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Abstract
Composite steel-reinforced concrete columns are a very important application of composite
structures, and they have wide application in high-rise buildings. Columns and compression members can be
designed which are from a normal weight concrete of the strength classes C20/25 to C50/60 and from the
steel grades S235 to S460. Columns of high-rise buildings must resist the high values of normal forces. A
higher degree of resistance can be obtained with the use of high-strength concrete. If high-strength
concrete (HSC) is used in a composite column, the resistance will be greater than the resistance of the
column with the use of normal strength concrete; respectively, we will achieve a smaller size of the cross-
section. Former construction methods could be studied in all materials, e.g. wood, steel and concrete
construction, as they are more graphical to students of architecture. Furthermore, elder methods and
procedures to determine the inner forces of statically systems could be studied, to gain the capacity of
simple control of computer calculations.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
In the name of GOD, the most Gracious and the most Merciful.
I sincerely expresses my deepest gratitude to the Almighty.
First and foremost, I would like to express thank to my supervisor Mr. Leul mebrate for his guidance in
this project. I would like to thank commercial bank of Ethiopia construction project office for hosting me in
their huge project for three months helping me do this project. I, sincerely, express my deep sense of
gratitude to CBE project officer Eng. Hana for her help in providing me books researches and guiding me. I
would also like to thank all AAIT consultant team especially Mr. Mohamed, Miss Tinbit and Miss.Loza for
their helpful guidance. The last but not the list I would like to appreciate my family for their support
throughout this experience.
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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
CBE Commercial bank of Ethiopia
FT Concrete filled tube
FEC Fully encased composite
HSC High strength concrete
PEC partially encased composite
SD Standard deviation
SHSC Super high strength concrete
SRC Steel reinforced column
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Chapter one
Introduction
1.1.1 Commercial bank of Ethiopia New Head office construction project
The new head quarter building of commercial bank of Ethiopia is located in the central business district
of Addis Ababa. The building will became an important land mark in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia is currently
the tallest building in east Africa. The new head quarter building will make outstanding contribution to the
dynamics sky line of Addis Ababa. The project planning area of CBE is 18307.83 m2, total floor area is
164429.39m2 among them the area on the ground is 112749.77m2 and basement area is 51679.62m2. The
project includes the tower building (G+48), conference center (G+7), and commercial center (G+ 8)
corridor and basement (-4). The height of the tower building, conference center and commercial center
205.825m, 45, 42.9 respectively.
1.1.2 China state construction Eng. Corporation (CSCES)
China Construction has inherited all superior assets and corporate culture of CSCEC, with its business
covering housing construction, international contracting, real estate development and investment
infrastructure construction and investment, prospecting and design
China Construction is China’s largest construction and real estate conglomerate and biggest building
work contractor. It is the largest transnational construction company in the developing countries and the
top home builder in the world, taking the long lead of China’s international contracting business. China
Construction is well known in the world for undertaking super high-rise, grand scale, cutting-edge and
novel projects and has built up a great number of landmark projects in China and around the world. Such
business concept and brand image of China Construction as “Providing Excellent Services across all
Continents with Superior Quality as the Top Priority” is universally acknowledged and commended.
This huge project contractor is CSEC, CSCEC has a lots of working experience in other huge projects in
other countries like Hong Kong and Macao, West and Central Africa, Southern Africa, North Africa,
Europe, Central Asia, North America, Middle East and Southeast Asia (new building for Congo
(Brazzaville) BSCA bank, Djibouti Doha multi-function port, phase one of Libya 20,000 sets residential
building project, Tunisia general hospital, Egypt Hosni Mubarak school, Laos lung prabang conch cement
factory and dam construction… etc.) also here in Addis Ababa E.g. African Union, the new national
stadium, national oil.
Award recognitions
• China Tien-yow Jeme Civil Engineering Prize (Tien-yow Jeme Prize) is a civil engineering
scientific award approved by the Ministry of Science and Technology and affirmed by the Ministry
of Construction.
