QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS

TESTS FOR ANIONS

TEST CARBONATE CHLORIDE BROMIDE ACETATE OXALATE NITRATE SULPHATE PHOSPHATE
Dry Heating Colourless and Greenish yellow Reddish Smell of ------ Reddish brown ---- ------
odourless gas gas with pungent brown vinegar gas with
odour vapours with pungent odour
pungent odour
Dil. H2SO4 Brisk - - - - - - -
effervescence ,
turns lime
water milky
Conc. H2SO4 - Colourless gas Reddish Vinegar like Colourless gas Reddish brown
with pungent brown odour on with gas with
odour gives dense vapours with heating mildeffervescence pungent odour
white fumes when pungent odour
a glass rod dipped
in ammonia
Individual - - - - - - Salt sln + Salt sln +
Test BaCl2 sln c.HNO3 +
= white ppt. amm. molyb.+
insoluble in ∆ = yellow ppt
HCl
Confirmatory salt + dil salt + MnO2 + 0salt + MnO2 Salt + oxalic salt sln + CaCl2 salt sln + Cu Salt sln + Salt sln +
Tests H2SO4 = brisk c.H2SO4 + c.H2SO4 acid –paste – sln =white ppt chips + BaCl2 sln c.HNO3 +
eff., turns lime = Greenish yellow = Intense rub btw c.H2SO4 = white ppt. amm. molyb.+
water milky gas brown fumes fingers=smell +∆ insoluble in ∆ = yellow ppt
of vinegar = Dark brown HCl
fumes
salt sln + salt sln + AgNO3 salt sln + Salt + Dissolve the ppt salt sln + Salt sln + Salt sln +
MgSO4 + = curdy white ppt AgNO3 =Pale c.H2SO4 in d.H2SO4 + FeSO4 + c. Lead acetate NH4Cl +MgCl2
d.H2SO4 slb in NH4OH yellow ppt + ethanol + KMnO4 sln= H2SO4 = sln ∆+⌂+
= white ppt Salt + K2Cr2O7 +c. partially heat = fruity pink colour brown ring = white ppt MgSO4+
H2SO4 + heat= slb in NH4OH smell excess
Reddish vapours NH4OH=white
ppt
∆ = Boil, ⌂ = Cool, sln = solution, slb = soluble, c. =concentrated, d.=dilute,

TESTS FOR CATIONS

TEST AMMONIUM LEAD ALUMINIUM ZINC BARIUM STRONTIUM CALCIUM MAGNESIUM
Dry Heating Smell of Ammonia - - - -
Flame test - - Grassy green Crimson red brick red
salt + c. HCl
Zero NaOH , ∆ and Nessler’s Reagent NH4+ Brown
I Group Salt Solution and dil. HCl Pb2+ White
II Group Salt Solution , dil HCl and H2S Pb2+ / Cu2+ Black
III Group Salt solution is treated with NH4Cl solid followed by excess NH4OH Al3+ Gel. White
Fe3+ Gel. Brown
IV Group Salt solution is treated with NH4Cl solid followed NH4OH and H2S. Mn2+ Pale pink ppt
Zn2+ Dull white ppt
Ni2+ Black ppt
V Group Salt solutions is treated with NH4Cl followed by NH4OH and (NH4)2CO3 Ba2+/Sr2+/Ca2+ White ppt
VI Group Salt solutions is treated with NH4Cl followed by NH4OH and Na2 HPO4 Mg2+ White ppt
AMMONIUM LEAD ALUMINIUM ZINC BARIUM STRONTIUM CALCIUM MAGNESIUM
Confirmatory salt + c. NaOH dissolve ppt in dissolve ppt in dissolve ppt in dissolve ppt in Salt sln + NH4Cl
tests sln + ∆ + glass hot water & d.HCl & divide d.HCl + boil & min. d.acetic + NH4OH + Na2
rod dipped in divide into 2 into 2 parts divide into 2 acid + boil & HPO4
HCl = white parts parts divide into 3 = White ppt
fumes, smell of To 1st part add To 1st part add To 1st part add parts To 2nd part To 3rd part
NH3 K2CrO4 2drops litmus NaOH sln = To 1st part add add add (NH4)2
= bright yellow blue + NH4OH White ppt K2CrO4 (NH4)2SO4 sln C2O4 sln+
ppt = blue lake soluble in = yellow ppt = White ppt NH4OH sln
excess NaOH = yellow ppt = White ppt
sln
salt + c. NaOH To 2nd part add To 2nd part add To 2nd part add Flame test Flame test Flame test Salt sln + NH4Cl
sln + ∆ KI NaOH sln = potassium =grassy green =crimson red =brick red + NH4OH +
+nessler's = yellow ppt White ppt ferrocyanide = (NH4)2 HPO4
reagent soluble in white or bluish = White ppt
= brown ppt. excess NaOH white
 sln
CARBONATE CHLORIDE ACETATE OXALATE NITRATE SULPHATE PHOSPHATE

