GRANITE CONCRETE SUMMARY SHEET INDIA

Granite form
Other w/c Replac Test Behavior
Paper Title

journal
(materi ratio ement conducted
S.No.

Year
Abstract al, level on granite
admixt
ures)
1. The granite processing industry, due to its sawing and polishing activities, Compressive strength results for 7, 28, and 56 days were highest at 25% replacement by GIB and decreased at

Compressive Strength Split Tensile Strength Modulus of Elasticity

Mechanical properties of high performance concrete incorporating

is responsible for producing an enormous quantity of granite powder waste, further replacement amounts, showing the lowest strength at 70% replacement;

GP and Sand- 0-100(25%) Silica fume-7.5%, fly ash-10%,

herein referred to as granite industry by-product (GIB). GIB is a hazardous • For flexural strength, results show an increasing trend up to 25% replacement and thereafter started declining;
pollutant that poses a threat to ecosystems, thus emphasizing the urgent • Water penetration depth of concrete mixtures GIB 10–70%) is less than that of the control mixture with the
need to find a sustainable and technologically viable way of utilizing GIB minimum value achieved at GIB40, signifying that a more-durable concrete is produced when river sand is replaced
and thereby minimizing its risks. The paper aims to assess the feasibility of (regardless of the proportion) by GIB at 0.50 w/c;

Water Penetration Drying Shrinkage

GIB as a possible sand replacement in the manufacturing of concrete. At a • Acid-attack, carbonation, corrosion, and shrinkage tests proved the veracity of the aforementioned fact. Also,
granite owder as fine aggregate

slag -10% Superplasticiser-1%

0.50 water-to-cement ratio (w/c), feasibility studies were performed and compressive and flexural strength results are not sufficient to reveal thefunctionality of concrete in road pavements
analyses were done for 10, 25, 40, 55, and 70% sand replacement by GIB in and other structures with high tractive force.
the manufacturing of concrete. Strength and durability of concrete with Abrasion testing was performed to gauge the viability of concrete in these structures and the results show a lower

granite powder
different percentages of GIB particles were ascertained by comparing the wear depth compared to the control mixture for all concrete mixtures with varying proportions of GIB;
results of compressive strength, flexural strength, abrasion, shrinkage, • SEM analyses show that GIB25 has the optimum Ca=Si ratio, leading to optimal C─S─H gel formation, which
2008

permeability, carbonation, acid attack, chloride penetration, and corrosion explains its high compressive strength, lower permeability, and lower chloride penetration; and
tests with the results from a control concrete. Test results were ably • XRD results show the optimum presence of silica and C─S─H gel in GIB25, which explains the highest
explained by using auxiliary analyses such as scanning electron microscopy compressive strength and highest packing density of the GIB25 concrete matrix.
(SEM) and X-ray powder diffraction (XRD). The encouraging results The favorable results of GIB concrete are due to the dense packing of the concrete, which is a direct result of the
proved the suitability of GIB concrete as a sustainable construction size and shape of the GIB. Also, the microfiller action of the replacement material (granite fines) along with
material. Optimal replacement level of river sand by GIB was found to be optimum hydration of cement particles resulted in high compressive and flexural strength of GIB concrete.
25%. However, a caveat must be mentioned.
Results have consistently shown that the limit to replacing river sand with GIB is 25% because at the given
replacement, compressive and flexural strength were highest while durability tests showed better results than the
control mixture. Therefore, to prepare a concrete that is sustainable, provides better strength than the control
mixture, and shows durability higher than that of control mixture, this paper recommends the use of concrete with
25% replacement of river sand by GIB at 0.50 w/c.
2.
Strength and durability properties of concrete containing quarry

Durability studies,Deterioration studies,Water absorption

Permeability test,Drying shrinkage,Workability
Compressive strength ,flexural strength
rock dust as fine aggregate

2008
3. 0.5

Sieve analysis, Compressive Strength, Split Tensile Strength

Modulus of Elasticity, Water Penetration, Drying Shrinkage
6
0.4

slag -10% Superplasticiser-1%

GP 0-100(25%),Silica fume-7.5%, ,fly ash-10%,
Granite powder concrete

granite powder
2010

4. The suitability of Crushed granite fine (CGF) to replace river sand in , 1. The use of crushed granite fine to partially replace Makurdi river sand in concrete production will require a
Use of Crushed Granite Fine as Replacement to River Sand in

concrete production for use in rigid pavement was investigated. Slump, M35 higher water to cement ratio, when compared with values obtained with the use of only Makurdi river sand.
Leonardo Electronic Journal of Practices and Technologies

compressive and indirect tensile strength tests were performed on fresh and ,0.45 2. Peak compressive strength and indirect tensile strength values of 40.70N/mm2 and 2.30N/mm2 respectively

Particle size distribution, Impact test, Crushing test , Slump

hardened concrete.28 days Peak compressive and indirect tensile strength , were obtained when Makurdi river sand was replaced with 20% CGF in concrete production. 3. Peak
values of 40.70N/mm2 and 2.30N/mm2 respectively was obtained, with the 0.46, compressive strength and indirect tensile strength values of 33.07N/mm2 and 2.04N/mm2 respectively were
partial replacement of river sand with 20% CGF, as against values of 0.47. obtained when crushed granite fine was replaced with 20% river sand as fine aggregate in the production of

Compressive strength test , indirect tensile strength

35.00N/mm2 and 1.75N/mm2, obtained with the use of river sand as fine ,0.50 concrete.

Crushed granite Fine(CGF)

aggregate. Based on economic analysis and results of tests, river sand , 3. The use of only CGF to completely replace river sand is recommended where CGF is available and economic
replaced with 20% CGF is recommended for use in the production of analysis is in favour of its usage. Based on findings from the study the partial replacement of Makurdi river

CGF-0-100% (10%)
SAND-100-0(10%)
concrete for use in rigid pavement. Conservation of river sand in addition to sand with 20% CGF is recommended for use in concrete production for use in rigid pavement. Where crushed
Production

better ways of disposing wastes from the quarry sites are some of the merits granite is in abundance and river sand is scarce, the complete replacement river sand with CGF is
Concrete

2010

of using CGF. recommended for use in low to moderately trafficked roads.