• Luban Prize, initiated in 1987, is the top prize for quality in China’s construction projects,
representing the advanced level of quality for the domestic construction works
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1.1.3 General
Composite column is a structural member that uses a combination of structural steel shapes,
pipes or tubes with or without reinforcing steel bars and concrete to provide adequate load carrying capacity
to sustain either axial compressive loads alone or a combination of axial loads and bending moments. In a
composite column both the steel and the concrete sections resist the external loading by interacting together
by bond and friction. Composite columns are constructed providing structural steel inside concrete or
concrete inside the structural steel. These columns are being used worldwide for the construction of high
rise buildings since it can reduce the size of the columns in the building and increase the usable space of the
floor plan. In addition, composite column enhances the overall rigidity of the building and provides
significant shear resistance to strong earthquakes and other lateral loads. The paper presents a simplified
method of construction method and highlight of the design approach of composite columns.
Composite columns may be practically used for low and high-rise buildings. For the low-rise
buildings, steel columns are often encased in concrete for the sake of appearance or for protection of steel
from fire, corrosion, and from vehicle in garages. For high-rise buildings, composite columns are stiffer
than non-composite steel columns. The size of composite columns is often considerably smaller than is
required for reinforced concrete columns to support the same loads. The high tensile strength and ductility
are the main advantages of steel members. They can also be used for erection of the building and resisting all
construction loads. However, concrete members can increase the compressive strength and stiffness to assist
the resistance of service loads. The choice of a steel, concrete, or composite system for any particular project
depends not only on system efficiency, material availability, cost, construction methods, and labor, but also
on planning, architectural, and aesthetic criteria. It is thus impossible to reach definitive conclusions solely on
the basis of a structural system evaluation.
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fig 1.2 the combination of concrete cores, steel frame Fig1.1 Ericsson Building, Vienna, 1913 (Emperger 1913)
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Chapter two
2 Literature review
2.1. Conceptual definition of composite column
A steel – concrete composite column is conventionally a compression member in which the steel
element is a structural steel section. There are three types of composite columns used in practice which are
Concrete Encased, Concrete filled, and Battered Section.
2.2. Types of composite column
There are three types of composite column based on their concrete encasement and steel section type
types of composite columns, those with steel section encased in concrete and those with steel section in-
filled with concrete are commonly used in buildings. Basic forms of cross-sections representative of
composite.
Composite Columns type
Three different types of composite columns are principally in use, see Figure 12:
➢ Concrete encased steel columns (a)
➢ Concrete filled steel tubes and (c and d)
➢ rolled section columns partly encased in concrete (b)
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They have been popular for use as individual column elements. The confined concrete fill increases the
axial load resistance but has little effect on the flexural resistance. For that reason, it is unlikely that
these columns would be a good choice for a moment resisting frame. Filling the tube with concrete will
increase the ultimate strength of the member without significant increase in cost. The main effect of
concrete is that it delays the local buckling of the tube wall and the concrete itself, in the restrained state, is
able to sustain higher stresses and strains than when in the unrestrained state.
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capacity were investigated. The ultimate load carrying capacities of these columns are reduced by
about 35% when eccentricity is changed from minor axis to major axis. Authors reported that a sharp peak
appears on the load-deflection curve of a short column because of concrete crushing. The P-delta effect was
more pronounced in a long column and a gradual unloading took place.
Munoz et al. (1997) carried out experimental study on the behaviour of biaxially loaded concrete- encased
composite columns. The composite column specimens were one short and three slender, with square cross
section,(63.5 mm × 63.5 mm). Each specimen consisted of Ishaped structural steel section encased by
concrete and additionally reinforced with four longitudinal reinforcements as corner bars. The slenderness
ratio of the column with L/r = 42.7was designated as MC1. The slenderness ratios of other three columns
were L/r = 64, was designated as MC2, MC3 and MC4, respectively. The overall length of the specimens
was 8130 mm for the short column (MC1) and 12200 mm for the long columns (MC2, MC3 and MC4).
