Massage Past Present Future History

6/8/2016
Copyright © 2016 by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 1 Copyright © 2016 by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 2
Introduction The Prehistoric World
 Massage therapy: Manual and scientific  Indirect evidence supports the use
manipulation of soft tissues of the body for
purposes of establishing and maintaining
of massage for medical reasons
health and promoting wellness  Artifacts and cave paintings
 Bodywork: Any therapeutic or personal self- (15,000 BC) indicate the use of
development practice that may include massage
massage, healing touch, movement, or
energetic work  Extensive pictorial records show
the use of massage
The Ancient World The Ancient World

 In Japan, amma evolved into shiatsu, which
 Practice of massage goes back to China means “finger pressure”
3000 BC  The term shiatsu was first used in the early
 Chinese developed original massage 1900s
technique called amma  Based on same concepts as acupuncture
 Precursor of all manual and energetic therapies • Energy flows in the body in streams called
 Huang-ti nei-ching or Nei Ching: Classic channels or meridians
scripture of traditional Chinese medicine • When these channels are blocked or
compiled under the name of the mythical depleted, pain and discomfort occur
Yellow Emperor • Shiatsu can be performed on each channel
 Sixth century AD: Massage travels to Japan or at specific points called tsubos
and is very similar to Chinese methods
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The Ancient World: India The Ancient World: Greece

 The Western concepts of health and
 Massage in India has existed for medicine began to take shape during the
more than 3000 years sixth and seventh and centuries BC
Legendary physician Asclepius (c. 500 BC)
 Massage is part of the sacred
evolved into a god responsible for the
practice of ayurveda, or “code of emerging medical profession
life”  His holy snake and staff remain the symbol of the
medical profession
 The Manav Dharma Shastra, an
 Various ideas of healing treatment were
important ayurvedic text written formalized as techne iatriche (healing
around 300 BC, mentions massage science)
Hippocrates The Ancient World: Rome
 Father of modern Western  A few individuals helped to pass on the

medicine medical knowledge of the Greeks and
 Mentioned massage in incorporate it into Roman medicine during the
several contexts transitional period between Greek and Roman
 His collected works are dominance
called the Corpus  Aulus Celsus wrote De Medicina, which bridges the
Hippocraticum, which gap between his time and that of Hippocrates,
summarized much of what during which massage had gained acceptance
was known about disease  Julius Caesar used massage to help his epilepsy
and medicine in the  Galen of Pergamon, the personal physician of
ancient world Courtesy U.S. National Library of Medicine,
Bethesda, Maryland.
Roman emperor Marcus Aurelius, wrote De Sanitate
Tuenda in support of massage
The Ancient World The Middle Ages

 After the collapse of the Roman Empire, Western
 Ancient populations that also used massage: medicine declined; a few Western physicians
 Slavs preserved the knowledge of Greeks and Romans,
 Mayas which then spread throughout the Arabic world after
 Inca the fall of Alexandria
 Cherokees  Greco-Roman medical doctrine merged with Persian
 Navajos and Hindu medical knowledge
 Rhazes wrote about medical practices, including massage,
in The Comprehensive Book of Medicine
 Avicenna wrote the Canon of Medicine, which compiled
theoretical and practical medical knowledge of the time and
made many references to massage
 Mondino dei Luzzi wrote Anothomia, the first modern treatise
on anatomy
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The European Renaissance The European Renaissance

and Enlightenment and Enlightenment
 This period (AD 1250-1550) was an exciting time in the history of  Girolamo Mercuriale (1530-1601) spent several years
medicine and medical treatments in Rome studying manuscripts of ancient writers; his
 Western medicine was revitalized by new translations of old
Greek and Latin texts
extensive knowledge of the attitudes of Greeks and
 The printing press allowed recirculation of Celsus’ De Medicina Romans toward diet and exercise are evident in De
 Vesalius (1514-1564) wrote De Humani Corporis Fabrica Arte Gymnastica (1569)
(1543), which established the foundations of human anatomy in  Timothy Bright (1551-1615) published Hygienina on
the West Restoring Health and Therapeutica on Restoring
 Paracelsus (1493-1541) laid the foundations of chemical
pharmacology (rather than herbal remedies)
Health, in which he discussed baths, exercise, and
 Ambroise Paré (1510-1590) was a military surgeon who massage
invented several surgical instruments, discussed therapeutic  The sixteenth century also saw the publication of a
effects of massage, and classified types of massage movements Chinese text that discussed pediatric massage and a
Japanese publication about both passive and active
Copyright © 2016 by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 13
massage proceduresCopyright © 2016 by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 14
The European Renaissance The European Renaissance

and Enlightenment and Enlightenment
 By the end of the seventeenth century,  Massage became a popular treatment in
Western medicine had been revolutionized Europe
 Giovanni Alfonso Borelli (1608-1679)  The eighteenth century incorporated medical
analyzed muscular contractions discoveries of the previous 200 years
 William Harvey (1578-1657) demonstrated
blood circulation by heartbeat
 Thomas Sydenham (1624-1689) compiled
clinical descriptions of disease and developed
specific remedies
The Modern Era:

Pehr Henrik Ling (Cont.)
Pehr Henrik Ling (1776-1839)
 Era of modern massage began in the early  Used active, passive, and duplicated
nineteenth century, when many authors
were developing their own systems movements
 Pehr Henrik Ling was a Swedish  Active movements: Stretching movements performed
physiologist and gymnastics instructor by patient
who is considered the father of Swedish  Passive movements: Movement of patient performed
massage
 Resolved to teach movements of the body by therapist
in a systematic manner  Duplicated movements: Performed by patient with
 Developed Swedish gymnastics known as cooperation of therapist
the Ling System
 Focused on movement for treatment of Courtesy Calvert RN: The history of massage: an illustrated survey  Swedish massage:
from around the world, Rochester, 2002, Healing Arts Press.
disease or injury  Improves circulation and range of motion
 Blended massage with physiology
 Eventually led to the development of
 Relieves muscle tension
physical therapy as a profession  Promotes general relaxation
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Massage Therapy
Johann Mezger (1817-1893)
in the United States
 Physician who introduced French terminology  George Henry Taylor and Charles Fayette
to massage Taylor
 Effleurage  Brought Swedish system to the United States in
 Pétrissage 1856
 Tapotement  George Henry Taylor wrote the first American
 French was the international language in the massage textbook (1860): An Exposition of the
nineteenth century Swedish Movement Cure
 Douglas O. Graham
 Wrote about massage history
• A Treatise On Massage, Its History, Mode of Application
And Effects, 1902
Hartvig Nissen John Harvey Kellogg
 In 1883, opened the Swedish Health Institute  Published the magazine Good Health
for the Treatment of Chronic Diseases by  Wrote the book Art of Massage: A Practical
Swedish Movements and Massage in Manual for the Nurse, the Student and the
Washington, D.C. Practitioner
 Published the paper “Swedish Movement and
Massage” in several medical journals, which
led to the book Swedish Movement and
Massage Treatment
© Judi Calvert.
Chartered Society of Massage

Society of Trained Masseuses
and Medical Gymnastics
 Formed by women in Great Britain in 1894  The Society of Trained Masseuses merged
 Established a massage curriculum with the Institute of Massage and Remedial
 Accredited massage schools Exercise to form this society in 1920
 Required qualified instructors  Required physician referrals and the issuance
 Established a board certification program of certificates of competence
 Had 12,000 members by 1939
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Changes in America The Esalen Institute
 The American Society of Physical Therapy  Retreat center and educational institution in
Physicians formed after World War I California that was founded during the early
 Programs for physical therapists were 1960s
becoming standardized  Helped to associate massage therapy with
 By 1947, physical therapy and rehabilitation personal development, mind/body well-being,
was established as a medical specialty and overall health
 In addition to the art of massage, practitioners  Founders Michael Murphy and Richard
needed to learn anatomy, physiology, and Pierce envisioned Esalen as a think tank for
pathology American counterculture
Massage Professional
The Esalen Institute
Organizations and Associations
 Institute’s practices are part of  The American Massage Therapy Association
larger cultural trends that focus (AMTA; formerly the American Massage and
on natural health
Therapy Association, which was formerly the
 For many, Esalen was their first
exposure to massage American Association of Masseurs and
 The Rolfing method, developed Masseuses) is the second largest massage
by Ida Rolf, is one of the therapist association
influential styles of body therapy
to emerge from Esalen
 Modern leaders in health and
healing who have taught at Courtesy of the Rolf Institute.
Esalen include Andrew Weil and

Deepak Chopra Copyright © 2016 by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 27 Copyright © 2016 by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 28
Massage Professional
Current Events
Organizations and Associations
 The Associated Bodywork and Massage  National Certification Board of Therapeutic Massage
Professionals (ABMP) organization was and Bodywork (NCBTMB) was created by the AMTA
in 1988
founded in 1987 and includes massage  1992: Became independent and developed the National
therapists and bodywork therapists Certification Exam for Therapeutic Massage and Bodywork
(NCETMB), which included both Eastern and Western
principles
 2005: Offered second exam, National Certification Exam for
Therapeutic Massage (NCETM), which focused only on
Western principles
 2013: Retired National Certification credential and began
offering NCETMB and NCETM for licensure only; also
launched a Board Certification Credential (see Chapter 17 in
the textbook)
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Massage Therapy Foundation Touch Research Institute
 1990: Called the American Massage Therapy  Established in 1992 by Dr. Tiffany Field at the
Foundation and established by the AMTA University of Miami School of Medicine
 2004: Became an independent organization  Studies effects of massage and touch therapy
and changed to current name and its application to science, medicine, and
treatment of disease
Federation of State Massage Therapy

Massage Therapy Boards Body of Knowledge
 2005: Date established  2008: Established steward group to create a
 2008: Released the Massage & Bodywork body of knowledge for massage
Licensing Exam (MBLEx)  2009: Task force selected to create inaugural
Massage Therapy Body of Knowledge
(MTBOK)
 2010: MTBOK released
 More than 80 massage methods classified
 Most styles developed in the United States
since 1960
Human Trafficking: Human Trafficking:

A Dark Chapter in Massage History A Dark Chapter in Massage History
 Historically, prostitution has used the term  Diploma-mill “massage schools” have arisen
massage therapy to cover its operations to fabricate training and sell massage
 As of 2010, approximately 525 “massage diplomas and transcripts to traffickers
parlors” still offered sex services in New  The FBI has been conducting operations in
Jersey alone suburbs to help free young women
 In 2011, an estimated 5000 fake massage  The NCBTMB includes an antihuman
businesses were operating in the United trafficking pledge to be signed by every
States assigned school, approved continuing
education provider, and certificant

Massage Past Present Future History

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Introduction The Prehistoric World

The Ancient World The Ancient World

The Ancient World: India The Ancient World: Greece

Hippocrates The Ancient World: Rome

 Father of modern Western  A few individuals helped to pass on the

The Ancient World The Middle Ages

The European Renaissance The European Renaissance

The European Renaissance The European Renaissance

The Modern Era:

Hartvig Nissen John Harvey Kellogg

Chartered Society of Massage

Changes in America The Esalen Institute

Esalen include Andrew Weil and

Massage Therapy Foundation Touch Research Institute

Federation of State Massage Therapy

Human Trafficking: Human Trafficking:

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