Improving The Removal

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Improving the Removal of Printing Paste Thickener and

Excess Dye by Enzymatic Washing of Printed Cotton
Fabrics Salem, Nassar, and ....
Article in Journal of Natural Fibers · March 2008
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Improving the Removal of Printing Paste
1544-046X
1544-0478
vWJNF
Journal Of
of Natural
Natural Fibers
Fibers, Vol. 5, No. 1, February 2007: pp. 1–30
Thickener and Excess Dye by Enzymatic

Washing of Printed Cotton Fabrics
A. A. Salem
Salem, Nassar,
Journal of Natural
andFibers
Rekaby
S. H. Nassar
M. M. Rekaby
ABSTRACT. In textile printing, it is common to use a printing paste con-

taining a dye, a thickener, Other additives. Thickeners and excess dye must
be removed by washing with water after the fixation of the print. This
removal is made much more efficient by washing the printed textile in the
presence of a suitable enzyme. The present study relates to the removal
of CMC thickener by enzymatic washing of cotton fabrics printed using
reactive dyes. This enzymatic washing not only improves the quality of
the printed cotton fabrics but also decreases the harmful effects of waste
water and environmental pollution with thickeners. Also, the enzymatic
breakdown of thickener decreases the process time, as well as the amount
of energy and water needed to achieve a satisfactory quality of the printed
fabrics.
KEYWORDS. Cotton, enzyme, thickener, removal, washing
A. A. Salem (E-mail: dr.asmaabdulla@yahoo.com), Lecturer, Department of

Textile Printing, Dyeing, and Finishing, Faculty of Applied Arts, Helwan
University, Egypt.
S. H. Nassar (E-mail: nassarsahar@hotmail.com), Assistant Professor, Textile
Research Division, National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt.
M. M. Rekaby (E-mail: mmrekaby@yahoo.co.uk), Researcher, Textile
Research Division, National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt.
Journal of Natural Fibers, Vol. 5(1) 2008
Available online at http://jnf.haworthpress.com
© 2008 by The Haworth Press, Inc. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1080/15440470801901373 1
2 JOURNAL OF NATURAL FIBERS
INTRODUCTION
In recent years, interest in the use of enzymes for textile processing

has exploded. This interest has accelerated because of advances in
recombinant genetic engineering, which has led to the production of
highly specific enzymes for targeted applications, as well as because
of the increasing legislation and burden on the textile industry to be
environmentally friendly (Ajoy, 2001). Textile printing utilizes thick-
ening agents along with the dye and the required chemicals. The
thickening agents restrict the spreading of the dye (Atnaik, 1995).
Among the commonly used thickeners are biological polymers and
chemically modified biological polymers—such as alginate, starch,
or modified starch, galactomannan or modified galactomannan, and
carboxy methylcellulose.
In most printing methods, the thickener polymers and excess dye
must be removed by washing with water after fixation of the printed
goods. Generally, in a conventional process, the printed textile is first
rinsed with cold water and then washed at a high temperature with the
addition of a detergent; in some cases a suitable additive is included to
decrease backstaining. The process is repeated until a satisfactory
amount of thickener and dyestuff have been removed. A large amount
of water is required for complete removal because of the high viscosity
and low water solubility of the printing paste. These processes could
be shortened by using an enzyme in the first wash. The condition
applied for the enzymatic removal of excess thickener and dyestuff
depends on the type of enzyme, and the latter is dependant on the type
of thickener used.
Insufficient removal leads to an unsatisfactory finished textile
quality because excess dye may be transferred to other parts of the
printed textile or to other garments during laundering by the consumer;
and, residual thickener will make the printed areas stiff and harsh
(Pedersen, 1995).
The main aim for this work is to decrease process time, as well as the
amount of energy and water needed, to achieve satisfactory quality of the
textile by improving color fastness, and the handle of the printed fabric.
On the other hand, the presence of thickener in the waste water cause
consumption of large amount of water oxygen, which needs to biological
hydrolysis of this thickener and this will cause error in environmental
balance. We can overcome this problem by enzymatic breakdown of
thickener to water soluble products.
Salem, Nassar, and Rekaby 3
EXPERIMENTAL WORK
Materials and Chemicals