The average concrete compressive strength were 36.77, 30.97, 25.83 and 27.51 MPa for columns MC1,
MC2, MC3 and MC4, respectively. Strain gauges were fixed at the surface of these test specimens to
determine the axial strain and the curvatures with respect to the main bending axis of the column. The main
variables considered in the experimental investigation were concrete compressive strength fcu, tensile
strength of reinforcing steel, slenderness ratio, and eccentricity of the applied load. The effects of the
eccentrically applied axial compressive force, load-deflection and moment-curvature behavior on the
maximum load capacity of a composite column were examined. The axial load capacities were 28.17, 26.48,
29.06 and 22.03 kN for these columns MC1, MC2, MC3 and MC4, respectively. The failure modes of these
columns were observed during the experimental test. Hairline cracks were started on these columns MC1,
MC2, MC3 and MC4 at 50%, 30%, 40% and 40% of the maximum load, respectively. The test results were
compared with the analytical results of the maximum load capacity obtained from a numerical analysis.
The comparative results indicated that the analytical method and computer program used to model and
analyze the composite column specimens (i.e. numerical analysis) could accurately predict the maximum
load capacity and deformation behavior of a pin-ended biaxialy loaded concrete-encased steel column with
axial compressive load in single curvature bending.
Chen and Yeh (1996) carried out extensive experimental studies to determine the ultimate capacity of FEC
columns with different shaped structural steel. Ten short columns were constructed with three different
shapes of the structural steel section with normal strength concrete. The shapes of the structural steel
sections used in the specimens were I, H and cross shaped. All the H-shaped steel section were more similar
to the wide-flange section, while the I-shaped section had a narrow flange. The specimens had square cross-
sections of 280 mm × 280 mm and a constant nominal length of 1200 mm. The specimens had concrete
cylinder strengths varying from 26.4 to 29.8 MPa and a structural steel yield stress of 296 to 345 MPa. The
longitudinal and transverse reinforcement bars were 16 mm and 8mm in diameter. Three different spacings
of transverse reinforcement (35 mm, 75 mm and 140 mm) were used to observe the effect of transverse
spacing on overall capacity of columns. The author reported that the columns constructed with cross-shaped
structural steel sections took comparatively more load than the other shaped ones. This happened as the
confining effect was more in the FEC columns constructed with cross shaped structural steel. The ultimate
load carrying capacity also increased when the transverse reinforcement spacing decreased. The rates of
load increment for the closer spacing of transverse reinforcement were comparatively higher in the columns
constructed with H-shaped structural steel. Tsai et al. (1996) experimentally determined the behavior of
axially loaded steel reinforced concrete columns. Ten short columns were constructed with cross shaped
structural steel section with normal strength concrete. These ten (10) specimens were labeled from SRC1 to
SRC10. The specimens had square cross-sections of 280 mm × 280 mm and a constant nominal length
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of 1200 mm. The specimens had concrete cylinder strengths varying from 21.3-26.3 MPa and a steel yield
stress of 296-345 MPa. The longitudinal and transverse reinforcement bars were 16 mm and 8 mm in
diameter. Three different spacing of transverse reinforcement (100 mm, 140 mm and 190 mm) were used to
observe the effect of transverse spacing on overall capacity of columns. The author reported that the
ultimate load carrying capacity increased when the transverse reinforcement spacing decreased. The rate of
the load increment was about 2%.
