Bearing Capacity of Roads, Railways and Airfields – Loizos et al.

(Eds)
© 2017 Taylor & Francis Group, London, ISBN 978-1-138-29595-7

Investigating correlations between stiffness indexes for Brazilian soils

Marcus dos Reis

Coordinator and Professor of Universidade Paulista (Paulista University)—UNIP—Chácara Santo Antonio.
Technical Director of JS Global Construção Civil e Assessoria em Obras and CAPT—Centro de Apoio a
Pesquisa Tecnológicas, SP, Brazil

Rita Moura Fortes

Professor of Civil Engineering, Universidade Anhembi Morumbi (Anhembi Morumbi University) and Research
Director of ERI— “Engineering and Research Institute” Pesquisas Ltda., São Paulo, Brazil

ABSTRACT:  This paper presents a research developed using samples collected in four (04) different
regions in two (02) cities in the São Paulo state for different types of tropical and non-tropical soils
through DCP (Dynamic Cone Penetration) testing. The samples were analyzed in the laboratory by means
of characterization and molding of test specimens for spindling of the DCP in the laboratory and field
to obtain a correlation between these results. In the research, ten penetrations were performed using the
DCP and also ten drilled HILF cylinder for the laboratory determination of the CBR (California Bearing
Ratio). Seven points were collected in each of the four regions of these two cities. With the analysis of the
results, it can be observed that the results obtained in the tests agree with the correlations stipulated by
the standard. That is, the equations presented are applicable, considering an acceptable margin of error.

1  INTRODUCTION was used to estimate in situ CBR or shear strength

The methodology used to pavement design in
Brazil is based on the resistance of the materials
obtained through the CBR (California Bearing
Ratio) results.
To establish the in situ CBR value was used
Dynamic Cone Penetration (DCP) Testing.
In Brazil, there are no standards for the test
running and how to correlate the DCP with
the CBR, therefore, we use to consider the
American Standard ASTM D6951/D6951M-09:
“Standard Test Method for Use of the Dynamic
Cone Penetrometer in Shallow Pavement
Applications”.
Because of its practicality and efficiency, this
test has been widely used to determine the soil sup-
port capacity.
using the appropriate correlation, for example, the
equation below recommended by the United States
Army Corps of Engineers:
CBR = 292/(DCP1.12) (1)
This equation is used for all soils except for CL
soils below CBR 10 and CH soils. For these soils.
the following equations are recommended by the
US Army Corps of Engineers:
CL soils CBR < 10: CBR 5 1/(0.017019*DCP)2 (2)
CH soils: CBR 5 1/0.002871*DCP (3)
The DCP index unit is the penetration in mm
per blow (mm/blows).

2.2  Place of test run

2  METHODOLOGY
2.1  DCP executive process
Following the procedure recommended in ASTM
D6951/D6951M-09, the test was performed. The
estimated in situ CBR was computed using the
DCP index for each set of readings.
The penetration per blow was plotted on a scale
reading or total depth. The penetration per blow
To analyze the correlation between the value of the
DCP and in situ CBR or shear strength, accord-
ing to the soil type, it was decided to carry out the
tests in three regions in the area of the CAPT—
Technological Research Support Center located in
São Roque city (Figures 1, 2 and 3) and in Cotiac-
ity, both located in state of São Paulo, near São
Paulo city (Figure  4), for different types of soils
(lateritic and not lateritic).