Fabric
For this study, the fabric was purchased from Misr/ Helwan for spin-
ning and weaving company, Cairo, Egypt. The fabric was 100% cotton,
bleached, desized, and mercerized.
Enzymes
The following enzymes were used. Cellusoft L®; a commercial product
based on acidic cellulase applied in liquid form; was supplied by
Novonordisk Company; and lipase, which is a porcine pancreas enzyme
applied in powder form, manufactured by (ICN) company.
Dyestuff
The dye used was Remazol brilliant blue BB new; it was kindly
supplied by Dyestar Co., Germany.
Thickening Agent
Carboxymethyl cellulose sodium salt (high viscosity), was the thickening
agent, provided by BDH Laboratory Supplies, England.
Chemicals and Auxiliaries
The chemicals used include sodium carbonate, tanaterge SD nonionic
detergent (supplied by Sybron/ Tanatex Company), acetic acid, citric
acid, orthophosphate, and magnesium chloride; they were laboratory
grade.
Technical procedures
Printing of Cotton Fabric
The fabric was cut into 0.4 g pieces of and covered completely with
printing paste that contained 30 g /kg reactive dye, 150 g/kg urea, 20 g/kg
sodium carbonate 700 g/kg thickening agent, and 100 g/kg water. After
printing, the prints were fixed by steaming at 110°C for 10 minutes and
drying; then, the printed pieces were rinsed together in excess cold water
for 30 minutes.
Enzymatic Treatment of Printed Fabric

Printed goods were added to Erlenmeyer beakers with five glass balls
and subjected to treatment with different types of enzymes at various
conditions of pH, concentration, temperature, and of treatment times.
Treatments were performed in a water bath with shaking.
After the enzymatic treatment, the hot wash was performed at 90°C for
30 minutes without the addition of enzymes and with 1g/l tanaterge SD at
pH 4.5, with the addition of 10 mM (MgCl2. 6H2O). Magnesium chloride
is used as a coagulant to remove the colouring matters (reactive dye) by
chemical precipitation technique (Boon, 2000).
Testing and Measurements
Determination of Absorbance of the Wash Liquor
The absorbance of the wash liquor after washing was measured at
620 nm, by UV-visible spectrophotometer UNICAM UV 300, manufac-
tured by Thermo Electron Corporation company, the United Kingdom.
Determination of the Fastness Properties
The following methods were used.
• Color fastness to washing: the test was determined according to the

AATCC test method 61-1996 (American, 2000).
• Color fastness to crocking: the color fastness to crocking was deter-
mined according to the AATCC test method 8-1996 (American, 2000).
• Color fastness to perspiration: this test was carried out according to the
AATCC test method 15-1997 (American, 2000).
• Determination of the handle of printed fabrics: the handle of printed
fabrics was carried out on surfcorder SE 1700 α, surface roughness
instrument kosakaliab.
• Determination of BOD and COD: this analysis was carried out in the
Micro Analytical Center in Faculty of Science, Cairo University.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
In this work, two different types of enzymes, lipase and cellulase,

were used in the treatment of printed cotton fabrics using caboxymethyl
cellulose as a thickener.
Enzymatic Treatment with Cellulase Enzyme

Effect of Cellulase Enzyme Concentration
The printed pieces were rinsed together in excess cold water for 30
minutes and then added to Erlenmeyer beakers each containing 20 g of
buffer, with the following composition: 1.8 mM citric acid, 6.4 mM ortho-
phosphate, and 1 g/L nonionic detergent (tanaterge SD) pH 4.5; five glass
balls were added to each beaker.
The Cellusoft L® enzyme was added to the beakers at different concen-
trations; 0, 2.5, 5, 7.5, 10, and 12.5 ml/l. The enzymatic treatment was
carried out for 30 minutes at 50°C, with a pH of 4.5. After enzymatic
treatment, the printed pieces were subjected to a hot wash at 90°C for
30 minutes without the addition of enzymes.
The thickener and unfixed dye make up a colored paste on and in
between the textile fabric. When the thickener is hydrolyzed by the action
of the enzyme, it becomes more water soluble, and the thickener is
removed from the textile surface into the solution.
Since this paste contains both thickener and unfixed dye, an
increased solubilization velocity of the thickener gives an increased
solubilization velocity of the unfixed dyestuff. Thus, the amount of
dye in solution is an indicator of the amount of thickener in the
solution. Therefore, the absorbance of the wash liquors after hot wash
were measured and the results are presented in Table 1 and Figure 1.
It has been reported (Etters, 1998; Michael, 1992) that cellulases are
enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of cellulose, by reacting to the
βH-1.4-glycosidic bond of the cellulose molecule as follows:
OH H H CH2OH
O O
OH O
H O
OH
O H H
CH2OH Cellulase OH
Cellulose (1)
CH2OH
OH
O H H O
OH O
H +
OH
O OH OH H
CH2OH OH
Hence in a similar way it could be expected that the cellulase enzyme