Shih et al. (2013) carried out study on axial strength and ductility of square composite columns with two
interlocking spirals. The axial compressive capacity and load– displacement behavior of composite columns
confined by two interlocking spirals were experimentally and analytically investigated. The innovative
spiral cage used for a square column was fabricated by interlocking a circular spiral and a star-shaped spiral
to enhance the confinement effect for the core concrete. Eight full-scale square composite columns were
tested under monotonically increased axial compression. Experimental results demonstrated that, with
significant savings of the transverse reinforcement, the composite columns confined by two interlocking
spirals achieved excellent axial compressive strength and ductility. It revealed that the spirally reinforced
concrete column achieved better load carrying capacity and behavior than the rectilinearly tied reinforced
concrete column, although the amount of the spirals was less than that of the rectilinear hoops. Moreover, an
analytical model was developed to take into account the concrete confinement due to the structural steel in
addition to the transverse reinforcement and distributions of the longitudinal bars. The analytical results
accurately predicted the axial compressive capacity and load–displacement behavior of the specimens
Lia-Hai Han et al. (2011), have investigated the tensile behaviour of CFST section considering
parameters such as steel ratio and type of concrete. Tensile behaviour of CFST section was examined by
experimentally as well as developing a finite element model. The study found that the tensile strength of
CFST section is more than the hollow steel tube and it was further increased by filling SFRC concrete into
steel tube. Researchers had also proposed a simplified formula for calculating tensile strength of CFST
section and it gives good agreement between calculated and tested results.
Jingfeng Wang, Na Zhang (2017), This paper investigated performance of circular concrete filled steel
tubular (CFST) column to steel beam joints with blind bolts. Four monotonic loading tests were conducted on
the flush or extended end plate joints to circular CFST columns with blind bolts. A nonlinear finite
element (FE) modeling study on the circular CFST column joints under static loading was developed, in
considering contact interaction, material model and analysis steps etc. The accuracy of the FE models was
examined by the experimental results in the field of moment rotation relationships and failure modes.
Massive parametric analysis was utilized to explore the effects of axial level, bolt diameter and anchorage
length ratio etc. on the ultimate moment capacity and the initial stiffness of the novel connections. The test
and 3D elasto plasticity numerical analysis results indicated that the circular CFST column joints could be
regarded as semi-rigid and partial or full strength. Effective methods including anchorage and stiffening
strengthening were also discussed in this paper to promote the engineering application of circular
CFST column joints with blind bolts.
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Compressive behavior
Dundar et al. (2006) conducted an experimental study on the behavior of reinforced and concrete-encased
composite columns subjected to biaxial bending and axial load. The primary objective of this investigation
was to examine the ultimate strength capacity and load-deflection behavior of short and slender reinforced
concrete columns. The experimental results were compared with the ultimate capacities obtained
theoretically. Theoretical results were calculated using various stress–strain models for the materials done by
previous authors. The experimental program included fifteen (15) reinforced concrete columns. Five
specimens were short square (100 mm × 100 mm) tied columns (C1–C5) with 870 mm length. Seven
specimens were slender square tied columns (C11-C14, C21–C23) with two different sizes. Other three
specimens were L-shaped section slender tied columns (LC1–LC3). The columns groups (C11-C14) and
(C21-C23) were 100 mm × 100 mm and150 mm × 150 mm square in sizes, respectively. Ultimate capacity of
these reinforced concrete columns were determined experimentally for eccentric axial load and compared
with calculated theoretical results. A computer program was developed based on these theoretical
calculations. The ultimate capacity was determined using this computer program for the tested FEC
columns. The authors reported that the theoretical results could predict the experimental results for different
cross section of reinforced and composite column members with good accuracy.
Y. F. Yang, L. H. Han (2012), have examined the behavior of CFST under partial compression by
considering different parameters, namely cross sectional shape, length to diameter ratio and partial
compression area ratio. The study was carried out by testing twenty-six specimens of CFST by varying the
above parameters and their behavior was also verified by developing a finite element model using
ABAQUS software. The study shows that the behavior of partial compressed CFST section is similar to the
behavior of fully compressed CFST section. Also, it is possible to predict strength of partial compressed
CFST section using mathematical model proposed by researchers.