11

Figure  1.  Schematic diagram of the location of the
points tested in São Roque—SP (CAPT)—Region 1.
Figure  2.  Schematic diagram of the location of the
points tested in São Roque—SP (CAPT)—Region 2.
Figure  3.  Schematic diagram of the location of thep-
oints tested in São Roque—SP (CAPT)—Region 3.
Figure  4.  Schematic diagram of the location of the
points tested in Cotia—SP (CAPT)—Region 1.
12
In Figures 1, 2 and 3 are presented the schematic
sketches of the points where the in situ tests were
performed and the sample collected.
2.3  Characterization of materials used
Sampling, sample collection, characterization tests.
South African Cone—DCP and drilled Hilftest.
Following the samples up to 2  m deep in each
region, they were sent to the laboratory for charac-
terization and tests performance.
Figure  5 presents the preparation of the sam-
ples in general lines. Each sample was air-dried,
de-routed, homogenized, quenched and later the
fractions were defined for the performance of the
tests.
The samples were classified according to the
ASTM D2487 – 11. AASHTO Soil Classification
System (ASTM. 2015) and MCT Methodology for
Rapid Classification of Tropical Soils (FORTES &
MERIGHI. 2003).
Figure 6 shows the test specimens (disk method)
used in the study developed by Fortes; Merighi
(2003) to the MCT methodology, classifying the
soil preliminarily and the feasibility using the soil
dosage study with additive (Figueiredo and Fortes.
2008).
The proctor test was performed with the normal
energy, according to the ASTM D698–12e2 (2012).
The results obtained are also presented in Table 1
(Figure 7).
The CBR results according to the ASTMD1883–
16 (2016) are presented in Table 3 (Figures 7, 8 and 9).
Figure 9 presents the rupture of the specimens.
It was analyzed (a) the molded in laboratory CBR
Cylinder (b) the milled in the field specimen CBR
Figure  5.  Preparation of each sample (drying in air)
and separation fractions to be tested.
Figure  6.  Molding of specimens for the disk method
(FORTES; MERIGHI. 2003).
Table 1.  Result of soil characterization.

Sample ST – 01 ST – 02 ST – 03 ST – 04

Depth (m) 0.10/2.00 0.15/1.8 0.95/1.70 0.20/1.10

Place São Roque São Roque São Roque Cotia
Region 1 Region 2 Region 3 Region 1
Description and Identifi-cation Light brown- Clay Silt Sandy. Silt. clayed Sand Clayed.
of Soils (ASTM D2499/09) claysand light brown sandy. brown pink
Maximum dry unit weight (γd.max). 1.908 1.580 1.559 1.578
(kg/m³) (ASTM D698/12)
Optimum water content (wopt) (%) 12.1 20.5 19.3 18.4
CBR (%) (ASTM D1883-16) 16.0 5.2 8.0 4.5
Soil expansibility  (%) 0.3 3.1 0.78 1.9
LL (%) 22.1 38.0 58.0 40.0
PL (%) 14.2 21.0 31.06 22.33
PI (%) 7.9 17.0 26.94 17.67
Group index 2.0 10.8 12.0 9.0
FORTES, MERIGHI (2003) NA-NS′ NS′ LG′ NS′
CLASSIFICATION
AASHTO Soil Classification System A-4 A-6 A-7-5 A-6

Figure 7.  Sample separation. overview from start Sieve

Analysis. sample preparation for Proctor and CBR tests
in the laboratory.

Figure  9.  Determination of CBR value: (a) specimen

molded in the normal energy in the laboratory and (b)
specimen obtained by Hilfdrilling. (c) determination of
the DCP in the specimen molded in the normal energy
in the laboratory.

Table  2.  Results of particle-size distribution (Grada-

Figure  8.  Test specimens after molding for the CBR tion) of soils using Sieve analysis.
determination DCP test molded in the laboratory in the
compaction same energy of the field. The specimens were (ASTM D6913-04(2009)e1)
inserted into the tank.
Sieve (mm) Passing

test (with the undisturbed sample collected after Sample ST – 01 ST – 02 ST – 03 ST – 04

the Hilfcylinder was drilled) and (c) DCP test per-
formed on specimen molded in the normal energy 19.1 — — — —
  9.52 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00
in the laboratory.
  4.75 100.00 100.00 100.00   99.44
In Tables  1 and 2 are presented the results
  2.00   99.23   95.36   97.61   98.86
obtained in the characterization test of the soils
  1.19   98.20   95.16   95.24   98.55
used in this research.
  0.6   96.00   94.02   81.02   93.82
In Figure 10 it can be noticed in the right side
  0.42   89.90   93.52   74.62   88.89
the schematic sketch of the South African Cone—   0.25   88.30   92.68   66.37   82.23
DCP, the center of the field test and the right the   0.149   86.80   91.47   60.29   76.06
detail of the DCP and Hilf Cylinder drilled in the   0.074   44.30   85.42   53.80   65.19
ground, spaced 50 cm each other.