could hydrolyzed the carboxymethylcellulose thickener into water soluble
product as follows:
H2COCH2COONa
H OH
H O H
OH H
O OH OH O O
Cellulase O
H H
H H H2COCH2COONa
n (2)
CMC
H2COCH2COONa
O H H
O
OH OH O
H +
OH
O OH OH H
H2COCH2COONa OH
This is in complete correlation with the data presented in Table 1 and

Figure 1. There is an appreciable increase in the absorbance values of the
wash liquor by increasing the concentration of cellulase enzyme reach to
84.39% by using 5 g/L cellulase enzyme. This increase in the absorbance
value refers to the increase in the amount of dye removed from the fabric
during the washing off process, and therefore, to the amount of CMC
thickener removed.
TABLE 1. Effect of cellusoft L® enzyme conc. on the absorbance

values of wash liquor
Cellusoft L® Absorbance of Increase in the

concentration (ml/l) wash liqueur absorbance values (%)
0 0.205 0
2.5 0.233 13.66
5 0.378 84.39
7.5 0.227 10.73
10 0.317 54.63
12.5 0.310 51.22
Enzymatic treatment condition: Temp.: 50°C; Time: 30 min.; pH: 4.5.

FIGURE 1. Effect of Cellusoft L® enzyme concentration on the increase in

absorbance values of wash liquor.
Increase in the absorbance values %
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Cellusoft L® conc. ml/l
Thus, it can be concluded that cellulase enzyme is effective in the

removal of CMC thickener from printed fabrics. It could also be con-
cluded that the maximum thickener removal may be achieved with 5 ml/L
concentration of Cellusoft L® enzyme during washing for 30 minutes at
50°C and with a pH 4.5.
Effect of pH
Enzymes have an optimum pH, and their activities decrease sharply on
both sides of the optimum range; therefore, it is important to determine
the optimum pH value of the used enzyme suspension by treating the
printed pieces at different pH values, such as 3.5, 4.5, 5.5, 6.5, 7.5, and
8.5, by using 5 ml/l Cellusoft L® enzyme for 30 minutes at 50°C.
The data of absorbance values of the wash liquor represented in Table 2
and Figure 2. It is clear from the given data that the maximum enzyme
activity is achieved at pH 4.5, and its activity decreases clearly in alkaline
medium.
Table 2 and Figure 2 illustrate that increasing in pH values over 4.5 is
accompanied by a progressive decreasing in enzyme activity, and its abil-
ities to remove the thickener and excess dye. The possible explanation for
this phenomenon is that the enzymes are proteins, which have a tertiary
structure that is dependent upon the amino acid side chains. Interactions
between amino acid side chains include hydrophobic bonding, hydrogen
bonding, and ionic bonding. The latter, in particular, depends upon the
TABLE 2. Effect of pH of treatment on the

absorbance values of wash liquor
pH Absorbance of Increase in the

wash liquor absorbance values (%)
3.5 0.341 66.34

4.5 0.378 84.39
5.5 0.237 15.61
6.5 0.254 23.91
7.5 0.186 −0.93
8.5 0.128 −37.56
Condition of treatment: Conc. of enzyme Cellusoft L®: 5 ml/l;