Farid Abed et al. (2013), studied the compressive behavior of circular CFST column filled with different
concrete grades and varying D/t ratios. The experimental results of study were compared with analytical
method proposed by various codes namely EC-4,ACI-318,AISC-2005and AS. From these studies
researchers have concluded that for higher D/t ratio, reduction in compressive
strength of CFST section occurs due to less confinement. The study also shows that for the higher D/t ratio
there is less deviation observed in experimental and analytical results. Experimental results of this study
were also verified using ABAQUS software and there is found to be a good agreement in-between both
results.
Kalingarani et al. (2014), investigated the compressive behavior of slender CFST columns by
analytically using various available codes, namely EC4, ACI-318 and AISC- 2005.The study was carried
out by varying diameter to thickness (D/t) and length to width (L/D) ratio. Analytical results
obtained by using codal method indicates that for an increased D/t ratio keeping diameter constant,
compressive strength of CFST section was decreased due to less confinements also reduction in
compressive strength occurs for increased L/D ratio due to slenderness effect.
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Bond Strength
Prion and Boehme (1994) conducted an investigation on concrete filled steel tubes in bending. The results
indicated that specimen dissipated a significant amount of energy with only a slight decrease in strength
when the loading cycle progressed. The strength of CFSTs during subsequent cycles was not greatly
affected by the slip between the two materials. The beam specimens showed a loss of stiffness due to a lack
of bond and the cracking of the concrete after the first cycle.
Hunaiti (1994) investigated on fifteen battened composite specimens to find the bond strength between
steel and concrete at the age of five years. The result of this investigation showed that the bond strength at
the age of five years was about two and half times greater than of that the age of one year. This was mainly
due to rusting of steel at the surface of contact with 20 concrete. It resulted in the increase of the mechanical
keying due to micro irregularities and thus enhanced the bond between the two materials.
Hunaiti (1996) conducted an experimental investigation on composite action of foamed and lightweight
aggregate concrete. Thirty-six push out tests were performed on concrete-filled hollow steel sections in
square and circular shapes. It was found that the strength of bond in composite sections was significantly
affected by the type of concrete. However, it appeared that the type of concrete did not influence the load-
slip behavior as all the tested specimens produced similar load-slip curves. Lightweight aggregate concrete
showed higher resistance to push-out loads and thus had better composite action. Moreover, bond reduction
due to age in normal concrete specimens is higher than that of lightweight aggregate concrete specimens.
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2.4. Conclusions
With the advent of steel and reinforced concrete, the concepts in construction has changed from one of
securing stability to that of stressing the materials to the optimum values. This has resulted in very light
structures compared to the pre-19th century constructions. This has been made possible by eliminating in
the newer materials, the short comings of poor tensile strength of the traditional materials. In order to
critically evaluate the research works done in the area of concrete filled steel tubular and fully encased
composite columns, a detailed review of literature in the field of CFT & FEC column has been undertaken.
From the review of literature presented in this chapter it has become clear that extensive experimental
investigations were carried out on strength and failure modes of short and slender FEC and CFT columns
with normal strength of concrete (21 MPa to 35 MPa) and structural steel (250 MPa to 350 MPa) for
concentric, eccentric and biaxial loading conditions. Studies on FEC columns using various percentages of
structural steel are limited. Behavior of FEC columns with high and ultra-high strength materials has not
been explored completely. Effects of several geometric parameters such as column slenderness ratio,
structural steel ratio, load eccentricity ratio and tie spacing on the strength and ductility of high strength
FEC columns need to be explored. Most of the available codes on composite columns do not include the
capacity prediction equations for high strength materials. In most of the codes, the upper limit for the
strength of concrete is 70 MPa and for structural steel is 525 MPa. Therefore, the code specified guidelines
and design equations for composite columns need to be extended to incorporate the effects of high and
ultra-high strength materials. Experimental investigations on FEC & CFT columns with various structural
steel percentages and concrete strength are therefore required. However, it is not possible to get a complete
understanding of the influences of various components from experimental investigations only due to the
high cost and time requirement for full scale testing. Therefore, finite element models are also required that
can accurately predict the behavior of FEC and CFT columns under various combinations of geometric and
material properties.