13
Table 3.  Penetration obtained in the soil of São Roque—SP (CAPT)—region 1.

Sample 1 Sample 2 Sample 3 Sample 4 Sample 5 Sample 6 Sample 7

Place (cm) (cm) (cm) (cm) (cm) (cm) (cm)

L0   4.3   5.2   5.3   6.5   4.8   4.5   5.9

L1   6.0   8.1   8.0 11.4   7.1   6.5   9.7
L2   7.3 10.6 10.1 14.0   9.0   8.1 12.4
L3   9.1 13.0 12.5 16.4 11.1 10.1 14.8
L4 11.2 15.0 14.5 18.0 13.1 12.2 17.0
L5 14.1 17.0 16.4 – 15.6 14.8 18.9
L6 17.5 18.6 18.0 – 18.1 17.8 20.7
L7 21.1 – – – 20.3 20.2 21.2
L8 23.2 – – – 23.3 23.3 –
L9 25.7 – – – 25.5 25.6 –
L10 27.8 – – – 27.7 27.8 –
L11 31.8 – – – 31.6 31.7 –

Figure 12.  Equipment adapted for testing and to deter-

mination of CBR values.

Figure  10.  (a) the dynamic penetrometer DCPsche-

matic, (b) DCP test being carried out in situ and (c) the
DCP realization de-filing right and Hilf Cylinder drilled
in the ground.
0.5 mm piston and the 150 mm cylinder with the
extensometer to measure the expansion, the Hilf
cylinder with the 100 mm collar, the dynamometric
ring, the extensometer, the 0.33 mm piston, (C) in
the press for the determination of the CBR in the
laboratory.

2.4  Efficiency of the test

To prove the efficiency of the test specimens, these
tropical soils were analyzed in the laboratory to
Figure 11.  Specimens prepared for the tests. verify the discrepancy of the results.

In Figure 11 are presented from left to right, (A) 3  RESULTS

the test specimens (CP1 and CP2) used to perform
the tests with the soils collected in the 4 regions,
(C) determination of the DCP in the experimental
section (field) by means of the drilling of the Hilf
cylinder to collect the undisturbed sample, (D)
determination of the expansion and the CBR in
the deformed and undisturbed samples.
In Figure 12, it can be observed the equipment’s
adapted for the tests until the moment of the rup-
ture, being that from left to right we illustrate,
(A) the Hilf specimen immersed in water with the
overload and adapted extensometer for the Hilf
cylinder with a diameter of 100  mm, (B) as well
as the dynamometric ring, the extensometer, the
The DCP test was performed in 10 points and the
Hilf cylinder was also drilled for undisturbed sam-
ple collection at these points. Tables 3 to 6 show the
results obtained during the execution of the DCP
test in this section.
In Tables 7 to 10 are presented the data obtained
in the section tests in the two locations (São Roque
and Cotia cities) in the four regions (3  in São
Roque City and 1  in CotiaCity). It was used the
correlation between DCP and CBR (Equation  1)
and the results to show that the CBR are close to
those obtained in the laboratory tests, as presented
below.

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Table 4.  Penetration obtained in the soil of São Roque—SP (CAPT)—region 2.

Sample 1 Sample 2 Sample 3 Sample 4 Sample 5 Sample 6 Sample 7

Place (cm) (cm) (cm) (cm) (cm) (cm) (cm)

L0 17.6 17.7 17.7 17.6 17.6 17.7 19.7

L1 30.3 30.0 30.2 30.2 30.2 30.1 26.9
L2 35.4 35.6 35.5 37.5 36.5 36.5 31.2
L3 39.8 39.5 39.7 39.7 39.7 39.6 38.5
L4 43.1 43.2 43.2 43.1 43.1 43.2 41.4
L5 47.0 47.1 47.1 43.0 45.0 45.1 44.1
L6 50.5 50.6 50.6 50.5 50.5 50.6 46.8
L7 54.3 54.4 54.4 54.3 54,3. 54.4 52.4
L8 58.7 58.9 58.8 58.8 58.8 58.8 56.6
L9 62.4 62.4 62.4 62.4 62.4 62.4 60.6
L10 65.2 65.0 65.2 65.2 65.1 65.1 63.8
L11 68.1 68.3 67.2 67.2 67.7 67.7 66.4

Table 5.  Penetration obtained in the soil of São Roque—SP (CAPT)—region 3.