5. The strength characteristics of any masonry depend on the strength and
elasticity parameters of masonry units, mortar and their interactive
EFFECT OF GRANITE FINES ON STRENGTH OF HOLLOW behavior.Hollow concrete block masonry has several advantages compared
to burnt brick masonry. Because of its uniform size and shape, concrete
International Journal of Advanced Engineering Technology
block masonry saves mortar consumption in the bed joint and plastering. In
view of high energy consumption and unorganized method of production of
burnt brick, the cost of fuel for brick kiln is controlled by its supply and
demand in the local market. Whereas in the process of concrete blocks
production the major cost component is cement whose price is usually
insensitive to supply and demand in the local market. Hence unlike burnt
bricks, the unit cost of concrete blocks is somewhat stable. In most of the
CONCRETE BLOCKS
cases the production of concrete blocks is mechanized thus it is possible to
meet the requirement of the ever increasing demand in the urban
construction activity with consistent quality blocks. Large quantities of
2011
granite fines are generated from the granite industry. As a result, solid
waste management including the granite fines has become one of the major
environmental concerns in the world. With the increasing awareness about
the environment, scarcity of land-fill space and due to its ever increasing
cost, waste materials and by product utilization like granite fines has
become an alternative to disposal. In this work we have highlighted some
aspects concerning the use of granite fines in various proportions in the
manufacture of hollow concrete blocks. In this study high performance
Hollow blocks are manufactured of size 400mm x 200mm x 200mm
utilizing granite fines as an additive. These blocks were tested for routine
tests as per IS-2185 (part-I & part II) of Bureau of Indian standards, such as
compressive strength, Bulk density and water absorption. Based on the
results presented in this paper, it can be concluded that High Strength and
High performance Hollow Concrete Blocks can be manufactured by the use
of Granite fines as an additive.
60 Granite fines which are the byproduct produced in granite factories while
cutting huge granite rocks to the desired shapes. While cutting the granite
rocks, the powder produced is carried by the water and this water is stored
in tanks. After evaporation of water the granite dust remained is transported
and disposed on the lands. Disposing this granite fines is a major problem
Experimental investigation on behavior of concrete with the use of granite
in an Urban set up. Factories are situated close to the residential areas that
in case random disposal of the granite fines would lead to health hazards of
the people dwelling in the areas in particular and also would prove to be an
environmental hazard in general. With the properties of the granite fines,
i.e., its size and fineness, it can be very effectively used as a filler material
in the concrete, replacing the fine aggregate which will help in filling up the
pores in the concrete which is otherwise porous. Filling up of the pores by
the granite fines increase the strength of the concrete and also a material
which is abundantly available and which has a disposal problem can be
made use effectively. In this paper an attempt is made experimentally to
investigate the Strength Behavior of Concrete with the use of Granite Fines
as an additive. Concrete is prepared with granite fines as a replacement of
2012
fine aggregate in 5 different proportions namely 5%, 15%, 25%, 35% and
50% and various tests such as compressive strength, Split tensile strength
and Flexural strength are investigated and these values are compared with
the conventional concrete without granite fines.
0.45 1. The Blocks manufactured in this experimental program with granite fine particles as an additive ensures
effective packing and large dispersion of cement particles which resulted in a good degree of surface finish and
Particle size distribution ,Compressive Strength test , Water Absorption test
edges.
2. It is evident from the results obtained that the compressive strength and the performance of the Hollow concrete
locks can be increased with proper compaction techniques. When compared to compaction with machine
vibration the blocks manufactured with uniform hand compaction gives higher compressive strength.
3. The 28 days compressive strength of the 2 Holed Hollow concrete block with mix proportion 1:4:5 with is
taken as base without granite fines is 5.55 Mpa and it is observed that with the addition of granite fines in
various proportion as replacement to fine aggregates i.e, with 12.5% and 25% replacement the compressive
strength is increased to 8.79 MPa and 9.79MPa respectively with a percentage increase of 58.41%and 76.43 %
respectively when compared to specimen without the granite fines as an additive. However with further
GF-0-37.5 (12.5%)
increase in percentage of fines i.e, with 37.5 % it is observed that the mean compressive strength is reduced to
4.67 MPa indicating that higher amount of granite fines increases the surface area area of fine particles there by
Granite fines
demanding more cement for bonding and thus reducing its compressive strength.
4. It is seen from the experimental data the optimum replacement of fine aggregates by granite fines is 25% and
further increase in granite fines reduces the strength of Hollow concrete blocks.
5. With the addition of Plasticizer to the hollow concrete blocks, it is observed that the water absorption has
reduced when compared to blocks with granite fines of the same proportion and the density is marginally
changed. However the compressive strength of the blocks have reduced considerably when compared to blocks
with granite fines of the same proportion in the range of 47% and 18% for 2 holes and 4 holes respectively.
6. All the blocks mentioned above were manufactured manually by uniform compaction from the research point
of view and has shown promising results. However there is a need to set up mechanical machines to
manufacture the blocks mechanically in order to cater the high strength blocks for the commercial market
purpose.
GR 0.60 1. The compressive strength has increased by 22% with the use of 35% replacement of fineaggregates with granite
AN fines. With increase of granite fines up to 50% increasing compressive strength will limit to 4% only.
ITE 2. The split tensile strength remains same for 0%, 25% and 35%. For 5% replacement there is an increase of 2.4%
Slump test Compressive strength, Split tensile strength, flexural strength test , Plain Cement
FIN of strength and for 15% replacement there is a reduction of tensile strength by 8%. However we can conclude that
ES with the replacement of 35% granite fines the test results shows no decrease in strength compared with the
conventional mix using fully sand as fine aggregates.
3. The flexural strength of prism of 10cm x 10cm x 50cm without reinforcement, we can conclude that, there is
5.41% increase in flexural strength with 5 % replacement, and there is a small decrease up to 5% in flexural strength
at 15%, 25% and 35% replacement with granite fines and further reduction in strength (i.e. 6%) at 50% replacement
of granite fines in comparison with test results of nominal concrete mix of 1:1.5:3 (M-20) without granite fines.
However there is no much change in flexural strength test conducted of all the variations.
4. The flexural strength of beam of 15cm x 15cm x 70cm with reinforcement, we can observe that the results
obtained are ncreasing with increase of %replacement of granite fines. There is a small increase (i.e. 2%) of
strength for 25% replacement with granite fines and further large increase in strength (i.e. 32%) at 50% replacement
of granite fines in comparison with test results of nominal concrete mix of 1:1.5:3 (M-20) without granite fines.
GF-5-50(10%)
Hence we can conclude that there is a considerable increase in flexural strength with the use of granite fines.
5. We can observe that an overall increase in strength with 35% replacement of fine aggregates with granite fines.
6. The water cement ratio has been considered for all the mixers as 0.6. We have arrived this ratio after conducting
required slump test. With 0.55% water cement ratio and with 35% and 50% replacement of granite fines the
concrete was not workable. From the lab test of granite fines we can observe that there is 13% absorption of water.
This may the reason for more water. Even with 0.6% water cement ratio we have got all the test results better that
Concrete Test, Reinforced Concrete Test
the regular mix. With this we can understand that the workability of concrete mixes decreased with the increase in
percentage of granite fines as partial replacement of sand.
7. The physical and chemical properties of granite fines are satisfied the requirement of code provisions. The other
strength and durability test conducted shows that the granite fines is fit to be used in concrete mixes.
8. The dimension of the granite fine particles is compatible with the purpose of filing up the transition zone and
capillary pores, thus acting as micro filler.
9. The amount of fine particle present ensures effective packing and large dispersion of cement particles thus
fomenting better hydration conditions moreover the dust particles completed the matrix interstices and reduce space
for free water the combination of these phenomena results in better bonding among the concrete components. This
may achieved by adding plasticizers for workability by reducing the water cement ratio. With this we can achieve
more workability, compaction and more strength. We can produce high performance concrete.
10. The presence of Fe2O3 is due to addition of iron grits we may have to give a protective coating to the concrete
to avoid scattered rust appearance of the surface.
7 The ornamental granite stone-processing industries of Tamilnadu state Gra 0.4 1. The high surface specific area and rough and angular texture of the GP waste, have led to the significant losses