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Chapter three
3.1 Comparisons between steel – concrete composite column and RCC project
3.1.1 Weight of structure
Weight of any structure is depends upon its components and material used in construction. Weight should be
kept as low as possible to reduce the earthquake effect. In order to find out dead weight and make it a lighter
structure we have studied the weight of all structural members in composite steel concrete and RCC building.
From the following figure it is seen that composite structure is having less weight by 35.05 % comparing
to RCC.
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3.1.3 Axial Force in column, Shear Force in Column and Bending Moment
The result shows that the axial force in maximum composite column is less than RCC column. An
average reduction of 10% to 12% is seen in axial force of composite column.
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3.2 CONCLUSION
➢ The dead weight of Composite structure is found to be 30 % to 35% less than RCC structure and
hence the seismic forces are reduced by 30% to 35%. As the weight of the structure reduces it
attract comparatively less earthquake forces than RCC structure. This will add to further reduction
in axial forces, shear forces and bending moment as compared to RCC structure. As the weight of
structure is reduces the size of foundation also reduces which leads to saving in foundation cost.
➢ The axial force in composite column is found to be 7% to 9% less than RCC columns in linear
static analysis. This reduction in axial force reduces the size of column and ultimately saves the
material and its cost.
➢ The shear force in composite column is reduced by 25% to 29% in longitudinal direction and 33%
to 37% in transverse direction at 1st story. A significant reduction in shear force in both the
direction is seen in composite column member.
➢ The bending moment in composite column in linear static analysis reduces by 58 % to 68% in
longitudinal direction. The reduction in bending moment reduces the size of column.
➢ It is also seen that if the secondary beams are provided below the composite slab, then the composite
structure gives more stiffness than RCC structure. Increased stiffness of composite structure results
in reduction of lateral of lateral displacement of composite structure.
➢ The schedule of design of composite and RCC structure shows that the composite members requires
much reduced dimensions than that of RCC members. The reduction in dimension of composite
column results in providing more usable area.
➢ Due to high rates of steel one may find composite construction a little bit costly at the initial stage,
but due to its speedy construction work the project can be completed as early as possible than RCC
construction. In addition to this, reduced dimensions of beams and columns in composite
construction leads to reduction in dead weight of the structure which ultimately helps in reduction
of the cost of foundation.
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Rigid-plastic global analysis can sometimes be used, despite the profound difference between a
typical stress-strain curve for concrete in compression, and those for structural steel or reinforcement, in
tension or compression, that is illustrated in Fig. 1.1. Concrete reaches its maximum compressive stress at a
strain of between 0.002 and 0.003, and at higher 20 strains it crushes, losing almost all its compressive
strength. It is very brittle in tension, having a strain capacity of only about 0.0001 (i.e. 0.1mm per meter)
before it cracks. The figure also shows that the maximum stress reached by concrete in a beam or column is
little more than 80% of its cube strength. Steel yields at a strain similar to that given for crushing of
concrete, but on further straining the stress in steel continues to increase slowly, until the total strain is at
least 40 times the yield strain. The subsequent necking and fracture is of significance for composite
members only above internal supports of continuous beams, for the useful resistance of a cross-section is
reached when all of the steel yields, when steel in compression buckles, or when concrete crushes.
Resistances of cross-sections are determined (‘local analysis’) using plastic analysis wherever
possible, because results of elastic analyses are unreliable, unless careful account is taken of cracking,
shrinkage, and creep of concrete, and also because plastic analysis is simpler and leads to more economical
design. The higher value of γ M that is used for concrete, in comparison with steel (Table 1.2) reflects not
only the higher variability of the strength of test specimens, but also the variation in the strength of concrete
over the depth of a member, due to migration of water before setting, and the larger errors in the dimensions
of cross-sections, particularly in the positions of reinforcing bars. Brief comments are now given on
individual materials.