Na2CO3 + H2SO4 ⎯→ Na2SO4 NaCl + H2SO4 ⎯ ⎯→ CH3COONa + (COONa)2 + Conc. NaNO3 + H2SO4 ⎯→ NaHSO4 + HNO3 Na2SO4 + Na2HPO4 + 12
+ H2O +CO2 NaHSO4 + HCl H2SO4 ⎯→ H2SO4 ⎯→ Na2SO4 BaCl2 ⎯→ (NH4)2 MoO4 +
Na2SO4 + 2 + H2O + CO2 ↑ + 4HNO3 ⎯→ 4NO2 + O2 + 2H2O BaSO4 + 2NaCl 23 HNO3
Ca(OH)2 + CO2 ⎯→ CaCO3 HCl + NH3 ⎯ ⎯→ NH4Cl CH3COOH CO ↑ ⎯→ (NH4)3[P
+ H2O 2NaNO3 + 4H2SO4 + 3Cu ⎯→ 3 CuSO4 Na2SO4 + (Mo3O10 )4] +
MnO2 + 2NaCl + 2H2SO4 CaCl2 + Na2C2O4 + Na2SO4 + 4H2O + 2NO (CH3COO)2Pb 2NaNO3 +
CaCO3 + H2O +CO2 Ca ⎯→ ⎯ ⎯→ Na2SO4 + MnSO4 ⎯→ CaC2O4 + ⎯→ PbSO4 + 21NH4NO3 +
(HCO3 )2 + 2H2O + Cl2 CH3COOH + 2NaCl (2NO + O2⎯→ 2NO2 2CH3COONa 12H2O
C2H5OH ⎯→ (Brown fumes)
NaCl + AgNO3 ⎯ ⎯→ CH3COOC2H5 + CaC2O4 + H2SO4
NaNO3 + Ag Cl H2O ⎯→ CaSO4 + NaNO3 + H2SO4 ⎯→ Na HSO4 + HNO3
AgCl + 2NH4OH ⎯ ⎯→ H2C2O4
[Ag(NH3)2 ]Cl + 2H2O 6 FeSO4 + 3H2SO4 + 2HNO3 ⎯→
3Fe2 (SO4)3 + 4H2O + 2NO
4NaCl + K2Cr2O7 + 2 KMnO4 +
6H2SO4⎯→ 2KHSO4 + 3H2SO4 + 5H2C2O4 FeSO4 + NO ⎯→ [Fe(NO)]SO4
2CrO2Cl2 + 4NaHSO4 + ⎯→ 2MnSO4 +
3H2O K2SO4 + 8H2O +
10CO2
AMMONIUM LEAD ALUMINIUM ZINC BARIUM STRONTIUM CALCIUM MAGNESIUM
(NH4)2 SO4 + 2NaOH ⎯→ PbCl2 + 2KI ⎯→ AlCl3 + 3NaOH ZnS + 2HCl ⎯→ BaCO3 + SrCO3 + CaCO3 + 2CH3COOH NH4+ + CO32- ⎯→
Na2SO4 + 2NH3 + 2H2O ⎯→ Al(OH)3 + ZnCl2 + H2S 2CH3COOH 2CH3COOH ⎯→ ⎯→ (CH3COO)2 Ca + NH3 + HCO3–
NH3 + HCl → NH4Cl PbI2 + 2KCl 3NaCl ZnCl2 + 2NaOH ⎯→ ⎯→ (CH3COO)2 Sr + H2O + CO2
2K2HgI4 + NH3 + 3KOH ⎯→ PbCl2 + K2CrO4 Zn(OH)2 + 2NaCl (CH3COO)2 Ba H2O + CO2
(CH3COO)2Ca +
HgO.Hg(NH2)I + ⎯→ PbCrO4 + Al(OH)3 + NaOH Zn(OH)2 + 2NaOH + H2O + CO2 Mg2+ +
(NH4)2C2O4 ⎯→
7KI + 2H2O 2KCl ⎯→ NaAlO2 + ⎯→ Na2ZnO2 + 2H2O (CH3COO)2Ba Na2HPO4⎯→ Mg
(CH3COO)2 Sr + (COO)2Ca +
PbCl2 + H2SO4 ⎯→ 2H2O 2 ZnCl2 + + K2CrO4 ⎯→ (NH4)PO4 +
(NH4)2SO4 ⎯→ 2CH3COONH4
PbSO4 + 2 HCl K4 [Fe(CN)6] ⎯→ Zn2 BaCrO4 + NH4OH + 2Na+ +
[Fe(CN)6] + 4 KCl 2CH3COOK SrSO4 + H2O
2CH3COONH4