction and scope of an organization over the long term.

62
DEFINITION:
HEALTH:
1. Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social wellbeing and not
merely the absence of disease or infirmity.

- World Health Organization, 1946.

PLANNING:

1. Planning is going from known to unknown.

2. Planning is deciding in advance what to do, how to do it, when to do it and

who is to do it.

3. Planning is the process of deciding the objectives or goals of the

organization and preparing for how to meet them through suitable strategies.

4. Planning is a process of determining the objectives of administrative and

devising the mean calculated to achieve them.

PLANNING PROCESS:

The planning process can be further subdivided into several activities.

1. Goal formulation

2. Identification of strategies and objectives.

3. External environmental analysis.

4. Internal environmental analysis.

5. SWOT analysis

6. Gap analysis.

63
GOAL FORMULATION (STRATEGIC PLANNING)

The focus is on four aspects

1. Vision

2. Mission

3. Goals

4. Objectives

Vision:

It is the short declaration describing what an organization aspires to be

tomorrow. It describes how the future will look if the organizations achieve its
mission.

Mission:

Mission derives from the vision of the organization. Mission statement

answers who we are, who are our customers, what do we do and how do we do.

Goals:

Long term goals.

These refer to open ended statements of what one wants to accomplish

with no time criteria for completion.

Short term goals

These refer to specific short term targets for which measurable results
can be obtained. It is intended to achieve within a given period of time. It should
be

64
 S - Specific

M - Measurable

A - Achievable

R - Rational

T - Time bound

ENVIRONMENTAL SCAN

Environmental scan comprises both internal and external environmental

scan. It has to include the SWOT matrix.

S - Strengths

W - Weakness

O - Opportunities

T - Threats

GAP ANALYSIS

The performance gap is basically the difference between the objectives

established in the goal formulation and the results likely to be

TYPES OF PLANNING

To make any plan successful, planning is to be done at different stages, such

that the expected objectives are attained. The planning is of

65
1. Passive Planning:

This kind of unplanning eventually leaves unprepared to face threatening

situations.

2. Panic planning:
Panic planning happens only after the trouble. At this point, all of the
organization’s resources are scrambled in a reactionary pattern in an attempt to
solve the problem. With panic planning, may or may not come out alive and
well.
3. Scientific planning:

Scientific planning is viable, but can be laborious, mechanical and often

ends up abandoned in the process. In a like manner, leaders often have to respond
to change in an instant. There’s no limit to collect scientific data on all of the
variables before deciding which course of action is best.

4. Principle-Centered Planning:

Principle-centered planning is the key to effectiveness. It is the artistic or

leadership approach. Principle-centered planning recognizes that life in general
land people in particular can’t be graphed on a chart, but sees that planning still
remains essential achieved if the existing strategy is to be continued

5. Directional planning:

It is also known as policy planning. It is defined as a framework of intent

and philosophy within which the programs proceed.

66
6. Administrative planning:

It is defined as the overall implementation of policies, mobilization and co-

ordination of resources in terms of men, material and money in a scheduled time
frame.

7. Operational planning:

It is defined as the actual delivery of services or programs to the people

based on local conditions needs and attitudes. It is a short-range planning that
deals with day-to-day maintenance activities. It is performed at a unit or
departmental level. It is done as part of the overall strategic planning.

8. Intermediate Planning:

A planning that is usually done in the middle of the fiscal year.

9. Contingency Planning:

It refers to managing the problems that interfere with getting work done.

10.Strategic planning:

It is defining and prioritizing long-term plans that includes examining an

organizations purpose, mission, philosophy and goals in the light of its external
environment.

PRINCIPLES OF PLANNING

1. The Principle of Passion

67
 When were passionless, we procrastinate on the plan or burnout trying to
execute it. With passion, we approach our plans with excitement and a sense of
urgency. Passion gives planning energy.

Passion also gives planning focus. As Tim Redmond says, “There are many
things that will each my eye, but there are only a few things that will catch my
heart. It is those I consider to purpose. Passion narrows our vision so that the plan
dominates our attention and distractions fade into the background.

2. The Principle of Creativity

Of the seven planning principles, we violate the principles of creativity the

most. By granting to convergences, we sacrifice creativity. We settle for what’s
easy to wrap out minds around, and we neglect to wrestle with larder, more
difficult dilemmas. Leaders are too busy doing to think and provide ideas. Even the
rare leaders who think creatively often neglect to encourage the people around
them to do the same. Consequently, a majority of teams rely on person for creative
though and end up starred for good ideas.

3. The Principles of Influence

When you prepare your plans, ask yourself the question. “Am I able to
influence the resources needed to fulfill my planning and mission?. “To
accomplish your plan you” need influence over people, finances, and your
schedule.

The support of people, especially other influences, can make or break your
plan. Make a priority to build relationships with them. In particular, find the key to
their lives by learning what matters most to them. If you continually add, value to

68
the influencers around you in meaningful ways, then you’ll be more likely to
receive their assistance when you need it.

4. The Principle of Priorities

Before taking the time to plan their careers, take time to prioritize their lives.
You have no right, nor any reason, to start planning your life until you know what
you’re living for and you’re willing to die for. Its important to find the purpose so
that you run, not on the fast track, but on your track.

The key to a prioritized life is concentration followed by elimination. As

Peter Drucker Observed “Concentration is the key to economic results. No other
principle of effectiveness is violated as constantly today as the basic principles of
concentration. Our motto seems to be, let’s do a little bit of everything. We must
cease to dabble in everything we can become excellent at anything.

5. The Principle of Flexibility

In leadership, be mentally prepared that not everything will go according to

your plans. Then, when plans unfold unexpectedly, you’ll be prepared to see new
opportunities.

When plans go away, don’t just stand there. By staying in motion, you create
movement. Be resourceful enough to improvise when circumstances push you off
course.

6. The Principle of Timing

69
 Most of the time, our decisions are based on opur emotional environment
rather than reality. When we’re in the valleys of life, we don’t see clearly. Our
perspective is limited, and all we see are the problems around us. In the valleys we
make decisions, not to better ourselves, but to escape our problems.

Never make a major decision in the valleys. Wait until you get to the peak
where you can see clearer and farther. You’ll avoid making rash decisions that
you’ll regret later.

7. The Principle of Teamwork

A Worthwhile plan ought to be bigger than your abilities. You shouldn’t be

able to accomplish it alone. Each of us has areas of weakness, blindspots, and short
comings. Unless we rely on a team to help us, our plans succumb to our personal
limitations.

A sign in Coach Bill Parcells office stated his philosophy plainly,

’Individuals play the games butteams win championships. What we can do alone
pales in comparison to the potential we have when we work together.

PLANNING CYCLE:

Planning is the broad foundation on which much of the management is

based. Planning may be defined as a process of analyzing a system, or defining a
problem, assessing the extent to which the problem exists as a need, formulating
goals and objectives to alleviate or ameliorate those identified needs, examining
and choosing from among alternative intervention strategies, initiating the
necessary action for its implementation and monitoring the system to ensure proper
implementation of the plan and evaluating the results of intervention in the light of
stated objectives planning thus involves a succession of steps.