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8. The high strength bolt hole is made by drilling hole, and its precision is H12 level. The allowable
deviation of the aperture and distance between the aperture shall be in accordance with the
requirements of the following table.
9. Welding of steel flung and web should use automatic or semi-automatic gas cutting for cutting,
10. The friction surface of high strength bolt connection member should be processed, and the anti-
slip coefficient should be 0.45 in the production of steel structure, the anti-slip coefficient should
be carried out.
11. Steel member should be correctable by mechanical or limited (line heating or point heating)
heating. When heating is performed, make Shure the maximum heating temperature and Colling
method will not damage steel material.
12. The end milling plane allowable deviation should meet the requirement bellow
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With the use of composite columns along with composite decking and composite beams it is possible to
erect high rise structures in an extremely efficient manner. There is quite a vertical spread of construction
activity carried out simultaneously at any one time, with numerous trades working simultaneously. For
example
➢ One group of workers will be erecting the steel beams and columns for one or two Story at the
top of frame.
➢ Two or three story’s below, another group of workers will be fixing the metal Decking for the
floors.
➢ A few story’s below, another group will be concreting the floors.
➢ As we go down the building, another group will be tying the column reinforcing bars in cages.
➢ Yet another group below them will be fixing the formwork, placing the concrete into the column
mold’s etc.
➢ 3.7 Dis advantages of composite column
As described in the preceding section, composite column have several important advantage. They
also have a few disadvantage. One particular problem with their use in high rise buildings is the difficulty
of controlling their rates and amount of shortening in relation to the shear wall and, perhaps, adjacent
plain columns. The accurate estimation of this items is made quite difficult by different types and stage of
construction activities going on simultaneously over a large building stories.
If composite columns are used around outside of a high – rise building, and plain steel section are
used in the building core (or if we have shear wall), the creep in the composite section cane a problem. The
result may concrete floors that are not very level. Some erectors make very care full elevation measurement
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at column splice and then try to make appropriate adjustment with steel shims to try to even out the
deference between measured elevation and computed elevation.
Another problem with composite columns is the lack of knowledge available concerning the
mechanical bond between the concrete and the steel shapes. This particular important for the transfer of
moments through beam – column joint. It is feared that if large cyclical strain reversals where to occur at
such a joint there could be a server breakdown of the joint.
3.8. Effect of high strength concrete on composite column
High strength steel has several advantages in its applications to tall buildings. Improvement in ductility
of high strength steel has enhanced the research activities in this area. High strength and low weight are
beneficial in seismic design with seismic response being reduced by the low weight of a structure. The
stiffness in concrete increases with its characteristic strength. Higher strength concrete has an effective
initial modulus of elasticity that increases roughly in proportion to the second or third root of the
compressive strength and density. Typical stress– strain curves of steel and concrete are given in Figs.
bellow, respectively. Rangan and Joyce and O’Brien and Rangan have reported the results of tests on
eccentrically loaded slender steel tubular columns filled with high-strength concrete as high as 115 MPa.
The eccentricity of the applied compressive load was equal at both ends, and the columns were subjected to
single curvature bending. All specimens failed at mid-height due to crushing of concrete in the
compression zone. In all specimens, the extreme fiber tensile strains at failure did not reach the yield strain of
steel. The calculated ultimate loads of Rangan and Joyce were found to underestimate the experimental
results with the maximum difference of 68%. Similar experiments were carried out to examine the behavior
of thin-walled circular steel tubes filled with ultra-high strength concrete (115 MPa) [18]. The test
specimens had an effective diameter to thickness ratio between 60 and 200 and a length to
diameter ratio of 3.5. The specimens were tested under axial and eccentric loading. It was shown that
unloading response of high strength concrete is rapid and may exhibit axial strain reversal, the snap-back
process. Further test have been conducted to examine the potential enhancement in strength and possible
improvement in ductility due to confinement of high strength concrete.