tensile strength , flexural strength Test, Ultrasonic pulse velocity

produce tons of fine powder wastes during sawing and polishing. It is a nite in slump in addition the workability of the concrete decreases with the increases in the substitution rate.

Grain size distribution, Slump test,Compressive strength ,Split

Utilization of Granite Powder Waste in Concrete Production non-biodegradable waste that can be easily inhaled by human being and Po 2. The early age (i.e. 7 days) compressive strength of the mixtures CGP 5%, CGP 10%, CGP 15% showed better
animals and is also harmful to the environment. The main objective of this wd gain in strength when compared to the CM. The reason may be attributed to the denser matrix of the GP waste
study is to investigate experimentally the suitability of granite powder (GP) er and the better dispersion of the cement grains.
waste as a substitute material for fine/natural aggregate in concrete 3. The split tensile strength of the concrete mixtures CGP 5%, CGP 10%, CGP 15% were somewhat equal or

Defect and Diffusion Forum Vol 330

production. The physical and chemical characterization of the GP waste little lower than the control mixture however significant losses in tensile strength was observed beyond the
was also addressed. The experimental parameter was the percentage of substitution rate of 15%.
granite powder substitution. The cubes and cylinders were prepared using 4. UPV values of the mixtures CGP 5%, CGP 10%, CGP 15% were relatively equal to the control mixture and the

test ,Elastic modulus

0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20% and 25% of fine/natural aggregate substituted by concrete was classified as good and the measured values were greater than 3500 m/s. Furthermore the UPV

GP-0-25(5%)
GP waste. To understand fully the influence of GP waste on the behavior of values of the concrete decreases with the increase in substitution rate due to its high porosity.
concrete, several tests such as density, slump cone, split tensile strength, 5. Based on the test results of six mixtures, the correlation between the compressive and flexural strength was
2012

flexural strength; ultra sonic pulse velocity (UPV) and compressive formulated.
strength tests were performed. The Young’s modulus of elasticity of the 6. The appropriate substitution of GP waste can lead to the least effect on mechanical properties of the concrete
concrete was also determined. The GP waste exhibited a very high specific such as compressive, flexural and split tensile strength.
surface value of about 340kg/m2 and chemical analysis results showed that 7. It was recommended that the replacement of natural sand by GP waste up to 15% of any formulation is
the examined material contains about 77% of silica (SiO2). Experimental favorable for the concrete making.
results revealed that the rough texture and high specific area of the GP
waste significantly decreased the workability of the concrete especially for
the substitution level of 20% and 25%. The obtained test results show that
the substitution of GP waste up to 15% does not affect the mechanical and
fresh concrete properties of the concrete and it was recommended that the
replacement of natural sand by GP waste up to 15% of any formulation
would be favorable for concrete making.
8 This paper focuses on the experimental study of using locally available Gra 0.25, GP- 0- Sieve An experimental study on the high performance concrete made with granite powder as fine aggregate and
granite powder as fine aggregate and partial replacement of cement with nite 0.30 100 analysis partial replacement of cement with 7.5 % Silica fume, 10% fly ash and 10% slag subjected to water curing is
admixtures in the production of HPC with 28 days strength to the maximum Po 0.35 (25%) Slump test conducted for finding the mechanical properties such as compressive strength, split tensile strength, modulus of
Effect of Granite Powder on Strength Properties of Concrete