70
TABULATE,ANALYZE,INTERPRET GATHER HEALTH DATA

FORMULATE
HEALTH PROBLEMS ASSIGN PRIORITIES AMONG
PROBLEMS

NO

EVALUATE RESULTS GOALS ACHIEVED FORMULATE INDIVIDUAL PRIORITY

GOALS SATISFACTORY PROBLEMS FOR PLANNING SOLUTIONS

YES
COLLECT DATA FOR EVALUATION
DEFINE PROGRAMME OBJECTIVES AND HOW
TO MEASURE ACHIEVEMENT

OPERATE PROGRAMME
ASSIGN PRIORITIES AND OBJECTIVES

DESIGN ALTERNATIVE PROGRAMME TO SOLVE

INITIATE INTEGRATED PROGRAMME
PROBLEMS

71
 ORIENT AND TRAIN PERSONNEL
DESIGN ALTERNATIVE PROGRAMME TO SOLVE
PROBLEMS

PLAN IMPLEMENTATION OF INTEGRATED SELECT BEST PROGRAMME FEASIBILITY COST

THE PLANNING CYCLE
PROGRAMME EFFECTIVENESS
1. Analysis of the Health situation:
COMBINE PROGRAMME AND INTEGRATE THE PLAN

The first step in health planning is analysis of the health situation. It

involves the collection, assessment and interpretation of information in such a way
as to provide a clear picture of the health situation. The following items of data are
the minimum essential requirements for health planning.

(a) The population, its age and sex structure

(b) Statistics of morbidity and mortality

(c) The epidemiology and geographical distribution of different diseases.

(d) Medical care facilities such as hospitals, health centres and other health
agencies-both public and private.

(e) The technical manpower of various categories.

(f) Training facilities available.

(g) Attitudes and beliefs of the population towards disease, its cure and
prevention.

2. Establishment of objectives and goals

Objectives and goals are needed to guide efforts. Unless objectives are
established, there is likely to be haphazard activity, uneconomical use of funds and
poor performance. Objectives must be established at all levels, down to the

72
smallest organizational unit. At upper levels, objectives are general, at
successively lower levels; they become more specified and detailed. The
objectives may be short-term or long-term. In setting these objectives, time and
resources are important factors. Objectives are not only a guide to action, but also
a yard-stick to measure work after it is done. Modern management techniques
such as “cost-benefit” analysis and “input-output” study of health services are
being used for defining goals, objectives and targets in more definite term.

3. Assessment of Resources:

The term resources imply the manpower, money, materials, skills,

knowledge and techniques needed or available for the implementation of the health
programmes. These resources are assessed and a balance is struck between what is
required and what is available, or likely to be available in terms of resources.

4. Fixing priorities:

Once the problems, resources and objectives have been determined, the next
most important step in planning is establishment of priorities in order of
importance or magnitude, since the resources always fall short of the total
requirement. In fixing priorities, attention is paid to financial constraints, mortality
and morbidity data, diseases which can be prevented at low cost, saving the lives
of younger people in whom there has been considerable social investment, and also
political and community interests and pressures.

Once priorities have been established, ALTERNATE PLANS for achieving

them are also formulated and assessed in order to determine whether they are
practicable and feasible. Alternate plans with greater effectiveness are chosen.

5. Write-up of formulated plan:

73
 The next major step in the planning process is the preparation of the detailed
plan or plans. The plan must be complete in all respects for the execution of a
project. For each proposed health programme, the resources (inputs) required are
related to the results (outputs) expected. Each stage of the plan is defined and
costed and the time needed to implement is specified. The plan must contain
working guidance to all those responsible for execution. It must also contain a
“built-in” system of evaluation. It will be left to the central planning authority and
the government to consider modifications of the plan relating to allocation of
resources.

6. Programming and implementation:

Once the health plan has been selected and approved by the policy making
authorities, programming and implementation are began. Plan execution depends
upon the existence of effective organization. The organizational structure must
incorporate well-defined procedures to be followed and sufficient delegation of
authority to and fixation of responsibility of different workers for achieving the
predetermined objectives during the period prescribed. It is at the implementation
stage that shortcomings often appear in practice. Many well considered plans have
fallen down because of delays in critical supplies, inappropriate use of staff and
similar factors. The main considerations at the implementation stage include.

(a) Definition of roles and tasks

(b) The selection, training, motivation and supervision of the manpower

involved

(c) Organization and communication and

(d) The efficiency of individual institutions such as hospitals or health centres.

7. Monitoring:

74
 Monitoring is the day-to-day follow-up of activities during their
implementation to ensure that they are proceeding as planned and are on schedule.
It is a continuous process of observing, recording and reporting on the activities of
the organization or project. Monitoring thus consists of keeping track of the course
of activities and identifying deviations and taking correction action if excessive
deviations occur.

8. Evaluation:

The purpose of evaluation is to assess the achievement of the stated

objectives of a programme, its adequacy, its efficiency and its acceptance by all
parties involved. While monitoring is confined to day-to-day or ongoing
operations, evaluation is mostly concerned with the final outcome and with factors
associated with it. Good planning will have a built-in evaluation to measure the
performance and effectiveness and for feedback to correct deficiencies or fill up
gaps discovered during implementation. In the words of the WHO Expert
Committee on Health Planning in Developing countries, evaluation “measures the
degree to which objectives and targets are fulfilled and the quality of the results
obtained. It measures the productivity of available resources in achieving clearly
defined objectives. It measures the productivity of available resources in achieving
clearly defined objectives. It measures the productivity of available resources in
achieving clearly defined objectives. It measures how much output for cost-
effectiveness is achieved. It makes possible the reallocation of priorities and of
resources on the basis of changing health needs.

9. Replanning:

Based on the deficiencies or shortcoming reveals during any step of planning

process, the goals, strategies can be reassessed.

75
ELEMENTS OF PLANNING:

1. Objectives

2. Policies

3. Procedures

4. Rules

5. Budget

6. Programs

7. Strategies

PURPOSE OF PLANNING:

1. To achieve the organizational goals

2. To minimize the cost of performance and eliminate unproductive efforts.

3. To help the management in adopting and adjusting according to the

changes that takes place in the environment.

4. It also provides a basis for team work as when the goals are properly defined
assignments can be fixed.

5. It gives a sense of direction and ensured that efforts are being put to useful
purpose instead of being wasted.

6. It facilitate control because without planning.

NATIONAL HEALTH PLANNING IN INDIA FIVE YEAR PLAN

“Planning is for tomorrow”

76
 First year plans were introduced in 1928 for controlled and rapid economic
development. The National health planning is an integral part of general socio-
economic planning. A health plan is a predetermined course of action, based on
nature and extent of health problems. Health planning should be used as an
instrument for the improvement of services. Planning is a matter of team work and
consultation. The planning team consists of not only specialists within the field,
but also specialized in other fields, (ie) economics, statistics, sociology,
management etc. Planning should be recognized by both the public and its leaders.

Definition:

Health planning is the orderly process of defining community health

problems, identifying unmet needs and surveying the resources to meet them,
establishing priority goals that are realistic and feasible and projecting
administrative action to accomplish the purpose of the proposed programme.