Graph 7 stress – strain curve of concrete Graph 8 typical stress – strain curve of steel
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Chapter four
COMPOSITE COLUMN DESIGN
4.1 General
As in other structural components, a composite column must also be designed for the Ultimate Limit State.
For structural adequacy, the internal forces and moments resulting from the most unfavorable load
combination should not exceed the design resistance the composite cross-sections. While local buckling of
the steel sections may be eliminated, the reduction in the compression resistance of the composite column
due to overall buckling should definitely be allowed for, together with the effects of residual stresses and
initial imperfections. Moreover, the second order effects in slender columns as well as the effect of creep and
shrinkage of concrete under long term loading must be considered, if they are significant. The reduction in
flexural stiffness due to cracking of the concrete in the tension area should also be considered.
4.2 STEPS IN DESIGN
Design Steps for columns
Design checks
II. Evaluate effective flexural stiffness, (EI)ex and (EI)ey, of the cross- section for short term loading
from equations,
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IV. Check the resistance of the section under axial compression about both the axes. Design against
axial compression is satisfied if following conditions are satisfied:
P < Fx Pp
P < Fy Pp
Where
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Conclusion
Composite construction, particularly that using profiled steel sheet ng, allows rapid construction.
The weight of steelwork required in composite construction is sign faintly less than if the materials were
used independently. There is no need for expensive false work and formwork because the steel beam is able
to sustain the self-weight of steel and concrete, by itself f or with the assistance of a few temporary props.
Timber formwork can be replaced by precast concrete elements or profiled steel sheeting. The
aforementioned advantages present a very strong argument for the use of composite beams in buildings.
They are more significant, however, for medium to long spans than for short spans. The main disadvantage of
composite construction is the need to provide connectors at the steel-concrete interface. Another minor
drawback is that it is somewhat more complicated than other methods to design and construct. This
drawback is particularly relevant to continuous structures and bridges. However, it is far outweighed by the
significant advantages that can be gained.
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Reference
• Almusallam, T.H., and Alsayed, S. H. (1995). “Stress-strain relationship of normal, high strength
and light weight concrete.” Magazine of Concrete Research, 47 (107), 39-44.
• American Concrete Institute. (2014). “Building code requirements for structural concrete (ACI
318-14) and commentary.” ACI 318-14, Farmington Hills, MI.
• American Institute of Steel Construction. (2010). “Specification for structural steel buildings.” An
American National Standard, ANSI/AISC 360-10, Chicago.
• Amin, A. M. M., Fadel, A. M., Gaawan, S. M., and Darwish, R. A. (2016). “Assessment the limit
of steel core area in the encased composite column.”
• Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications, 6(1- 3), 72-78. Bangladesh National
Building Code (1993). BNBC, Dhaka, Bangladesh. Barr, B., and Lee, M. K. (2003).
• “Modelling the strain-softening behavior of plain concrete using a double-exponential model.”
Magazine of Concrete Research, 55 (4), 343-353. Begum, M., Driver, R. G. and Elwi, A. E. (2007)
• “Finite element modeling of partially encased composite columns using the dynamic explicit
solution method” Journal of Structural Engineering, ASCE, 133(3), 326-334. Bridge, R. Q., and
Roderick, J. W. (1978).
• “Behavior of built-up composite columns.” Advanced Design of Composite Steel-Concrete
Structural element by Dr. D. R. Panchal -ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 7( Version 2), July 2014,
pp.124-138 [2] ANSI/AISC 360-05 An American National Standard Specification for Structural
Steel Buildings March 9, 2005.
• Comparative Analysis of RCC and Steel-Concrete Composite (B+G+ 11 Storey) Building Mr.
Nitish A. Mohite, Mr.
• P.K.Joshi, Dr. W. N. Deulkar IJSR, Volume 5, Issue 10, October 2015 ISSN 2250-3153
• Composite Structures of Steel and Concrete (Beams, slabs, columns, and frames) for buildings
Third Edition by R.P. JOHNSON (2004)
• Eurocode 4: Design of composite steel and concrete structures
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