of 60 MPa. The influence of water cement ratio and curing days on wd (fly Compressiv elasticity, flexural strength and water absorption characteristics of concrete mixtures. Concrete specimens were
mechanical properties for the new concrete mixes were premeditated. The er ash e strength prepared with w/c ratio of 0.25, 0.30, 0.35, for M60 grade concrete mix. The test results show clearly that
percentage of granite powder added by weight was 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100% 10%, Split tensile granite powder as a partial sand replacement has beneficial effects of the mechanical properties of high
as a replacement of sand used in concrete and cement was replaced with 7.5 slag strength performance concrete. Of all the six mixtures considered, concrete with 25% of granite powder (GP25) was
% silica fume, 10% fly ash, 10% slag and the dosage of superplasticiser 10% flexural found to be superior to other percentages of granite powder concrete as well as conventional concrete and no
added 1% by weight of cement. The test results show clearly that granite silica strength Test admixtures concrete for all operating conditions. Hence the following conclusions are made based on a
powder of marginal quantity, as partial sand replacement has beneficial fume Modulus of comparison of GP25 with the control concrete, CC.
effect on the above properties. The highest strength has been achieved in 7.5% Elasticity
samples containing 25% granite powder together with admixtures. Based and Test The mechanical properties like the compressive strength, split tensile strength, modulus of elasticity and
on the results presented in this paper, it can be concluded that concrete superpl Water flexural strength particularly for all ages higher than that of the reference mix, CC as mentioned below. There
mixture can be prepared with granite powder as an additive together with asticiz Absorption was an increase in strength as the days of curing increased.
admixtures to improve the strength of concrete structure. er 1%). Test • Compressive strength is 6.12 to 22.14 % greater than that of CC.
• Split tensile strength is 14.88 to 21.95 % higher than that of CC.
• Modulus of elasticity is 8.85 to 18.89 % higher than that of CC.
• Flexural strength is 12.5 to 22.22 % higher than that of CC.
• The water absorption was about 8 to 14.2 % less than that of conventional concrete mixture.

Thus the present experimental investigation indicates that the strength properties of the concrete could enhance
the effect of utilization of granite powder obtained from the crusher units in place of river sand in concrete. In
2013

general, the behavior of granite aggregates with admixtures in concrete possesses the higher properties like
concrete made by river sand.
9 Granite is an igneous rock which is widely used as construction material in Replacement of fine aggregate with granite powder is found to improve the strength of concrete. The optimal

IRACST – Engineering Science and Technology: An International

different forms. Granite industries produce lot of dust and waste materials. dosage of replacement is found to be 15%. Utilization of granite powder will avoid the disposal problems and
The wastes from the granite polishing units are being disposed to related environmental issues. Utilization of granite powder will reduce the usage of river sand and conserve natural
environment which cause health hazard. This granite powder waste can be resources.
utilized for the preparation of concrete as partial replacement of sand. In

Compressive strength ,Split tensile strength

order to explore the possibility of utilizing the granite powder as partial
replacement to sand, an experimental investigation has been carried out.
The percentages of granite powder added by weight to replace sand by
Granite powder concrete

weight were 0, 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25. To improve the workability of concrete
0.5% Superplasticiser was added. This attempt has been done due to the

Granite Powder

GP- 0-25(5%)
exorbitant hike in the price of fine aggregate and its limited availability due
to the restriction imposed by the government of Tamil Nadu. Fifty four
2013

cubes and 36 cylinders were cast. Compressive strength and split tensile
strength were found. The test results indicate that granite as replacement
sand with granite powder has beneficial effect on the mechanical properties
such as compressive strength and split tensile strength of concrete.
Journal (ESTIJ),

10 Granite dust and marble dust from stone industry and fly ash from thermal Gra Hydrated lime and conventional stone dust are presented and compared in this paper. The effect on Optimum

Sieve analysis ,Moisture Susceptibility Tests , Static Creep Test

power plants are waste products which are produced in large quantities in nite Binder Content (OBC) of filler type and filler content is explained. It is found that the OBC in a mix not only
India. Physical properties of these materials meet the requirements laid for Po depends on fineness of the filler but it is also controlled by the Rigden voids of the filler. The OBC in a mix is
fillers in Indian specifications. This study explores the possible use of these wd higher if Rigden voids of its filler are high. The moisture susceptibility tests suggest that three industrial wastes (fly
Performance Characteristics of Bituminous Concrete with

three industrial wastes along with hydrated lime and conventional stone er ash, marble dust and granite dust) selected in the present study can be optimally used up to 7.0 % as filler in a

Wheel Tracking Test ,Flexural Fatigue Test

dust from quartzite as filler in bituminous construction. Different test bituminous mix. Static creep tests and wheel tracking tests conducted on various mixes indicate better performance
procedures are used to examine the void content and clay content in the five of a mix when these wastes are used as filler. Mixes with fly ash, granite dust and marble dust have almost 40 %
fillers. Bituminous concrete (BC) mixes were designed as Copyedited more life in rutting when compared with conventional stone dust filler. A mathematical relationship is developed
per Marshall method at four different percentages of the five types of between rut depth and bulk volume of fines in a mix at its OBC. Similarly, another relationship is developed
fillers. Performance of bituminous concrete mixes is studied through between fatigue life of a mix and the stain level. The fatigue life of a mix with marble dust is 50-70 % higher than
moisture Susceptibility test, static creep test, flexural fatigue test and wheel that of a mix with conventional stone dust. In the case of fly ash filler, the fatigue life is about 30 % higher than
tracking test. Results suggest Accepted that marble dust, granite dust and conventional stone dust filler. Similarly, use of granite dust in a mix enhanced its life by 15-20 % for filler content
2013

fly ash have good potential for their use as filler in bituminous mixes. up to 5.5 % and 3-10 % for higher filler contents. Hydrated lime does not seem to be economical as the optimum
Among the three industrial wastes, marble dust is the most promising filler binder content was very high when compared with other fillers. Hydrated lime has very high Ridgen voids also,
and will prove to be very economical also, as mixes with marble dust have which makes the mix very stiff and may be difficult to compact in field.
Industrial Wastes as Filler

the lowest optimum binder content (OBC). However, lime gives very good resistance to moisture induced damage as seen in TSR test results and can be
definitely used a saint-stripping agent wherever there is a requirement for the mix. Fly ash, marble dust and granite
dust can be used as fillers up to a filler content of 7.5 % in BC mixes. Construction of trial stretches are further
required to increase the confidence of engineers for use of these waste materials as filler in bituminous mixes. Their
use will help ease the burden of industries especially stone industries for disposal of these wastes to some extent.
11 Internat Shrinkage is the time-dependant decrease in concrete volume compared Granite Experimental investigation on the high performance concrete made with granite powder as fine aggregate and partial