Complete and effective plan:

Data - Needed relevant, accurate, correctly selected and related data will
have to be available.

Analysis - Problem analysis of the identified problem.

Action - Feasible and satisfactory action, alternative action if needed.

Understanding and accepting - Understanding and accepting the projected actions.

Steps:

Planning has 3 steps

1. Plan formulation

77
2. Plan execution

3. Plan evaluation

Planning Commission:

In 1950, planning commission was constituted to help government to plan

out integrated development plan for the entire country within the available
resources for a defined period of five years for its socio-economic progress.

The planning commission is an advisory body to formulate a plan for their

most effective utilization, to determine the action needed to implement the plan, to
evaluate the performance of the plan from time to time and make proposals for its
improvement and to make recommendations on specific problems.

Chairman of planning commission:

The prime minister is the chairman of planning commission.

Divisions of planning commission:

Divisions

General Subject
Deal with broad matters, macroplanning Deal with particular sectors

survey and perspective planning Agriculture health and education.

78
 Functions of Planning Unit in Ministry of Health:

SUBMISSION
OF PROGRESS
REPORT
CO-ORDINATION
WITH STATES
RELATED TO
PLANNING UNIT IN
PLANS
MINISTRY OF HEALTH

PREPARATI
ON OF
CENTRAL
ANNUAL
HEALTH
PLANS
COMPILATION OF FIVE
DEVELOPMENT YEAR PLANS
OF STRATERGIES
FOR GETTING
PLANS

79
Areas to be focused in Health Planning:

Women’s health
Increasing health
care programmes
Disease control
Areas to
be Increase public
focused health infrastructure
in Health Efficient doctors
Health research Planning and nurses

Family medicine
Low cost drugs
and vaccines

Subsectors of Health sectors:

These sub sectors have received due consideration in the five year plans.

1. Water supply and sanitation.

2. Control of communicable diseases

3. Medical education, training and research

4. Medical care including hospitals, dispensaries and primary health centres.

5. Public health services.

6. Family planning.

7. Indigenous system of medicine.

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Five year plan:

Our leader Jawaharlal Nehru has said the community project are bright, vital
and defnamic sparks all over India from which radiate rays of energy, hope and
enthusiasm. Health forms an integral part of community projects. Therefore it is
needless to say that community health nurse is an integral part of the whole team of
health and welfare services.

Five year plan were evolved to solve the country’s health as well as social
welfare problems. The planning commission gave considerable importance to
health programmes in the five year plans.

Objectives of five year plans:

1. Control or eradication of major communicable diseases.

2. Strengthening of the basic health services through the establishment of

primary health centres and subcenters.

3. Population control.

4. Development of health man power resources.

First five year plan (1951-1956)

Jawaharlal Nehru presented the first five-year plan in 1951 (December 8).
The first plan sought to get the country’s economy out of the cycle of poetry. The
plan addressed, mainly, the agrarian sector including investments in dams and
irrigation. It was based on Harrod-Domar Model. Community Development
program.

Areas included in first five year plan:

81
1. Irrigation and energy

2. Agriculture and community development

3. Transport and communications

4. Industry

5. Social services

6. Land rehabilitation

7. Other sectors and services.

Specific objectives:

1. Provision of water supply and sanitation.

2. Control of Malaria.

3. Preventive health care of the rural population.

4. Health services for mother and children.

5. Education and training in health.

6. Self sufficiency in drug and equipments.

7. Family planning and population control.

During this plan period the public sector outlay was Rs.2356 crore of which
Rs.140 crore were alloted for health programs.

Second five year plan (1956-1961)

The second five year plan is also called Mahalanobis plan after its chief
architect. (economic development model) (Indian statistician prasanta chandra
82
Mahalanobis in 1953. The second five year plan focused on industry, especially
heavy industry (hydroelectric projects, steel, milks, production of coal, railway
tracks). The plan attempted to determine the optimal allocation of investment
between productive sectors in order to maximize dong ran-economic growth.

Specific objectives:

1. Establishment of institutional facilities to serve as a basis from which service

could be render to the people both locally and surrounding territory.

2. Development of technical man power through appropriate training

programmes.

3. Intensifying measures to control widely spread communicable disease.

4. Encouraging active compaign for environmental hygiene.

5. Provision of family planning and other supporting services.

During this plan period the public sector outlay was Rs.4,800 crore of which
Rs.225 crore were allotted for health programs.

The third five year plan (1961-66)

The third plan stressed on agriculture and improving production of rice.

Many primary schools were started in rural areas. In an effort to bring democracy
to the gross root level, panchayat elections were started and the states were given
more development responsibilities. State electricity towards and state secondary
education boards were formed. States were made responsible for secondary and
higher education.

Specific objectives:

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 In were in tuned with the 1st and 2nd five years plan except that integration
of public health with maternal and child welfare, nutrition and health education
was planned.

The main objectives were defense, price stabilization, construction of dams,

cement and fertilizers, plants, education etc.

This plan was interrupted by the chinese aggression (1962), Indo-Pak War
(1965), severest drought in 100 years (1965-66). This was followed by three
annual plans between 1966 and 1968, Once again emphasizing on agriculture and
also on stimulating exports, in the process also devaluating the rupee in 1966.

During this plan period the public sector Outlay was Rs.7,500 crore of which
Rs.341.8 crores were allotted for health programs.

Three Annual Plans (1966-68)

Due to the prevailing crisis in agriculture and serious food shortage,

emphasis was on agriculture during the Annual plans. During these plans a whole
new agricultural strategy involving wide-spread distribution of high-yielding
varieties of seeds, the extensive use of fertilizers, exploitation of irrigation
potential and soil conservation was put into action to tide-over the crisis in
agricultural production.

The fourth five year plan (1969-1974)

The fourth five year plan is called greater expenditure in the public sector,
but was not able to meet its national income growth target. This was the time
when the so-called “Green Revolution”. Main emphasis on agriculture’s growth
rate so that a chain reaction can start. It fared well in the first two years with
record production, last three years failure because of poor monsoon. At this time

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Indira Gandhi was the Prime Minister and she nationalized of 19 major banks. The
funds raised for industrialization was used in the Indo-Pak War of 1971 when India
had to tackle the influx of Bangladeshi refugees before and after 1971 Indo-Pak
War India also conducted nuclear tests in 1974.

Objectives:

1. To provide the effective base for health services in rural areas by

strengthening the PHCs.

2. Strengthening of sub-division and district hospitals to provide effective

referral services for PHC’s.

3. Expansion of Medical and nursing education and training of Paramedical

personnel to meet the minimum technical manpower requirements.

During this plan period the public sector outlay was Rs.16,774 crore of which
Rs.1,156 crore were alloted for health programs.

Fifth five year plan (1974-79)

The fifth plan prepared and launched by D.D. Dhar proposed to achieve two
main objectives viz, removal of poverty and attainment of self reliance through
promotion of high rate of growth, better distribution of income and a very
significant growth in the domestic rate of savings. This plan was only passed in
1976 after a series of revisions due to the global crisis over crude oil prices, but it
had to be prematurely terminated in 1978 (instead of 1979) when Fanta Govt
(Moraji Desai) came into power. There were two more annual plans in 1978 and
1979. The fifth five year plan period ensured food security and adequate butter
stocks for India.