Temp: 50°C; Time: 30 min.
FIGURE 2. Effect of pH of treatment on the increase in the absorbance

values of wash liquor.
100
80
60
40
20
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
–20
–40
–60
pH
ionization of charged groups. Extremes of pH alter the ionization of these

amino acid side chains and interfere with the forces that maintain the pro-
tein structure, and the polypeptide chain unravels or denatures. Thus, the
enzyme protein loses its natural structure and hence its activity (Colin,
1974). So, 4,5 is the optimum pH to be used.
Effect of Temperature
To study the effect of temperature on the efficiency of enzymatic treat-
ment, the printed fabrics were treated with 5 ml/l Cellusoft L® enzyme,
for 30 minutes at pH 4.5; the treatment was carried out at temperatures of

40, 50, 60, 70, and 80°C.
The absorbance values of the wash liquors were determined, and the
results are shown in Table 3 and Figure 3.
It is clear from Table 3 and Figure 3 that the absorbance values of wash
liquor increased with the decreasing temperatures, until the optimum tem-
perature was reached. The enzyme shows its maximum activity at 40°C,
at this temperature enzyme has the most efficiency in thickener removal
from the printed fabric, the increase in the absorbance value reach to
90.73%. As the temperature increased above the optimum degree, the energy
of the system was sufficient to cause the break of hydrogen bonding and
many other forces that hold the tertiary structure of the enzyme molecule.
TABLE 3. Effect of temperature of treatment on the absorbance

Temperature (C°) Absorbance of Increase in the

40 0.391 90.73
50 0.378 84.39
60 0.193 −5.85
70 0.109 −46.83
80 0.064 −68.78
Condition of treatment: Conc. of enzyme cellusoft L®: 5ml/l; pH: 4.5;

Time: 30 min.
FIGURE 3. Effect of temperature of treatment on the increase in the

100
80
60
40
20
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
–20
–40
–60
–80 Temp. (Cº)
The enzyme starts to lose its activity and eventually becomes completely
inactive; the process is known as denaturation.
Effect of Time
The Timing of pretreatment has remarkable effects on enzymatic reac-
tion. To determine the optimum time required to realize the maximum
increase in thickener removal, printed fabrics were subjected to enzymatic
treatment for different durations viz, 10, 15, 30, 45, and 60 minutes, using
5 ml/L cellulase enzyme, a pH of 4.5, and a temperature of 40°C. The
obtained results are illustrated in Table 4 and Figure 4.
TABLE 4. Effect of pretreatment time on the absorbance

Time Absorbance values Increase in the

(min) of wash liquor absorbance values (%)
10 0.687 235.1
15 0.551 168.78
30 0.391 90.73
45 0.285 39.02
60 0.260 26.83
Condition of treatment: Conc. of enzyme Cellusoft L®: 5ml/l; pH: 4.5;

Temp. 40°C.
FIGURE 4. Effect of pretreatment time on the increase in the absorbance

250
200
150
100
50
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Time (min)
It is obvious from Table 4 and Figure 4, that increasing the time

of treatment is accompanied with decreasing the hydrolytic action of
cellulase enzyme, after 10 minutes. Thickener and excess dye reaches
its maximum degree, and this is reflected on the absorbance values of
wash liquor. Prolonged time of treatment under the same conditions of
temperature and pH may have an effect on the tertiary structure of the
enzymes, causing the breakdown of many forces, which hold the
dimensional structure of the enzyme and as a result enzyme loses its
activity.
From the previous data, it can be concluded that the cellulase enzyme
may be used efficiently for enzymatic breakdown of CMC thickeners.
The highest absorbance value of wash liquor (maximum thickener
removal) could be obtained by washing the printed cotton fabrics with a
solution containing 5 ml/L cellusoft L® in the first wash at pH 4.5, and
temperature 40°C for 10 minutes. (Sample A).
Enzymatic Treatment with Lipase Enzyme
Effect of Lipase Concentration
After rinsing the printed pieces in excess cold water for 30 minutes, the
printed fabric was subjected to lipase treatment with different concentrations—
0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, and 1.0 gm/l. The enzymatic treatment was carried
out at a pH 7, 35°C for 30 minutes.
After enzymatic treatment, the pieces were subjected to hot wash at
90°C for 30 minutes without the addition of an enzyme. The results of
absorbance values of wash liquor are formulated in Table 5 and Figure 5.
TABLE 5. Effect of lipase conc. on the absorbance

values of wash liqueur
Lipase concentration Absorbance of Increase in the

gm/l wash liquor absorbance values (%)
0 0.205 0
0.2 0.212 3.41
0.4 0.395 92.68
0.6 0.493 140.48
0.8 0.677 230.24
1.0 0.738 260
Condition of treatment: pH: 7, Temp: 35°C; Time 30 min.