Shrinkage Properties of HPC using Granite Powder as Fine Aggregate

ional with the original placement volume of concrete. Shrinkage potential of a
Journal high performance concrete is perhaps the most important consideration
of which affects the long-term strength and durability, and hence efforts are
Engine being made to reduce the shrinkage and shrinkage cracks. The main
ering objective of this experimental work was to investigate the shrinkage
and properties of concrete made with granite powder as fine aggregate and
Advanc
partial replacement of cement with combination of admixtures. The granite
ed
powder, one of the byproducts in stone crushing process, not being used for
Techno
logy any applications other than filling-up low lying areas was identified as a
replacement material for river sand in concrete. Admixtures such as silica
(IJEAT
fume, fly ash, slag and superplasticiser have the inherent ability to
)
contribute to continued strength development and very high durability. In
the present work, concrete made with 25% of granite powder as a
replacement of sand and with 10% of Fly ash, 10% of ground granulated
blast-furnace slag, 7.5% of silica fume and 1% of superplasticiser as a
replacement of cement were considered. The results indicated that concrete
specimens produced with admixture and granite powder has lesser
shrinkage parameters like maximum length of crack, minimum width of
crack, total number of cracks as compared with conventional concrete
specimens. The test results also indicated that the values of both plastic and
drying shrinkage strains of concrete in the granite powder with admixture
2013
Powder replacement of cement with 7.5 % silica fume, 10% fly ash, 10% slag and 1% superplasticiser is conducted for finding the
shrinkage parameters, and plastic and drying shrinkage strains at 32oC (±2 oC) and 38oC (±2oC) for 1, 7, 14, 28, 56 and
90 days of curing for 0.35 water-cement ratio. The test results show clearly that granite powder as a partial sand
replacement and partial replacement of cement with admixtures has beneficial effects of the shrinkage properties of high
performance concrete. Of all the three mixtures considered, concrete with 25% of granite powder (GP25) was found to be
superior to other mixtures for all operating conditions. Hence the following conclusions are made based on a comparison
of GP25 with the conventional concrete, CC.
The combination of admixtures with granite powder concrete, GP25 used in the experimentation do not have
compatibility problems either with respect to the properties of concrete or produce a concrete with low shrinkage.
The lower shrinkage parameters such as maximum length of crack, maximum width of crack, total no of
cracks, total area of cracks can be obtained with combination of admixtures with granite powder concrete,
GP25. This is follows by the combination of admixtures with sand, GP0. Thus it can be concluded that the
combination of admixtures with granite powder can produce a concrete of lower shrinkage parameters as
compared to conventional concrete.
Plastic shrinkage strain in the GP25 specimens was more than that in the CC specimens. The plastic shrinkage
strain in the GP25 specimens was on an average 60% more than that in the CC specimens.
The drying shrinkage strains in the granite powder concrete specimens were more than those in the
conventional concrete specimens both for 32oC (±2oC) and 38oC (±2oC) curing temperatures
In general, the behavior of granite aggregate with admixtures in concrete possesses the higher properties like
concrete made by river sand.

concrete specimens were greater than those of ordinary concrete specimens.

12 Internat The demand for sand is the major problem for conventional construction Granite Copper The test results are given in Table 6 and 7. As a result the compression strength attains with the 75% replacement of
ional recently. We need a best alternate construction material to fulfill the sand Powder Slag, cement with Fly Ash, Copper slag, Granite powder is found to be greater strength compared to all other mixes.
Journal demand. In this paper we presents the results of an experimental Fly While considering tensile strength, CCGF25 decreases by days of curing. At the replacement of FA, CCGF0 and
of investigation carried out to evaluate the mechanical properties of concrete Ash CCGF50 increase by days of curing. At the replacement of FA, CCGF75 decrease and then suddenly increases with
Innovat mixtures in which fine aggregate (sand) was partially replaced with fly ash, days of curing.
ive copper slag and granite powder using M30 grade concrete. Fine aggregate
Researc (sand) was replaced with four different percentages (0%, 25%, 50% and
h in 75%) of fly ash, copper slag and granite powder by weight. Tests were
Science performed for properties of fresh concrete. Compressive strength, split
Effect of Copper Slag, Fly Ash and Granite

, tensile strength were determined at 7, 14 and 28days. Test results indicate

Powder as a Partial Replacement in Fine

Engine significant improvement in the strength properties of plain concrete by the

ering inclusion of above mentioned industrial waste as partial replacement of fine
and aggregate (sand) and it can be effectively used in structural concrete.
Techno Concrete is an artificial conglomerate stone made essentially of Portland
logy cement, water, sand and coarse aggregates. The mixture of the materials
results in a chemical reaction called hydration and a change in the mixture
from plastic to a solid state. The worldwide consumption of sand as fine
aggregate in concrete production is very high, and several developing
countries have encountered some strain in the supply of natural sand in
order to meet the increasing needs of infrastructural development in recent
years. A situation that is responsible for increase in the price of sand, and
Aggregate

the cost of concrete

2014
13 The most commonly used fine aggregate across world is river sand. River Gra GP-0- Compressiv • The test results show clearly that granite powder as a partial sand replacement has beneficial effects of
sand is expensive due to excessive cost of transportation from natural nite Cement 50(25 e strength concrete. Of all the 3 mixtures considered, GP25 was found to be superior to other mixtures as well as GP0 for
Strength and Durability Properties of sources. Also large scale depletion of the source creates environmental Po Fine %) Split tensile all operating conditions.