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Specific objectives:

1. Increase accessibility of health services to rural areas.

2. Correcting regional imbalance.

3. Further development of referral services.

4. Integration of health, family planning and nutrition.

5. Intensification of the control and eradication of communicable diseases

especially Malaria and small pox.

6. Quantitative improvement in the education and training of health personnel.

During this plan period the public sector outlay was Rs.37,250 crore of which
Rs.3,277 crores were alloted for health programs.

Rolling plan (1978-80)

There were 2 sixth plans. One by Fanta Govt (for 78-83) which was in
operation for 2 years only and the other by the congress Govt when it turned to
power in 1980.

The sixth five year plan (1980-84)

The sixth plan is called the fanata government plan. This plan is marked a
reversal of the Nebourian model. The main objectives of this plan were to increase
in national income, modernization of technology, ensuring continuous decrease in
poverty and unemployment, population control through family planning etc. It
focused on information technology, Indian national highway system, tourism,
economic liberalization, price control, family planning, etc. family planning was
expanded to prevent over population. In contrast to China’s harshly-enforced one-

86
child policy, Indian policy did not rely on the threat of force. Most prosperous
areas of India adopted family planning more rapidly than less prosperous areas
which continued to have a high birth rate.

The seventh five year plan (1985-89)

The objectives of the seventh five year plan were improving productivity by
upgrading technology, increasing economic productivity, production of food grains
and generating employment opportunities. The thurst areas of the 7th five year
plan have been enlisted below.

Social justice

Removal of the oppression of the weak

Using modern technology

Agricultural development

Antipoverty programs

Objectives:

1. Eliminate poverty and illiteracy by 2000.

2. Achieve near full employment secure satisfaction of the basic needs of food,
cloth, shelter and provide health for all.

3. To provide an effective base for health services in rural areas by

strengthening the PHC’s.

4. Universal immunization programme.

5. Promotion of voluntary acceptance of contraceptives.

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 During this plan period the public sector outlay was Rs.1,80,000 crores of
which Rs.3,392 crores were alloted for Health programs. It was a great success,
the economy recorded 6% growth rate against the targeted 5%. It laid greater
emphasis on energy and social development.

Annual plans (1990-1991)

Period between 1989-91 P.V. Narasimha Rao was the twelfth prime minister
of the Republic of India and head of congress party 1989-91 was a period of
political instability in India and hence no five year plan was implemented.
Between 1990 and 1992, there were only Annual plans. In 1991, India faced a
crisis in Foreign Exchange (Forex) reserves, left with reserves of only about $ 1
billion (US). Thus under pressure, the country took the risk of reforming the
socialist economy. P.V. Narasimba Rao (28 June 1921-23 December 2004) also
called father of Indian economic reforms and head of congress party, and led one
of the most important administration in India’s modern history overseeing a major
economic transformation and several incidents affecting national security. At that
time Dr. Manmohan Singh (currently Prime Minister of India) launched India’s
free market reforms that brought the nearly bankrupt nation back from the edge. It
was the beginning of privatization and liberalization in India.

The Eighth five year plan (1992-97)

Eight five year plan was launched in 1992, setting of economic liberalization
and market based reforms, the fruits of which are still being enjoyed today. This
plan can be termed as Rao and Manmohan Model of Economic development.
India became a member of the World Trade Organization on 1 January 1995.

It was a landmark in the sense that it encouraged private investment in major

public sector undertakings, greater rural and agricultural development and anti-
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poverty and anti-illiteracy measures. It also continued the emphasis on food
security and food grains were also being expooted during this period
Modernization of industries was the main target of the eight five-year plans.

Objectives:

The major objectives included, containing

1. Population growth

2. Poverty reduction

3. Employment generation

4. Strengthening the infrastructure

5. Institutional building, tourism management

6. Human resource development

7. Involvement of panchayatraj

8. Nagarapalikas

9. NGO’s

10. Decentralization and people’s participation.

It is based on national health policies.

1. Human development is the ultimate goal of this plan

2. Employment generation, population control literacy, education, health,

drinking water and provision of adequate food and basic infrastructure.

3. Towards health for the underprivileged was the aim of this plan.

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The PHCs were strengthened staff vacancies, by supplying essential equipment and

AIDS control program was initiated during this plan.

The plan undertook various drastic policy measures to combat the bad
economic situation and to undertake an annual average growth of 5.6%.

Some of the main economic performances during eighth plan period were
rapid economic growth, high growth of agriculture and allied sector, and
manufacturing sector, growth in exports and imports, improvement in trade and
current account deficit.

The ninth five year plan (1997-2002)

Ninth five year plan India runs through the period from 1997 to 2002 with
the main aim of attaining objectives like speedy industrialization, human
development, full-scale employment, poverty reduction, and self-reliance on
domestic resources. Ninth Five year plan was formulated amidst the backdrop of
Indias Golden jubilee of Independence.

Objectives:

1. To prioritize agricultural sector and emphasize on the rural development.

2. To generate adequate employment opportunities and promote poverty

reduction.

3. To stabilize the prices in order to accelerate the growth rate of the economy.

4. To ensure food and nutritional security.

5. To provide for the basic infrastructural facilities like education for all, safe
drinking water, primary health care, transport, energy.

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During this plan, vertical health program were integrated horizontally with general
health services.

The reproductive and chief health program was improved under following
guidelines.

1. Decentralize RCH to the level of PHCs.

2. Base planning for RCH services on assessment of the local needs.

3. Meet the needs of contraceptives.

4. Involve the general practitioners and industries in family welfare work.

Tenth five year plan (2002-2007)

India’s tenth five year plan has been devised to complement and meet the
United Nations Millennium Development Goals (MDG) targets The MDG was
issued in 2000 to achieve eight targets to eradicate hunger and poverty eight targets
to eradicate hunger and poverty and raise the standards of living worldwide by the
year 2015 through global co-operation.

The Millennium Development Goals are

- Eradicate Extreme poverty and hunger

- Achieve universal primary education

- Promote gender equality and empower women

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 - Reduce child mortality

- Improve maternal health

- Combat HIV/AIDS Malaria and other diseases

- Ensure environmental sustainability.

- Global partnership for development.

The target of tenth five year plan is

Reduction of poverty ratio to 20% by 2007 and to 10% by 2012.

Providing gainful and high-quality employment atleast to the addition to the

labour force.

All children in India in school by 2003 all children to complete 5 years of

schooling by 2007 and raising the literacy rate to 72%. Within the plan period and
to 80% by 2012.

Reduction in gender gaps in literacy and wage rates by atleast 50% by 2007.

Bring down the decadal growth rate by 16.2% in the decade from 2001 to
2011.

Reduction of Infant Mortality Rate to 35/1000 live births by 2007 and

28/1000 live births by 2012.

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 Reduce Maternal Mortality Rate to 2/1000 live births by 2007 and 2/1000
live births by 2012.

