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Method. The Standard [1] specifies five “minimum required For example, using data of figure 5(a), and taking the pressure
incident air velocities” from 0.72 m/s to 3.6 m/s (2.6 to 12.96 immediately behind the device (in the direction of air extraction)
km/hr). Sydney’s average wind speed is taken as 12 km/hr hence as equal to the plenum pressure at zero flow rate, the following
natural ventilation calculations for extraction are based on a wind has been obtained:
speed of 12 km/hr for Sydney. Greater test wind speeds are
recommended in case of unusual behaviour beyond 13 km/hr. With 18 km/hr wind, plenum pressure is – 6.7 Pa at Q = 0 l/min,
and – 4 Pa at Q = 2000 l/min. Thus ∆pv = – 4 – (– 6.7) = 2.7 Pa.
By performing calibration runs before each series of tests Equation (1) then gives Ci = k×2000/√2.7 = 1220×k, where k is a
relationships between fan speed and wind speed are established. constant incorporating the conversion factors, throat area and air
This is done with an anemometer placed at the position where the density. Similarly, with 8 km/hr wind, the corresponding figures
eductor will later be located. A linear relationship between wind are – 1 Pa at Q = 0 l/min, 2 Pa at Q = 5000 l/min. Equation (1)
speed and fan speed has been obtained, as may be expected, since then gives Ci = k×5000/√3 = 2890×k. Clearly, such a wide
fan discharge is proportional to fan speed. This allows setting a variation of Ci values would make Cd, which is based on the
wind speed without the presence of an anemometer while testing. average of these values as per equation (2), too simplistic and
thus unsuitable as a representative characteristic of a ventilator.
Wind uniformity. It is prudent to asses wind uniformity. For this
a Pitot rake was used to determine a number of velocity profiles The flow coefficient (Cf)i can similarly be seen to vary so widely
across the jet. From these, average wind speeds were estimated. that its average Cf would be unsuitable as a parameter
Variation of wind speed was considered acceptable if it was characteritizing a ventilator. This is clearly illustrated in all non-
within 2.5% about the average value. dimensional plots.
Four devices. Four ventilating devices, shown in figure 2, were Now that individual ventilator’s characteristic can be succinctly
tested. Turbine eductors are shown in figures 2(a) and (b). Figure described by a single curve, relative performances of the four
2(c) shows a Φ 300 mm throat omni-directional venturi formed devices tested can be concisely shown. This is done in figure 7.
from two spherical segments spaced 150 mm apart; and figure Clearly the open stub withdraws best. In reality, this device is
2(d) a Φ 300 mm x 300 mm high open stub. impractical as a roof ventilator, because it had neither vermin
mesh nor a “conical top” to exclude rain. It can however stand as
Results and Discussion a base-line model for eductors. Similarly impractical is the omni
Test results were first plotted as a series of curves of plenum directional venturi which had no surrounding mesh to prevent
pressures ∆p against flow rates Q at different wind speeds, rather birds nesting. The only practical eductors here are the turbine
analogous to fan characteristics; see figures 3(a) to 6(a). This types shown in figure 2(a) and (b).
representation does not readily compare eductors; overlaying so
many curves became confusing. Following Back and Savonius Conclusions
[2, 3], the measurements are also plotted using the non- Measurements of air extraction characteristics of 4 wind-
dimensional parameters v/V and Dp/(½ρV2). These are shown in influenced ventilators have been presented. The non-
figures 3(b) to 6(b). The data collapse very well into single dimensionalised data collapse well into single curves, which have
curves, each embodying air extraction rates, wind speeds, throat been seen to be more suitable as performance indicators than the
2
simple parameters suggested in the current Standard on these
devices. The ventilation industry would thus find these curves 3.0
useful for specification purposes, and manufacturers for judging
2.0
the effects of modification to their eductors or when developing
new models. It has also been seen that as regards air extraction, 1.0
the simple stub performs best.
[1] Australian/New Zealand Standard AS/NZS 4740:2000, Natural - after Buttini 18 km/hr
-6.0
ventilators – Classification and performance, Standards Australia,
2000
[2] Back, O., Die Ermittlung der relativen Wertigkeit windbetatiigter
Saughauben. Gesundheits-Ingenieur, Heft 51, 1932 (in German). Figure 4(a): Results for 300 mm throat turbine ventilator - plots of
[3] Savonius, O., Undersokning av Sughuvar och Rotor-Ventiatorer, plenum pressure (∆p) against extraction flow rate (Q) at set wind speeds.
Sartryck ur Teknisk Tidskrift 1932, hafte 38. Mekanik 9 (in
Finnish)
0.4
0.35
3
0.3
v/V
1
0.25
-1 0 1000 2000 3000 4000
Plenum pressure (Pa)
Figure 3(a): Results for 250 mm throat turbine ventilator - plots of Figure 4(b): Results for 300mm throat turbine ventilator plotted non-
plenum pressure (∆p) against extraction flow rate (Q) at set wind speeds. dimensionally (from figure 4(a)).
0.30
250 TURBINE VENTILATOR
non-dimensionalplot 2
- after Kennedy 0.25
Ratio v/V
0.20 0
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000
-1 Flow rate
Plenum pressure (Pa)
-4 12 km /hr
0.05
14 km /hr
-5
0.00 16 km /hr
-0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0.0 0.2 0.4 -6
∆p/(1/2ρV )
2 Φ3 0 0 STUB - after Buttini 18 km /hr
-7
Figure 3(b): Results for 250 mm throat turbine ventilator plotted non-
dimensionally (from figure 3(a)). Figure 5(a): Results for Φ300 mm stub x 300 mm high. Each curve is a
plot of plenum pressure (∆p) against flow rate (Q) at a set wind speed.
3
0.6
0.6
0.5
0.5
0.4
0.4
Ratio v/V
v/V
0.3
0.3
0.2
0.2
Φ 300 THROAT
Φ 300 STUB 0.1
0.1 OMNI DIRECTIONAL
Non-dimensional VENTURI - after Revel
plot - after Buttini 0.0
0
-0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
-0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
2 -0.1
∆p/(1/2ρV )
2
∆p/(1/2ρV )
10 0.4
[4]
0.35
[1]
5
0.3
R a tio v /V
[2]
Plenum pressure (Pa)
[3] 0.25
0
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000
0.2
Flowrate (l/min)
8 km/hr
-5
0.15
10 km/hr
[1] = 300 TURBINE after Buttini
12 km/hr 0.1
-10 [2] =250 TURBINE after Kennedy
16 km/hr
0.05 [3] = 300 OMNI VENTURI after Revel
18 km/hr
[4] = 300 STUB After Buttini
-15 300 mm throat OMNI DIRECTIONAL VENTURI 0
on 300 mm x 2.4 m duct - after Revel -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6
Ratio ∆p/(1/2ρV2)
Figure 6(a): Results for Φ 300 omni directional venturi formed by
spherical sectors (see figure 1) mounted onto a Φ 300 x 2400 mm high Figure 7: Combined non dimensional curves for the four eductors
duct. – plenum pressure vs flow rate.