Journal of Civil Engineering Research 2014

problems. As environmental, transportation and other constraints make the wd aggrega strength • Compressive strength and split tensile strength, particularly in all the ages were higher than that of reference
availability and use of river sand less attractive. A substitute or replacement er te Chloride mix. There was an increase in strength as the days of curing increases.
Granite Powder Concrete

product for concrete industry needs to be found. The main parameter Coarse Attack • From Table 5 it was concluded that the percentage loss of strength in the chloride test depends upon the
investigated in this study is M30 grade concrete with replacement of sand Aggreg replacement of granite powder.
by granite powder by 0, 25 and 50% and cement was partial replacement ate • The 25 per cent granite powder concrete enhanced the resistance and thus could improve the chemical
with silica fume, fly ash, slag and super plasticizer. This paper presents a Fly ash
2014
resistance of concrete.
detailed experimental study on compressive strength, split tensile strength -10% • The present experimental programme indicated that the strength and durability properties of the concrete could
28, 56 and 90 days. Durability study on chloride attack was also studied Slag-
enhance the effect of utilization of granite powder obtained from the crusher units in the place of river sand in
and percentage of weight loss is compared with normal concrete. Test 10%
concrete.
results indicate that use of granite powder and admixtures in concrete has Silica
fume
improved the performance of concrete in strength as well as in durability
Superpl
aspect.
asticiser
-0.5%

14 Direct Concrete is probably the most comprehensively used construction material Gra Cement GP0% Compressiv The test results show clearly that granite powder as a partial sand replacement has beneficial effects of concrete.
Fire resistance test on granite powder concrete

ory of in the world. The most commonly used fine aggregate is river sand. River nite Fine GP25 e strength Among the four mixtures considered, GP25 was found to be the most superior one.
sand is expensive due to excessive cost of transportation from natural Po aggrega % Fire Compressive strength, particularly in all the ages was higher than that of the conventional concrete mix. There was
Resea sources. Also large scale depletion of the source creates environmental wd te GP100 Resistance an increase in strength as the days of curing increases.
rch hazards. These environmental, transportation and other constraints make er Coarse %
the percentage loss of weight in the fire resistance depends upon the replacement of granite powder. The 25%
Journ the availability and use of river sand less attractive. An alternative fine Aggreg
granite powder concrete enhances the resistance and thus can improve the fire resistance of concrete.
als aggregate for concrete industry needs to be found. The main parameter ate
investigated in this study is M30 grade concrete with replacement of sand Silica The present experimental programme indicates that the strength and resistance of the concrete could enhance the
2015

by granite powder of 0, 25 and 100 percent and cement as partial fume effect of utilization of granite powder f granite powder obtained from the crusher units in the place of river sand in
replacement with silica fume, fly ash, slag and super plasticiser. This paper Slag10 concrete.
presents a detailed experimental study on compressive strength of concrete %
when exposed to fire. Fire resistance on concrete was also studied and Fly ash
percentage of weight loss is compared with different mixtures. Test results -10
indicated that use of granite powder and admixtures in concrete has Superpl
improved the performance of concrete in strength as well as in fire resistant asticiser
characteristics -0.5%

15 Intern The present investigation aims at studying the mechanical properties of gra Fine 0.55 GP20- Compressiv Based on the results presented in this investigation the following important conclusions may be observed.
Mechanical properties of geopolymer concrete

ational geopolymer concrete (GPC) using granite slurry (GS) as sand nite aggrega 60(20 e strength 1. It is observed that an increasing trend has been observed in compressive strength of GPC mixes up to 40%
Journa replacement. In this study, GS was replaced at different replacement levels slur te %) Split tensile replacement level of GS.
using granite slurry as sand replacement

l of (0%, 20%, 40% and 60%). Fly ash and ground granulated blast furnace ry, Fly ash Sand1 strength 2. It is observed that an increasing trend has been observed in splitting tensile strength of GPC mixes up to 40%
Advan slag (GGBS) were used at 50:50 ratio as geopolymer binders. Ground 00- replacement level of GS.
ces in Combination of sodium hydroxide (8M) and sodium silicate solution is granulat 40(20 3. Both the mechanical properties have got falling trend at 60% of replacement level of GS.
Engine used as an alkaline activator. Compressive strength and splitting tensile ed blast %) 4. It is concluded that 40% replacement level of GS can be considered as optimum replacement level of GS.
ering strength properties were studied after 7, 28 and 90 days of curing at furnace
& ambient room temperature. From the results, it is revealed that the studied slag
Techno mechanical properties were increased with the increasing replacement Coarse
logy level of GS up to 40% and decreasing trend of these properties were Aggreg
observed at 60% replacement level. It is concluded that optimum ate
replacement level (40%) of GS can be used in place of sand and can save Crushed
the natural resources. granite
stones
2015
16 Concrete is the most undisputable and indispensable material being used Cement MARB Compressiv 1. Marble and granite waste cement bricks yield similar mechanical, in terms of compressive strength, and physical,

Study on Strength & Durability of Concrete by Partial Replacement of Fine &

in infrastructure development throughout the world. The objective of this Gra Fine LE e strength in terms of density and absorption, properties. There is a positive effect of granite waste on cement brick samples
paper is to utilize marble, granite and Spent Fire Brick waste of different nite aggrega ,GP,SF that reach its optimum at 20% granite waste incorporation.
Coarse Aggregates using Marble, Granite & Spent Fire Brick Waste sizes in the manufacturing of concrete bricks, with partial replacement of was te B- 2. Absorption is the major drawback of waste incorporation in cement bricks according to the ASTM C55 where
te Coarse 5%,10
conventional coarse and fine aggregates with Marble, Granite and Spent water absorption requirement is fulfilled only at Zero, 5%, 10 %, and 20% slurry samples for grade S.
Aggreg %,20%
Fire Brick waste content up to 20%.The produced bricks are tested for ate- 3. The SFB is a locally available, low cost, and inert industrial solid waste whose disposal is a matter of concern
physical and mechanical properties according to the requirements of the Spent likes construction waste. On an overall, the CSFB can be comparable to the natural river sand. The CSFB satisfies
American Standards for Testing Materials (ASTM) and the INDIAN fire the zone II gradation for not only to partially replace the sand, but for making good concrete, Unit weight of CSFB
Code. The test results revealed that the recycled products have physical brick is higher than that of river sand aggregate in dense condition which, in turn, contributes to the increase in the unit
and mechanical properties that qualify them for use in the building sector. weight of concrete containing CSFB as a fine aggregate.
4. From the obtained results we observe that the maximum strength is achieved by 25% of CSFB replacement in
concrete. The 30th% of CSFB replacement in concrete indicates there is no strength gaining after increasing the
2015

proportion.
5. The accelerated hydration, endued by heating, compensated the detrimental effect of volumetric changes
associated with temperature variation.
6. Most cement brick samples, including the control, are of normal weight according to both the Indian
specifications and ASTM C55.All cement brick samples tested in this study comply with the requirement for
structural bricks.
7. This is not true when compared to ASTM C55. Instead, 10% and 20% marble and granite waste yield Grade S.
Most cement brick samples which contain marble and granite waste had sufficient abrasion resistance.
8. The compressive strength of partial replacement of CSFB aggregate concrete is marginally higher than that of
the river sand aggregate concrete at age of 7 days, 14 days, and 28 days, 60 days, 90 days respectively. The split
tensile strength of partial replacement of CSFB aggregate concrete is higher than that of the river sand aggregate at
all ages.