Sample 1 Sample 2 Sample 3 Sample 4 Sample 5 Sample 6 Sample 7

Place (cm) (cm) (cm) (cm) (cm) (cm) (cm)

L0   4.3   4.4   4.9   4.7   4.8   4.6 19.7

L1   6.0   6.2   5.3   4.8   5.0   5.3 26.9
L2   7.3   7.5   6.8   6.4   6.6   6.8 31.2
L3   9.1   9.6   8.5   7.9   8.2   8.5   7.5
L4 11.2 11.1 10.1   9.6   9.9 10.2   9.0
L5 14.1 13.9 12.6 11.9 12.2 12.7 11.1
L6 17.5 17.2 15.7 14.9 15.3 15.8 13.8
L7 20.1 20.8 19.2 18.3 18.7 19.3 17.1
L8 23.2 23.1 21.6 20.9 21.2 21.7 20.0
L9 25.7 25.2 24.2 23.7 24.0 24.3 22.6
L10 27.8 26.9 26.3 26.0 26.2 26.4 25.0
L11 29.9 28.2 28.5 28.2 27.2 27.9 28.9

Table 6.  Penetration obtained in Cotiasoil—SP—region 1.

Sample 1 Sample 2 Sample 3 Sample 4 Sample 5 Sample 6 Sample 7

Place (cm) (cm) (cm) (cm) (cm) (cm) (cm)

L0   6.0   5.9   5.5   5.5   5.6   5.1   4.5

L1   7.2   7.0   6.9   8.6   9.7   9.3   6.2
L2   8.3   7.6   7.4 11.0 12.0 12.4   7.2
L3   9.5   8.3   8.1 14.1 14.2 14.7   7.9
L4 10.9   9.0   9.0 15.7 17.1 16.6   8.5
L5 12.3 10.1 10.0 16.6 20.0 20.0   9.1
L6 13.1 11.0 10.9 17.5 22.4 23.8   9.4
L7 15.4 12.4 11.8 18.4 24.5 26.4 10.0
L8 – – – – – – –
L9 – – – – – – –
L10 – – – – – – –
L11 – – – – – – –

(deformed sample) using the correlation of

In Tables  7 to 10 were used the following
ASTM. D6951/D6951M-09;
symbols:
**CBRV: DCP obtained in one of the topside of
*CBR: value of DCP in the optimum moisture the CBR test in the optimum moisture content
content value laboratory molded specimen value laboratory molded specimen (deformed

15
Table 7.  Results obtained in Region 01 of São Roque in the deformed and undisturbed samples.

SÃO ROQUE—SP (CAPT)

Region 1

Deformed sample Undeformed sample

Number of DCP *CBR DCP **CBRV CBRomc DCP ***CBRH CBRC

specimens (mm/blows) (%) (mm/blows) (%) (%) (mm/blows) (%) (%)

1 122.22 15.0   96.43 15.9 14.0 28.91 7,0 6.7

2 204.67 15.8 161.48 16.3 13.8 31.00 6.5 6.2
3 364.28 15.2 287.42 15.7 15.0 30.00 6.9 6.5
4 316.22 15.5 249.50 16,0 12.7 30.00 7,0 6.5
5 263.35 15.1 207.79 15.9 13.4 28.73 7.1 6.8
6 193.03 15.9 152.30 16.3 14.9 28.82 7.6 6.8
7 209.03 16.0 164.93 16.0 14.0 30.29 6.8 6.4
Mean – 15.5 – 16.0 14.0 – 7.0 6.5
SD –   0.41 –   0.22   0.81 – 0.33 0.22
CV –   2.63 –   1.37   5.77 – 4.78 3.34

Table 8.  Results obtained in Region 02 of São Roque in the deformed and undisturbed samples.

SÃO ROQUE—SP (CAPT)

Region 2

Deformed sample Undeformed sample

Number of DCP *CBR DCP **CBRV CBRomc DCP ***CBRH CBRC

specimens (mm/blows) (%) (mm/blows) (%) (%) (mm/blows) (%) (%)

1 177.0   3.1 139.65 4.3   2.0 61.9   3.5 2.9

2 215.5   4.0 170.03 5.0   1.8 62.1   3.9 2.9
3 199.0   3.9 157.01 5.1   2.0 62.0   2.8 2.9
4 312.1   4.3 246.25 4.9   2.5 61.0   3.5 2.9
5 252.5   4.3 199.22 5.2   1.9 61.5   3.8 2.9
6 235.5   4.4 185.81 5.3   2.3 61.6   3.8 2.9
7 215.8   4.5 170.23 4.9   2.5 60.4   3.7 3.0
Mean –   4.1 – 5.0   2.1 –   3.6 2.9
SD –   0.48 – 0.33   0.3 –   0.37 0.05
CV – 11.76 – 6.57 13.4 – 10.44 1.57

sample), using the correlation of ASTM. D6951/ SD = standard deviation;