FIGURE 5. Effect of lipase concentration on the increase in the

300
250
200
150
100
50
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2
Lipase Conc. gm/l
It has been reported that lipases are enzymes that catalyze the hydroly-
sis of lipid esters (Riva, 1999) and ester linkage to produce polar hydroxyl
and carboxylic groups (You-Lo, 1998). The esterease mechanism of
lipase is shown as follows:
-
O O O
|| | || ..
H2O
R – C – O – R' R – C – O – R' R – C + HOR' + Enz. X (3)
.. | |
Enz. -X X OH
|
Enz.
From the results, it is clear that increased lipase concentration is

accompanied by an appreciable increase in absorbance values of wash
liquor until it reaches the maximum value at the higher concentration of
enzyme. Viz, at a conc. of 1.0 gm/l lipase enzyme. Further increases in
enzyme concentrations may cause a higher absorbance value, but it will
not have an economical effect. The increase in the absorbance value was
from 3.41 to 260%, which may be attributed to the hydrolytic effect of
lipase on the carbonyl group of the long polymer chains of the CMC
thickener.
Hence, a greater number of carbonyl groups will be attacked and
hydrolyzed during a constant enzymatic treatment process by increasing
the lipase enzyme concentration. Thus, the degree of thickener and excess
dye will increase leading to greater absorbance value of wash liquor.
Effect of pH
In the present work, we have studied the effect of different pH values
of enzymatic treatment by treating the printed sample with a constant con-
centration of lipase 1.0 g/l at 35°C for 30 minutes, the pH values are
adjusted to be 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9, and the results of absorbance measure-
ment are listed in Table 6 and Figure 6.
TABLE 6. Effect of pH of treatment on the

absorbance values of wash liquor
pH Absorbance of Increase in the

4 0.377 83.90
5 0.513 150.24
6 0.536 161.46
7 0.738 260
8 0.434 111.71
9 0.405 97.56
Condition of treatment: Conc. of lipase: 1.0 gm/l; Temp: 35°C;

Time: 30 min.
FIGURE 6. Effect of pH on the increase in the absorbance values of wash

liquor.
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
pH
As previously explained, if the pH is made more alkaline or more acid

than the optimum value, the enzyme loses its activity. Thus, it could be
concluded from the results that the optimum pH is 7.
Effect of Temperature
To investigate the effect of temperature on the efficiency of enzymatic
treatment, the printed samples were treated with 1.0 g/l lipase enzyme, for
30 minutes at pH 7. The treatment was carried out at temperatures of 25,
35, 45, 55, and 60°C. The results of absorbance of wash liquor are formu-
lated in Table 7 and Figure 7.
TABLE 7. Effect of treatment temp. on the absorbance

Temperature Absorbance of Increase in the

25 0.616 200.48
35 0.738 260
45 0.498 142.93
55 0.312 52.19
60 0.209 1.95
Condition of treatment: Conc. of lipase: 1.0 gm/l; pH: 7; Time 30 min.
FIGURE 7. Effect of treatment temperature on the increase in the

300
250
200
150
100
50
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Temp. ºC
It could be concluded from the data that the enzyme shows its maxi-
mum activity at 35°C and loses its activity when the temperature
increases above the optimum degree (35°C); thus, decreasing the removal
of thickener from printed fabric.
Effect of time
Printed samples under investigation were treated with 1.0 g/l lipase at
35°C and a pH of 7 for different durations, such as, 10, 15, 30, 45, and 60
minutes after treatment and washed at 90°C for 30 minutes. The absor-
bance values of wash liquor were measured and the results are listed in
Table 8 and Figure 8.
TABLE 8. Effect of treatment time on the absorbance