Universal Availability of drinking water clearing of all major polluted rivers

and increase in forest lover to 25 percent.

To achieve the above the government i.e. planning to do the following.

1. Restrictive existing health infrastructure

2. Upgrade the skills of health personnel

3. Improve the quality of reproductive and child health.

4. Improve logistic supplies

5. Carry out the reach on nutritional deficiency.

6. Promote rational drug use.

Eleventh Plan (2007-2012)

Income and Poverty

Create 70 million work opportunities

Reduce educated unemployment to below 5%

Raise real wage rate of unskilled workers by 20 percent.

Education

In education- Reduce dropout rates of children from elementary school from

52.2% in 2003-2004 to 26% by 2001- 2012.

Develop minimum standards of education attainment in elementary school,

and by regular testing monitor effectiveness of education to ensure quality.

Increase literacy rate for persons of age of years or above to 85%.

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Health

Reduce infant mortality rate to 28 and maternal mortality ratio to 1 per 1000
live births.

Reduce fertility rate to 2.1.

Provide clean drinking water for all by 2009 and there are no slip backs. For
rural poor to lover all the poor by 2016-2017.

Environment

Increase forest and tree

Attain WHO standards of air quality in all major cities by 2011-12.

Treat all urban waste water by 2011- 12 to clean river wasters.

Increase energy efficiency by 20 percentage points by 2016-2017.

NATIONAL HEALTH COMMITTEES

INTRODUCTION
Before the National Health Policy (NHP) framed in 1983, and various
committees of experts appointed from time to time, the constitution, the planning
commission, the central council of health and family welfare and consultative
committees attached to the Ministry of Health and family welfare render a drive on
initiating health programmers, requirement of health manpower and other
resources in government, voluntary and private sectors based on health needs and
demands of the reduce malnutrition among children of age group o-3 of half its
present.

Women and children

Raise the sex ration for age group o-6 to 935 by 2011- 2012 and to 950 by
2016- 17.

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 Ensure that at least 33 percent of the direct and indirect beneficiaries of all
government schemes are women and girl children.

Ensure that all children enjoy a safe childhood, without any compulsion to
work.

Infrastructure

Ensure electricity connection to all villages and BPL households by 2009

and round – the – clock power.

Ensure all- weather road connection to all habitation with population 1000
and above (500 in hilly and tribal areas) by 2009, and ensure coverage of all
significant habitation by 2015.

Connect every village by telephone by November 2007 and provide

broadband connectivity to all villages by 2012.

Provide homestead sites to all by 2012 and step up the pace of house
construction people through health surveys. The reports of these committees have
formed an important basis of health planning if India. National Health Planning in
India based on the National Health Policy (NHP) 1983 aimed to attain “Health for
All” by the year 2000. The main objective of the revised National Health Policy,
2002 is to achieve an acceptable standard of good health among the general
population of the country and has set goals to be achieved by the year 2015.

1. BHORE COMMITTEE, 1946 (Health Survey and Development

Committee)

The Government of India in 1943 appointed the Health Survey and Development
committee with Sir. Joseph Bhore as chairman to survey the existing position

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regarding the health conditions and health organization in the country and to make
recommendations for the future development. The committee which had among its
members some of the pioneers of public health, met regularly for 2 years and
submitted in 1946 its famous report which runs into 4 volumes. The committee
observed: “if the nation’s health is to be built, the health programme should be
development on a foundation of preventive health work and that such activities
should proceed side by side with those concerned with the treatment of patients”.
Some of the important recommendations of the Bhore committee were,

1. Integration of preventive and curative services at all administrative levels.

2. The committee visualized the development of primary health centers in 2

stages.

a. As a short- term measure it was proposed that each primary health centre in
the rural areas should later to a population of 40,000 with a secondary health centre
to serve as a supervisory, co-ordinating and referral institution. For each PHC, two
medical officers, 4 public health nurses, one nurse, 4 midwives, 4 trained dais, 2
sanitary inspectors, 2 health assistants, one pharmacist and 15 other class 1IV
employees were recommended.

b. A long term programme (also called the 3 million plan) of setting primary
health units with 75- bedded hospitals for each 10,000 to 20,000 population and
secondary units with 650- bedded hospitals, again regionalized around district
hospitals with 2,5000 beds. Major changes in medical education which include 3
months training in preventive and social medicine to prepare social physicians.

The other recommendations were

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1. Formation of village health committee to secure active cooperation and
support in the development of health program.

2. Provision of doctors of future who should be- social doctoral, combines both
curative and preventive of the public.

3. Formation of District Health Board for each district with district health
officials and representations of the public.

4. To ensure suitable housing, sanitary surroundings, safe drinking water

supply elimination of unemployment and lay special emphasis on preventive work.
It deals with various aspects of health.

Industrial health

Public health

Medical Relief

Professional salutation

Medical Research

Mudaliar Committee, 1962 (Health Survey and Planning Committee)

The Government of India in 1959 appointed another Committee to provide

guidelines for the fire year plans. This committee is known as “Health survey and
planning committee Dr. A.L. Mudaliar, Vice chancellor of Madras University
headed it. This committee was appointed to assess the performance in health sector
based on recommendations made in Bhore committee report. This committee
found the conditions in PHC to be unsatisfactory and suggested the following
recommendations.

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1. Consolidation the following made in the first two year plans.

2. Strengthening of the sub divisional hospitals and district hospital with

specialist services.

3. Strengthening of existing PHC before opening of new ones.

4. PHC should not be made to cater to more than 40,000 population

5. PHC should provide the curative, preventive and primitive services.

6. Improve the quality of health care provided by primary health centers.

7. Integration of medical and health services on the pattern of Indian

Administrative service.

Chadah Committee, 1963

This committee was appointed in 1963, under chairmanship of Dr. M.S.

Chadah who was the Director General of Health services. This committee was
appointed to advice about the necessary arrangements for the maintenance phase of
National Malaria Eradication Programme (NMEP). The committee made the
following suggestions.

1. Basic health workers (Junior Health Assistant Male) one per 10,000
populations should carried out the NMEP activity. Now each Junior Health
Assistant Male to cover 3-5000 population.

2. Basic health workers would function as multipurpose workers (and would

perform, in addition to malaria work, the deities of family planning and vital
statistics data collection).

3. They would work under supervision of family planning health assistants.

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Mukherjee Committee, 1965

Within a couple of years after the implementation of chadah committee, it

was realized that the basic health workers could not function effectively as
multipurpose workers. So it came to discussion at a meeting of central health
council in 1965.

The committee was appointed in 1965 under chairmanship of shri.

Mukherjee who was then secretary of Health to Government of India. This
committee was appointed to review the performance and develop strategy in the
area of family planning.

The following were the committee recommendations.

1. There should be a separate staff for the family planning programme.

2. The family planning assistants were to undertake family planning duties

only.

3. The basic health workers were to be utilized for purposes other than family
planning.

4. Top separate the malaria activities from family planning.

5. Strengthening of state health department by providing additional staff

sanctioned by central Government.

The state family planning bureaus should have two major divisions.