17 Journal Granite cutting waste is becoming a serious concern as the amount of waste Gra River D0, Granit Carbonation 1. The depth of carbonation was observed to be minimum at optimum percentage granite cutting waste
of produced is reaching monstrous proportions, thus making it virtually nite Sand D10, e Acid Attack- replacement of 25% for both the w/c ratios of 0.3 and 0.4.The depth of carbonation was almost nil for w/c 0.3
Cleaner impossible to ensure proper disposal. The large volume of waste generated Cut Coarse D25, Cuttin A). Weight for all durations of exposure except at 90 days. While noticeable carbonation depth was observed at all
Performance of Granite cutting waste Concrete under Adverse Exposure Conditions

Product is dumped on to the dumping grounds nearby factory location. This ting Aggreg D40, g Loss durations of exposure for the w/c ratio 0.4, the value of carbonation depth was still lesser than the control
ion unattended waste poses serious environmental and health threats and is an Wa ate D55, Waste- B). specimen at all durations of exposure for all granite cutting waste concrete specimens.
alarming call to seek out methods of production which may utilize this ste Super D70- 0,60- Compressiv 2. The minimum weight loss for the granite cutting waste substituted concrete specimens on exposure to 3%
waste and thus lead to a cleaner environment. The research study aims at plasticiz 0.40 423.5( e Strength H2SO4 solution was observed at optimum granite cutting waste replacement of 25% for both the w/c ratios
assessing the durability characteristics of the concrete incorporating this er F0,F1 90.75) Chloride suggesting the potential of such concrete to behave optimally in an acidic environment.
waste as a partial replacement for fine aggregate. The aim of the paper is to 0,F25, Penetration
present a comprehensive, detailed and systematic picture of performance of F40,F Sulphate- 3. The depth of chloride penetration was minimum for the specimen with granite cutting waste replacement of
the concrete thus obtained under adverse exposure conditions in terms of 55, Attack- 25%. The other parameters remaining the same, depth of penetration observed for w/c ratio of 0.3 was
response to carbonation attack, sulphate attack, chloride ion penetration, F70 - A). Weight remarkably lesser than that observed for w/c ratio of 0.4.
acid attack and elevated temperature with variable w/c ratios. The test 0.30 Loss, 4. Apparently no loss in weight and no spalling or falling were reported for any of the granite cutting waste
results clearly showed that modified granite cutting waste substituted co B). substituted concrete specimen at 210 days immersion in MgSO4 solution. Also, the increment in the
ncrete exhibits enhanced resistance to carbonation, chloride ion Compressiv compressive strength of the specimens with 10%, 25%, 40%, 55% granite cutting waste content was less than
penetration,acid attack and exposure to elevated temperature at optimum e Strength that for the control specimen at 28 days and 90 days. The percentage increment in compressive strength of the
2016

granite cutting waste replacement of 25%.No loss in weight was observed
at all durations of exposure to MgSO4 solution. The specimen with 25%
granite cutting waste replacement exhibited greater intensity and peak area
for hydration products namely C-S-H and ettringite as compared to the
control specimen.
Thermo- specimen with 70% granite cutting waste content was found to be greater at all durations of exposure when
gravimetric compared to the control specimen. The percentage increment in compressive strength of the specimen with
Analysis 25% granite cutting waste content was found to be marginally lesser at 180 days of exposure when compared
to the control specimen.
5. It was observed that weight loss for the specimen decreased as the percentage granite cutting waste
replacement increased. The decreasing peak areas of the Thermo-gravimetric Analysis curves for the C-S-H,
ettringite peak (peak at about 105°C) refle cted the phenomenon of gradually decreasing hydration extent with
increasing percentage granite cutting waste content in the concrete specimens.Thus it can be concluded that at
an optimum replacement of 25% granite cutting waste concrete exhibited superior performance under
adverse exposure conditions of acid attack, carbonation, sulphate attack, chloride penetration and elevated
temperature. The improved performance of the granite cutting waste concrete in adverse exposure conditions
completes the feasibility assessment of utilising granite as partial replacement for sand in concrete. Thus
Granite cutting waste concrete can be a potential cleaner material that can be used due to its merits on
economical and sustainable environmental friendly grounds. Experimental studies on utilising granite in
combination with other industrial by products in concrete can be conducted in future.
18 Journal The excessive consumption of river sand as a construction material has led Gra Portland w/c - GCW- Workability 1. Nevertheless upto 40% GCW can be incorporated in concrete as a partial replacement of sand with improved

Sustainable utilization of granite cutting waste in high strength concrete

of to its acute scarcity. Researchers across the globe have attempted to utilize nite cement 0.30, 0%, Compressiv strength at 0.35 and 0.40 w/c over the control concrete.
Cleaner waste of copper slag, rubber tyre, recycled glass, pond ash, foundry sand, Cut of 43 0.35, 10%, e strength 2. Inclusion of GCW in concrete does not affect the flexural strength of concrete (at 70%) replacement level. The
Product plastic, stone etc. as a partial o r complete substitute of river sand in ting grade 0.40 25%, Flexural replacement of 40% river sand by GCW results in enhanced flexural strength.
ion concrete. The present s tudy investigates the feasibility of using granite Wa Coarse 40%, Strength 3. Inclusion of 40% GCW in concrete led to comparable or better abrasive resistance than control. 40% of river
cutting waste (GCW) as a partial substitute of river sand in high strength ste aggrega 55%, Abrasion sand can be suitably replaced by GCW in building materials subjected to abrasive action such as tiles, paving
concrete based on strength, durability & micro structural attributes. tes(20m 70% test bocks etc. 40% GCW concrete can also be used as a material for rigid pavement.
Eighteen concrete mixes were cast at 0.30, 0.35 and 0.40 water cement m) Permeability 4. When 55% river sand is replaced by GCW in concrete, water permeation and water absorption of concrete
ratios (w/c) by substituting 0%, 10%, 25%, 40%, 55% and 70% river sand fine Water reduces. Most of the deleterious chemicals such as chlorides, sulphates, alkalis use water as a transport medium
by GCW. The concrete mixes were tested for compressive, flexural aggrega Absorption to get into concrete. The use of 55% GCW in concrete might enhance the service life and durability of concrete
strength, abrasive resistance, permeability, water absorption, carbonation, te(Sand) Carbonation significantly.
corrosion and microstructure; changes in morphology and hydration were TGA 5. Use of 25% GCW in concrete did not affected the carbonation resistance at 0.30 w/c. Similarly, carbonation
also studied. Test results suggested that 25-40% river sand can be (Thermo- resistance of concrete enhanced or remained unaffected by the use of 40% GCW in
2016

