Communication

Systems

PHASOR &
LINE SPECTRA
By
Engr. Dr. Jawwad Ahmad

1
 Today’s Goal
 Phasor & Line Spectra

 One-Sided or Positive-Frequency Line Spectra

 Conventions Regarding Line Spectra

 Two-Sided or Double-Sided Line Spectra

 Drill Problems

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 PHASOR & LINE SPECTRA
 Consider the sinusoidal or ac (alternating-current) waveform v(t)
as shown.

Engr. Dr. Jawwad Ahmad 3

 PHASOR & LINE SPECTRA
 By convention, we express sinusoids in terms of the cosine
function and write,
=> v(t )  A cos 
=>
v(t )  A cos  t   
O
where, A is the peak value or amplitude and ω0 is the radian
frequency.

 The phase angle  represents the fact that the peak has been
shifted away from the time origin and occurs at t    . O
 The reciprocal of the period equals the cyclical frequency fo,
measured in cycles per seconds or hertz.
1 O
fO  
TO 2
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 PHASOR & LINE SPECTRA
 The Phasor representation of a sinusoidal signal comes from
Euler’s Theorem.  j
=> e  cos   j sin 
where, Ree  j&  cos  Ime  j    j sin 
 If we let ,   O t  
=> e  j ( t  )  cos( O t   )  j sin( O t   )
O

So,
=> v' (t )  A cos( O t   )  j sin( O t   )

 We can write any sinusoid as the real part of a complex

exponential, namely;
Re v' (t )  A cos  O t     A Re e j   t    O

v(t )  A cos O t     
Re Ae j e jOt 
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 PHASOR & LINE SPECTRA
 This is called Phasor Representation because the term inside the
brackets may be viewed as a rotating vector in a complex plane
whose axes are the real and imaginary parts.

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 PHASOR & LINE SPECTRA
 The Phasor has length A, rotates counter clockwise at the rate of
revolutions per second, and at time makes an angle with respect
to the positive real axis.

 To describe the same Phasor in the frequency domain, associate

the corresponding amplitude and phase with the particular
frequency. Hence, a same frequency-domain description would
be the line spectrum.

 This is called one-sided or positive-frequency line spectra can

be constructed for any linear combination of sinusoids.

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PHASOR & LINE SPECTRA

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Four Conventions Regarding Line Spectra
 These should be stated as;
1. In all our spectral drawings the independent variable will
be cyclical frequency f hertz, rather than radian
frequency ω, a shorthand notation for 2πf.

2. Phase angles will be measured with respect to cosine

waves or equivalently,
sin  t  cos   t  90

3. Amplitude as always being a positive quantity. When

negative sign appears, they must be absorb in the phase
using +180 or –180
 A cos  t  A cos   O t   

4. Phase angles should be expressed in degrees.

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Four Conventions Regarding Line Spectra
 To illustrate this consider the following signal,

=> w(t) = 7 – 10 cos (40πt – 60o) + 4 sin 120 πt

Engr. Dr. Jawwad Ahmad 10

Four Conventions Regarding Line Spectra
 To illustrate this consider the following signal,
=> w(t) = 7 – 10 cos (40πt – 60o) + 4 sin 120 πt

Using 1st convention:

=> w(t) = 7 – 10 cos (2π20t – 60o) + 4 sin (2π60t)

Using 2nd convention:

=> w(t) = 7 cos(2π0t) – 10 cos(2π20t – 60o) + 4 cos(2π60t – 90o)

Using 3rd convention:

=> w(t) = 7 cos(2π0t) + 10 cos(2π20t + 120o)
+ 4 cos(2π60t – 90o)

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Four Conventions Regarding Line Spectra
 To illustrate this consider the following signal,
=> w(t) = 7 cos(2π0t) + 10 cos(2π20t + 120o) + 4 cos(2π60t – 90o)

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 Two Sided Or Double Sided
Frequency Line Spectra
 But another spectral representation turns out to be more valuable, even
though it involves negative frequencies.
1
 Recalling that Re z   z  z *
2
 
Let
=> Z  A e j e jO t
Then,
=> Z  A e  j e  jO t
Therefore,
=>
1
Re Z   Z  Z *
2
 
=> Re Z  
1
2

A e j e j O t  A e  j e  j O t 
=> A j jOt A  j  jOt
Re Z   e e  e e
2 2
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 Two Sided Or Double Sided
Frequency Line Spectra
 So we now have a pair of conjugate Phasor.

  A
2
A
Re Ae j e jOt  A cos  O t     e j e jOt  e  j e  jOt
2

Conjugate
Phasors

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 Two Sided Or Double Sided
Frequency Line Spectra
 Two Sided Spectrum

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 Two Sided Or Double Sided
Frequency Line Spectra
 This is the Double Sided Representation of the previous question.

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 Two Sided Or Double Sided
Frequency Line Spectra
 CONCLUSION

 The line spectrum is two sided since it must include negative frequencies
to allow for the opposite rotational directions, and one-half of the
original amplitude is associated with each of the two frequencies  .f OThe
amplitude spectrum has even symmetry while the phase spectrum has odd
symmetry.

 It should be emphasized that these line spectra, one-sided or two-sided,

are just pictorial ways of representing sinusoidal of Phasor time function.
A single line in the one-sided spectrum represents a real cosine wave;
whereas a single line in the two-sided spectrum represents a complex
exponential and the conjugate term must be add to get a real cosine wave.

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 Two Sided Or Double Sided
Frequency Line Spectra
 CONCLUSION

 Thus, speak of some frequency interval such as f1 to f2 in a two-sided

spectrum also include the corresponding negative frequency interval –f1 to
–f2. A simple notation for specifying both intervals is

f1  f  f2
 Finally, the amplitude spectrum displays the signals’ frequency contents.

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 Two Sided Or Double Sided
Frequency Line Spectra
 PRACTICE PROBLEM

 Develop One Sided and Two Sided Spectrum of the following:

=> v(t) = –3 – 4 sin 30πt

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Thank you

Engr. Dr. Jawwad Ahmad 20