Administrative

Operational

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 The administrative division should be headed by the administrative officer,
and has look after the administrative works including budgets and should have
small unit which deal with grants to voluntary organization.

The administrative section also have a store section under a store officer
which will be concerned with supply of all types of contraceptives, training,
materials, charts, hospital equipments for I.U.C.D. Sterilization.

The operational division should be headed by assistant director of health

services and will be divided into two sections.

One to deal with education and information should be headed by education

and administration officer.

Other to look after planning, field operation, evaluation and training by

statistical investigator.

Need of training of paramedical Personnel, nurses, AMM etc required for

the family planning programme.

Mukherjee Committee, 1966

The committee of health secretaries was appointed in 1966 under

chairmanship of shri Muckherjee who was then Union Health Secretary. This
committee was appointed to work out the details of Basic Health Service that
should be provided as the Block level and some con sequentional strengthening
required at higher levels of administration since multiple activities of the mass
programmes like family planning, small pox, leprosy, trachoma, NMEP
(Maintenance Phase) etc, were making it difficult for the states to undertake these
effectively because of shortage of finds, discussed in a meeting of the central
Health council held at Bangalore in 1966.

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Jungalwala Committee 1967 (or) Committee on Integration of Health Services

The central council of health at its meeting held in 1964, taking note of the
importance of integration of health services and elimination of private practice by
government doctors appointed a committee known as the “committee on
Integration of Health Services under the chairmanship of Dr. N. Jungalwalla, the
then Director of National Institute of Health Administration and Education to
examine into various problems related to integration of health services, abolition of
private practice of doctors in government services and the service conditions of
Doctors. The report was submitted in 1967.

The Recommendations towards integration are

1. Unified cadre

2. Common seniority

3. Recognition of extra qualifications.

4. Equal pay for equal work

5. Special pay for specialized work

6. Abolition of private practice by government doctors.

7. Improvement in their service conditions.

A. The committee defined “integrated health services as a service with a citified

approach for all problems instead of a sequenced approach for different problem
and suggested the followed steps that should be taken for the integration at all
levels of health organization in the country.

B. Medical care and Public health programmes should be put under charge of a
single administrator at all levels of hierarchy.

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Kartar Singh Committee, 1973 Committee on Multi Purpose Workers.

This committee is known as “committee on multipurpose workers under

Health and Family planning Government of India Constitutes it in 1972 under the
chairmanship of kartar Singh, then the additional secretary, Ministry of Health and
Family planning, Government of India to form a framework for integration of
health and medical services at peripheral and supervisory levels.

The main recommendations of the committee were,

1. Various categories of peripheral workers should be amalgamated into a

single cadre of multipurpose workers (Male and Female).

2. Auxiliary Nurse Midwives were to be converted into Multi Purpose Health

Workers Females MPW (F) and

3. The basic health workers, malaria surveillance workers etc were to be

converted to Multi Purpose Health Workers Male MPW (M).

4. The work of 3-4 male and female MPWs was to be supervised by one health
supervisor (male or female respectively).

5. The existing lady health visitors were to be converted into female health
supervisor.

6. One Primary Health Centre should cover a population of 50,000. It should

be divered into 16 sub centres (one for 3000 to 35000 population).

7. Each primary Health Centre to be staffed by a male and female health

worker.

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Shrivastav Committee, 1975, Group on Medical Education and Support Man
Power

This committee is known as “Group on Medical Education and support

Manpower” Government of India, Ministry of Health and Family Planning to
determine steps needed to

i. Reorient medical education in accordance with national needs and priorities

and.

ii. Develop a curriculum for health assistants who were to function as a link
between medical officers and MPWs constituted it in 1974.

The following were the recommendations,

i. Creation of bands of paraprofessional and semiprofessional health workers

from within the community itself.

ii. Establishment of 3 cadres of health workers namely- multipurpose health

workers and health assistants between the community levee workers and doctors at
PHC.

iii. Development of a “Referral Services complex.

iv. Establishment of a Medical and Health Education Commission for planning

and implementing the reforms needed in health and Medical Education on the lines
of University Grants Commission.

Acceptance of the recommendations of the srivastav committee in 1977 led

to the launching of the Rural Health Service.

Bajaj Committee, 19086 – Expert Committee for Health Man Power

Planning, Production and Management
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 An Expert committee for Health Man Power Planning, Production and
Management was constituted in 1985 under the chairmanship of Dr. I.S. Bajaj, the
then professor at ATIMS, New Delhi:

The following are the major recommendations of this committee.

1. Formulation of national medical and health education policy.

2. Formulation of national health man power policy.

3. Establishment of an educational commission for health sciences (ECHS) on

the lines of UGC.

4. Establishment of health science universities in various states and union

territories.

5. Establishment of health man power cells at centre and in the states.

6. Vocationalization of education at 10+2 levels as regards health related fields

with appropriate incentives, so that good quality paramedical personnel may be
available in adequate numbers.

7. Carrying out a realistic health manpower survey.

Mehta Committee 1983

The “Medical Education Review Committee” was headed by Shri Mehta,

Known as Mehta committee 1983. The part I of the report deals with medical
education in all its aspects, but there is a major recommendation regarding the
establishment of Universities of Medical Sciences and Medical and Health
Education Commissions.

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 Part- II of the report specifically deals with the lack of availability of health
man power data in India, recommendations regarding the methods of updating
such data and man power projections for doctors, nurses and pharmacists.

Shetty Committee (1954)

The initial move for the appointment of the Nursing Committee was made
by the then Union Minister for Health, Rajkumari Amrit kaur, in her inaugural
speech at the second meeting of the central council of Health held at Rajkot on 8th,
9th, 10th February, 1954. She emphasized the importance of good nursing and
drew attention to the many factors that hindered its development. In pursuance of
this resolution, the Government of India Constituted a committee on 19th May,
1954 under the chairmanship of shri Shetty and Ms. TK. Adranvala, Nursing
Advisor to Govt. of India as the Member Secretary.

The Recommendations are,

i. The appointment of a superintendent of nursing services in each state.

ii. Combining the Nursing service for hospitals and that of the public health
and Domiciliary Nursing in the basic course for nurses and midwives.

iii. In planning to provide an adequate nursing service, the immediate goal to be

the provision of a minimum standard of Nursing in the existing hospitals and
public health services. The number required to be assessed on the following basis.

One Nurse (also qualified in Midwifery for women’s and maternity services)
including students to 3 patients in hospitals used for the training of Nurses and
Midwives. One nurse also qualified in Midwifery for women’s and maternity
services to 5 patients in all other hospitals.

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 One Midwife to 100 births in rural areas. In towns and cities in compact
areas one Midwife to 150 births.

One public Health Nurse or Health visitor to 10,000 of the population.