Time Absorbance values Increase in the

(min) of wash liquor absorbance values (%)
10 0.904 340.98
15 0.835 307.32
30 0.738 260.
45 0.533 160
60 0.514 150.73
Condition of treatment: Conc. of Lipase: 1.0 gm/l; pH: 7; Temp. 35°C.
FIGURE 8. Effect of pretreatment time on the increase in the absorbance

400
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Time (min)
It could be deduced from the results that the maximum removal of

thickener could be achieved after 10 minutes of lipase treatment. This
means that during this relatively short period of time, a rapid attack of
enzyme was carried out on the functional group of carboxymethyl cellu-
lose thickener, which caused hydrolysis with the formation of water solu-
ble molecules. The maximum thickener removal could be obtained by
washing the printed cotton fabrics with a solution containing 1 g/l lipase
enzyme in the first wash at pH 7, and temperature 35°C for 10 minutes.
(Sample B).
Testing and Analysis

Fastness Properties and Handle Measurements
Printed samples, which were treated with either cellulase or lipase
enzymes, were subjected to over all fastness properties assessment and
handle measurements; the results are presented in Table 9. The data show
that enzymatic washing improves the fastness properties of the printed
fabrics.
From the results of the handle measurements, we can also notice
that there is an improvement in the fabric handle by treating the sam-
ples with cellulase or lipase enzymes. This proves that there is no any
layer of thickener on the surface of printed samples, and for the same
reason, there is a remarkable improvement in the rubbing fastness of
printed goods.
TABLE 9. Fastness properties and handle measurements

of printed fabrics
Samples Washing Rubbing Perspiration Handle
St. Alt. Wet. Dry. Acidic Alkaline
St. Alt. St. Alt.
Control Sample 4 4–5 3–4 4 2–3 3–4 4–5 4 17.22

Cellulase (Sample A) 4 4–5 4–3 4 3 3–4 4–5 4 15.3
Lipase (Sample B) 4 4–5 4 4–5 4 4 4–5 4 15.74
St.: stanning; Alt.: alteration.

TABLE 10. The values of ecological parameters

of the washing bath
Sample BO D (20
5) COD
mg/L−1 mg/L−1
Control sample (traditional washing) 34 753

Washing using Cellusoft L® 10 950
Washing using lipase 10 830
Ecological analysis
The ecological parameters biological oxygen demand (BOD )20 and chem-
( 5)
ical oxygen demand (COD) were used to characterize the organic substances
in the washing baths (Sostar, 1998; Fuhr, 1977). Table 10 shows the measured
values of the ecological parameters ( BO D (20
5) and COD) of the washing solu-
tion of printed cotton fabrics with and without using of enzymes. These mea-
surements were done for the washing solution after determination of the
optimum washing conditions which achieve the maximum thickener removal.
The data in Table 10 shows that the use of enzymatic washing closely
approaches the traditional washing method produces high COD value in
waste water. Nevertheless enzymatic washing reduced the value of
BOD(205) measured. This means that less oxygen is required by micro-
organisms growing under aerobic (oxygenated) conditions to oxidise or
convert the organic matter constituents of the solution to a non-pulresci-
ble end product (Middlebrooks, 1997).
This reduction in the BOD(205) value may be attributed to the enzymatic
breakdown of the thickener by the enzyme used. Hence, the washing
effluent becomes more easily biologically decomposed, which is a very
interesting property for reactive printing (Sostar, 1998).
Further, it has been reported that, the major part of hydrolysed dye, auxil-
iary agents, and thickeners are removed in the first washing baths. This, of
course, is the reason for the high COD values of the wash baths (Table 10) and
for the increase of COD values by enzymatic washing, as well (Sostar, 1998).
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Textile Chemists and Colorists Technical Manual. Research Triangle Park, NC: 75.
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Boon, H. T.; Tjoon, T.; Mohd Omar, A.K. 2000. Removal of Dyes and Industrial
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Colin H. W. 1974. The structure and function of enzymes. London: Edward Arnold; 45.
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Fuhr, H. 1977. The Chemical Structure of Guar Gum Consists of Linear Main of Mannose
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Pedersen, G.; Hagen’, H. A.; Asferg, L. S.; Ebbe 1995. Removal of Printing Paste Thick-
ener and Excess Dye After Textile Printing. US Patent 5, 405, 414. Filed and issued
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Sostar, S.; Schncider, R. 1998. Guar Gum as an Environment Friendly Alternative Thick-
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RECEIVED: August 1, 2006