D6951M-09;
CBRomc: Value of the CBR, obtained after 4 days
of immersion, in in the optimum moisture
content value laboratory molded specimen
(deformed sample), using the CBR press on
the other topside of the specimen used to DCP
determination (**CBR);
***CBRH obtained in the undeformed sample of
the HILF test specimen (undeformed sample) in
the field energy;
CBRC is the calculated value of CBR, using
the correlation presented in ASTM. D6951/
D6951M-09, by DCP obtained in field;
CV = coefficient of variation;
It is noteworthy that since points (1, 2, 3 and 7)
have (mm/blows) and the CBRC value correspond-
ing CBR 9.2% to 14.9% are distant from the other
points, this should be discarded for generation of
the correlation that best corresponds to reality. In
order to use it, it would be necessary to fill in these
empty intervals with new results in the experimen-
tal section.
It can be noted that in the specimen (CBRomc)
that due to the DCP crimping at the top of
the other side to that used in the CBR piston

16
Table 9.  Results obtained in Region 03 of São Roque in the deformed and undisturbed samples.

SÃO ROQUE—SP (CAPT)

Region 3

Deformed sample Undeformed sample

Number of DCP *CBR DCP **CBRV CBRomc DCP ***CBRH CBRC

specimens (mm/blows) (%) (mm/blows) (%) (%) (mm/blows) (%) (%)

1   455 8.3   359 8.0 7.7 26.5 7.7 7.4

2   705 8.2   556 8.0 7.5 25.6 7.5 7.7
3   560 8.0   442 7.9 7.5 25.9 7.3 7.6
4 1390 7.7 1097 7.8 7.4 25.6 7.4 7.7
5 1005 7.9   793 7.8 7.5 24.7 7.7 8.0
6 1040 8.0   821 8.0 7.7 25.3 7.2 7.8
7   783 8.4   617 8.1 6.9 26.3 7.2 7.5
Mean – 8.1 – 7.9 7.4 – 7.4 7.7
SD – 0.24 – 0.11 0.27 – 0.21 0.20
CV – 3.0 – 1.43 3.62 – 2.87 2.58

Table 10.  Results obtained in Region 01 of Cotia in the deformed and undisturbed samples.

COTIA—SP

Region 1

Defprmed sample Undeformed sample

Number of DCP *CBR DCP **CBRV CBRomc DCP ***CBRH CBRC

specimens (mm/blows) (%) (mm/blows) (%) (%) (mm/blows) (%) (%)

1 475 4.0 375 4.5 3.3 22.0   5.3   9.2

2 615 3.8 485 4.4 3.6 17.7   4.4 11.7
3 545 3.9 430 4.4 3.7 16.9   3.8 12.3
4 655 3.9 517 4.4 3.8 26.3   4.8   7.5
5 770 3.7 608 4.6 2.9 35.0   5.3   5.4
6 500 4.0 394 4.5 3.7 37.7   4.9   5.0
7 830 4.2 655 4.5 3.3 14.3   3.7 14.9
Mean – 3.9 – 4.5 3.5 –   4.6   9.43
SD – 0.16 – 0.08 0.32 –   0.66   3.72
CV – 4.1 – 1.69 9.22 – 14.3 39.44

penetration, the expansion results showed great
variations, based on the expansion obtained in the
characterization of the sample.
The CBRomc presented a lower CBR value than
the *CBR. This was due to the perforation of the
specimen because of the DCP test, which was car-
ried out before placing the specimens for 4 days of
immersion and before the rupture.
Among the several of mathematical models used
in Microsoft Excel software, it was verified that the
“power” model was the one that best fit the experi-
mental points. The equations of the CBR value
and R² corresponding to the model are indicated
in Table  11. The equations 4 to 15, obtained by
correlations are presented.
Due the high dispersion, the results highlighted
in red in the tables were not considered in the
graphs and in Table 11, presented below.
It was molded (CP1) in the normal energy and
the DCP (mm/blows) was determined to deter-
mine the CBR in the optimum moisture content
perD6951/ASTM D6951M-09.
** It was molded (CP2) in the normal energy and
at the top of the test body, on the opposite side to
be carried out the penetration of the piston for the
determination of the CBR, the DCP (mm/blows)
was determined, before being immersed for deter-
mination of Expansion value and the CBR in the
optimum moisture content V) per ASTMD6951/
D6951M-09 e ASTM D1883-16.