Sarojini Varadapan Committee Report (1989)

A high power committee on Nursing and Nursing Profession was set up by

the Govt of India in July, 1987 under the chairmanship of Smt. Sarojini Varadapan,
in eminent social worker and former chairperson of central social welfare Board
with Smt. Rajakumari stood, Nursing Advisor to Govt. of India as the Member
Secretary. The terms of the reference of the committee were as follows.

a. To look into the existing working conditions of nurses with particular

reference to the status of the Nursing care services both in the rural and urban are
as.

b. To study and recommend the staffing norms necessary for providing

adequate nursing personnel to give the best possible care, both in the hospitals and
community.

c. To look into the training of all categories and levels of Nursing Midwifery
personnel to meet the nursing man power needs at all levels of health services and
education.

d. To study and clarify the role of nursing personnel in the health care delivery
system including their interaction with other members of the health team at every
level of health services management.

e. To examine the need for organization of the nursing services at the National,
State, District and Lower levels with particular reference to the need for planning

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and implementation of comprehensive nursing care service with the overall health
care system of the country at their respective levels.

f. To look into all other aspects which the committee may consider relevant
with reference, to their terms of reference, and

g. While considering the various issues under the above norms of reference, the
committee will hold consultations with the state Government.

1. Increase public expenditure from 0.9 percent to 2 percent by 2010.

2. Increase allocation of public health investment in the order of 55 per cent for
the primary health sector; 35 percent and 10 percent to secondary and
tertiary sectors respectively.

3. Gradual convergence of all health programmes, except the ones (such as TB,
Malaria, HIV/AIDS, RCH) which need to be continued till moderate levels
of prevalence are reached.

4. Need to levy used charges for certain secondary and tertiary public health
services, for those who can afford to pay.

5. Two year rural posting is mandatory before awarding the graduate medical
degree.

6. Decentralizing the implementation of health programmes to local self-

governing bodies by 2005.

7. Setting up of Medical Grants Commission for funding new Government

Medical and Dental colleges.

8. Promoting public health discipline.

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 9. Establishing two-tier urban health care system. Primary Health Centre for a
population of one lakh and Government General Hospital.

10.Increase in Government funded health research to a level of 2 percent of the

total health spending by 2010.

11.Appreciation of the role of private sector in health and enactment of

legislation by 2003 for regulating private clinical establishments.

12.Formulation of procedures for accreditation of public and private health

facilities.

13.Co-option of NGOs in national disease control programmes.

14.Promotion of telemedicine in tertiary health care sector.

15.Full operationalization of National Disease Surveillance Network by 2005.

16.Notification of contemporary code of medical ethics by Medical Council of

India.

17.Encouraging setting up of private insurance instruments to bring secondary

and tertiary sectors into its purview.

18.Promotion of medical services for overseas users.

19.Encouragement and Promotion of Indian system of Medicine.

NATIONAL HEALTH POLICIES

INTRODUCTION

Policy is a system, which provides the logical framework and rationality of

decisions making for the achievement of intended objectives. It is the statements

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that guides and provide discretion within limited boundaries. It sets priorities and
guide resource allocations.

Policy at any level of government that may be formal or precedence over

others is termed as national policy. Heads of government sets it; legislatures and
regulatory agencies empowered by others. Health policy is concerned with the
health of the people. It aims at the improvement of conditions under which people
live.

DEFINITION

Health policy can be defined as the decisions, plans and actions that area
undertaken to achieve specific health care goals within a society.

NATIONAL POLICIES RELATED TO HEALTH

The followings are the important policies that are concerned with health

1. National Health Policy(NPH),2002

2. National Rural Health Mission(NRHM),2005-2012
3. National Policy on Indian Systems of Medicine and Homeopathy
2002(AYUSH).
4. National Population Policy(2000)
5. Janani Suraksha Yojana.
6. National AIDS Prevention and control policy, 2002.
7. National Blood Policy, 2002.
8. Pharmaceutical Policy, 2002.
9. National Policy for Empowerment of women, 2001.
10.National Nutrition Policy,1993.
11.National Policy for Tribal.

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 12.National Youth Policy 2003.
13.National Policy on Education.
14.National Water Policy.
15.National Health Research Policy .
16.National Policy and charter for children Draft.
17.National Policy for old person 1999.
18.Disability Policy.
19.Housing Policy.

NATIONAL HEALTH POLICY (NHP) 1983

National Health Policy was last formulated in 1983,since then there have
been marked changes in the determinant factors relating to the health sector.Some
of the policy initiatives outlined in the NHP-1983 have yielded results,while,in
several other areas,the outcome has not been as expected.

The public health investment in the country over the years has been
comparatively low,and as percentage of GDP has declined from 1.3 percent in
1990 to 0.9 percent in 1999.The aggregate expenditure in the Health sector is 5.2
percent of the GDP.Out of this,about 17 percent of the aggregate expenditure is
public health spending.

MAIN OBJECTIVES
a. To achieve an acceptable standard of good health amongst the
general population of the country.
b. Decentralized public health system by establishing new infrastructure
in deficient areas, and by upgrading the infrastructure in the existing
institutions.

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 c. Ensuring a more equitable access to health services across the social
and geographical expanse of the country.
d. Emphasis will be given to increasing the aggregate public health
investment through a substantially increased contribution by the
Central Government.
e. Strengthen the capacity of the public health administration at the
state level to render effective service delivery.

OBJECTIVES TO ATTAIN EQUITY

i. Delivery of national public health programmes.
ii. Policy of developing programmes and funds in the health sector
through different levels of the Panchjayati Raj Institutions.
iii. Need for specialists in public health and family medicine.
iv. Use of generic drugs and vaccines.
v. Urban health, mentalhealth, Women’s health.
vi. Health research and National disease surveillance network.
vii. Health statistics and Medical ethics.
viii. Enforcement of quality standards for food and drug
ix. Regulation of standards in Para medical discipline.
x. Environmental and occupational health.
xi. Providing medical facilities to users from overseas.
xii. Globalization on the health sector.

NATIONAL HEALTH POLICY (NHP) 2002

The National health policy, 1983 provides a comprehensive framework for

planning, implementation, monitoring of health services and goals to be achieved
by 2020.The department of health has reviewed the performance since 1983 and
formulated the National Health Policy (NPH), 2002.

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GOALS OF NHP 2002

Recognizing the health needs of the country and acknowledging the human
and financial constraints, the national health policy, 2002 has set up the goals for
the next two decades. These are to be achieved in the set time frame as given
below.

Eradication of Polio and Yaws.

Eliminate Leprosy.

Eliminate Kala Azar.

Eliminate Lymphatic Filariasis.

Achieve zero level growth of HIV/AIDS

Reduce mortality on account ofTB,Malaria and other vector and H2O borne
diseases by 50 percent.

Reduce prevalence of blindness to 0.5 percent.

Reduce IMR to 30/1000 and MMR to 100/100,000 live births.

Increase utilization of public health facilities from current level of <20 percent to
7.75 percent.

Establish an integrated system of surveillance,national.

Health accounts and health statistics.

It emphasizes that any significant improvement in the quality health services and
health status of citizens would depend on the following parameters.

a. Increased financial and material inputs.

b. Service providers should take their responsibilities not as commercial
activity, but as a service.

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 c. Quality of services.
d. A responsive health delivery system.
e. Improved governance.