substituted by the GCW with a favourable influence on the investigated gravimetric 6. concrete at 0.35 and 0.40 w/c.
parameters. The optimum amount of GCW to be used in concrete Analysis ) 7. Use of 25% GCW at 0.30 w/c and 40% GCW at 0.35 and 0.40 w/c reduced the micro-cracking at interfaces
depends significantly upon water-cement ratio of concrete. SEM between aggregate and mortar paste. Similarly, hydration mechanism of concrete in aforesaid range
(Scanning remained unaffected.
Electron 8. The use of GCW upto 25-40% as partial replacement for natural sand led to similar or better resistance to
Microscopy) corrosion as compared to the control concrete. The corrosion rate was observed to be higher at higher w/c.
Corrosion-
Macro cell
Current
Values
Half-Cell
Potential
Corrosion-
Rate
19 : The granite processing industry, due to its sawing and polishing activities, is gra Portland 0.50 GIB-0- Slump The present focus on architectural beauty in homes and buildings is the prime reason for the growing demand for finished
responsible for producing an enormous quantity of granite powder waste, nite cement 80(10 Compressiv stones. This demand’s consequences for the environment are huge and irrevocable. The granite industry of Rajasthan,
herein referred to as granite industry by-product (GIB). GIB is a hazardous ind of %) e Strength although is famous worldwide, has degraded the air, land, and general ecosystem of this desert state. A GIB, granite fines,
pollutant that poses a threat to ecosystems, thus emphasizing the urgent need to ustr Grade Flexural is a major cause of concern. The present paper endeavored to substitute river sand with GIB at a 0.50 w/c and obtained the
find a sustainable and technologically viable way of utilizing GIB and thereby y 43 Strength following results from both macrostruc-tural as well as microstructural analyses:
minimizing its risks. The paper aims to assess the feasibility of GIB as a by- Coarse Abrasion 1. Compressive strength results for 7, 28, and 56 days were highest at 25% replacement by GIB and decreased at further
pro aggrega Resistance replace-ment amounts, showing the lowest strength at 70% replacement;
possible sand replacement in the manufacturing of concrete. At a 0.50 water-to-
Experimental Investigation of Sustainable Concrete Made with Granite Industry Byproduct

duc tes of Carbonation 2. For flexural strength, results show an increasing trend up to 25% replacement and thereafter started declining;
cement ratio (w/c), feasibility studies were performed and analyses were done
t basaltic Chloride Water penetration depth of concrete mixtures GIB 10–70%) is less than that of the control mixture with the
for 10, 25, 40, 55, and 70% sand replacement by GIB in the manufacturing of minimum value achieved at GIB40, signifying that a more-durable concrete is produced when river sand is
concrete. Strength and durability of concrete with different percentages of GIB (GI origin Penetration
B) Fine Acid Attack replaced (regardless of the propor-tion) by GIB at 0.50 w/c;
particles were ascertained by comparing the results of compressive strength, 3. Acid-attack, carbonation, corrosion, and shrinkage tests proved the veracity of the aforementioned fact. Also,
flexural strength, abrasion, shrinkage, permeability, carbonation, acid attack,
Aggreg Water
compressive and flexural strength results are not sufficient to reveal thefunction-ality of concrete in road pavements
ate Permeability
chloride penetration, and corrosion tests with the results from a control and other structures with high tractive force. Abrasion testing was performed to gauge the viability of concrete in these
(River Corrosion structures and the results show a lower wear depth compared to the control mixture for all concrete mixtures with
concrete. Test results were ably explained by using auxiliary analyses such as
Sand Shrinkage varying proportions of GIB;
scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray powder diffraction (XRD). The
and Microstructu 4. SEM analyses show that GIB25 has the optimum Ca=Si ratio, leading to optimal C─S─H gel formation, which
encouraging results proved the suitability of GIB concrete as a sustainable
GIB) re Analysis explains its high compressive strength, lower permeability, and lower chloride penetration; and
construction material. Optimal replacement level of river sand by GIB was Second- SEM
found to be 25%. DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0001862. © 2017 5. XRD results show the optimum presence of silica and C─S─H gel in GIB25, which explains the highest
generati XRD compressive strength and highest packing density of the GIB25 concrete matrix.
American Society of Civil Engineers. on The favorable results of GIB concrete are due to the dense pack- ing of the concrete, which is a direct result of the size and
polycar shape of the GIB. Also, the microfiller action of the replacement material (granite fines) along with optimum hydration of
boxylic cement particles resulted in high compressive and flexural strength of GIB concrete.
2017

ether- However, a caveat must be mentioned. Results have consistently shown that the limit to replacing river sand with GIB
based is 25% be-cause at the given replacement, compressive and flexural strength were highest while durability tests showed
superpla better results than the control mixture.
sticizer Therefore, to prepare a concrete that is sustainable, provides better strength than the control mixture, and shows
(Master durability higher than that of control mixture, this paper recommends the use of concrete with 25% replacement of river
Gleniu sand by GIB at 0.50 w/c.
m sky
8777,
Master

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 19.
Fine A review 18.
aggregate on
replaceme Properties
nt Review of
Sustainabl
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using
Granite
dust as
replaceme
nt for river
2016 2016
sand