17
Table 11.  Summary of the equations obtained in the correlations.

Equation City Region Sample Specimen Correlation R2

 4 SÃO ROQUE 1 Deformed CP 1 CBR = 57.002 DCP (-0.261)* 0.8526

 5 CP 2 CBR = 63.796 DCP (-0.293)** 0.9434
 6 Undeformed – CBR = 7088.3 DCP (-2.037)*** 0.965
 7 2 Deformed CP 1 CBR = 0.2203 DCP (0.422)* 0.9617
 8 CP 2 CBR = 0.239 DCP (0.4317)** 0.9307
 9 Undeformed – CBR = 4E-16 DCP (8.9426)*** 0.976
10 3 Deformed CP 1 CBR = 9.3698 DCP (-0.033)* 0.8876
11 CP 2 CBR = 9.2975 DCP (-0.033)** 0.8876
12 Undeformed – CBR = 275.83 DCP (-1.116)*** 0.9989
13 COTIA 34 Deformed CP 1 CBR = 16.636 DCP (-0.24)* 0.9607
14 CP 2 CBR = 140.45 DCP (-0.604)** 0.9644
15 Undeformed – CBR = 1.166 DCP (0.4277)*** 0.9852

***The HILF cylinder was pinned in the field in

the same region as the DCP (mm / blows) to deter-
mine the (CBR C) per ASTM D6951/D6951M-09
e ASTM D1883-16.

4  ANALYSIS OF RESULTS

It should be noted that the undisturbed specimens

obtained by the Hilf cylinder drilled, after extrac-
tion, were wrapped with paraffin to maintain the
structure and moisture field content of the, the
compaction degree, moisture condition and CBR
value to perform the correlations between sample
molded in the laboratory, collected in the field,
ruptured in the press and tested in situ with the
DCP.
It should be noted that the 10 specimens (undis-
turbed sample) obtained with a Hilf cylinder drill
were placed in a wet chamber until the laboratory
tests, to maintain the it’s moisture content.
The values obtained in the *CBR were close to
those of the **CBRv.
The values of **CBRv showed high dispersion
because the specimen was shaken by the spike of
the DCP in one of its top and then placed 4 days
in immersion. To avoid this problem, it is recom-
mended that two specimens be molded in the
optimum moisture content, so that one of them is
penetrated by the DCP and in the other specimen
will be done the expansion and CBR determina-
tion test.
For this reason, it was decided to disregard some
values in the correlations presented in Table 11.
5  CONCLUSION
Analyzing the results obtained in the test it can be
noted that their performance was close to those
estimated by the correlation equation presented in
Figure  13.  Correlation between the CBR in the speci-
men obtained by the HILF specimen obtained in the field
(undeformed sample) and DCP, São Roque, Region 2.
the standard ASTM D6951/D6951M-09, validat-
ing their use for these soils.
The best correlation obtained for undeformed
specimens is presented in Figure 13.
In this figure the values obtained in the deter-
minations with the Cotia soil were not considered,
since they had a high dispersion.
In the case of the comparison between the
results obtained in the sample molded in the labora-
tory and the value of the DCP obtained in the field,
the values did not present a good correlation since
the soil in situ presented a degree of compaction
smaller than the one obtained in laboratory, since
in the field the soil was in the natural state. In this
way, the correlation obtained presented a low R2.
The authors intend to continue the research,
increasing the collection of results in order to bet-
ter adjust the correlations for Brazilian soils.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The authors are grateful to the JS GLOBAL
Civil Construction Consultancy laboratories and

18
Paulista University—UNIP for collaborating/
executing tests of this research, as well to the team
that contributed a lot to the development of this
research, Almir Donizette Vicente Gouvêa, Fran-
cisco Danilo Silvério Caracas, Dhiego de Oliveira
Melo, Marcos Tiharu Takeda and Roberta Mércia
F. dos Santos.
REFERENCES
ASTM. D6951/D6951M-09: Standard Test Method for
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