OBJECTIVES OF THE NPH POLICY

The main objectives of the revised National Health Policy 2002 are to
achieve an acceptable standard of good health among the general population
of the country and have set goals to be achieved by the year 2015.
i. Emphasis will be laid on rational use of drugs within the allopathic
system. Increased access to tried and tested system of traditional
medicine will be ensured.
ii. The public health administration at the state level is to reduce
effective service delivery.
iii. The contribution of the private sector in providing health services
would be much enhanced, particularly for the population group, which
can afford to pay for services.
iv. Priority will be given to preventive and first-line curative initiatives at
the primary health level throughsect oral share of allocation.

MAJOR NPH POLICY PRESCRIPTIONS

The major Policy Prescriptions are as follows`

1. Increase public expenditure from 0.9 percent to 2 percent by 2010.

2. Increase allocation of public health investment in the order of 55 per cent for

the primary health sector; 35 percent and 10 percent to secondary and

tertiary sectors respectively.

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3. Gradual convergence of all health programmes, except the ones (such as TB,

Malaria, HIV/AIDS, RCH) which need to be continued till moderate levels

of prevalence are reached.

4. Need to levy used charges for certain secondary and tertiary public health

services, for those who can afford to pay.

5. Two year rural posting is mandatory before awarding the graduate medical

degree.

6. Decentralizing the implementation of health programmes to local self-

governing bodies by 2005.

7. Setting up of Medical Grants Commission for funding new Government

Medical and Dental colleges.

8. Promoting public health discipline.

9. Establishing two-tier urban health care system. Primary Health Centre for a

population of one lakh and Government General Hospital.

10.Increase in Government funded health research to a level of 2 percent of the

total health spending by 2010.

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 11.Appreciation of the role of private sector in health and enactment of

legislation by 2003 for regulating private clinical establishments.

12.Formulation of procedures for accreditation of public and private health

facilities.

13.Co-option of NGOs in national disease control programmes.

14.Promotion of telemedicine in tertiary health care sector.

15.Full operationalization of National Disease Surveillance Network by 2005.

16.Notification of contemporary code of medical ethics by Medical Council of

India.

17.Encouraging setting up of private insurance instruments to bring secondary

and tertiary sectors into its purview.

18.Promotion of medical services for overseas users.

19.Encouragement and Promotion of Indian system of Medicine.

STATE HEALTH POLICY:

State rural health mission was launched in Tamilnadu on 12-4-2005 with the
view to bring correction of the health system to enable it to effectively handle

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increased allocations and promote policies that strengthen public health
management and service delivery as prescribed under the programme.

STATE HEALTH MISSION:

To achieve the objectives of NRHM the Tamilnadu state health mission was
constituted and Tamilnadu state health society was registered under Tamilnadu
Society’s registration Act 1975.

NATIONAL POPULATION POLICY (1976-1977)

For the first time, 10 our country population policy was framed in April 1976.

In 1977 this policy was the new government. In it the small family norm
was given special emphasis. The name of the programme was also changed to
family welfare and the target of birth rate 25 by 1985.

POPULATION POLICY OF INDIA:

Population policy in general refers to policies intended to decrease the birth

rate or growth rate. Statement of goals, objectives and targets are inherent in
population policy.

In April 1976 India formed its first national population policy. It is called
for an increase in the legal minimum age of marriage from 15 to 18 for females
and from 18 to 21 years for males.

National population policy 2000 it’s the latest in this series. The objectives
of national population policy is to achieve requirements of suitable economic
growth, social development and environment protection.

GOALS:
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 The national socio-demographic goals to be achieved by the year 2010 are as
follows.

1. Address the Unmet needs for basic reproductive and child health services,
supplies and infrastructure.

2. Make school education upto the age 14 free and compulsory

3. Reduce infant mortality rate

4. Reduce maternal mortality rate

5. Achieve universal immunization of children against all vaccine preventable

disease

6. Promote delayed marriage for girls, not earlier than age 18 and preferably
after 20 years of age

7. Achieve 80% institutional deliveries and 100% deliveries by trained persons

8. Achieve 100% registration of births, death, marriage and pregnancy

9. Prevent vigorously the small family norm.

AYUSH PLANS:

(Ayurveda, Yoga, Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha and Homeopathy)

Ayush systems of medicine and revialization local health tradition is a major

vision of NRHM. The Ayush system, especially Ayurveda and Homeopathy play
an important role in the health care delivery system in Kerala. There are over 1300
institutions in these systems of Medicine.

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES:

1. To promote growth and development of Siddha system of medicine all over

the world.

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 2. To provide high quality teaching to the post graduate students and produce,
post graduate with research aptitude and knowledge in the subjects of
modern science.

3. To conduct research on various aspects of Siddha.

4. To collect old gudgeon leaves bearing information related to Siddha science.

5. To translate the Siddha books in Tamil into English.

6. To provide high quality medical care to the public through Siddha system.

ACTIVITIES:

1. Medical officers to Ayush dispensaries under LSGls.

2. Strengthening of existing Ayush infrastructure in the state.

3. Capacity building and technical support.

4. Programme management and monitoring.

5. Research and planning.

JOURNAL ABSTRACT:

Roth-et-al (2013) conducted a cluster randomized controlled trial showed

services using RAI intensively tend to have better outcomes after 12 months. But
the effects depend on the success of the implementation. Using a factor analysis,
an index was built to divide the care providers into “Optimal” and “suboptimal”
RAI Users. Some factors that seem to lead to a rather successful implementation
could be detected. A higher proportion of qualified staff, a lower perceived
quantitative workload, a small size of care providers, the type of ownership (for
profit) and a late entry in study. The success or failure of the implementation of an
outcome oriented control instrument is determined by professional, organizational

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restrictions. The results show that a better implementation leads to better
implementation leads to better outcomes for clients.

CONCLUSION:

Planning is also a management process, concerned with defining goals for

future organizational performance and deciding on the tasks and resources to be
used in order to attain these goals. Planning always has a purpose. The purpose
may be achievement of certain goals or targets. The planning helps to achieve
these goals or target by using the available time and resources.

BIBLIOGRAPHY:
Text book:
1. Park, K. (2011). Text book of Preventive and social medicine. 19 th ed.
Jabalpur: Banarsidas Bhanot publication. Pg.No: 807-843.

2. Jogindra Vati (2013). Principles and practice of Nursing Management and

Administration for B.Sc and M.Sc Nursing (1 st ed.) Jaypee publication:
New Delhi. Pg. No: 211-223.

3. Basavanthappa, B.T (2009). Nursing Administration. (2nd ed.). New Delhi:

Jaypee Brothers publication. Pg.No: 119-129.

4. Kamalam. S. (2005). Essentials in community health nursing practice.

Jaypee Brothers publication, New Delhi. Pg.No: 313.

5. Gupta, P. Ghai. O.P. Text book of preventive and social medicine. (2 nd ed.)
GBS publishers. Bangalore: Pg.No: 738-744.

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Journal Abstract:

1. DD. Wallace (1949) The Journal of Politics. The Indian Constitution. 13(2)
Pg.No: 269-275.

2. Sharma D. (2011) An Evaluation of the 14th constitutional Amendment Act.

A case study of Chandigarh. 6(1).

Electronic version:

1. Health planning.www.authorstream.com

2. Indian constitution.www.indianetzone.com

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