REVISED: May 25, 2007
ACCEPTED: August 11, 2007
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Improving the Removal of Printing Paste Thickener and

Article in Journal of Natural Fibers · March 2008

Asmaa Abdullah S. H. Nassar

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Thickener and Excess Dye by Enzymatic

ABSTRACT. In textile printing, it is common to use a printing paste con-

KEYWORDS. Cotton, enzyme, thickener, removal, washing

A. A. Salem (E-mail: dr.asmaabdulla@yahoo.com), Lecturer, Department of

In recent years, interest in the use of enzymes for textile processing

Materials and Chemicals

Enzymatic Treatment of Printed Fabric

• Color fastness to washing: the test was determined according to the

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

In this work, two different types of enzymes, lipase and cellulase,

Enzymatic Treatment with Cellulase Enzyme

Hence in a similar way it could be expected that the cellulase enzyme

This is in complete correlation with the data presented in Table 1 and

TABLE 1. Effect of cellusoft L® enzyme conc. on the absorbance

Cellusoft L® Absorbance of Increase in the

Enzymatic treatment condition: Temp.: 50°C; Time: 30 min.; pH: 4.5.

FIGURE 1. Effect of Cellusoft L® enzyme concentration on the increase in

Thus, it can be concluded that cellulase enzyme is effective in the

TABLE 2. Effect of pH of treatment on the

pH Absorbance of Increase in the

3.5 0.341 66.34

Condition of treatment: Conc. of enzyme Cellusoft L®: 5 ml/l;

FIGURE 2. Effect of pH of treatment on the increase in the absorbance

ionization of charged groups. Extremes of pH alter the ionization of these

for 30 minutes at pH 4.5; the treatment was carried out at temperatures of

TABLE 3. Effect of temperature of treatment on the absorbance

Temperature (C°) Absorbance of Increase in the

Condition of treatment: Conc. of enzyme cellusoft L®: 5ml/l; pH: 4.5;

FIGURE 3. Effect of temperature of treatment on the increase in the

TABLE 4. Effect of pretreatment time on the absorbance

Time Absorbance values Increase in the

Condition of treatment: Conc. of enzyme Cellusoft L®: 5ml/l; pH: 4.5;

FIGURE 4. Effect of pretreatment time on the increase in the absorbance

It is obvious from Table 4 and Figure 4, that increasing the time

TABLE 5. Effect of lipase conc. on the absorbance

Lipase concentration Absorbance of Increase in the

Condition of treatment: pH: 7, Temp: 35°C; Time 30 min.

FIGURE 5. Effect of lipase concentration on the increase in the

From the results, it is clear that increased lipase concentration is

TABLE 6. Effect of pH of treatment on the

pH Absorbance of Increase in the

Condition of treatment: Conc. of lipase: 1.0 gm/l; Temp: 35°C;

FIGURE 6. Effect of pH on the increase in the absorbance values of wash

As previously explained, if the pH is made more alkaline or more acid

TABLE 7. Effect of treatment temp. on the absorbance

Temperature Absorbance of Increase in the

Condition of treatment: Conc. of lipase: 1.0 gm/l; pH: 7; Time 30 min.

FIGURE 7. Effect of treatment temperature on the increase in the

TABLE 8. Effect of treatment time on the absorbance

Time Absorbance values Increase in the

Condition of treatment: Conc. of Lipase: 1.0 gm/l; pH: 7; Temp. 35°C.

FIGURE 8. Effect of pretreatment time on the increase in the absorbance

It could be deduced from the results that the maximum removal of

Testing and Analysis

TABLE 9. Fastness properties and handle measurements

Samples Washing Rubbing Perspiration Handle